List of the main human values. Personal values ​​and their types

federal state educational institution higher professional education

"St. Petersburg State University

film and television "

abstract

Pabout discipline "Social nsychology "

Topic: "Values ​​and value orientations as determinants of behavior" . Table of contents: Introduction 3 1. Values ​​in human life and society 4 1.1. The concept of value and its characteristics. Values ​​and evaluations 4 2. Classification of values ​​7 2.1. Value orientations and their social conditioning 8 3. Value orientations of the individual 10 4. Conclusions ..................... 12 Conclusion 13 References 14 Appendix ... .................................................. .................................15 Introduction In many substances, atoms are grouped into groups called molecules. They are united according to the likeness and similarity of physical and chemical properties... The same system can be traced in society. People, seemingly all the same, differ in their properties. And what becomes a reference point for their properties? In the process of socialization, a person absorbs, like a sponge, various landmarks and values. Kindergarten, school, university - all these organizations help a person to become a person. A person with his own principles, rules, social attitudes. This is what determines their future model of behavior, hobbies, friends and, in essence, life. "Developed value orientations are a sign of a mature personality, an indicator of the measure of its sociality ... A stable and consistent set of value orientations determines such personality qualities as integrity, reliability, loyalty to certain principles and ideals, the ability to volitional efforts in the name of these ideals and values, activity life position; inconsistency of value orientations gives rise to inconsistency in behavior; underdevelopment of value orientations is a sign of infantilism, the domination of external stimuli in the internal structure of the personality ... ". I believe that the idea of ​​"values ​​and value orientations" is important not only as a theoretical component of the discipline " Social Psychology", but also as a practical basis for interpersonal communication. Since having knowledge of the value orientations of a person, it is possible to calculate the behavior of an individual in a given situation. This should guide the choice of a partner in friendly relations, at work, in marriage. As you know," coherence " and "workability" concepts are different. illustrative example influence of values ​​in our life. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1989.S. 732 1. Values ​​in human life and society 1.1 . The concept of value and its general characteristics... Values ​​and Values It is easy to imagine the concept of "value" from the standpoint of everyday consciousness. For each person, this is, for sure, something that is especially valuable in his life. But full content of this concept, and especially its nature, is not so simple. I will try to consider this aspect more broadly. Give a definition from different points of view: philosophy, psychology, practice. What is the philosophical meaning of the concept of "value"?

-- Value is social in its essence and has an object-subjective character.

Man is a social being, respectively, and the existence of values ​​is associated with society. Moreover, values ​​cannot exist outside of society. Things and events cannot exist without their connection with society, since there will be no evaluation criterion. This does not only apply to man-made things. Many objects independent of the individual, such as natural ones, existed long before the appearance of man on earth. But we have the right to speak about the value and significance of nature for society, only in relation to man and nature. Since the rethinking of the value of natural factors in the human concept is the creation of value in this aspect. 2. Value arises in the course practical activities person. Man is a rational being. Consequently, any of his actions are aimed at obtaining a result, and not just a result, but what is desired for the individual. Throughout the entire action, a person has a goal. The goal is the value. Achievement of the result, considers it as significant, valuable for him. Of course, not all results and not all human activities become values, but only those that are socially significant, meeting the social needs and interests of people. 3. The concept of "value" must be distinguished from the concept of "significance". Often the concept of "significance" is used as a synonym for the word "value". A measure of desire for human value can be characterized as "significance". Everyone has different needs, therefore we will want something more, something less. But there are also cases when the significance represents itself in a negative case, so to speak, harm. Evil, social injustice, wars, crimes and diseases are of great importance for society and the individual, but these phenomena are not usually called values. We conclude that value is a positive significance. Accordingly, the significance can be both positive and negative. The concept of significance is broader than the concept of value. 4. Any value is characterized by two properties: functional meaning and personal meaning. Let's give them a definition. The functional meaning of a value is all the properties and functions of an object or ideas that are significant for society, which determine their value for a group. So, for example, for any action or idea, a certain meaning for a certain person is predetermined. The personal meaning of a value is its relation to a person's needs. We can say that this meaning depends on 2 factors - on the object itself, which performs the functions of value, and on the person himself. Comprehending the meaning of a thing, a person determines his need for it not only from natural needs, but also from needs raised by society in education. An individual looks at an event or thing through the prism of society, the traditional attitude of people. As a person, he seeks in things their generic essence, the idea of ​​a thing, which is the meaning for him. Interesting moment, because the meaning of values ​​for each person can be different. After all, everyone has their own value orientations. For example, every person has had a pet at least once. For some, a pet is a part of the family, an outlet, a best friend. For others, it is the keeper of their property, the protector. For still others, this is a way of earning money when they multiply. In all these cases, the same item is associated with different needs. 5. Values ​​are objective by nature. Disagreements may arise here, since earlier I said that value arises from the attitude of the individual towards it. Accordingly, we can conclude that value is subjective. It depends on the person, emotions, feelings, desires. And the attraction to this value can disappear at any moment, since it can simply stop satisfying a person, his needs. We conclude that value does not exist without a person. And, nevertheless, the subjectivization of value, its transformation into something one-sided, dependent on the consciousness of a person is unjustified. If we consider this issue from the point of view of the subject's practical activity of the subject, then we will be convinced that the value is objective. The formation of value attitudes in people towards the world around them occurs in the process of such activities. In other words, object-oriented practical activity is the basis of the fact that things or objects of the surrounding world directly acquire a certain objective meaning for society or a person - value. 2. Classification of values 2.1 Value orientations and their social conditioning People have such a range of interests. Everything that happens on earth and beyond is interesting to man. He tries to cognize everything, to absorb everything. But we are talking about humanity in general. It's like a postcard for a holiday, if you drop it deeper, you can be a little disappointed. Analyzing an individual, you can find that the circle of his interests is very narrow. That he is not interested, it would seem, is the most basic, concerning all life in general. What's the scope of it life values limited only to his ego. The variety of values ​​that exist in society makes it necessary to classify them in a certain way. There is no single criterion for assessing values. Therefore, we will focus on the aspects that are important for life and highlight the following grounds: by spheres of public life; by subjects, or bearers of values; on the role of values ​​in the life of society. Classification of values " Vital: life, health, quality of life, natural environment and etc. Social: social status, status, hard work, wealth, profession, family, tolerance, gender equality, etc. Political: freedom of speech, civil liberty, legality, civil peace, etc. Moral: good, blessing, love, friendship, duty, honor, decency, etc. Religious: God, divine law, faith, salvation, etc. Aesthetic: beauty, ideal, style, harmony. According to the degree of prevalence, spiritual values ​​can be universal, national, estate-class, local-group, family, individual-personal. General human values - characterized by the fact that they are recognized the largest number people both in time and space. These include all the most important everyday truths, all the masterpieces of world art, stable norms of morality (love and respect for one's neighbor, honesty, mercy, wisdom, striving for beauty, etc.) Many moral commandments coincide in world religions, in a peculiar way reflected in the basic human rights ... National values- occupy the most important place in the life of any nation and individual. But here it is necessary to remember the words of Leo Tolstoy: "It is stupid when one person considers himself better than other people; but it is even more stupid when a whole nation considers itself better than other nations" (Tolstoy L. N. Way of Life. M., 1993 . P. 157). Unlike universal values, national values ​​are more concrete and more materialized, for the Russian people these are the Kremlin, Pushkin, Tolstoy, the works of Lomonosov, the first satellite, etc .; for us - the Belarusian nation - Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk, the cross of Euphrosyne of Polotsk, the activities of F. Skorina (Bible) and others, for the French - the Louvre, the Eiffel Tower, etc. So, national spiritual values- this is all that makes up the specificity of the culture of this or that nation. Estates and class values associated with the interests and attitude of individual classes and social groups. In the post-revolutionary years, they were clearly embodied in the activities and ideology of the Prolet-cult (1917-1932). Its main idea is hatred of the "exploiting" classes, exaltation manual labor as opposed to the spiritual, the denial of the previous cultural heritage... Estates and class values ​​of the previous cultural heritage. Local group values- unite relatively not large groups people both by their place of residence and by age. They reflect some socially typical preferences in the sphere of culture and, unfortunately, often in the sphere of anti-culture. These are various "brotherhoods", sects, castes or associations such as "rockers", "punks", "lyuber", etc. Here we can speak mainly of specific youth, age values. Family values. The family, in the words of V. Hugo, is the "crystal" of society, its foundation. This is a miniature society, on whose physical and moral health the prosperity of all mankind depends. Hence the enormous role in the formation of the culture of family values ​​passed down from generation to generation. These include all positive family traditions (moral, professional, artistic, or even purely domestic). Individual and personal values include ideas and objects that are especially close to an individual person. They can be borrowed from the surrounding socio-cultural environment or created as a result of individual creativity. "Https://belportal.info/stroenie-morfologiya-kultury/ Values ​​in human life take different positions. and is completely desirable. 1. "Values ​​of secondary importance for individuals and society. These are the values ​​without which the normal functioning of society and man is not disturbed. 2. Values ​​of everyday demand and everyday life. This group includes most of both material and spiritual values. This is all that is necessary for the normal satisfaction of the material and spiritual needs of a person, without which society cannot function and develop. 3. The highest values ​​are values ​​of the utmost importance, reflecting the fundamental relationships and needs of people. Without the highest values, not only a person cannot take place, but also a normal life of society as a whole is impossible. The existence of higher values ​​is always associated with going beyond the private life of the individual, they attach to that which is higher than himself, than what determines him own life, with which his fate is inextricably linked. That is why the highest values, as a rule, are of a universal human nature. "It is worth noting that there is no guarantee that the classification of values ​​will remain the same as we have presented it now. Values ​​can change their significance, new values ​​may appear (since life is changing too quickly) .http: //revolution.allbest.ru/psychology/00202365_0.html 3. Personal value orientations"Value orientations - essential elements the internal structure of the personality, fixed by the life experience of the individual, the entire set of his experiences. They delimit the essential and important for this person from the irrelevant. The totality of the prevailing, well-established value orientations forms a kind of axis of consciousness that ensures the stability of the individual, the continuity of a certain type of behavior and activity, expressed in the direction of needs and interests. Because of this, value orientations are an important factor that determines the motivation of the actions and deeds of the individual. Value orientations are an internal component of a person's self-awareness, which affects the motives, interests, attitudes, needs of the individual. "By the development of value orientations, one can judge about upbringing, culture, and maturity of a person. If a person has certain character traits, conclusions can be drawn about stability and the consistency of value orientations that have developed in him.Value, reliability, loyalty to certain principles and ideals, the ability to volitional efforts in the name of these ideals and values, active life position, persistence in achieving goals - all these are components of the successful assimilation of value orientations. in the norm of behavior are caused by inconsistencies in value orientations. The correct assimilation of the value structure by the individual contributes to the process of socialization, through which a person becomes a full member of society in the entirety of social relationships. As a rule, personal values ​​are characterized by a high awareness, they are reflected in consciousness in the form of value orientations and serve as an important factor social regulation relationships between people and individual behavior. V.A. Yadov developed a dispositional concept of regulation social behavior the individual. http://pedsovet.org/component/option,com_mtree/task,viewlink/link_id,5927/Itemid,0 V.A. Social identity of a person. M., 1994. The idea is that a person has complex system various dispositional formations, organized hierarchically, which regulate his behavior and activities. Each level of this system consists of three components: need, situation, dispositional education. It is noticed that this system of value orientations is not always formed. Only when human development reaches its peak. She controls the behavior and activities of the individual. Again, under the conditions: the significance of the situation. This fact was noticed and investigated not only by Yadov. Many researchers have given great importance the formation of the individual's system of value orientations. Yakobson P.M., highlighting the psychological aspects of personality maturation and exploring the criteria of its social maturity, noted the important role of dynamic shifts in the core of the personality associated with the discovery and assimilation of values, norms, requirements and rules of society. It can be concluded that the study of value orientations is very important for society, therefore many researchers are dealing with this issue. I will assume that the study of this material and its application in practice is very useful in adolescence, since it is with this period of ontogenesis that the level of development of value orientations is associated, which ensures their functioning as a special system that has a decisive effect on the orientation of the individual, her active social position. Yakobson I.S. Human's psychology. M., 2005 4. conclusions A person's behavior depends on his values. From what is inherent in his upbringing, what is in his understanding of Good and Evil, what is the norm and what is a deviation. That is why people are interested in each other. After all, in fact, all are the same, only values, that is, education is different. And depending on how quickly our value orientations change, hobbies, friends and everything that once seemed normal change. The main mistake is the perception of other values ​​is hostile. Manifestation of selfishness. Other values ​​must be respected, as there will be people who will support these orientations. If a person wants to change his environment, his life should be started by changing his values. We can conclude that value orientations are the guideline of our behavior. If we consider humanity as a whole, then many global problems, it would be possible to avoid it if at one time, that is, in adolescence, people would be instilled in the value orientations of the moral plan, such as: love, life, good and evil. Deviations in society as a whole are directly related to the deviation in the assimilation of value orientations of one individual. It's just that at some period of his life he found a companion, a person with the same deviations. Deviations in the assimilation of value orientation lead to deviations in human behavior. Human behavior is his certain expected social role. Accordingly, society is the main platform on which the behavior of the individual unfolds. I propose to put aside all matters and start assimilating normative value attitudes - then we will save the world and make life better. Conclusion So many things happen in a person's life, so many things change every day. But values ​​rightfully occupy the main place. Indeed, according to the principle of assimilation of value norms, our life proceeds, joint or in particular. A person, performing any action, always pursues a goal. This, in essence, is the value. The criteria of this theory are: benefit, dignity, value, value, benefit, victory, meaning of life, happiness, respect, etc. All the diversity of values ​​can be classified on three grounds: by spheres of public life, by subjects, by role in the life of society ... There is no classification of value orientations as a current one; it can only be called conditionally, guided by the basic criteria of a person's life. According to the subjects, values ​​are distinguished: individual, group and universal. Value orientations guide our behavior. Correct assimilation of norms leads to an active and correct life position, a delay in the assimilation of norms leads to a deviation from the norm of human behavior. If we want to change anything in society, we should instill in each member of society the correct value orientations. Bibliography

- Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1989.S. 732; - Yadov V.A. Social identity of a person. M. Science, 1994; - Yakobson I.S. Human's psychology. M., Publishing house Mysl, 2005; - http://pedsovet.org/component/option,com_mtree/task,viewlink/link_id,5927/Itemid,0 - https://belportal.info/stroenie-morfologiya-kultury/ - http: // revolution .allbest.ru / psychology / 00202365_0.html

Appendix This topic seemed to me relevant and interesting. After your lecture, I was impressed to write an article in the school newspaper for Teacher's Day. This is the text suggested below. Lesson: value system We have long been accustomed to the fact that we are all different. Externally. The problem of Nazism and racism is gradually slowing down. But to the fact that each of us is different in education and perception of the world, we still cannot realize. The division of society into classes, such as the intelligentsia and the working class, is not yet so frightening. But the division into "cattle", the bourgeoisie, the elite and the poor will, perhaps, be worse than any racism. Every day, people from different strata of society face each other in various situations, from one queue for bread to the registry office. The misunderstanding that people encounter in communication occurs in connection with a different inherent upbringing. For example, for one to steal someone else's thing is a matter of course, because this has always been done in his family. For another, speaking in a raised voice to achieve the desired is the norm. For the third, helping the elderly is a matter of honor, because he was raised by his grandmother. Each of us already has a certain value system. And it is by them that we are guided in life. But who, besides the family, instills these values ​​in us? Initially, a child is White list paper, from which you can make anything. But if parents are not chosen, then auditions can be arranged for educators and teachers. The selection criterion will be: education, work experience, political views, marital status, social status, personal interests and hobbies. After all, after 2-3 years of nursing their child, parents assign half of their responsibilities to social teachers. And they are the ones who have to complete the basic foundation of the values ​​of the child. The teacher is not only a source of knowledge and experience. A true teacher is the standard successful person for a child, especially in primary grades when there is no division on the management of objects. Then one person teaches mathematics and Russian at the same time, respect and tolerance. I don't even remember what they told us more then, about spelling or about the right attitude to people. It often happened that during the lesson one of the children had time to quarrel, and the teacher, interrupting the lesson, began to understand the situation. And usually from this lesson we carried away with us not the baggage of knowledge, but the baggage of personal experience, wisdom (so to speak). There was also a special time set aside for getting some life advice... Then the whole class sat down opposite the teacher and we listened to different stories. And then they discussed the behavior of the heroes together, condemning or encouraging them. Now I understand that it was in those moments that our value system was formed. And more often than not, one had to "get to know life" not during the extracurricular activities, but during the lessons themselves, when someone was late, and someone came in only tights, forgetting to put on a skirt or a shift. We looked at each other and laughed, and often made fun of, but it was thanks to the teacher that we learned to be indulgent, realizing that such a situation can happen to anyone. We were often criticized for who we were friends with, and we never stopped being friends in the name of protest. Then it seemed that this was an infringement of the rights of communication. But, perhaps, teachers can see even better than parents how badly bad society affects a child. After all, this is also the formation of a certain value - to choose the right friends. After all, the next significant link in the life of every person after parents and teachers is friends. And depending on whose friendship you "fall" will depend on your future values, interests, hobbies. Recently, the education system received a proposal on how to improve the quality of education. You can replace teachers with specialists in their own profile. For example, physics will be taught by an atomic physicist, Russian as a journalist, literature by a writer, biology by a biologist, and drawing by an architect. But then, indeed, all teachers can be replaced by specialists of their own profile. Only since when has society begun to forget the true duty of the Teacher? Raise an advanced and humane person. After all, the ability to be a teacher includes not only the delivery of information, there must be confidence that this information has been mastered. The teacher must have tremendous charisma that does not allow students to lose their attention and interest. A teacher is not a profession, a teacher is a way of life. And as long as the teachers living in their profession have not died in our schools, we can be calm for our children and for our society.

Ninel Bayanova

Personal values ​​are a reflection of our needs, desires, and everything that we especially value in life. Values ​​are huge driving force, which can be considered as a guide with which we create our essence. Defining your values ​​will help you figure out what to strive for and what to avoid. This will allow you to walk through life with a strong inner compass. And finally, in the most difficult situations personal values ​​can serve as a reminder of what you truly hold dear. Thus, identifying them will help you stay true to yourself in all circumstances.

Steps

Tracking emerging values

Clear space for "your" time. Since defining your personal values ​​requires so-called self-discovery, make your own space for this. Turn off your phone, listen to soothing music, or do something to help you relax and focus on the present.

Write down your moments of greatest happiness and deepest sadness. Remember all your ups and downs, while highlighting the details and feelings associated with each memory. Include on the list only those things that have made the greatest impact on your life and well-being, not those for which you received praise or recognition from others.

• For example, you may recall the evening you met your best friend... It may not have been the biggest achievement of your life, but on that day you may have learned a lot about your personality and how to start making friends and sharing experiences with other people.
• Identify the themes that run through your most vivid memories, good and bad. They can also be backed up by your spiritual or political leanings. You will most likely identify several things that make you feel injustice, sadness, anger, or all of the above. Try to do the same with happy moments.

1. Consider the common values ​​of humanity. We all have relatively similar, very basic needs that come from constitutions and the evolution of human culture. The things we value ultimately stem from our needs - which is why we are so passionate and committed to our values! Examining human needs will give you a powerful impetus to understand your own values. More or less universal needs include:

   • Physical well-being (food, rest, safety)
   • Autonomy (freedom of choice, self-expression)
   • Peace (hope, calmness)
   • Feelings (praise, participation, understanding)
   • Communication (warmth, respect, attention)
   • Entertainment (adventure, humor, joy)

2. Sketch an initial list of personal values. Include items that you cannot imagine your life without. In it you can connect personal experience with your culture of values ​​as well as universal human needs.

3. Record how you select these values. They can vary depending on the strategy you have used. Often times, the strategy comes from the religion of the family in which you grew up. By knowing this, you will have a better understanding of the values ​​that enable you to do things that you can be proud of.

   • For example, you have value - a high position in society. But how will you follow it - will you wear designer clothes or will you become a human rights activist? If you value a deep sense of peace and order, you would organize a home plant in your home to create essential oils? Or maybe you are used to resolving conflicts that arise in your family? Trace the connection between values ​​and your everyday life.

   Testing and balancing personal values

   1. Determine what drives you in life. One way to help test your values ​​is to spend an entire day observing and identifying what drives you in life. If you have a certain priority value, and you find yourself in a situation where it is threatened, you will feel anxious, defenseless, or even angry. What you hear or see on the news can also change the course of your life.

      • For example, your boss may tell you that your knitted vest is not the most appropriate outfit for work. Instead of just being a little upset, you might feel angry or even annoyed. In this case, you can say that your values ​​are decision-making and autonomy.

   2. Take a look at the decisions influenced by your values. This can be done using both real and fictional situations. For example, you value independence and are considering moving in a new roommate with you. What do you do when you consider your value? If you value peace and spontaneity, but your work takes 70 hours a week from you, how can you avoid stress and inner conflict? In situations like this, understanding your values ​​can really help you make creative decisions that reflect your own self.

      • Keep in mind that you can only see your value most vividly when you make a real decision. Sometimes we are so fascinated by a certain value that we believe that it will definitely provoke acceptance. best solutions(although this is not required).

   3. Decide how you will defend it. If you are in a difficult situation and it is difficult for you to defend the correctness of your value, think about whether it is worth speaking up or not. Are you unable to live up to your value because everything in the world is changing? What value is at stake, and why?

      • Let's say you're in a relationship with someone who doesn't appreciate your work, and you've made it your goal to gain recognition for your efforts. Can this problem be solved by talking? Would you enjoy having your partner show you appreciation?
      • Another way to check is as follows. Speak to the community about an issue. You may be worried about funding cuts public schools- would you like to know more about this, or did it somehow hurt you? Depending on the answer, your value can be both caring for future generations and a call to action.
      If you look at your list of values ​​and combine those that have the potential to conflict, you will gain an understanding of what creates creative tension in your life.
      • For example, you might value having your own space and at the same time maintain a relationship unconditionally. In this case, you need to organize your communication with family and friends in such a way that you have time for yourself, but at the same time you should not forget about your loved ones. Balancing these potentially conflicting values ​​can be tricky, but knowing this issue can help you make better decisions.

Darina Kataeva

Every person has life values. They are formed in childhood, and in adulthood they influence the actions of people, their decision-making, and personal choice. Values ​​are a reflection of the essence, the driving force that influences the outlook and personality formation... What exactly are the values ​​of life and how to choose them for yourself?

Where do life values ​​come from?

Although human values ​​are stable structure, they change under the influence external circumstances and inner experiences. The values ​​that are laid down in childhood are of fundamental importance. However, they do not appear instantly, they are formed over the course of life. The more mature a person becomes, the more stable values ​​distinguish him. For some, money, fame, power and luxury items are essential in life. Others consider spiritual self-improvement, creative development, health, family and children important.

The formation of life values ​​is influenced by:

upbringing and family;
friends;
classmates;
team at work;
experienced trauma and loss;
economic situation in the country.

Basic values ​​of human life

Although each person is different, there are values ​​that unite all people:

This is not related to selfishness. Such love helps to achieve happiness in life and self-improvement.
Near... The manifestation of this value lies in respecting each person, his opinion and position in life.
Family... - the highest value for most people.
Spouse or spouse... Emotional, spiritual and physical intimacy with a loved one comes first for some.
Love for children.
Homeland... The place where a person was born influences the mentality and attitude towards life.
Work... There are people who seek to dissolve in activity, they are ready to take on any assignment at work in order to achieve the common good.
Friends... and self-expression in it is of no small importance for any person.
Relaxation... This area of ​​life allows a person to concentrate on their feelings, relax and unwind from the endless hustle and bustle.
Public mission- activity. Altruists primarily strive to do something for the good of society. Satisfaction of their needs and desires is already in second place.

It cannot be said that each person singles out for himself one common human value and lives according to it. The listed areas are harmoniously intertwined, we just mark a few for ourselves and put them first in life.

Life values ​​are a complex structure that is reflected in the setting and the way of achieving. As a result, a person foresees unpleasant situations and possible failures.

List of possible values ​​in human life

In addition to basic life values, each person can have individual, sometimes extraordinary values. Below is only an incomplete list of possible human values, because it can be continued indefinitely.

Optimism... “The pessimist sees difficulties at every opportunity; an optimist sees opportunities in every difficulty. " Such a character trait can undoubtedly be considered a value and rejoice in the presence of optimism in your life: life becomes brighter and fuller with it.
Patience... "Patience and a little effort". Patience, especially among the modern generation, is definitely worth considering. Only with patience can you. This is about your personal benefits. But your friends and partners will surely appreciate this quality.
Honesty... "Honesty is the most precious thing." It is important to be honest not only with others but also with yourself. If for you this value is on a par with the basic ones, you are probably happy man: paradoxically, but honest people life is easier than for those who love to lie.
Discipline... "Business before pleasure". Most people are extremely skeptical about this value, because discipline, in their opinion, is equal to restrictions, lack of freedom. And only over the years, many come to the conclusion that if you are a disciplined person, this does not mean that you somehow limit yourself, you rather find a way in freedom and happiness with the help of this character trait.

Examples of life value

Asking the question: “What is valuable to me?”, Many find themselves in a dead end. However, it is very important to give yourself an unequivocal answer in order to be true to your values ​​when a new situation arises for yourself.

Life values ​​are not associated with the opinion of others and the recognition of you as a person, thanks to the heights achieved.

The following sequence of actions helps in defining your values:

Stay alone with yourself... To understand what is important to you in life, and what is of secondary importance, it is recommended to clear the space of extraneous influence. Explore your personality in complete solitude, without the influence of external factors.
Think back to important events in your life... It doesn't have to be only positive situations, reflect on the negative ones as well. Write down the main experiences on a piece of paper, think about what impressed you and what upset you, and without which you cannot imagine your life.
Explore Human Values, because personal needs and views follow from them. Keep track of the relationship between the list you received and your daily life. Some of the points listed are only desire, not an established value in life.
Watch yourself... Set aside at least one day in which you would explore yourself, behavior, choices, and motives. The decisions we make every day are an indicator of a person's personal choice and values.
If the list of values ​​is too long, it will have to be shortened.... There should be 3 maximum 4 values ​​left. The rest is just additions and consequent decisions in life.

Conclusion

Some values ​​that are simultaneously important to a person can conflict. After looking at the list you have drawn up, decide what does not fit together. This is what causes the creative, which is in disharmony with itself. It is important to remember the balance and the impact of our values ​​on the lives of others.

Each person is different, therefore values ​​differ depending on the character and established guidelines in a person's life... Although not every person has a tendency to reflect and explore oneself, it is still worthwhile to stop for a moment and think about what is valuable to me. Otherwise, you will be a driven person, without your own core. Under new circumstances, you will immediately lose yourself and your personality!

February 26, 2014 5:47 pm

Values ​​expressed in the form of normative representations (attitudes, imperatives, prohibitions, goals, projects) serve as guidelines for human activity. And yet the values, objective and enduring for the culture of the whole society, for a specific person acquire a subjective meaning only after contact with them. Personal values ​​are conscious and accepted by man common components of the meaning of his life. Personal values ​​should be provided with a semantic, emotionally experienced, personal attitude to life. Value can be called something that is of particular importance to a person, that he is ready to protect and defend against encroachment and destruction from other people. Every person has personal values. Among these values ​​are both unique, characteristic only for a given individual, and values ​​that unite him with a certain category of people.

Parents, friends, teachers, social groups can influence the formation of a person's individual values. The hierarchical system of personal values ​​is formed in the process of learning and acquiring life experience under the influence of the prevailing cultural conditions. Since everyone has their own process of learning and accumulating experience, differences in the composition and hierarchy of the value system are inevitable.

Psychologist M. Rokeach defined values ​​as deep beliefs that determine actions and judgments in various situations. He also developed the now most widespread method of studying value orientations, based on direct ranking of the list of values. He divides values ​​into two large groups: terminal values ​​(values-goals) - beliefs that some ultimate goal of individual existence is worth striving for, and instrumental values ​​(values-means), which reflect the conviction that that some mode of action or personality trait is preferable in any situation. The basic values ​​include those that are significant for a person in themselves. Examples include success, peace and harmony, security and freedom, common sense and soul salvation. Instrumental values ​​include everything that matters as a means or a way to achieve goals, for example, courage and generosity, ability and outlook, help and independence.

Another classification of values ​​was developed in the 1930s. and divides values ​​into six types:

• - theoretical interest in discovering the truth through reasoning and systematic reflection;
• - an economic interest in utility and practicality, including the accumulation of wealth;
• - aesthetic interest in beauty, form and harmony;
• - social interest in people and love as a relationship between people;
• - political interest in the possession of power and influence on people;
• - religious interest in the unity and understanding of the cosmos.

The influence of personal values ​​on human behavior depends on the degree of their clarity and consistency. The vagueness of values ​​leads to inconsistency of actions, since it is easier to influence such a person than a person with a clear and obvious system of values. The strength of the personality directly depends on the degree of crystallization of personal values. Clear and consistent values ​​are manifested in an active life position, a person's responsibility for himself and the situation around him, a willingness to take risks to achieve goals, initiative and creativity.

The criteria for the clarity of personal values ​​are:

• - regular reflections on what is important and unimportant, good and bad;
• - understanding the meaning of life;
• - the ability to question established self-values;
• - openness of consciousness for new experience;
• - the desire to understand the views and positions of other people;
• - open expression of their views and readiness for discussion;
• - sequence of behavior, correspondence of words and deeds;
• - serious attitude to the issues of values;
• - the manifestation of firmness and resilience on fundamental issues;
• - responsibility and activity.

The discrepancy between value systems is sometimes caused by the fact that people grow up and are formed as individuals in different periods of time and in different socio-economic conditions. Cultural roots can also be a source of value systems mismatch. Priorities of values ​​are what distinguishes one national culture from another. Where cultural differences exist, problems can be expected if people from different ethnic backgrounds work together.

The ways in which people try to influence the values ​​of others include the following:

• - moralizing;
• - personal example;
• - non-interference;
• - helping to clarify specific values.

So, a value system is an individual personality trait that depends on cultural roots.

The most important role not only in the life of each individual person, but of the whole society as a whole is played by values ​​and value orientations, which perform primarily an integrative function. It is on the basis of values ​​(while focusing on their approval in society) that each person makes his own choice in life. Values, occupying a central position in the structure of the personality, have a significant impact on the orientation of a person and the content of his social activity, behavior and actions, his social position and his general attitude towards the world, towards himself and other people. Therefore, a person's loss of the meaning of life is always the result of destruction and rethinking of the old system of values, and in order to find this meaning again, he needs to create new system based on common human experience and using the forms of behavior and activity accepted in society.

Values ​​are a kind of internal integrator of a person, concentrating around themselves all his needs, interests, ideals, attitudes and beliefs. Thus, the system of values ​​in a person's life takes the form of the inner core of his entire personality, and the same system in society is the core of its culture. Value systems, functioning both at the level of the individual and at the level of society, create a kind of unity. This is due to the fact that the personal value system is always formed based on the values ​​that are dominant in a particular society, and they, in turn, influence the choice of the individual goal of each individual person and the determination of ways to achieve it.

Values ​​in a person's life are the basis for choosing goals, methods and conditions of activity, and also help him answer the question, for the sake of what he performs this or that activity? In addition, values ​​represent the system-forming core of a plan (or program), human activity and his inner spiritual life, because spiritual principles, intentions and humanity are no longer related to activity, but to values ​​and value orientations.

The role of values ​​in human life: theoretical approaches to the problem

Modern human values- the most actual problem both theoretical and applied psychology, since they influence the formation and are the integrative basis of the activity of not only a single individual, but also a social group (large or small), collective, ethnic group, nation and all of humanity. It is difficult to overestimate the role of values ​​in a person's life, because they illuminate his life, filling it with harmony and simplicity, which determines a person's desire for free will, for the will of creative possibilities.

The problem of human values ​​in life is studied by the science of axiology ( in the lane. from Greek. axia / axio - value, logos / logos - a reasonable word, teaching, study), or rather a separate industry scientific knowledge philosophy, sociology, psychology and pedagogy. In psychology, it is customary to understand values ​​as something meaningful for a person himself, something that gives an answer to his actual, personal meanings. Values ​​are also seen as a concept that denotes objects, phenomena, their properties and abstract ideas that reflect social ideals and therefore are the standard of what should be.

It should be noted that the special importance and significance of values ​​in human life arises only in comparison with the opposite (this is how people strive for good, because evil exists on earth). Values ​​cover the entire life of both a person and the whole of humanity, while they affect absolutely all spheres (cognitive, behavioral and emotional-sensual).

The problem of values ​​interested many famous philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and teachers, but the beginning of the study of this issue was laid in distant antiquity. So, for example, Socrates was one of the first who tried to understand what good, virtue and beauty are, and these concepts were separated from things or actions. He believed that the knowledge achieved through understanding these concepts is the basis of a person's moral behavior. Here it is also worth turning to the ideas of Protagoras, who believed that each person is already a value as a measure of the existing and non-existent.

Analyzing the category of “value”, one cannot ignore Aristotle, because it was he who originated the term “thymia” (or valued). He believed that values ​​in human life are both the source of things and phenomena, and the cause of their diversity. Aristotle identified the following benefits:

• valued (or divine, to which the philosopher referred the soul and mind);
• praised (impudent praise);
• opportunities (here the philosopher included strength, wealth, beauty, power, etc.).

Philosophers of modern times made a significant contribution to the development of questions about the nature of values. Among the most significant figures of that era, it is worth highlighting I. Kant, who called the will as the central category that could help in solving the problems of the human value sphere. And the most detailed explanation of the process of forming values ​​belongs to G. Hegel, who described changes in values, their connections and structure in three stages of the existence of activity (they are described in more detail in the table below).

Features of the change in values ​​in the process of activity (according to G. Hegel)

Steps of activity	Features of the formation of values
the first	the emergence of subjective value (its determination occurs even before the start of actions), a decision is made, that is, the value-goal must be concretized and correlated with external changing conditions
second	Value is in the focus of the activity itself, there is an active, but at the same time, contradictory interaction between value and possible ways its achievement, here value becomes a way for the formation of new values
third	values ​​are woven directly into activity, where they manifest themselves as an objectified process

The problem of human values ​​in life has been deeply studied by foreign psychologists, among which are the works of V. Frankl. He said that the meaning of a person's life as his basic education finds its manifestation in the system of values. By the values ​​themselves, he understood the meanings (he called them "universals of meanings"), which are inherent in more representatives not only of a particular society, but also of humanity as a whole throughout the entire path of its development (historical). Viktor Frankl focused on the subjective significance of values, which is accompanied, first of all, by a person taking responsibility for their implementation.

In the second half of the last century, values ​​were often viewed by scientists through the prism of the concepts of "value orientations" and "personal values". The greatest attention was paid to the study of the value orientations of the individual, which were understood both as an ideological, political, moral and ethical basis for a person's assessment of the surrounding reality, and as a way of differentiating objects according to their significance for the individual. The main thing that almost all scientists paid attention to was that value orientations are formed only thanks to the assimilation of social experience by a person, and they find their manifestation in goals, ideals, and other manifestations of personality. In turn, the system of values ​​in human life is the basis of the content side of the orientation of the personality and reflects its internal attitude in the surrounding reality.

Thus, value orientations in psychology were considered as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon, which gave a characteristic of the orientation of the personality and the content side of its activity, which determined the general approach of a person to himself, other people and the world as a whole, and also gave meaning and direction to it. behavior and activities.

Forms of existence of values, their signs and characteristics

Throughout its history of development, humanity has developed universal or universal values, which for many generations have not changed their meaning and did not diminish their importance. These are such values ​​as truth, beauty, goodness, freedom, justice and many others. These and many other values ​​in human life are associated with the motivational-need-sphere and are an important regulating factor in his life.

Psychologically, values ​​can be represented in two meanings:

• in the form of objectively existing ideas, objects, phenomena, actions, properties of products (both material and spiritual);
• as their significance for a person (value system).

Among the forms of existence of values ​​are distinguished: social, objective and personal (they are presented in more detail in the table).

Forms of the existence of values ​​according to O.V. Sukhomlinskaya

The research of M. Rokich was of particular importance in the study of values ​​and value orientations. He understood values ​​as positive or negative ideas (moreover, abstract), which are in no way connected with any particular object or situation, but are only an expression of human beliefs about types of behavior and prevailing goals. According to the researcher, all values ​​have the following characteristics:

• the total number of values ​​(meaningful and motivated) is small;
• all human values ​​are similar (only the levels of their significance are different);
• all values ​​are organized into systems;
• the sources of values ​​are culture, society and social institutions;
• values ​​influence a large number of phenomena that are studied by a wide variety of sciences.

In addition, M. Rokich established a direct dependence of a person's value orientations on many factors, such as the level of his income, gender, age, race, nationality, level of education and upbringing, religious orientation, political convictions, etc.

Some signs of values ​​were also proposed by Sh. Schwartz and U. Biliski, namely:

• values ​​mean either a concept or a belief;
• they refer to the desired end states of the individual or to his behavior;
• they have a supra-situational character;
• are guided by the choice, as well as the assessment of human behavior and actions;
• they are ordered by importance.

Classification of values

Today in psychology there is great amount the most different classifications values ​​and value orientations. This diversity is due to the fact that values ​​are classified according to a variety of criteria. So they can be combined into certain groups and classes, depending on what types of needs these values ​​satisfy, what role they play in human life and in what area they are applied. The table below shows the most generalized classification of values.

Classification of values

Criteria	Values ​​can be
object of assimilation	material and moral and spiritual
subject matter and content of the object	socio-political, economic and moral
subject of assimilation	social, class and values ​​of social groups
target of assimilation	selfish and altruistic
generalization level	concrete and abstract
way of manifestation	persistent and situational
the role of human action	terminal and instrumental
content of human activity	cognitive and subject-transforming (creative, aesthetic, scientific, religious, etc.)
affiliation	individual (or personal), group, collective, social, national, universal
group-society relationship	positive and negative

From point of view psychological characteristics of human values, the classification proposed by K. Khabibulin is interesting. Their values ​​were divided as follows:

• depending on the subject of activity, values ​​can be individual or act as values ​​of a group, class, society;
• according to the object of activity, the scientist singled out material values ​​in a person's life (or vital) and sociogenic (or spiritual);
• depending on the type of human activity, values ​​can be cognitive, labor, educational and socio-political;
• the last group is made up of values ​​according to the way of performing activities.

There is also a classification based on the allocation of vital (human ideas about good, evil, happiness and sorrow) and universal values. This classification was proposed at the end of the last century by T.V. Butkovskaya. According to the scientist, universal values ​​are:

• vital (life, family, health);
• social recognition (values ​​such as social status and ability to work);
• interpersonal recognition (display and honesty);
• democratic (freedom of expression or freedom of speech);
• particular (belonging to the family);
• transcendental (manifestation of faith in God).

It is also worthwhile to dwell separately on the classification of values ​​according to M. Rokich - the author of the most famous method in the world, the main goal of which is to determine the hierarchy of personal value orientations. M. Rokich divided all human values ​​into two large categories:

• terminal (or value-goals) - a person's conviction that the ultimate goal is worth all the efforts to achieve it;
• instrumental (or value-methods) - a person's conviction that a certain way of behavior and action is the most successful for achieving the goal.

There are still a huge number of different classifications of values, summary which are given in the table below.

Classifications of values

Scientist	Values
V.P. Tugarinov	spiritual	education, arts and science
	socio-political	justice, will, equality and brotherhood
	material	various types of material goods, technology
V.F. Sergeants	material	tools and methods of performance
	spiritual	political, moral, ethical, religious, legal and philosophical
A. Maslow	being (B-values)	higher, characteristic of a person who self-actualizes (values ​​of beauty, goodness, truth, simplicity, uniqueness, justice, etc.)
	scarce (D-values)	lower, aimed at satisfying a need that was frustrated (values ​​such as sleep, safety, dependence, calmness, etc.)

Analyzing the presented classification, the question arises, what are the main values ​​in human life? In fact, there are a lot of such values, but the most important are common (or universal) values, which, according to V. Frankl, are based on the three main human existentials - spirituality, freedom and responsibility. The psychologist identified the following groups of values ​​("eternal values"):

• creativity that allows people to understand what they can give a given society;
• experiences through which a person is aware of what he receives from society and society;
• relationships that enable people to realize their place (position) in relation to those factors that in any way limit their life.

It should also be noted that the most important place is occupied by moral values ​​in human life, because they play a leading role in making people decisions related to morality and moral norms, and this, in turn, indicates the level of development of their personality and humanistic orientation.

The system of values ​​in human life

The problem of human values ​​in life takes a leading position in psychological research, because they are the core of the personality and determine its direction. In solving this problem, a significant role belongs to the study of the value system, and here the research of S. Bubnova, who, based on the works of M. Rokich, created her own model of the system of value orientations (it is hierarchical and consists of three levels), had a serious impact. The system of values ​​in human life, in her opinion, consists of:

• values-ideals, which are the most general and abstract (this includes spiritual and social values);
• values-properties that are fixed in the process of human life;
• values-ways of activity and behavior.

Any value system will always combine two categories of values: values-goals (or terminal) and values-methods (or instrumental). Terminal ones include the ideals and goals of a person, group and society, and instrumental ones - ways to achieve goals that are accepted and approved in this society... Values-goals are more stable than values-methods, therefore they act as a system-forming factor in various social and cultural systems.

Each person expresses his own attitude to the specific system of values ​​existing in society. In psychology, there are five types of human relationships in the value system (according to J. Gudechek):

• active, which is expressed in a high degree of internalization of this system;
• comfortable, that is, outwardly accepted, but at the same time a person does not identify himself with this value system;
• indifferent, which consists in the manifestation of indifference and a complete lack of interest in this system;
• disagreement or rejection, manifested in a critical attitude and condemnation of the value system, with the intention of changing it;
• opposition, which manifests itself in both internal and external contradiction with this system.

It should be noted that the value system in human life is essential component in the structure of the personality, while it occupies a borderline position - on the one hand, it is a system of a person's personal meanings, on the other, his motivational-need-sphere. The values ​​and value orientations of a person act as a leading personality trait, emphasizing its uniqueness and individuality.

Values ​​are the most powerful regulator of human life. They guide a person on the path of his development and determine his behavior and activities. In addition, the focus of a person on certain values ​​and value orientations will certainly have an impact on the process of forming society as a whole.