Do-it-yourself floor slabs. Drawing and cost of manufacturing a plate

During the construction of buildings of two or more floors, an integral part of the work carried out is the installation of floor slabs. Most often, of course, factory-made floor slabs are used, which, after pouring the armored belt, rest on it. However, in some cases, preference still has to be given to doing all the work with your own hands.

There are cases when it is impossible to use ready-made factory plates. For example, if the building has custom sizes or the shape and cutting of floor slabs will not completely cover the required area. Then the only option will be filling with your own hands.

If due to the limited size of the construction site or difficulties in driving up to it, the use of a crane is unrealistic - then you can also pour the floor slab with your own hands.

The advantage of doing it yourself

Although the implementation of such work is a time-consuming process, nevertheless, it has a number of advantages, due to which, even with the ability to use factory plates. Some still prefer to make a floor slab with their own hands.

The advantages of making your own hands:

• Monolithic floor structure, no seams, joints. Due to this, the load is evenly distributed over the entire slab, the walls of the building, as well as the foundation.
• The possibility of non-standard layout of the house. Pouring the slabs on your own allows you not to adjust the dimensions of the house and the layout to the dimensions of the factory products.
• No need for heavy equipment.
• The ability to significantly reduce costs by doing most of the work yourself.
• There is no need to fill the armored belt, in the case of using factory reinforced concrete, you need a belt under the floor slabs.

Formwork installation

There are two options for the construction of horizontal formwork: renting plastic or metal formwork, as well as performing work on mounting the formwork under the slab on your own.

Work begins with installation uprights, on which the entire structure and the monolithic floor slab will be based. Such racks can be rented or bought second-hand. They are good because their height can be adjusted and they can be used for any ceiling height. The distance between the posts should be about a meter. It is necessary to place a longitudinal beam on the racks, which will support the entire structure.

The next step is to install the frame. To do this, it is necessary to use a bar with a section of 15 * 5 cm. The frame is constructed along the perimeter of the building, and to ensure greater reliability, transverse bars are additionally placed. Each next cross beam is mounted at a distance of about 70 cm from the previous one.

Preparing the surface for pouring

After the construction of the frame, it is necessary to prepare the surface for pouring. To do this, boards or plywood are laid on the frame (the first option is cheaper, but thanks to the second, you can achieve a flat ceiling surface ground floor). These boards should be closely adjacent to the wall so that there are no gaps. After that, it is necessary to level the surface with the help of support posts so that the top of the formwork exactly matches the edge of the brick or foam block wall.

Further mounted vertical part formwork. At the same time, it must be remembered that the slab must go a certain distance onto the expelled wall. In order for the formwork boards to be used for other purposes after removal, it is better to cover them with plastic wrap.

We apply reinforcement

If factory products are used for overlapping, then the arrangement of an armored belt is mandatory for buildings made of blocks. The reason for this is the fact that under the weight of the slabs, due to uneven shrinkage of the building, serious cracks in the walls can occur in the future. The reinforced belt in this case will ensure that the entire mass of the plates will be evenly distributed on the walls of the building. The device of the armored belt is similar to strip foundation supported by the walls of the building.

However, if the floor slab is poured, the resulting monolith will evenly distribute the load on the walls and protect against cracking. Therefore, the need to build an armored belt when doing work with your own hands disappears.

How to reinforce monolithic floors? For this, it is necessary to use steel reinforcement with a diameter of 10-14 mm. For reliability, concrete is reinforced with two meshes: one is located at the bottom of the platform to be poured, the other is at the top. The reinforcing cage should be with a cell width of either 15 or 20 cm. For small buildings, a grid with a cell of 20 * 20 cm will be enough.

If the length of the reinforcement rods is not enough to completely cover the entire overlap distance, then the rods should be overlapped by 40 cm. It is also desirable that each next row had a reinforcement joint at the other end of the ceiling. After laying all the reinforcement, it must be tied with a knitting wire.

The mesh should go on the walls of the building by at least 15 cm (if the walls are brick) or 25 cm (for the walls of aerated concrete). Since there is no armored belt provided when pouring the slab on its own, it is very important that the reinforcement enters the walls. The lower mesh must be raised 2-2.5 cm above the lower level of overlap. The upper grid is located at the same distance from the top of the platform being poured.

During the preparation of the site for pouring concrete, it is important not to forget about the cavities for laying wiring and communications.

Upon completion of work with the reinforcement of the slab, concreting of the floor follows.

pouring concrete

For concreting the slab, it is best to use concrete ordered from the factory. This will help save time and effort, as well as ensure the uniformity of the partition and increase the strength indicators. If the overlap is poured quickly and evenly enough, and this is achieved with the help of a concrete pump, the solution does not begin to solidify early and thanks to this, the overlap can rightfully be called monolithic.

Also, a deep vibrator must be used to compact concrete. It must be applied until the concrete stops settling and the release of air bubbles stops.

In order to completely fill all the gaps before filling the ceiling with concrete, pour the spill first. It is performed in a thin and slightly liquid layer. When this layer is compacted and evenly distributed, you can start pouring the main layer.

Features at work

Some advise not to fill to the edge of a centimeter 2, and then after a few days, when the concrete grabs, fill the remaining space with a liquid solution with the help of beacons. This will achieve evenness and smoothness of the interfloor overlap. Self-levelling floors can also be used for this purpose.

If the do-it-yourself floor slab is made in winter, then the concrete must contain antifreeze additives. However, it is worth remembering that they affect the time of gaining strength of concrete. Therefore, it is clear best time for self-pouring of the floor slab is the warm season.

The process of curing concrete

After the roof has been poured concrete mortar, it cannot be said that all the work is completed and you can just wait for the plate to gain its strength. The process of solidification of the solution is inextricably linked with the evaporation of moisture, and this leads to the appearance of cracks in the concrete. In view of this, for the first time after pouring, you need to regularly water it. It is best to use a hose with water in this case, because raising bucket after bucket to the height of the second floor is a thankless task.

If the concrete dries in hot weather, watering will not be enough, you need to cover the slab with polyethylene.

After the concrete has hardened, the entire formwork must be removed. To ensure that this process is not so difficult, care should be taken at the stage of installation of the structure. If all the boards have been covered with polyethylene, they can be used in the future.

As you can see, if desired, floor slabs can be made by hand. And although this process is laborious and lengthy, the resulting strength of the plate is worth the effort.

In individual construction, monolithic reinforced concrete floors. They are characterized by high bearing capacity and are an additional element of rigidity. The main function of the structure is to transfer the load from the floor to the load-bearing walls.

The thickness of the slab is selected depending on the span and is calculated from a ratio of 1:30, but not less than 150 mm. For a span of 6 m, the thickness of the floor will be 20 cm. The slab is laid on a load-bearing wall with an overlap on the surface equal to the thickness of the slab.

Necessary tools and materials

For the manufacture of floor slabs, the following tools and materials will be required:

• circular saw, hacksaw;
• self-tapping screws, screwdriver;
• level, tape measure;
• lumber (bars with a section of 150x150 mm and 50x150 mm, unedged boards 30 mm thick);
• moisture resistant laminated plywood;
• telescopic racks (as formwork supports);
• fittings with a diameter of 10 and 8 mm, knitting wire;
• crochet hook;
• concrete grade M200, crushed stone and sand;
• deep vibrator, shovel.

Features of formwork for monolithic overlap

The formwork for overlapping is a frame consisting of vertical supports connected to each other by a longitudinal beam and perpendicularly nailed to it cross beams. Sheets of plywood are lined on the frame, which serve as the bottom of the formwork. It is recommended to use wood with a moisture content of no more than 25%.

As supports, special telescopic racks with a U-shaped mount in the upper part can be used. They are installed in special tripods and fixed with a lock. Instead of racks, it is permissible to use wooden beam section 150x150 mm.

Wooden supports are reinforced with braces made of unedged boards 30 mm thick. At the ends of the supports for connection with the longitudinal beams, a half-groove is made with a depth equal to the height of the longitudinal beam.

Formwork installation

For the construction of formwork, wooden or telescopic supports, boards with a section of 50x150 mm and sheets of waterproof plywood are used. Formwork installation is carried out in several stages:

1. Racks are installed in increments of 1 m (for plates up to 30 cm thick) at a distance of 20-25 cm from the wall.
2. A longitudinal beam is laid on the racks at a distance of 2 m from each other. The ends of the beam are attached to the wall.
3. A transverse beam is laid on the longitudinal beams in increments of 0.5 m and strayed into a single grid.
4. With the help of a plumb line, the supports are aligned strictly vertically. The horizontality of the cross beams is checked and, if necessary, the height of the racks is adjusted.
5. If used wooden poles, then adjacent racks are sewn together by braces in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The bottom of one rack is connected to the top of the next.
6. Sheets of plywood are laid out on the finished frame. The joints must be tight and located strictly above the timber. After laying the plywood, the horizontalness of the bottom is checked.
7. Lateral vertical formwork panels are mounted
8. Installed reinforcing cage.

Rules for reinforcing a monolithic floor

Reinforcement monolithic floor performed in two tiers. The lower part experiences tensile loads, while the upper part receives compressive loads. As the basis of the frame, reinforcement of class A-III with a diameter of 8 and 10 mm is used. The rods are connected with wire fittings of class Bp-I with a diameter of 1.2-1.5 mm.

In the process of reinforcement, it is necessary to adhere to the following rules:

• the distance between the reinforcing cage and the vertical formwork panels must be at least 20 mm;
• reinforcement must be protected from above and below by a layer of concrete 20-25 mm thick;
• the distance between the tiers of reinforcement is 90-100 mm;
• to install the second layer of reinforcement, vertical clamps with a diameter of 8 mm are used with an upper horizontal shelf 350 mm wide and lower support "lugs";
• when building up, the reinforcement is laid with an overlap of at least 480 mm (for a diameter of 10 mm);
• reinforcement joints are placed apart in checkerboard pattern.

For reinforcement 1 cu. m of concrete with a slab thickness of 150 mm will require approximately 20 kg of class A-III reinforcement with a diameter of 10 mm and 7 kg of reinforcement with a diameter of 8 mm.

Mounting metal frame is performed in the following sequence:

1. Plastic clamps are laid at the bottom of the formwork in increments of 1-1.2 m (to ensure a gap between the reinforcement and outer surface plates).
2. Longitudinal reinforcement is mounted in increments of 20 cm. Additionally, bars are laid in the middle between the bearing supports.
3. Transverse rods are laid out perpendicular to the bottom row with the same step. The intersection points are connected with soft wire.
4. With a step of 1 m in a checkerboard pattern, the spacing clamps for the lower and upper rows are installed. They should be located at an angle of 10-15 degrees to the main rods.
5. Similarly to the bottom row, the upper tier of the frame is mounted.
6. At the edges, the reinforcement is reinforced with a U-shaped connection with a step of 40 cm.

How to pour concrete

For concreting the ceiling, concrete of a grade not lower than M200 is used. As aggregates, sand and crushed stone of a fraction of not more than 20 mm are used. Filling is performed in one step. The solution is evenly distributed throughout the formwork, the layer thickness is controlled using beacons.

To get rid of air bubbles, the concrete must be compacted with a deep vibrator. If it is not there, then the laid solution is repeatedly pierced with a bayonet shovel.

After laying, the concrete layer is covered with a film and moistened with water for 2-3 days so that microcracks do not appear on the surface during shrinkage. Formwork is removed in stages 20 days after concreting. First of all, the racks located near the walls are dismantled, the next day the remaining racks are removed and the entire formwork is disassembled.

Results

To create a solid monolithic floor, the following requirements must be met:

• the thickness of the slab is determined by the span, the ratio with which should be 1:30 (but not less than 150 mm);
• formwork consists of vertical supports and a base of longitudinal and transverse beams, on which sheets of moisture-resistant plywood are laid;
• support installation step - 1 m, laying of longitudinal bars - 2 m, transverse - 0.5 m;
• to compensate for tensile and compressive loads acting on the floor slab, the installation of a double reinforcing frame is required;
• the frame is made of reinforcement with a diameter of 10 mm and connecting elements with a diameter of 8 mm;
• the lower and upper tiers consist of rods laid in the longitudinal and transverse directions and forming cells measuring 20x20 cm;
• concreting of the slab is carried out in one step with the obligatory compaction of the mortar;
• the formwork is dismantled 20 days after the concrete has been poured.

Costs the least monolithic floor slab when building a building do it yourself if it is poured into the formwork in place. It is slightly inferior in quality to industrial PC boards, however, it has a greater thickness, which is due to non-stressed reinforcement.

Monolithic overlap technology step by step

Consists floor slab from reinforced concrete, which must be poured into a formwork that will not sag, deform under load. For construction do it yourself you will need lumber, tools for cutting, fitting, assembling shields. After demoulding, it can be used in the truss system.

Armature is consumable, communications also remain concreted. The most difficult is the basement floor slab due to the numerous input nodes engineering systems. The technology consists of several operations, each of which is discussed in detail below.

Formwork installation

To floor slab had a stable geometry, ideal flatness of both surfaces, it is necessary to mount do it yourself reliable formwork with a margin of safety at least twice. The cheapest lumber is:

• board 20 x 5 cm - racks, girders, beams
• board "inch" - thickness 25 mm, any width

For the manufacture of beams, runs, a board of 20 x 5 cm is dissolved in half, for racks - into three parts (65 x 50 mm each). To strengthen the structure, you need an inch. Wood of II grade is needed, which, when strengthened, can withstand 700 kg per square.

Poured floor slab into the formwork, the lower shield of which serves as the level of the ceiling. Racks are cut shorter by the thickness of beams + girders + shield boards (10 + 10 + 2.5 cm) than the height of the floor. The structure looks like:

Hexagonal anchors are used at the junction of girders and beams to the walls of the lower level. Ordinary dowel-nails with a slot for a curly screwdriver cannot be dismantled during stripping.

To prevent displacement of the lower ends of the racks, bending of these elements in the middle, a two-level strapping is used do it yourself inch board in two directions. The lower belt is attached at a height of 10 cm from the floor, the upper one in the middle of the uprights.

With a specified run step of 1 m floor slab will push through the formwork panels. Therefore, each span is reinforced with a 10 x 5 cm beam obtained by dissolving the board. Wide 25 mm boards are best used near the walls, narrow ones can fill the middle space.

Large gaps foam up with your own hands, small ones can be ignored, since the surface is covered with a plastic film, which will retain moisture in the concrete and will not allow it to flow through small gaps.

For flights of stairs internal communications remains an opening. It can be partially filled with a board for comfortable walking when pouring, leaving a small hatch with a temporary ladder. Using plywood installation time is reduced, but the estimate is doubled.

At the last stage, the contours of partitions and walls are placed with paint. This will improve the accuracy of the passage of electricians, other engineering systems.

Flanging of the overlap is carried out do it yourself from a board with a minimum thickness of 4 cm, you can use a board of 5 cm, bought on initial stage. To avoid deformations on the outer planes of the walls, pieces of timber are mounted, which are stops for the side panels of the formwork.

The maximum bonding strength of plates/walls is obtained in the following way:

This reinforcement is later bent, connected with the bars of the lower, upper grid of the slab. For bending at a right angle with the required radius, a device in the form of a tubular hammer is used.

Inside each ceiling there are communications that are easier to install before pouring than to hammer the slab with a puncher afterwards. Traditionally, the maximum concentration of engineering systems is observed in the basement/basement floor:

• hoods in every room
• electrical in all areas
• sewerage for output to the external network
• cold water risers
• boiler room chimney
• technological openings for low-voltage systems, gas lines

To install them do it yourself it is best to use flare fittings internal sewerage with stubs. They are mounted in accordance with the marking of the walls, the plugs are fixed with self-tapping screws from the bottom of the formwork (through), side panels (for ventilation outlets).

Electrical cables are marked with electrical tape, tags, etc. convenient ways. It is forbidden to lay the cable corrugation along the lower layer of the armored belt under it. This will reduce the protective layer, weaken the plate in this area. Therefore, after reinforcement, the electrical wiring must be checked.

Structural reinforcement

In 90% of cases floor slab reinforced with two continuous reinforcing meshes, which causes an overrun of the material. The middle part of the slab practically does not work in compression, so a sparse grid with large cells can be used here. However, this requires an accurate calculation of the scheme of bars in each grid. Mounting technology do it yourself given below.

The cells are formed during laying, the rods are tied with wire directly at the place of operation. This allows for the same protective layer (usually 4 cm) on all sides. The main requirements are:

It is forbidden to put crushed stone, pieces of pipes, fittings, wooden blocks under the grid.

Self-made clamps are cheaper, take into account the dimensions of the plate, specific operating conditions. They are bent with the same device that was used to bend the bars in the walls.

The upper mesh is knitted from rods laid on tables. In the middle part, an increase in the cell is allowed according to the calculations. Corners of technological openings for interior stairs reinforce diagonally. The lower grid rods are released into the formwork of the openings.

Filling at one time is extremely inconvenient in the absence of external scaffolding around the entire perimeter of the building. Therefore, more often the overlap is made in stages. Vertical jumpers are mounted in the following way:

To ensure the connection of two floor slabs poured in stages, it is possible to make a recess in the first slab. To do this, it is enough to fix a longitudinal board inside the jumper in its middle part between the reinforcement belts, without resting on the lower bars.

Concrete is ordered from the manufacturer or made in the building spot. It must be fed, laid, compacted with a deep vibrator with interruptions not exceeding 2 hours. After this period, hydration begins in the concrete, it loses mobility, does not form a monolith with the previously laid layer.

Stripping of the partition of the technological seam is possible on the 4th - 7th day after pouring. The shield can be transferred to the next section to continue work on the same day.

Middle plate

Filling subsequent sections of the overlap is similar to the specified method. When vibrocompacting, one should focus on the cessation of bubbles, the appearance of cement laitance, and the concealment of large gravel with a liquid solution. All these factors indicate normal compaction, it is possible to move the tip of the vibrator to an adjacent location.

An area with a stairway is usually filled last, when you can walk on the rest of the surface with buckets, a leveling tool. Seams are processed after 70% of curing (in the summer on the fourth day). To level the plane, grind off possible sags, an angle grinder with a disk-type diamond tool is used. Demoulding is possible in a week or two, depending on the weather. For the first three days, concrete needs water treatment without pressure.

Reduced step-by-step instruction guarantees the maximum possible operational resource. The quality of the floors is almost identical to the factory slabs. The increase in thickness is due to the impossibility of prestressing the armored belt at home. On the other hand, communications are laid in reinforced concrete at operational sites, which drastically reduces labor costs and the budget for finishing work.

The optimal overlap in houses with brick, concrete and walls made of individual concrete blocks is prefabricated prefabricated slabs. But in houses with a complex configuration, it is not always possible to mount finished goods standard sizes or the access of heavy lifting equipment to the installation site is difficult. In such cases, it is necessary to perform concreting of the structure directly on site. Consider how to properly pour floor slabs in accordance with current building codes and regulations, which will ensure the strength, reliability and durability of the structure.

Advantages of a monolithic option

Despite the increased laboriousness of the work, the monolith has the following advantages over ready-made prefabricated structures:

• a monolithic floor slab, due to the absence of seams, more evenly distributes the loads transmitted to the walls and the foundation part;
• the ability to block buildings with a complex configuration, large quantity corners and various nooks and crannies;
• ease of arrangement of loggias and balconies without the need for laying additional elements ensuring their secure fastening;
• trouble-free passage through the overlap of chimneys and utilities;
• evenness of ceiling surfaces and in the complete absence of butt joints;
• independent execution, without the involvement of heavy lifting mechanisms and work crews.

What you need to pay special attention to when installing a monolithic floor on your own

When thinking about how to fill the floor slab with your own hands, you need to:

1. Get to know the technology of work in detail.
2. It is recommended to order a complete structural design from a design organization. In which, specifically for your home, the following will be determined by calculation:
   • optimal dimensions and thickness of the structure;
   • design and methods of formwork construction;
   • required reinforcement classes, right amount and dimensions, the step of its location and the order of reinforcement;
   • the volume and required class of concrete, the rules for its laying and care during the hardening process;
   • safety event.

The following will outline the main recommendations if, for any reason, order finished project does not seem possible. The main indicator is the thickness of the floor slab, which should be one 30th of the span to be covered. For example, in 6-meter spans - 20 cm.

Formwork device

The following two types of formwork can be used:

• inventory prefabricated, prefabricated elements are perfectly fitted, which allows fast and high-quality assembly. The kit includes telescopic supports that allow easy installation of the formwork on the same horizontal level. The cost of such structures is high, but they can be rented for a while at a reasonable price;
• manufactured at the place of work and used in most cases.

Installation of homemade formwork includes the following work:

1. Installation of vertical support posts from a beam with a cross section of ≥ 10 × 10 cm or high-quality logs with a diameter of ≥ 10 cm. The posts are installed on solid foundation, if necessary, on plank linings. The location step is equal to 1 m with a gap from the walls ≥ 20 cm. The row spacing is ≤ 2 m. The top of the racks is aligned strictly at the same horizontal level. To exclude displacements, bracing is performed by transverse, longitudinal and diagonal ties.
2. Installation of crossbars from timber, I-beams or channel.
3. Laying continuous deck plating of tightly fitted edged boards thickness ≥ 40 mm or 2 cm plywood. The top of the flooring is arranged at the level of the end of the laying of the overlapped floor. The entire surface, with the exception of the ends of the walls, on which the monolith will lie, is covered with a dense polyethylene film or rolled waterproofing materials.
4. On the outer edges of the ends, the sides are laid out with a thickness of half a brick at a height of two rows, which are recommended to be upholstered from the inside with foam, or to sew shields on required thickness monolithic construction. These sides will serve as vertical formwork walls.

Floor slab reinforcement

A spatial reinforcing cage of 2 meshes is placed in the formwork. Reinforcement is carried out with reinforcing bars A-II or A-III with diameters from 10 to 16 mm. Nets are knitted with meshes ≤ 20 cm using fine knitting wire. The connection of the rods along the length is carried out with an overlap of 40 cm. Joints are made with the maximum distance from each other. Matching in adjacent rows is not allowed. Reinforcement should go to brick walls≥ 15 cm, and from lightweight concrete blocks ≥ 25 cm. When arranging openings, their edges should be framed with reinforcing bars.

The protective layer of concrete in the floor slab should be 25 mm from the bottom of the bottom, the top of the top grids and the ends of the reinforcing bars. To do this, the lower mesh is laid on “crackers” (thin concrete parallelepipeds with pieces of knitting wire laid inside) or special plastic clamps. To ensure a fixed relative position grids in height they are connected with steel clamps with bent ends, located every meter in a checkerboard pattern. For reliable fixation, reinforcing shorties can be additionally welded. On sale are ready-made connecting elements for fixing the position of the grids relative to each other. They are installed in a run in increments of 40 cm. At intervals at a distance of 70 cm from bearing walls installation is carried out every 20 cm.

The top of the required concrete layer is marked by drawing lines along the perimeter of the formwork.

Floor slab pouring

Before concreting it is necessary:

• once again check the reliability and stability of the installed formwork
• correctness and strength of reinforcement
• availability and serviceability of tools and equipment necessary for laying the concrete mix
• install the necessary embedded parts and framing boxes for arranged openings for the passage of chimneys and the passage of engineering communications.

Concreting is recommended to be carried out without technological interruptions, in one step. For this, it is best to order required volume concrete B 25 at a concrete plant with transportation by truck mixers. If accommodation is available truck crane with a sufficient length and reach of the boom, then the mixture can be fed with special shoes. Otherwise, you will have to resort to the use of a concrete pump.

The mixture is evenly distributed in strips up to 2 m wide with the same thickness, no gaps and gradual movement over the entire area. Compaction of the concrete mixture is carried out using deep vibrators and surface vibration platforms. Finishing leveling, with careful control of the thickness of the laid concrete, is carried out by trowels and plasterers.

At large area laying and the impossibility of laying without interruption, in places where minor loads are applied, working seams are allowed. The seam should only be vertical and strictly perpendicular to the slab, which is ensured by laying the slats over the entire thickness of the slab. Work can continue in a day. At the location of the seam, the cement film is removed with metal brushes until coarse aggregate is exposed, the reinforcement is cleaned of adhering mortar, and blowing is performed compressed air and washing with water under pressure.

After the concrete has hardened, the boxes are dismantled. The entire surface is covered with an even layer polyethylene film and wetted in the first three days. At outdoor temperatures ≥ 10°C, the finished slab is covered with a dense cloth or burlap with constant moisture. Disassembly of the side formwork elements is carried out after three weeks, and complete dismantling after a month.

Warming attic floor on the slab is carried out by laying a vapor barrier layer on the ceiling, on top of which a heater is laid. As a heater can be used:

• polyurethane foam;
• extruded polystyrene foam;
• Styrofoam;
• mineral wool boards;
• expanded clay or sawdust.

Depending on the purpose of the attic and the type of insulation, a floor covering or navigation bridges can be arranged.

Construction own house is an expensive and troublesome undertaking. One of the stages of construction will be the manufacture or roof of the building.

In a room that is non-residential, concrete floor 12 cm of thickness is enough, but if the rooms are still residential, then it is worth increasing it to 15 cm, and also provide additional sound insulation.

The prices are very high and the inability to use crane and non-standard dimensions of the ceiling make you make a slab with your own hands.

How is the pouring of the floor slab done by hand? Can homemade formwork be used?

In low-rise construction, the practice of self-reinforcing and pouring floor slabs with their own hands has become widespread. Monolithic slabs Overlappings have a number of advantages in comparison with other overlapping technologies:

1. The pressure on the walls is the same around the entire perimeter if a single floor is used.
2. There is no need to use lifting mechanisms (crane).
3. A monolithic floor is much stronger than a wooden one, it is fire resistant.
4. Overlapping can be made non-standard in shape and size.

The sequence of work is as follows: the manufacture and installation of the formwork, and pouring it with a concrete solution, waiting for the concrete to dry completely for at least 30 days.

How to make and install formwork with your own hands?

For fixed formwork in ceilings, either shell slabs or reinforced concrete frames are used. The space between them is filled with hollow elements - blocks (ceramic, lightweight concrete, etc.)

Formwork for release industrial enterprises our country. But the price is professional design very high - about the same as how much the stove itself will cost you along with the work.

The way out is simple: it must be made by hand. To do this, you need to prepare:

• wooden boards 50x150 mm;
• thin plywood;
• wooden bar.

A special tool is not required, but you must have:

• wood saw;
• a hammer;
• axe;
• level;
• level;
• nails.

Boards and plywood, after being used for pouring the floor slab, can be used for the roof. The formwork will stand for about a month, then it will be dismantled. Experienced Builders strongly recommend using telescopic racks when pouring the floor slab with your own hands. They are very handy, make the job very easy, it is a reliable tool.

The formwork is strong, because the rack is designed for a weight of 2 tons. At the same time, it is very important to connect and fix the corners firmly and securely. The board does not withstand any competition, because knots and microcracks are not always taken into account. Optional tool to buy, numerous construction firms give formwork and racks for rent. You can only take racks, the price of their rental will be 70-100 rubles. per m area.

Scheme for the design of the ribbed formwork.

The formwork is mounted when doing the work with your own hands after the walls of the basement or first floor are raised to the required height. Installation is carried out in stages:

1. Racks with tripods should be arranged in rows with a step of 1-1.2 m.
2. The longitudinal beam must be laid on top of the racks, the racks should be pulled to the required height.
3. The transverse beam is laid on the longitudinal beam. After that, the timber must be knocked down into a single grid and lay thin plywood.
4. Only after fixing the plywood, the entire slab should be leveled with a level.

The next stage of work will be reinforcement.

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How to properly reinforce the floor slab with your own hands?

It is very important to correctly calculate the reinforcement and the required thickness of the slab. Depending on the calculated loads, the diameter of the reinforcement is selected. More often it is in the range from 8 to 14 mm. It is recommended to use hot-rolled steel reinforcement of class A3 to ensure the proper strength of the floor slab.

Reinforcement of the plate is made in order to add rigidity to the structure. As improvised materials are used iron rod, fine mesh for plaster, as well as old iron pipes(can be found at your nearest scrap metal collection point).

Do-it-yourself reinforcement of the slab is done in 2 layers. The first grid is laid in the lower part of the slab, the second one will be laid in its upper part. After the concrete has been poured, the grids must be inside with protective layer from the formwork not less than 1.5-2 cm.

The reinforcement in the mesh must be tied with a knitting wire. In the mesh, the reinforcement itself must be solid. Breaks are not allowed. Cells often have a size of 150x150 mm.

If the floor slabs are small in area, then the cells are made 200x200 mm. If there is not enough length of the reinforcement, an additional one is tied up so that the overlap is equal to 40 diameters of the reinforcement. It is desirable to place the joints of a metal bar in a checkerboard pattern (in a run). The ends must rest on the supporting beams.

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How to pour concrete floor slabs with your own hands?

To prepare concrete you will need:

• crushed stone;
• sand;
• cement brand 400, 500;
• water;
• shovels;
• buckets - 3 pcs.

Recommended proportions when preparing the mortar: 2 buckets of sand, 1 bucket of crushed stone and 1 bucket of cement. It is very convenient to use a concrete mixer, rented. The solution is mixed in a concrete mixer with the addition of water to a consistency resembling liquid sour cream. Such "liquid" concrete is made to perform "spill". It is a thin solution that will fill all the cracks and internal cavities of the plate well.

When pouring large floor slabs, instead of crushed stone, you can take expanded clay, which will allow you to minimize the weight of the structure itself. The cost of such material is very high, so it is better to use crushed stone in small-sized products (it costs much less).

“Spilling” is the initial pouring of mortar into the formwork. The solution should be poured evenly and slowly, no sudden movements should be allowed to prevent distortions in the formwork itself.

After completing the “pouring”, in fact, pouring the first layer, it is necessary to “move” the laid layer with a shovel or other tool. This should be done carefully, with smooth movements along the entire surface of the first layer. These actions will remove unfilled cavities, air bubbles will come out.

Next, we repeat the operation of pouring the floor slab with our own hands with thicker concrete to a level of 10-12 cm, leaving a margin of approximately 2-3 cm to the calculated thickness of the floor slab. Again, it is necessary to achieve uniform filling of the formwork with mortar using a special vibrator or an improvised tool. Concrete needs to set, it will take a couple of days, only after drying and setting can the final pour be performed.