Physiology is the study. Basic principles of physiology

In normal and pathological conditions, that is, about the patterns of functioning and regulation biological systems different levels organization, about the limits of the norm of life processes and painful deviations from it (see pathophysiology).

Physiology is a complex of natural science disciplines that study both the vital activity of the organism as a whole and individual systems and processes, organs, cells, cellular structures (private physiology). Physiology seeks to reveal the mechanisms of regulation, the patterns of the life of the organism and its interaction with the environment.

Physiology studies the basic quality of a living thing - its vital activity, its constituent functions and properties, both in relation to the whole organism and in relation to its parts. The basis of ideas about life is knowledge about the processes of metabolism, energy and information. Vital activity is aimed at achieving a useful result and adapting to environmental conditions.

Physiology is traditionally divided into plant physiology and human and animal physiology.

When correcting impaired body functions, attention should be paid not only to the peculiarities of the influence of natural and climatic production conditions of the habitat, but also to the nature of anthropogenic pollution - the quantity and quality of harmful highly toxic substances in the atmosphere, water, and food.

Brief history of human physiology

The first works that can be attributed to physiology were already performed in antiquity.

Directions of physiology

Physiology includes several separate interrelated disciplines:

• Molecular physiology studies the essence of living things and life at the level of molecules that make up living organisms.
• Cell physiology studies the vital activity of individual cells and, together with molecular physiology, are the most general disciplines of physiology, since all known forms of life exhibit all the properties of a living thing only inside cells or cellular organisms.
• The physiology of microorganisms studies the patterns of vital activity of microbes.
• Plant physiology is closely related to plant anatomy and studies the characteristics of the vital activity of organisms. flora and their symbionts.
• Fungal physiology is the study of the life of fungi.
• Human and animal physiology is a logical continuation of human and animal anatomy and histology and is directly related to medicine (see Normal Physiology, Pathological Physiology).

In view of the fact that these individual disciplines, in turn, not only have their own specifics, but are also diverse, there are such disciplines as the physiology of photosynthesis, the physiology of chemosynthesis, the physiology of digestion, the physiology of labor, the physiology of blood circulation, which studies the work

Physiology is medical biological science which studies:

1 - functions of a living organism, physiological systems, organs, cells and individual cellular structures

2 - mechanisms of their regulation

3 - patterns of vital activity of the organism

4 - its interaction with environment.

task normal physiology is a deep study of the mechanisms of vital activity healthy person in order to identify the causes and nature of violations of these mechanisms in various diseases. Physiology is theoretical basis medicine.

Human anatomy and physiology are closely related to all medical specialties. It is impossible to carry out qualified treatment without knowing well the anatomy and physiology of a person. These subjects form the foundation of medical education and medical science in general. Knowledge of physiology is necessary for disease recognition, selection and implementation proper treatment, to develop evidence-based preventive measures.

Research methods in physiology.

1. Observation. By observing the animal, the researcher does not interfere with the course of life processes.

2. The experiment can be acute and chronic:

1 - acute experience is carried out under conditions of vivisection (cutting on the living) and allows you to study some function in a short period of time. Disadvantages: anesthesia, trauma, blood loss can pervert the normal function of the body.

2 - a chronic experiment allows for a long time to study the functions of the body in conditions of its normal interaction with the environment. In a chronic experiment, the operation and the study of functions are not carried out simultaneously. The operation is only preparatory stage(for example, the introduction of a fistula into the stomach), and the actual studies are carried out after the recovery of the animals. This method makes it possible to investigate functions under conditions that are as close to natural as possible.

The functions of organs can be studied not only in the whole organism, but also outside it, with their artificial isolation. The object of study can be muscle, nerve and other cells. By changing the bioelectric activity of the cell, its function is judged.

3. Function monitoring. Modern methods(ultrasound, computed tomography, etc.) allow you to explore various functions without harming human health.

4. Modeling method. The functions of individual organs and systems are studied using an artificial model that is functionally close to a specific organ or system (artificial kidney, heart, model of the circulatory system).

The body is a whole dynamic system. Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form functional basis- organ systems, and of them - a holistic organism.

Physiological system- a constant collection of various organs and tissues, united common function(eg, digestive, respiratory, circulatory systems).

Functional system of the body- this is a constantly changing set of organs and tissues belonging to various anatomical and physiological structures and combined to achieve certain forms of adaptive activity aimed at performing specific functions. It is formed when certain indicators deviate from the norm in order to return them to normal.

The functional system consists of 4 links:

1. s e n o n o n o u t e n o n o n o n o n o n o n o n o n o n o n o n o n o b e n o n o n o d e s u l t a t a t ;
2. cen tral link;
3. a n d e n t e r e n t ;
4. Feedback .

Useful adaptive result- this is the result for the sake of which the functional system is formed.

Central link represents the nerve centers that participate in the activity of this functional system. Indicators that deviate from the norm excite receptors, from which a stream of impulses enters the central nervous system, activating the central link. In the neurons of the central link, information is processed, as a result of which a model (standard) of the future result of the work of the functional system is formed, as well as a program for achieving it.

Executive link- these are the organs and tissues that work to achieve the desired result.

4 components of any executive level:

1. internal organs
2. iron
3. skeletal muscle
4. Behavioral Reactions.

Feedbackcarried out at the expense of the same receptors that recorded the change in the indicator. Impulses from them come to the central link, where the standard of operation of the functional system has already been formed. If the changes that have occurred coincide with the standard, the goal is achieved, and the system breaks up. If the changes do not match the benchmark, the system continues to work until the result is achieved.

According to the nature of the reaction evoked, the feedback is divided into positive and negative. Positive feedback enhances the response, while negative feedback weakens it. Feedback is the main mechanism of self-regulation of the central nervous system, due to which the constancy of the internal environment of the body is maintained.

Thus, functional systems ensure the functioning of the body as a whole.

Physiological regulation- this is an active control of the body's functions and its behavior to maintain an optimal level of vital activity, the constancy of the internal environment and metabolic processes in order to adapt the body to changing environmental conditions.

Physiological regulation mechanisms:

1. nervous
2. humorous.

Humoral physiological regulation uses body fluids (blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.) to transmit information. Signals are transmitted through chemical substances: hormones, mediators, biologically active substances (BAS), electrolytes, etc.

Features of humoral regulation:

1. no exact address - sto c o m b i o logical liquids and the substance can be delivered to any cell of the m o rganism;
2. INFORMATION DELIVERY SPEED o r s t o t o c a b i o l o o g i c e s k i h i d k o s t e y - 0.5-5 m / s;
3. duration

Nervous physiological regulation for information processing and transmission is mediated through the central and peripheral nervous systems. Signals are transmitted using nerve impulses.

Features of nervous regulation:

1. and has a precise address - signals are delivered to a strict o p r s e l e n n n y m o r g a n a m i t t a n i m;
2. HIGH INFORMATION DELIVERY SPEED nerve impulse and - up to 120 m / s;
3. b r i c o t i m e n o n s t i o n s t i o n s.

For the normal regulation of body functions, the interaction of the nervous and humoral systems is necessary.

The body is inseparable unity with external environment due to the activity of the nervous system, the activity of which is carried out on the basis of reflexes.

Reflex - this is a strictly predetermined reaction of the body to external or internal irritation, carried out with the obligatory participation of the central nervous system. Reflex is a functional unit nervous activity.

Types of reflexes by the nature of the response(on a biological basis) are divided into food, sexual, defensive, motor, etc.

According to the level of closure of the reflex arcreflexes are divided into:

1. spinal - closing at the level of the spinal cord;
2. b u l b a r n e - closing at the level of the medulla of the brain;
3. m e z e n c e f a l n e - c o r c u t at the level of the mid brain;
4. d i e n c e p a l s - c o r c u t at the level outside the intermediate brain a ;
5. subcortical structures - closing at the level of non-subcortical structures;
6. c o r k o u n t ToORsbOlbwandXPOlatwaRandthGOlOvnOGOmOhGa.

Depending on the nature of the responsereflexes can be:

1. WithOmaTandheWithToandmand- OTveTnaI amReaTocandI amdvandGaTelbnaI am;
2. veGeTaTandvnsmand- OTveTnaI amReaTocandI amhaTRaGandvaeTvnatTRennandeORGans, WithOWithatdsandT. P.

According to I.P. Pavlov, reflexes are distinguished unconditional and conditional.

For the occurrence of a reflex, 2 prerequisites are necessary:

1. dOWithTaTOhnOWithandlbnsthRahdRawellandTelb,PRevswaYuSCHandthPOROGvOhbatdandmOWithTand
2. RefleToTORnaI amdatGa

reflex arc- this is the path along which the nerve impulse passes when a reflex occurs.

Arcs are divided into simple (consist of two neurons) and complex (more than two neurons).

Reflex arc components:

1. RecePTOR
2. affeRenTnsthPatTb
3. RefleToTORnsthneRvnsthcenTR
4. uhffeRenTnsthPatTb
5. RabOhandthORGan (uhffeToTOR)
6. ObRaTnaI amWithvI amhb

Receptoris a structure that receives information. Receptors perceive the energy of the stimulus and transform it into the energy of a nerve impulse.

Classification of receptors according to the place of perception of information:

1. uhToWithTeRORecePTORs (andhvne)
2. andnTeRORecePTORs (andhnatTRand)
3. PROPRandORecePTORs (andhOPORnO-dvandGaTelbnOGOaPPaRaTa)

Classification of receptors according to the type of perceived information:

1. meXanORecePTORs- vOWithPRandnandmaYuTmeXanandheWithToOevOhbatwelldenande
2. TeRmORecePTORs- vOWithPRandnandmaYuTTemPeRaTatRat
3. XemORecePTORs- ReaGandRatYuTnaXandmandheWithToandeveSCHeWithTva
4. nOcandcePTORs- bOlevseRecePTORs.

afferent pathway- dendrites (processes) sensory neurons. Transmits excitation from receptors to the reflex nerve center.

reflex nerve center- a set of neurons located at different levels of the central nervous system and responsible for the implementation of a complex reflex function.

efferent pathrepresents the axons of neurons that transmit information from the reflex nerve center to the working organ.

Effector- an executive body that, in response to irritation, changes its activity. Effector organs are muscle or gland.

Feedbackis the flow of impulses from the receptors of the working organ to the central nervous system. It carries information about the effectiveness of the response. Due to feedback, the reflex arc is closed in a ring

For the normal functioning of the organism, the constancy of the composition of its internal environment is necessary. The concept of the internal environment of the body was introduced in the nineteenth century by the French physiologist Claude Bernard. Under the body's internal environment understand the totality of fluids (blood, lymph, tissue and cerebrospinal fluid) involved in metabolic processes and maintaining body homeostasis.

homeostasis- this is the relative constancy of the composition and properties of the internal environment and the stability of the basic physiological functions. Homeostasis is characterized by a number of biological constants. biological constants- these are stable quantitative indicators that characterize the normal functioning of the body (blood pH, blood sugar, osmotic value, blood pressure, body temperature, etc.).

Homeostasis is provided by metabolism, adaptation, compensation.

When some factors act on the organism or processes arise in it that exceed the usual (habitual) level in intensity, adaptation responses occur.Adaptation- the ability of the organism to adapt to environmental influences.

Adaptation is physiological and pathological.

Physiological adaptationare adaptive reactions of a healthy organism. The main ones are:

• aToTolandmaTandhacandI am
• TemPeRaTatRnaI amadaPTacandI am
• adaPTacandI amToatWithlOvandI ammGandPOToWithandandandvsWithOTe
• hRandTelbnaI amadaPTacandI am, WithlatXOvaI amandPR.adaPTacandand, WithvI amhannseWithORGanamandhatvWithTv
• WithOcandalbnaI amadaPTacandI amanddR.

All organs and systems take part in the adaptation of the body, but primarily the central nervous system and endocrine system. It takes time to develop adaptation - from a few seconds (visual adaptation) to weeks and even months (climatic or social adaptation).

Pathological adaptation- these are adaptive reactions to chronic diseases, disease states or individual symptoms and syndromes.

A special case of adaptation iscompensation. Compensatory mechanisms ensure the elimination or weakening of functional changes in the body caused by inadequate environmental factors. They are mobilized immediately, as soon as the body has got into inadequate conditions of existence, and gradually fade as the adaptation process develops.For example, under the influence of cold, the narrowing of the blood vessels of the skin ensures that the body retains heat.

Function- strictly specialized activity of an organ or physiological system.

Process- a set of sequential actions aimed at achieving a certain result.

Physiological norm -

Mechanism- a system, a device that determines the order of any type of activity.

ReactionThe body's response to external or internal stimuli.

Irritation- the process of external force action.

Filimonov V.I. "Physiology of people" st. 8-19.

(see general physiology), and individual physiological systems and processes (eg physiology of locomotion), organs, cells, cell structures (private physiology). As the most important synthetic branch of knowledge, physiology seeks to reveal the mechanisms of regulation and patterns of the life of the organism, its interaction with the environment.

Physiology studies the basic quality of a living thing - its vital activity, its constituent functions and properties, both in relation to the whole organism and in relation to its parts. The basis of ideas about life is knowledge about the processes of metabolism, energy and information. Vital activity is aimed at achieving a useful result and adapting to environmental conditions.

Physiology is traditionally divided into plant physiology and human and animal physiology.

Brief history of human physiology

The first works that can be attributed to physiology were already performed in antiquity.

The father of medicine Hippocrates (460-377 BC) represented the human body as a kind of unity liquid media and the mental make-up of the personality, emphasized the connection of a person with the environment and the fact that movement is the main form of this connection. This determined his approach to complex treatment sick. An approach similar in principle was characteristic of physicians in ancient China, India, the Middle East and Europe.

Directions of physiology

Physiology includes several separate interrelated disciplines.

Molecular physiology studies the essence of living things and life at the level of molecules that make up living organisms.

Cell physiology studies the vital activity of individual cells and, together with molecular physiology, are the most general disciplines of physiology, since all known forms of life exhibit all the properties of a living thing only inside cells or cellular organisms.

The physiology of microorganisms studies the patterns of vital activity of microbes.

Plant physiology is closely related to plant anatomy and studies the vital activity of plant organisms and their symbionts.

The physiology of fungi is the study of the life of fungi.

Human and animal physiology - is a logical continuation of human and animal anatomy and histology and is directly related to medicine (see Normal Physiology, Pathological Physiology).

Due to the fact that these individual disciplines, in turn, not only have their own specifics, but are also diverse, they distinguish such disciplines as the physiology of photosynthesis, the physiology of chemosynthesis, the physiology of digestion, the physiology of labor, the physiology of blood circulation, which studies the work of the heart and blood vessels, electrophysiology - studies electromagnetic processes during the work of nerves and muscles, and many others. Neurophysiology deals with the nervous system. The physiology of higher nervous activity studies the higher mental functions by physiological methods.

Physiological organizations

• (Russia, Saint-Petersburg). Founded in 1925.
• Founded in 1890 as an office, transformed into an institute in 1925, transferred to Moscow in 1934.
• (Russia, Irkutsk). Founded in 1961.
• (Russia, Saint-Petersburg). Founded in 1956.
• Research Institute of Normal Physiology. P.K. Anokhin RAMS (Russia, Moscow). Founded in 1974.

see also

• normal physiology
• Physiologist (book) - an ancient collection of stories about nature. Appeared in the 2-3 centuries. n. e.
• Human physiology en:Human physiology

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See what "Physiology" is in other dictionaries:

Physiology ... Spelling Dictionary

PHYSIOLOGY- PHYSIOLOGY, one of the main branches of biology (see), the tasks of the swarm are: the study of the patterns of living functions, the emergence and development of functions and transitions from one type of functioning to another. Independent sections of this science ... ... Big medical encyclopedia

- (from the Greek physis, nature and ... logic), a science that studies the processes of life (functions) of animals and grows, organisms, their otd. systems, organs, tissues and cells. The physiology of man and animals is divided into several. closely related... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

physiology- and, well. physiologie f., German. Physiology gr. physis nature + logos science. 1. The science of vital functions, the functions of a living organism. ALS 1. Physiology explains .. studies the internal functions in the human body, such as: digestion, ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (Greek physiologia, from physis nature, and logos word). The science that deals with life and the organic functions through which life manifests itself. Dictionary foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. PHYSIOLOGY ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

PHYSIOLOGY, physiology, pl. no, female (from Greek physis nature and logos doctrine). 1. The science of the functions, functions of the body. Human physiology. Physiology of plants. || These very functions and the laws that govern them. Physiology of respiration. Physiology ... ... Dictionary Ushakov

- (from the Greek physis nature and ... logic) the science of the life of the whole organism and its individual parts of cells, organs, functional systems. Physiology studies the mechanisms of various functions of a living organism (growth, reproduction, respiration, etc.) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Physiology (physis - nature) is the science of the normal life processes of the body, its constituent physiological systems, individual organs, tissues, cells and subcellular structures, the mechanisms of regulation of these processes and the influence of natural environmental factors on the body's functions.

Based on this, in general, the subject of physiology is a healthy organism. The tasks of physiology are included in its definition. The main method of physiology is experiment on animals. There are 2 main types of experiments or experiments:

1. Acute experience or vivisection (live cutting). In the process of it, a surgical intervention is performed, the functions of an open or isolated organ are examined. After that, they do not seek the survival of the animal. The duration of an acute experiment is from several tens of minutes to several hours (example).

2. Chronic experience. In the course of chronic experiments, surgical intervention is performed to gain access to the organ. Then they achieve healing of surgical wounds and only after that they start research. The duration of chronic experiments can be many years (example).

Sometimes a subacute experiment is distinguished (example).

At the same time, medicine requires information about the mechanisms of the functioning of the human body. Therefore, I.P. Pavlov wrote: “Experimental data can only be applied to a person with caution, constantly checking the actuality of the similarity with the activity of these organs in humans and animals.” Therefore, without special observations and experiments on humans, the study of human physiology is meaningless. Therefore, a special physiological science is distinguished - human physiology.Human physiology has a subject, tasks, methods and history.The subject of human physiology is a healthy human body.

Her tasks:

1. Study of the mechanisms of functioning of cells, tissues, organs, systems, the human body as a whole

2. The study of the mechanisms of regulation of the functions of organs and systems of the body

3. Detection of reactions human body and its systems to change the external and internal environment

Since physiology as a whole is an experimental science, the main method of human physiology is also experiment. However, experiments on humans are fundamentally different from experiments on animals. First, the vast majority of human research is done using non-invasive methods, i.e. without intervention in organs and tissues (example of ECG, EEG, EMG, blood tests, etc.). Secondly, experiments on humans are carried out only when they do not harm health and with the consent of the subject. Sometimes acute experiments are carried out on a person in a clinic when diagnostic tasks require it (example). However, it should be noted that without the data of classical physiology, the emergence and development of human physiology would have been impossible (monuments to a frog and a dog). More I.P. Pavlov, assessing the role of physiology for medicine, wrote: "Understood in the rough sense of the word, physiology and medicine are inseparable, knowledge of physiology is necessary for a doctor of any specialty." And also that "Medicine, only being constantly enriched day by day, with new physiological facts, will finally become what it should ideally be, i.e. the ability to repair a spoiled human mechanism and be applied knowledge of physiology" (examples from the clinic) . Another famous Russian physiologist Prof. V.Ya. Danilevsky noted: “The more accurately and fully the signs of the norm for the bodily and mental life of a person are determined, the more correct the doctor’s diagnosis will be for its pathological abnormalities.”

Physiology, being a fundamental biological science, is closely related to other fundamental and biological sciences. In particular, without knowledge of the laws of physics, it is impossible to explain bioelectric phenomena, the mechanisms of light and sound perception. Without the use of chemistry data, it is impossible to describe the processes of metabolism, digestion, respiration, etc. Therefore, on the borders of these sciences with physiology, the daughter sciences of biophysics and biochemistry stood out.

Since structure and function are inseparable, and it is the function that determines the formation of the structure, physiology is closely related to the morphological sciences: cytology, histology, anatomy.

As a result of the study of the action of various chemicals on the body, pharmacology and toxicology emerged from physiology into independent sciences. The accumulation of data on violations of the mechanisms of functioning of the body in various diseases served as the basis for the emergence of pathological physiology.

Distinguish between general and particular physiology. General physiology studies the basic patterns of the life of the body, the mechanisms of such basic processes as metabolism and energy, reproduction, excitation processes, etc. Particular physiology studies the functions of specific cells, tissues, organs and physiological systems. Therefore, it highlights such sections as the physiology of muscle tissue, the heart, kidneys, digestion, respiration, etc. In addition, in physiology there are sections that have a specific subject of study or special approaches to the study of functions. These include evolutionary physiology (explanation), comparative physiology, age physiology.

There are a number of applied branches in physiology. This is, for example, the physiology of farm animals.

In human physiology, the following applied sections are distinguished:

1. Age physiology. It studies the age-related features of body functions.

2. Physiology of labor

3. Clinical physiology. This is a science that uses physiological methods and approaches for the diagnosis and analysis of pathological abnormalities.

4. Aviation and space physiology

5.Physiology of sports

Human physiology is closely related to such clinical disciplines as therapy, surgery, obstetrics, endocrinology, psychiatry, ophthalmology, etc. For example, these sciences use numerous methods developed by physiologists for diagnostics. Deviations of the normal parameters of the body are the basis for the detection of pathology.

Some sections of human physiology are the basis for psychology (physiology of the central nervous system, GNI, sensory systems, psychophysiology).