What movement in the Korea left-sided or right-hand. Why in some countries left-sided movement, and in others - right? Countries that changed motion

Go on the right side of the road ...

For the first time visiting the country in which drivers go to the road opposite from us, a person wants him or not, flows into a stupor. This is not just strange looks and felt, but at first it seems that the whole world turned upside down on the head and you got into the castorgal, the difference is so great.

Did you ever think about why it happened? How historically it happened that some countries (most) took for themselves the right-hand model, and the remaining states built the roads and draw the markup on the left-sided pattern? Answers to these questions will take us in a distant past and probably they will really shuck you when it turns out that modern motorists are required by the movement scheme Knuts, military tactic Antiquities and sailors.

Today about 66% of the population globe Moves on the right side of the road, while 72% of all roads have a right-sided movement scheme, 28%, respectively, left-sided. Interestingly, in modern world Until now, the evolution of traffic rules continues. Preference for movement is given to the right side of the road. So, in 2009, the Island Pacific State of Samoa moved to the left-hand movement, 187 thousand people were added to the regiment of adherents of the right steering. Say that the authorities had to do this because large number Used cars with the right steering wheel. New York Times wrote that in order for people to get used to changes in the country, a two-day output was announced.

Previously, other countries also massively passed to the other side of the road, mainly on the right-hand version.

The most famous historical transition was carried out in Sweden. Once on the roads of this Scandinavian country, oddly strangely moved on the left side. But due to the fact that all the neighbors had a diametrically opposite look at which side of the road should ride, the Swedes had to capitulate and adopt new rules of the game. The transition was carried out on 09/03/1967. In history, this day entered the name "Day" H "."

Some other countries have made transitions to right-hand or vice versa to the left-sided movement for the same reasons, mainly due to the inconvenience of communication with neighboring countries.

But when and how the traditions originated, moving along the way exactly how people are doing now. It all started at the time of foot travelers and chariots. There are many reasons, theories and real prerequisites for this. From the assumption that people on the road when driving with the nozzles on horseback were pressed to the left, in order not to fall under the blow of the whip, to purely physiological prerequisites associated with the fact that most people right-handers and even political reasons.

Rights rule the world. The theory of the right hand states that right-hand traffic It appeared due to the fact that right-handers were more convenient to control the right hand, beat the whip was safer when driving on the right side of the road. Yes, and the peasants always pressed left from the carriage crew or a person on horseback so that it was more difficult to hit them with a whip, in which case. For the same reason, Knight's tournaments were held according to the rules of right-hand traffic.

In many countries, the right-hand movement has developed spontaneously and eventually enshrined in legislation. IN Russian Empire With Elizabeth I, the right-hand movement was officially legalized. However, earlier in Russia, with the oncoming junction of two equestrian crews, they pressed against the right side of the road.

In England, a little later, I was adopted by the "Road Act" law, with which my own type of traffic was introduced. Following the master of the seas, left-handed on the roads were all her colonies and the land subject to them. The United Kingdom influenced the popularization of the left-sided movement.

The ancient Roman empire was probably influenced by England in antiquity. After the conquest of Misty Albion, the Romans, who were accepted on the left side of the road, distributed this tradition on the conquered territory.

Distribution of right-hand traffic Historically attribute Napoleon and his military expansion in Europe. The political factor played its role. Supported by Emperor France Countries: Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Holland, Switzerland, began to ride on the right side of the road. Those countries that were their political opponents, England, Austria-Hungary, Portugal, remained on the left side.

Also, the political factor played its role in the case of the newly emerged independent United States of America. After receiving independence from the UK, the Americans hurried to go to the right-hand movement so that nothing reminded of the past.

The same was done in Korea, after the end of the Japanese occupation in 1946.

By the way about Japan. With this island state is also not so simple. There are two theories about how the Japanese began to ride the left. The first, historical: samurai was fucked by the legs and swords on the left side, so when driving, so as not to touch the casual passersby, they moved along the left side of the road. The second theory, political: alleged in 1859, the Great British Ambassador convinced the Tokyo authorities to take left-sided movement.

These are historically facts told us interesting story On the origins of different traffic on the roads of the world.

Accordingly, cars are both with left and right steering. In the first photo, a universal car for any countries.

Red marked countries with right-hand movement, blue with left-sided.

History, as it often happens, confused and goes back to the distant past. Most people right-handed. Pedestrians to protect the property wearable on the right shoulder, instinctively pressed against the right side of the road. Crews and carts when driving, too, taken to the right - stretch the behavior easier in the direction of a stronger hand. But the soldiers (both equestrian and hiking), on the contrary, it is better to diverge on the left side. In case of conflict shock hand With a sword closer to the enemy. As you can see, there are two opposite systems.

It is known that it is known that in the Roman Empire there was a left-sided movement, apparently, due to the large number of constantly moving troops. Excavations of an ancient quarry showed that the left rut is more divided than the right. So, it took out the cargo, and on the right towards the quarry, empty carts were moving.

After humanity ceased to suspect in each counterfeit enemy, right-hand traffic began on the roads.

As already mentioned, it is associated with human physiology. There are historical evidence that in the time of Peter it was customary to take to the right when driving with a counter carriage or sled. And the officially right-hand movement was introduced in 1752 by Empress Elizabeth Petrovna.

However, in England in 1776, which turned out to be the faithful ancient Roman tradition, was adopted by the "road act", which introduced left-sided movement.

In other countries, there was a breakdown and tenting on this issue. It is believed that in continental Europe, a right-hand movement introduced Napoleon, distributing the French rules of the road to the entire continent. True, it concerned only countries that were under his submission. Britain, Sweden, Austria-Hungary and Portugal continued to remain left-hand.

Somewhere in London

It was England that began the main reason distribution of left-sided movement worldwide. First of all, we are talking about her colonies: India, Australia and others. Japan has become a left-sided after the British have built them the first railway. By the way, in our country, too, there is a railway with left-sided movement. This is a plot of Moscow-Ryazan. Built it under the leadership of the British specialists.

But back to roads and first cars. The first weekly crews were controlled by the lever sticking out of the floor. The power for him was required to be considerable, because the driver sat on the left and ran his right hand.

Uncomfortable lever over time has been replaced with a steering wheel. You need to twist it with two hands, but for this I had to sit right behind him. But to which side it is better to shift the steering wheel? At first, the ram was set closer to the edge of the road - right for right-hand movement and left for left-handed. So it was easier to go to the driver. But cars became greater, and the focus of the chapera began to occupy counter and overtake cars. Therefore, it was transplanted. The first model with the left handle and proper landing The driver became Ford T 1908.

Legendary Ford T.

By the 1920s, on the overwhelming majority of cars, the driver's seat was located on the side of the oncoming stream. Gradually, most countries took and right-hand traffic: Belgium in 1899, Portugal in 1928, Spain in 1930, Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938.

Sweden recovered only in 1967. She was the last country in continental Europe, which retained left-sided movement. This created a lot of inconvenience when crossing the border, especially in countrysidewhere she is often simply not indicated. In addition, in Sweden, all the cars were with the left steering wheel. Manufacturers simply did not want to make right-handel machines for such a small market.

The most interesting thing is that all people suited it. At the referendum of 1955, 83% of the Swedes spoke for saving the current state of affairs. And only eight years old, parliament, without asking the inhabitants, adopted a ruling on the transition from 5 am on September 3, 1969 (day "N") of the year to the right-hand movement.

Center Stockholm on Day "H"

All cars simply moved to the other side of the road and began to ride according to the new rules. In the first month, the accident fell almost to zero - the drivers were extremely neat. But then the number of accidents returned to the previous level. In 1968, inspired by the example of Sweden, Iceland conducted a similar operation under the same title.

Now in Europe only four countries still have left-hand movement: Britain, Ireland, Malta and Cyprus.

States who do not want to adapt to neighbors, docile over different movement formats on the borders. The major highways have to build fancy junction.

Lotus Bridge, connecting continental China and autonomous territory Macau, former Portuguese colony

Entry to the left-sided country on an right-hand car (and on the contrary) in most cases is legal. Much more difficult to get registration. In Australia, the left-hand cars are simply prohibited - those who are imported must be able to spend on re-equipment. In New Zealand, you need to receive a special permit. And in Slovakia and Lithuania, right-hand drives simply do not register. In our country, several years ago, calls for the acquisition of right-hand drive cars were distributed. In many ways it was associated with the import of used cars from Japan. But with the growth of well-being, people began to prefer to buy new cars. And they are already supplied with the left steering wheel. So the problem itself disappeared.

If you have from frequent shift right and left head went around, remember one simple rule: on the left leg thumb is on the right, and on the right leg on the left;)

What to understand where the separation of automotive traffic on the roads of the world on the left-hand and right-hand side was generally coming in history. In antiquity, it was mainly respected by left-sided movement. It is possible to explain this by the fact that most people are right-handers. If there were dangerous strangers on the rider on the road, it was easier to grab the weapons with the right hand and immediately be ready for the skirmis. So considered B. Ancient Rome. Probably, such a rule for the movement of Roman troops was observed by conventional citizens of the Empire. Many ancient states followed the Roman example.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the physiological features of a person came to the fore. Again, the question affected the convenience of right-handers. Call when driving a cart on narrow roads it was more convenient to go to the right side to confidently manage horses strong hand, directing them to the sideways, when meeting with another wagon. With centuries, such a style of movement has become the norm in many countries.

In 1776, the first regulation of the road was published in Europe. He was first accepted by the United Kingdom, which established on its territory left-sided movement. What the solutions were associated with, it is not known. Probably, the country wanted to stand out from the rest of the mainland. Introduction of the left-sided movement to the huge territories of the colonies of the British Empire, as well as allied countries. Today they include the current India, Australia and Pakistan. And on the mainland at that time there was a magnificent France with the allies that began to use the right-hand movement. Here, the colonies of the European state followed their center. As a result, the world divided two camps. The consequences of such "delegates" we see to this day.

Today, the right-hand movement is more comfortable and most countries adhere to it, exceptions are: United Kingdom, Ireland, Malta, Brunei, Barbados, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, India, Australia.

By the way, the learning history of the left side for ride in Japan is strange. She is rooted during the heyday of Samurai. Greeting valiant wars at that time on horseback with swords on the left side. The famous Katan was stung at the belt, so the sword is simply stuck in the left side, druiting half the meter! Apparently, fearing clinging to the swords and the time to provoke the fight, samurai began to use the principle of left-sided movement. In 1603-1867, the tradition, which indicated to everyone who was heading towards the capital hold on to the left side was secured. Perhaps this system of movement has become in the habit of the Japanese and over time he consolidated as a rule. And in the middle of the 19th century, Japan was forced to open peace. The Japanese of course began to borrow everything from the West. It all started from the first steam locomotives, which Asians borrowed from the British, who adhered to the left-sided movement. The first trams on the horsepower also moved along the left side of the road.

What is the left-sided movement differs from rightful and what are the advantages of each of the parties? Both types of movement suggest various design cars. At the right-sided car, the driver's seat and steering wheel are located on the left, the left-sided driver's seat and the steering wheel are on the right. Disasters the location of wiper. But the location of the pedals in the order of grip, the brake, the gas today has become a standard for the right-hand driven machines, although it was originally intended for left-handed. It is worth noting that the left-sided movement is safer for the right-hand drive cars. When a collision, the blow falls on the left side and the likelihood that the driver will suffer below. Right-line cars hijaculate much less often. The right steering wheel allows the driver to leave the car not on the roadway, but on the sidewalk, which is much safer. But to make overtaking on the way on the right-hand drive car uncomfortable.

Historically, it happened so that In most countries of the world, the rule of right-hand traffic. But, there are a number of countries in which left-sided movement. The most Yary representatives are United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, Singapore, South Africa and India. Accurate data on why it happened is not, but there are many prerequisites that answer this question.

So, it is assumed that the first country in which the left-sided movement was made is England, since shipping was developed here and ships moved exclusively at least. But first things first. In this article we will try to deal with the rules of right-hand and left-sided movement, we describe their advantage and disadvantages, as well as the history of the occurrence.

1. History of the root

The history of the rules of the road, and as a result, the history of the steering wheel goes into deep antiquity. Historians suggest that Romans collided with the first rules. Presumably that in 50 BC Guy Julius Caesar created a number of ruleswho had to subjugate the cabings, the so-called drivers of the carriage.

Also, presumably in Rome acted a left-sided movement rule. This is evidenced by one of the found Roman dynamies, which shows two riders who are traveling along the left side. Most likely, this is due to the fact that most of Popphany's population, including horsemen and they were forced to right hand keep a weapon.

When the times of the knights, riders and carriages were rushed into the past, again there was a question about the rules of the road, and, accordingly, the steering wheel should be located. At the beginning of the 20th century, the streets became massively filling the first cars. At that time, in most European countries, right-hand traffic was made, in England, Sweden and partly in Austria-Hungary - left-sided. In Italy, the movement was mixed. All this did not imagine danger, because cars were not much, but their speed is minimal.

In countries with right-hand movement, it is logical that the steering wheel was located on the right. It was believed that so the driver was easier to overtake. Moreover, the right-hand drive of the steering wheel was reflected on the layout of the components of the engine. In order to reduce the length of the load, and the magneto was located on the right side of the engine. Over the years, it became more and more, and there was a question about security during overtaking. The first who released the car with the left root is the famous Ford Corporation worldwide. In 1908, the legendary model "T".

After that, the Europeans who produced publicly available cars also moved to the "left steering wheel", but the manufacturers of high-speed brands retained the Right Steering rule. According to another assumption, it follows that the location of the steering wheel on the left side is convenient because the driver does not go to the roadway, but it gets safe to the pavement.

An interesting situation has developed in Sweden. Until 1967, there was a left-sided movement in this country, despite the fact that the car's steering wheel was on the right side. But on September 3, 1967, all cars stopped overnight and smoothly switched to right-hand traffic. For this, the Swedes in the capital had to suspend traffic per day in order to change road signs.

2. Situation in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia

Situation with right-hand and left-sided movement in different countries The world was different. It is worth considering the very bright representativeswhich over the years have established the rules of the road, proceeding not only from the root location, but also from physiological features man.

So, after the emergence of cars in Europe, there was a complete confusion that was connected with right-hand and left-sided movement. Most countries adhered to the right-hand movement, which was accepted since the reign of Napoleon. At the same time, countries such as the United Kingdom, Sweden and partly Austro-Hungary adhered to the left-sided movement. As mentioned above, in Italy in every city there were their rules. To date, the left-sided movement is present in such countries of Europe as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Malta, as well as Cyprus (if you consider it Europe).

In Asia Much more countries that adhere to left-sided movements, in particular, this applies to Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand, Nepal, Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladeshu, Macau, Bruneju, Bhutan, East Timor and Maldives.

As for Africa, there are also several levels with left-sided movement, namely: South Africa, Botswana, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Namibia, Mozambique, Mauritius, as well as Swaziland and Lesotho.

The United States adhered to the left-sided movement until the end of the 18th century, until a smooth transition to the right-hand movement occurred. There is an opinion that he contributed to this change, the general of French origin, which fought for the independence of the "states" from the Crown of Britain. As for Canada, there until 20 years of the 20th century adhered to the left-sided movement. But in such countries Latin Americalike Jamaica, Barbados, Guyana, Suriname, as well as Antigua, Barbuda and the Bahamas still go on the left.

Supports the rules of left-sided movement and Australia, which is the second country in the world by the number of cars per capita. It was joined by such countries as New Guinea, New Zealand, Fiji, Samoa, as well as Nauru and Tonga.

While the UK is considered the main culprit of the left-sided movement, the right-sided movement mostly assumed France. So, in 1789, during the Great French Revolution in Paris, a decree was issued, in which it was clearly indicated by all vehicles to move on the right side, that is, according to the common line. Also, Napoleon also played a considerable role, which at one time ordered the army to keep the right side. All this had an impact on many European countries.

3. Basic differences of law and left-sided movement

Right-sided and left-sided movement implies differences in car structures. As a rule, the driver's seat and steering wheel are located on the left in cars, which are intended for right-hand traffic, respectively, in cars for left-sided movement, the driver's seat and steering wheel are located on the right. There are also cars in which the location of the driver's location is provided in the center, for example, McLaren F1. Also have differences (left and right). But the location of the pedals is in order, the brake, the gas was originally inherent in levicultural vehicles, and today it became the standard for the right-handers.

In general, the main rule of the right-hand movement is to keep the right side, and the left-sided left. Of course, for the right-hander initially it is quite difficult to go to the left-hand movement, but quite a few times try and quickly enough to become in place.

4. Disadvantages and advantages of left-sided movement

Speaking of the merits and deficiencies of the left-sided movement, the design of the car cannot be excluded, since it is from her that the safety of the driver and its passengers depends. Although right-handed cars are designed for left-sided movementThey are also exploited with right-hand. Moreover, this is considered safe because when a collision, the blow falls on the left side and the likelihood that the driver does not suffer much higher.

Right-line cars are hijacked much less often (in countries with right-sided movement), since many consider them uncomfortable and not functional. Also the location of the steering wheel on the right allows the driver to leave the car not on the roadway, but on the pavement, which is also much safer.

Unusual view of the driver on the right side allows from another angle to assess the situation on the roadWhat can lead to a decrease in unforeseen situations. At the same time, there are a number of disadvantages that play an important role not only at left-hand movement, but also at the right side of the steering wheel. So, make overtaking in the right-handed car is quite uncomfortable. The problem can be solved by setting a well-thought-out mirror system.

In general, the only drawback of the left-sided movement is its prevalence. To date, more than 66% of the population adhere to the right-hand movement, and the transition to left-sided creates a number of inconveniences. Moreover, Only 28% of the roads of the world are left-hand. The differences of the left-sided movement from the right-sided also no, simply everything happens to the mirror image, which makes drivers who are accustomed to the right-sided movement, be confused.

There are exceptions to the rules. So, in Odessa and St. Petersburg there are streets with left-sided movements that are designed to unload the streets from a large number of cars. Also, in Paris on Avenue General Lemond (the only street in Europe) adhere to the left-sided movement.

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Even in antiquity, it turned out that the agreement on which side of the road to ride - left or right - strongly reduces the number of head-eye collisions and congestion.

Car driver must be from the oncoming flow - on the left in countries with right-hand movement and on the right in countries with left-sided.

On the this moment 66% of the population of the Earth go on the right side and 34% on the left, primarily due to the population of India, Indonesia, Pakistan. 72% of all roads right-hand and 28% - left-sided.

Prerequisites

• Pedestrian with cargo - right-hand. The bag is usually thrown on the right shoulder, a cart or a pack animal is more convenient to keep the right hand closer to the side of the road: it is easier to disperse, and you can stop and talk to the counter.

• Knight's tournament - right-hand. The shield is on the left side, the spear is made through the back of the horse. However, knight Tournament - This is a game that is far from real vehicles.

• Single crew ride Or the crew with the coach-made forward seat - right-hand. To disperse, you need to pull the entrance to a stronger right hand.

• Riding with Forer - right-hand. Foretor (a coachman, controlling a harness, sitting on one of the horses) always sits on the left horse - it makes it easier to plant a dish and allows you to control the right hand.

• Riding is left-handed. The "combat" right hand is on a shock position towards the oncoming rider. In addition, it is more convenient to sit on the horse on the left side, since in this case the sword interferes less.

• Riding in a multi-seat crew - left-hand. Being on the right side, Kucher will not touch the passenger with a whip. For emergency connections, you can hit horses on the right side.

Most historians consider only the methods of driving warriors, which is not entirely legitimate - not in one country of the soldiers were not the majority. Therefore, the warriors could come back, for example, on the left side, while the people with the right side adhered to the right side (which was more convenient if, let's say, the people were supposed to give way to the warriors, because in this case they are noticeable before). On Red Square on May 9, two open car Zil ride in the left-sided movement.

Sometimes, some connectors are made by left-sided, such as Leskov Street in Moscow, as well as the streets - for example, the Embankment of the Fontanka River in St. Petersburg (in the latter case, the parties are separated by the river).

History

After you stopped riding on the roads with weapons and suspected in every enemy, the sputious movement on the roads, which was mainly connected with human physiology, a significant difference in force and dexterity different hands In the receivers of control of heavy horse crews, harnessed several horses. The feature of man that most people are right-handed. When driving on a narrow road, it was easier to direct the crew to the right to the side of the road or the edge of the road, pulling the right, that is, a stronger hand, the entrance, holding the horses. It is probably precisely for this simple reason and the tradition arose first, and then the norm of the road on the roads. This rule eventually entrenched as the rate of right-hand traffic.

In Russia, in the Middle Ages, the rule of right-hand movement has developed spontaneously and was observed as natural behavior man. Danish Messenger at Peter I Yust Yulia in 1709 wrote that "in Russia everywhere in the custom, so that the carts and Sani, meeting with each other, drove around, holding the right side." In 1752, Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna issued a decree on the introduction on the streets russian cities right-hand movement for carriages and cabrs.

In the West, the first law regulating the left-hand or right-hand movement - English Bill 1756, according to which the movement in the London Bridge should have been on the left side. For violation of this rule, an impressive penalty was provided - a pound of silver. And after 20 years, the historical "road act" was published in England, which introduced a left-sided movement on all roads. The same left-sided movement was accepted on the railway. In 1830, on the first railway line, Manchester Liverpool movement was left-hand.

There is another theory of appearance initially left-sided movement. Some historians suggest that on the left side it was more convenient to go during the time when she had horse races, where Kucher was sitting at the top. So, when they drive horses, then Knut Kucher-right-handed could accidentally get along passers-by who walked on the sidewalk. That is why equestrian carriages were more likely to go on the left.

The UK is considered the main "guilt" "Levizna", which was then influenced by some countries of the world (their colonies and dependent territories). The version is found that it brought such an order on their roads from maritime rules, that is, the on-sea the oncoming vessel missed the other that was close. But this version is erroneous [ ] Because skipping the ship approaching the right means to disperse with the left sides, that is, according to the rules of right-hand traffic. It is right for the divergence of vessels following the oncoming courses in the area of \u200b\u200bdirect visibility in the sea, which is fixed in international rules.

The influence of Great Britain affected the course of movement in its colonies, therefore, in particular, in countries such as India, Pakistan, Australia, was adopted left-sided movement vehicle. In 1859, the Ambassador of Queen Victoria Sir R. Alcock convinced Tokyo's authorities to also accept left-sided movement [ ] .

Right-sided movement is often associated with France, with its influence on many other countries. In the days of the Great French Revolution of 1789 in the decree, published in Paris, was prescribed to move on the "common" right side. A little later, Napoleon Bonaparte secured this position, ordered the military to keep the right side, so that everyone who met the French army, hesitated her way. Further such an order of movement, oddly enough, was associated with a big policy in early XIX. century. Those who supported Napoleon - Holland, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain - in those countries have established right-hand traffic. On the other hand, those who opposed the Napoleonic army: Britain, Austria-Hungary, Portugal - turned out to be "left". The influence of France was so great, which influenced many European countries, and they switched to right-hand traffic. However, in England, in Portugal, Sweden and some other countries, movement remained left. In Austria, there was a curious position. In terms of provinces, the movement was left-sided, and in other right-sided. And only after the anchlus in the 1930s, Germany, the whole country moved to right-hand.

Initially, the left-hand movement was in the United States. But K. end of XVIII The century there was a gradual transition to the right-hand movement. It is believed that "convinced" the Americans to switch to the right-hand movement French-General Marie-Joseph Lafayette, who made a significant contribution to the struggle for independence from the British crown. [ ] At the same time, in a number of provinces of Canada, until the 20s of the twentieth century, left-sided movement remained.

IN different time In many countries, left-sided movement was made, but they switched to new rules. For example, due to the neighborhood with countries, former French colonies that have a right-hand movement, the rules changed the former British colonies in Africa. In Czechoslovakia (used to be in the Austro-Hungarian Empire), the left-hand movement was preserved until 1938.

Country

At various times, in many countries, left-sided movement was made, despite the fact that the Swedish manufacturers even for the domestic market produced the car with the left steering wheel. Later, due to the inconvenience, related to the fact that the neighbors of these countries had a right-hand movement, it was decided to move to the right-hand movement. The most famous in history was the day "H" (Swede Dagen H) in Sweden, when the country has moved from left-sided movement to right-hand.

Also replaced the right steering wheel on the left former British colonies in Africa Sierra Leone, Gambia, Nigeria and Ghana because of the neighborhood with countries - former French colonies with right-hand traffic. And on the contrary, the former Portuguese Colony of Mozambique changed the left steering wheel to the right due to the neighborhood with the former British colonies. Samoa moved to the left-hand movement due to the large number of used cars with the right steering wheel. Korea changed the left-sided movement on the right-sided in 1946, after the end of the Japanese occupation.

In 1977, the Japanese prefecture of Okinawa by decision of the Japanese government has passed from the American occupying troops on the left-hand movement established in 1945. As the case was submitted to Tokyo, the need for the transition was dictated by the Geneva Convention on road traffic 1949, which requires the countries participating in the presence of only one transport system. This, however, does not prevent another participant - China - leave left-sided movement in the returned Hong Kong and Macau.

Left-sided

Changing side on the border

At the borders of countries with different directions of movement, automobile junctions are built, sometimes quite impressive.

Special cases

First cars

On cars produced at the beginning of the 20th century, the root location has not yet decided finality: often the driver's seat did from the side of the sidewalk (that is, they did the right steering wheel with right-hand motion and left at left-hand). In the future, the standard was the location of the steering wheel from the party opposite to the sidewalk - it provides the best overview when overtaking; In addition, when using the car as a taxi, it makes landing and falling out the passenger more comfortable and safe.

Postavy cars

Mail removal cars are often made with the "wrong" root location (for example, such a Moskvich-434P van was produced in the USSR). This is done for the convenience of the driver, who can now go immediately to the pavement and is not excessive danger. With the right arrangement of the steering wheel, the driver of the postal machine has lightweight access to the mailboxes located near the roadway. Sometimes the mail can be put in mailbox And without leaving the car.

Military cars

Some French cars manufactured to conduct hostilities in African colonies have had a double steering mechanism to be able to use in the right and levicultural mode of the usual permutation of the steering wheel.

Career dump trucks

Career dump trucks usually do not go on the roads common use And therefore do not depend on local traffic rules. The market of these machines is very narrow. Therefore, they are made only with the left-handed cabin for the right-hand movement on the technological roads of quarries. For example, BelAZ delivers its own left-handed products to the "right-hand driven" South Africa, and the Komatsu manufacturer makes its dump trucks with the left-handed cabin.

Construction and agricultural machinery

On universal-disappeared tractors, the place of the tractor driver is usually placed on the longitudinal axis of the machine, which gives the same good review left and right. On severe arable tractors with broad cabins (for example, Kirovets), the place of the tractor driver is performed on the right, which is convenient when working with right-hand plows. On combines, on the contrary, conveniently left cabin location. On utility machines, the driver's place is located on the part of the sidewalk. Many agricultural and utility machines and tractors have a moved direction or duplicate driver or operator.

Bahamas

Historically, there was a left-sided movement in the Bahamas, but most of the cars ride the islands with the left steering wheel because of the proximity of the United States, from where such cars are constantly imported.

Russian Far East

Differences in car structures

The driver's seat and steering wheel, as a rule, are located on the left of cars intended for the right-hand movement, and on the right - on cars for left-sided. This allows you to better see counter transport and thereby facilitates the execution of maneuvers. Some cars (for example, the English supercar McLaren F1) have a central location of the driver's seat.

Wiper wipers ("wipers") for best Review The driver also has the right and left direction. In the left-handed machines, they were turned off to the right, and in the right-handed - left. Some car models (for example, some Mercedes cars of the 1990s.) Have symmetric wipers. The wiper switch on the steering column on the left-handed machines is on the right, on the right-hand drive - left.

The arrangement of pedals "grip - brake - gas" has become a levicultural machine, has become the standard and for the right-hand drive cars. Nevertheless, before the Second World War, the position of pedals in the right-hand drives varied. Before the invasion of Hitler, Czechoslovakia had left-hand movement, and in the old Czech machines, the pedals were located "clutch - gas - brake".

The gear shift lever is always located between the driver's and passenger seat or on the central console of the car. The procedure of the program does not differ - both on the left-handed, and the lower transmission are lowered on the left. When the driver is transplanted from the left-hand car to the right-hander (and vice versa), it has old motor reflexes for some time and it can start looking for a gear shift lever on the driver's door and configure the turning on the turning pointer with "janitor".

Switches of rotor indicators are usually located on the left (with the exception of Australian, Japanese and old British cars). In addition, appliances in the cabin are usually designed for convenient access from the driver. For example, in the right-hand drivers, the knob of the volume controller on the radio is located on the right, and in the left-handed - left.

The location of the benzobacco hatch is not associated with a side of the movement - a neck for fuel supply can be on either side, even behind. This is due to the location of the tank and is made to uniformly filling out the queues at filling stations. The exhaust pipe is located on the side of the axial line (on the left for the right-hand movement, to the right - for left-sided), but this rule is valid for the manufacturer - in levoryal cars of Japanese production, as a rule, the exhaust pipe is still on the right.

Doors for passengers in buses, trolley buses and trams are located in accordance with the side of the movement.

Regardless of the position of the driver's seat, the headlights regulate so that the light is directed slightly towards the adjacent curb - to illuminate pedestrians and not to blind oncoming drivers. When changing the side of movement on the same car, the adjacent curb turns out to be on the other hand, and the asymmetry of the light flux (asks the reflector and glass) begins to work on the contrary - the side is not covered, but the oncoming drivers are blinding, which is correct only to the replacement of optics on the appropriate side of the movement.

According to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, a car temporarily entering the country must comply with the technical standards of the country in which it is registered.

Motorcycles

Single motorcycles for right and left-sided movements do not differ in design, with the exception of the headlight, which in the near-light mode should illuminate the adjacent sidebuine (although the headlights with a symmetrical beam often are installed on motorcycles, equally suitable for both directions of movement).

Motorcycles from a carriage have a mirror arrangement of the side trailer and pedals: the stroller and the pedal of the rear brake on the right at right-hand motion and left at left-hand, gearbox pedal and kick starter on the left at right-hand motion and on the right at left-hand. Such a pedal layout is chosen based on the fact that the stroller does not interfere with the motorcycle to the foot, as well as due to the design of power units (many motorcycles, the gear pedal, being crushed, activates the kick starter).

Other types of transport

Aircraft

For a number of reasons (imperfect ignition systems and carburetors, which were often the cause of the engine stop, hard restrictions on the mass) of the aircraft of the First World War had exclusively rotative engines - the crankcase and the engine cylinder block rotates along with the air screw, and the fuel and oil mixture is supplied through Hollow motionless crankshaft. In such engines, heavy crankcase and cylinders played the role of the flywheel. The screw, as a rule, was used by the right, rotating clockwise. Due to the large aerodynamic resistance of the rotating block of cylinders and the screw, a torque occurred, striving to create a left roll by an airplane, so the turns left more vigorously. By virtue of this, many aviation maneuvers were based on the left turns - from here the left seat of the pilot.

With the improvement of the ignition systems, the rotary engines gave way to a two-row and star-like, in which the reverse torque is many times less. The pilots (already civilians) focused on the existing roads (and in the deserted terrain, where there are no roads, furrows were performed). When the aircraft (with the leftmost seat), flying along the road towards each other, was required to be broken, the pilots were given to the right - hence the right-hand movement with the left seat of the main pilot.

Helicopters

On the world's first serial helicopter Sikorsky R-4 there were two interchangeable places for crew members, two step-gas pens on the cabin sides, but only one handle of longitudinally transverse control of the cyclic step of the carrier screw in the middle (for considerations of mass saving). The "Step Gas" knob, which controls the common step of the carrying screw (in fact, the lifting force of the helicopter), demanded many neat, accurate manipulations (especially when takeoff, landing and hanging), and also physical effort, so the vast majority of pilots preferred Sit on the right, so that it turns out to be in his right hand. Subsequently, the habit of helicopters-right-handers learned on the R-4 (and its development R-6) spread throughout western worldTherefore, on most helicopters, the crawler armchair is located on the right.

The seat of the main pilot on the only serial converter V-22 Osprey on the right, "helicatical". In Russia, both in airplanes and helicopters, the armchair of the crew commander is always on the left.

Ships

Almost everywhere (except inland rivers) applies right-hand movement with the right seat. This allows you to see the movement on the right side (which must be skipped). Accurate connecting with a small interval, important for cars, on water and in the air is not relevant. On large courts, the steering wheelhouse and the steering wheel inside it are located in the middle, but the captain or forward is traditionally located on the right of the steering. This tradition has developed in antiquity, during the times of small ships that manage the steering oar, and is associated again with the fact that most people are right-handers. The feeder was more convenient to be controlled with a heavy steering incessant right, stronger, hand, so the steering paddle was almost always strengthened to the right of the vessel. In this regard, on the water there was a practice of discrepancies with left sides, so as not to damage the steering paddle, as well as mooring to the coast of the free left side. In the invention of the suspended steering wheel, attached in the middle of the feed, the steering wheel moved to the central line of the ship, but due to the already established tradition of the right-hand movement when moving along the rivers and the straits, the observer placed on the right, followed by the near shore, took place.

Railway and Metropolitan

In most countries, railway systems use the same way of movement as cars, but in many countries (for example, China, Israel, Argentina, Brazil) despite the fact that the automotive movement is right-sided, railways Used left-sided. The reason for this is the influence of the UK, which constructed the first roads in countries. Some countries, such as Russia (with the exception of several sites), gradually moved to the right-hand movement. In the set of countries (Sweden, Korea, Italy) trains travel around the left side due to the fact that at the time of the road traffic road Funds It was left-hand, but when moving to the right-hand movement of the train to a new scheme did not move. but