Signs of society as a dynamic system with examples. Society as a complex dynamic system

Engineering systems 13.10.2019

Engineering systems

C1.. Name any three characteristics of society as a dynamic system.

C2. What social and economic formations allocate Marxists?

Sz. Name three historical types of society. What features are they highlighted?

C4.. There is a statement: "Everything for humans. It is necessary to produce as much products as possible for it, and for this you have to "invade" in nature, violating the natural laws of its development. Either a person, his well-being, or nature and its well-being. There is no third".

Your attitude to this judgment? Justify your answer, relying on the knowledge of the social science rate, the facts of public life and personal experience.

C5.. Give three examples of the relationship of global problems of humanity.

C6.

Gaining all new and new forces, civilization often detected explicit

the tendency to impose ideas with missionary activities or direct

violence coming from religious, in particular Christian, traditions ... so

civilization has steadily extended to the planet, using all for this

possible paths and means - migration, colonization, conquest, trade,

industrial development, financial control and cultural influence. Few-

intow all countries and peoples began to live according to its laws or created them

mounted sample ...

The development of civilization, however, was accompanied by the flourishing of rainbow hopes and illusions that could not be implemented ... The basis of its philosophy and its actions was always lying elitarism. And the Earth, no matter how generous is, is still unable to place a continuously growing population and satisfy all new and new needs, desires and whims. That is why there is now a new, deeper split - between super-crucial and underdeveloped countries. But even this riot of the world proletariat, who seeks to join the wealth of their more prosperous fellows, proceeds in the framework of all the same dominant civilization ... It is unlikely that it will be able to withstand and this new test, especially now, when her own organism is torn by numerous ailments. The HTR also becomes more suspension, and it is harder and more difficult to pacify it. Having endured us with an unprecedented dotol strength and instilling the taste for such a level of life, which we did not even have thought about, the HTR does not give us so much wisdom to keep our capabilities and requests under control. And our generation is time, finally, to understand that only us now ... the fate is not individual countries and regions, but in total humanity as a whole.

A. Pechesti

1) What global problems of modern society stands out the author? Specify two or three problems.

2) What does the author mean, claiming: "When you putting us with an unprecedented dotol strength and instilling the taste for this level of life that we didn't even think about, the HTR does not give us so much wisdom to keep our capabilities and requests under control? Make two assumptions.

3) Illustrate on the examples (at least three) approval of the author: "The development of civilization ... was accompanied by a flourishing of rainbow hopes and illusions that could not be implemented."

4) Is it possible, in your opinion, in the foreseeable future to overcome the contrast between rich and poor countries. Justify the answer.

C7. Choose one of the proposed statements and state your thoughts about the raised problem in the form of a brief essay.

1. "I am a citizen of the world."

(Diogen Sinopsky)

2. "I am too proud of my country to be a nationalist."

(J. Volify)

3. "Civilization is not a greater or less refinement. But in consciousness, general for the whole people. And this consciousness is never sophisticated. On the contrary, it is quite healthy. Representing the civilization of the creation of the elite means to identify it with a culture, including this is completely different things. " (BUT. Camus)

C8.. Read the text and perform tasks to it.

"Human society is the highest level of the development of living systems, the main elements of which are people, the forms of their joint activities, especially work, works of labor, various forms of ownership and the age-old struggle for it, politics and the state, a set of various institutions, the sophisticated Sphere of Spirit. Society can be determined both as a self-organizing behavior system and the relationship between people's arcs with a friend and with nature ...

The concept of society covers not only living people now, but all past and future generations, i.e. All mankind in his history and the future. The combination of people in the holistic system occurs and is reproduced regardless of the will of its members ...

The life of society is not exhausted by the life of the components of his people. The Company creates material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bthat cannot be created by individual people ... Society is a single social organism, the internal organization of which represents a combination of certain, characteristic of a given system of diverse bonds, which ultimately lies human labor. The structure of human society is formed: production and developing production, economic, social relations based on it, including class, national, family relations; Political relations and, finally, the spiritual sphere of life of society - Science, philosophy, art, morality, religion, etc.

People constantly carry out the process of social production of their lives: the production of material benefits, the production of people of public beings, the production of a corresponding type of relationship between people, the most form of communication and the production of ideas. In society, economic, economic, state, family relations, as well as a number of ideological phenomena phenomena are intertwined, intentionally intelligently intertwined ...

It is the society that is the main condition of more or less normal being and development of people ... "

1) Find in the text and write down two suggestions in which the author lists the main elements of society.

2) scientists call society by a dynamic system. Find three other words in the text that the author characterizes society as a system.

4) Relying on the content of the text and knowledge of the social science rate, bring three evidence that the society "will ultimately lies human labor."

C9.. Read the text and perform tasks to it.

It seems to me that today, when humanity came to an ecological catastrophe, when all the terrible consequences of utopian claims for total management of social processes are extremely clear, the fate of the humanistic ideal is connected with the refusal to the idea of \u200b\u200bmastering, suppressing and domination. A new understanding of the nature of nature and humanity is not the ideal of anthropocentrism, but developed by a number of modern thinkers, in particular, the idea of \u200b\u200bcoevolution, the joint evolution of nature and humanity, which can be interpreted as the attitude of the equal partners, if you want, interlocutors In a non-programmed dialogue ...

It may and should be understood in a wider plan. Freedom as an integral characteristic of a humanistic ideal is conceived not as mastering and control, but as the establishment of equal partnerships with what is outside of a person: with natural processes, with another person, with the values \u200b\u200bof other culture, with social processes, even with non-inflexible and " Opaque "processes of my own psyche.

In this case, freedom is understood not as an expression of a projective-constructive attraction to the world, not as the creation of such a substantive world, which is controlled and managed, but as such when I take another, and the other accepts me. (It is important to emphasize that the adoption does not mean simple content that there is, but involves interaction and interconnection.) At the same time, we are talking about a free adoption based on understanding as a result of communication. In this case, we are dealing with a special kind of activity. This is not an activity to create an item in which a person is trying to capture and express itself, that is, a subject that belongs to the subject. This mutual activity, the interaction of fluent partners who participates in the process of equal partners, each of which is considered to be different and as a result of which they are changed.

(V.A. Kittorsky)

1) What two realities of modern society require, according to the author, a new understanding of the humanistic ideal? What does he see the essence of this new understanding?

2) Give any two phrases in which the author's understanding of freedom is reflected.

3) Explain why the humanistic ideal at the present stage ceased to correspond to anthropocentrism (the idea of \u200b\u200bmastering and domination). Give three explanations based on social science and facts of public life.

4) The author writes about the need to "establish equal-partnership relations with what is outside of a person." Relying on the content of the text and knowledge of the social science rate, suggest that these relationships can consist with any three of the partners called by the author. (First, name the partner, with which partnerships are established, and then express the assumption.)

Answers

Part 1 Level A

Quest Number	answer

Part 2 level in

Quest Number	answer
	Natural
	regression
	A B C D
	In; a; g; b
	In; g; w
	In; a; b; g
	spiritual
	2,3,4
	spiritual
	1,3,4,5,6
	1,2,4,6
	manual
	1,2,4,6
	3,5,6
	VVBG
	Public
	BVA
	3,4,2,1,5
	Spheres, spheres
	Public Progress
	B; a; g; in
	1st, b, d, s, k, l, o, p, t, c, yu, i; 2-in, e, and, m, n, s, y, f; 3rd, g, r, f, x, h, sh, uh, u
	G; in; b; d; a
	1)2,3,7,8,9,12; 2)4,6,8,11; 3)1,5,10
	1,3,4.7,9
	5,10,12,13,14
	3,4,5,7,8,9

Part 3. Level with

C1.The correct answer may contain the following characteristics:

Integrity;

Consists of interrelated elements;

Elements vary over time;

The nature of the relationship between systems is changing;

The system is changing in general.

Other characteristics can be given.

C2. Correct answer:

Primitive

Slave owner

Feudal

Capitalist (bourgeois)

Socialist (communist)

SZ. Traditional (pre-industrial), industrial, post-industrial.

Signs:

Pre-industrial Society: Basis - Agriculture;

Industrial Society: Basis - large industry;

Post-industrial (technotronic, technological) Society: base - information.

C4. The correct answer may contain the following positions:

Society and Nature are interrelated;

Nature is a natural habitat of society;

The purpose of production is to satisfy the fundamental needs of a person in food, clothing;

Centuries man enjoyed the riches of nature, polluting the atmosphere, cutting out the forest, mining minerals, infecting water, destroying the soil;

As a result, the threat of a global environmental catastrophe arose - irreversible changes in natural living conditions on Earth, threatening degradation and even human death;

The current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for serious responsibility for such environmental crimes, as a violation of environmental protection rules in the work, water pollution, illegal hunting, etc.

Other positions can be given.

C5.. Any three examples of the relationship of global problems of modernity can be presented, for example:

The threat to the environmental crisis is reflected in the economy: developed countries seek to translate "harmful" production to the third world countries, which exacerbates the "North-South" problem;

The threat of international terrorism is intertwined with the problem of the threat of a nuclear war in connection with the desire of terrorists to access the weapons production technologies of mass lesions;

The demographic problem in the modern world acts primarily as the problem of the rapid demographic growth of the countries of the Third World, which increases the gap in economic terms with the developed countries.

C6.. The content of the right answers to the tasks to the text.

1) problems:
- limited resources;

Non-uniformity of development (the "North-South" problem);

Demographic;

The effects of HTR.

2) Assumptions can be made:

The presence of scientific knowledge and technical means for global transformations has a threat to life itself on Earth;

Formation of consumer society makes speed and comfort priority values.

Other assumptions can be made, not distorting the meaning of judgment.

3) may be indicated, for example:
Communist utopias;

Faith in the omnipotence of scientific and technological progress;

Faith in ideals of freedom and justice in understanding enlightenment figures.

Other examples can be given, not distorting the meaning of judgment.

4) If a negative answer is given, arguments are given:
The demographic situation in poor countries exacerbates their lag from rich countries;

as a result, weak participation in the global division of labor;

as a result, one-sided development of the economy and dependence on rich countries. Other arguments can be shown.

C8.. Text.

1) The correct answer must contain the following items:

1) realitiesmodern Society:

- "Humanity closely approached the environmental catastrophe";

- "All the terrible consequences of utopian claims for total management of social processes are extremely clear;

2) essence of a new understanding Humanistic ideal:

"The idea of \u200b\u200bcoevolution, the joint evolution of nature and humanity, which can be interpreted as the attitude of equal partners, if you please, interlocutors in a non-prominged dialogue."

These elements can be given in other, similar to the content of the wording.

2) The response can contain the following phrases:

1) "Freedom as an integral characteristics of a humanistic ideal thinks ... as the establishment of equal partnerships with what is outside of a person: with natural processes, with another person, with the values \u200b\u200bof other culture, with social processes, even with non-inflexible and" opaque "processes my own psyche ";

2) "Freedom is understood ... as such a relation when I take another, and the other accepts me";

3) "Free adoption, based on understanding as a result of communication."

3) The following explanations can be given:

1) The installation of man's domination over nature led to irreversible changes in the external environment.

2) irreversible changes in the external environment negatively affect human health, society functioning.

3) the number of resources that may be used to develop in a numerical respect for their development are significantly reduced.

4) The installation of dominance has spread to the attitude of a person to her like, public interest.

Other explanations can be given.

4) The correct answer may contain the following assumptions:

1) "Relationships with natural processes": the use of human-saving and resource-saving technologies, restriction of consumption;

2) "Relations with another person": recognition of the unconditional value of the personality of another person, respect for his freedom;

3) "Relationships with other culture values": tolerant attitude to the values \u200b\u200bof other culture and carriers of these values;

4) "Relationships with social processes": a refusal to install personal and group egoism, consumerism, striving for the social world;

5) "Relations with non-inflexible and" opaque "processes of my own psyche": attentive attitude to its own psychological state, gentle by adjustment in the necessary cases, maximum use in the activities of own mental capabilities and states.

Other assumptions may be made.

C9..Text.

1) The correct answer must contain the following positions:

1) "People, the forms of their joint activities, first of all labor, products of labor, various forms of ownership and a century-old struggle for her, politics and the state, a set of various institutions, the sophisticated Sphere of Spirit";

2) "Production and developing production, economic, social relations based on it, including class, national, family relations; Political relations and, finally, the spiritual sphere of society - science, philosophy, art, morality, religion, etc. ".

2) The correct answer may contain the following characteristics:

1) Live system;

2) a holistic system;

3) Self-organizing system.

3) The correct answer may contain the following arguments:

1) only in relations with other people a person can reveal and develop its qualities (socially significant), distinguish from animals;

2) society performs numerous functions that provide physical survival and relatively comfortable existence of a person;

3) Social and spiritual needs of a person are satisfied only in society.

Other having reason arguments are possible.

4) The correct answer may contain, for example, the following explanations:

in the process of labor

1) According to the theory of evolution, the ancestors of a person acquired and developed their human qualities;

2) many social and prestigious human needs are being implemented;

3) satisfied the material needs of society;

4) a certain social organization is formed;

5) The spiritual institutions are formed.

Being people in society is characterized by various forms of vital activity and communication. All that was created in society is the result of the cumulative joint activities of many generations of people. Actually, the society itself is a product of people's interaction, it exists only there and where people are connected with each other in common interests.

In philosophical science, many definitions of the concept of "society" are offered. In a narrow sense the society can be understood as a certain group of people who united to communicate and jointly implement any activity and a specific stage in the historical development of any people or the country.

In a broad sense society - this is the part of the material world closely associated with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interaction. of people and the forms of their association.

In philosophical science, the Company is characterized as a dynamic self-developing system, i.e., such a system that is capable of seriously changing, preserve its essence and qualitative certainty at the same time. At the same time, the system is understood as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, the element is called some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.

For the analysis of complex-organized systems similar to the one that society is, scientists have developed the concept of "subsystem". Subsystems are called "intermediate" complexes, more complex than elements, but less complicated than the system itself.

1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relationships arising between people in the process of producing material goods, their exchange and distribution;

2) social, consisting of such structural formations, as classes, social layers, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other;

3) political, including policies, state, law, their ratio and functioning;

4) Spiritual, covering various forms and levels of public consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of life of society, form what is customary to be called spiritual culture.

Each of these areas, being an element of the system called "Society", in turn, turns out to be a system with respect to elements, its components. All four spheres of social life are not only interconnected, but also mutually determine each other. The separation of society on spheres is somewhat conventionally, but it helps to extend and explore the individual areas of a really holistic society, a diverse and complex social life.

Sociologists offer several classifications of society. Societies are:

a) complementary and written;

b) simple and complex (as a criterion in this typology there is a number of levels of management of society, as well as its degree of differentiation: there are no managers and subordinate, rich and poor, and there are several levels of management and several social segments in complex societies, from top to bottom as income decreases);

c) Society of primitive hunters and collectors, traditional (agricultural) society, industrial society and post-industrial society;

d) Primitive Society, Rabellastic Society, Feudal Society, Capitalist Society and Communist Society.

In Western scientific literature in the 1960s. It turned out the distribution of all societies to traditional and industrial (at the same time, capitalism and socialism were considered as two types of industrial society).

German sociologist F. Tennis, French Sociologist R. Aron, American economist W. Rosto, made great contributions to the formation of this concept.

The traditional (agricultural) society represented the pre-industrial stage of the civilization time-dity. Traditional were all the society and the Middle Ages. Their economy was characterized by the domination of rural natural economy and primitive craft. Extensive technology and hand tools of labor prevailed, initially ensuring economic progress. In his production activity, a person sought to adapt to the environment as much as possible, obeyed the rhythms of nature. Property relations were characterized by the domination of community, corporate, conditional, state forms of ownership. Private property was neither sacred nor an inviolable. The distribution of material benefits produced by the product depended on the position of a person in the social hierarchy. The social structure of a traditional society is classically corporate, stable and stationary. Social mobility was actually absent: a person was born and dyed, remaining in the same social group. The main social cells were community and family. The behavior of a person in society was regulated by corporate norms and principles, customs, beliefs, unwritten laws. Public consciousness dominated providencylism: social reality, human life was perceived as the implementation of divine fishery.

The spiritual world of a traditional society, his value orientation system, the image of thinking is special and noticeably different from modern. Individuality, independence was not encouraged: the social group dictated the identity of the norm of behavior. You can even talk about the "group person", which did not analyze its position in the world, and indeed rarely exposed the analysis of the phenomenon of surrounding reality. He rather moralizes, evaluates life situations from the standpoint of his social group. The number of educated people was extremely limited ("grades for a few") oral information dominated the written in the political sphere of traditional society dominates the church and army. Man is completely alienated from politics. Power seems to be greater value than law and law. In general, this society is extremely conservative, stable, immune to innovations and impulses from the outside, which is a "self-sustaining self-regulating immutability." Changes in it occur spontaneously, slowly, without the conscious intervention of people. The spiritual sphere of human existence priority before economic.

Traditional societies have been preserved to this day mainly in the countries of the so-called "third world" (Asia, Africa) (therefore, the concept of "non-voted civilizations" is also synonymous with the synonym for "traditional society", also claiming well-known sociological generalizations). From the Euro-centrist point of view, traditional societies are backward, primitive, closed, non-free social organisms, which Western sociology opposes industrial and post-industrial civilizations.

As a result of modernization, understood as a complex, controversial, comprehensive process of the transition from a traditional society to the industrial, in Western European countries, the foundations of the new civilization were laid. It is called industrial technogenic, scientific and technical or economic. The economic base of industrial society is an industry based on machinery. The volume of fixed capital increases, the long-term average costs per unit of products are reduced. In agriculture, labor productivity increases sharply, natural closure is destroyed. Extensive economy is replaced by intense, and simple reproduction is expanded. All these processes occur through the implementation of the principles and structures of the market economy, based on scientific and technological progress. A person is exempt from a direct dependence on nature, partly subordinates it to himself. Stable economic growth is accompanied by an increase in real income per capita. If the pre-fined period is filled with fear of hunger and disease, then for industrial society, an increase in the welfare of the population is characterized. In the social sphere of industrial society, traditional structures, social partitions are also crumbling. Social mobility is significant. As a result of the development of agriculture and industry, the share of the peasantry in the population is sharply reduced, urbanization occurs. New classes appear - industrial proletariat and bourgeoisie, medium layers are strengthened. Aristocracy comes in decline.

In the spiritual sphere there is a significant transformation of the value system. The man of the new society autonomy inside the social group is guided by his personal interests. Individualism, rationalism (a person analyzes the world around us and makes decisions on this basis) and utilitarianism (a person does not act in the name of some global goals, but for a certain benefit) - new personality coordinates. The secularization of consciousness occurs (exemption from direct dependence on religion). A person in the industrial society is committed to self-development, self-improvement. Global changes occur in the political sphere. The role of the state increases sharply, the democratic regime is gradually. The law is dominated in society, and a person is involved in power relations as an active subject.

A number of sociologists somewhat specify the above scheme. From their point of view, the main content of the modernization process is in the change of model (stereotype) of behavior, in the transition from an irrational (characteristic of a traditional society) to a rational (characteristic industrial society) behavior. The economic aspects of rational behavior include the development of commodity-money relations, which defines the role of money as a general equivalent of values, displacing barter transactions, wide range of market operations, etc. The most important social consequence of modernization is the change in the principle of distribution of roles. Earlier, society imposed sanctions on a social choice, limiting the possibility of classes of certain social positions by a person depending on his belonging to a specific group (origin, birdlikeness, nationality). After modernization, the rational principle of the distribution of roles is approved, in which the main and only criterion for the classes of one or another position is the preparedness of the candidate to perform these functions.

Thus, industrial civilization opposes traditional society in all directions. Industrial societies include most modern industrialized countries (including Russia).

But modernization gave rise to many new contradictions, which over time turned into global problems (environmental, energy, etc. crises). Allowing them, progressively developing, some modern societies are approaching the stage of post-industrial society, the theoretical parameters of which were developed in the 1970s. American sociologists D. Bella, E. Toffler and others. For this society, it is characterized by nomination to the forefront of services, individualization of production and consumption, an increase in the specific gravity of small-scale production in the lord of dominant positions by mass, the leading role of science, knowledge and information in society. In the social structure of post-industrial society, there is an erase of class differences, and the approach of the size of the income of various groups of the population leads to the elimination of social polarization and the growth of the share of the middle class. New civilization can be characterized as anthropogenic, in the center of it - a person, his individuality. Sometimes it is also called information, reflecting an increasingly affecting dependence of the daily life of society from information. The transition to the post-industrial society for most countries of the modern world is a very distant prospect.

In the process of its activities, a person comes with other people in a variety of relationships. Similar diverse forms of people's interaction, as well as connections arising between different social groups (or inside them), is customary to be called public relations.

All social relations can be conditionally divided into two large groups - the relationship of material and spiritual relationship (or ideal). The fundamental difference of them from each other is that material relations arise and add up directly during the practical activity of a person, outside the consciousness of man and independently of it, and spiritual relations are formed, pre-"passing through the consciousness" of people, determined by their spiritual values. In turn, material relations are divided into industrial, environmental and business relations; Spiritual on moral, political, legal, artistic, philosophical and religious public relations.

A special type of social relations are interpersonal relationships. Under interpersonal relationships understand relations between individual individuals. For This individuals, as a rule, belong to different social strata, have an unequal cultural and educational level, but they are united by the general needs and interests lying in leisure or life. Famous Sociologist Pitirim Sorokin highlighted the following types Interpersonal interaction:

a) between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades);

b) between three individuals (father, mother, child);

c) between four, five and more people (singer and his listeners);

d) between many and many people (members of an unorganized crowd).

Interpersonal relationships arise and are implemented in society and are public relations even if they are the nature of purely individual communication. They act as a personified form of social relations.

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The concept of society covers all spheres of human life, relationships and relationships. At the same time, society does not stand still, it is subject to constant changes, development. We will find out briefly about society - a complex, dynamically developing system.

Facilities of a society

Society as a complex system has its own characteristics that distinguish it from other systems. Consider identified by different sciences. damn :

complex, multi-level character

The society includes different subsystems, elements. It may include various public groups, and both small - family and large - class, nation.

Public subsystems are the main spheres: economic, social, political, spiritual. Each of them is also a kind of system that has many elements. So, we can say that there is a hierarchy of systems, that is, society is divided into elements that, in turn, also include several components.

the presence of differential elements: material (technique, structures) and spiritual, ideal (ideas, values)

For example, the economic sphere is both transportation, structures, materials for the manufacture of goods, and knowledge, norms, rules acting in the field of production.

main element - man

A person is a universal element of all public systems, as it enters each of them, and without it, their existence is impossible.

Social institutions

The idea of \u200b\u200bsociety cannot be complete without knowledge of its main institutions.

Social institutions understand such forms of organizing joint activities of people who have developed as a result of historical development and are regulated by the norms established in society. They combine large groups of people employed by any kind of activity.

The activities of social institutions are aimed at meeting the needs. For example, the need for people in the continuation of the genus caused the Institute of Family and Marriage to Life, the need to gain knowledge is the Institute of Education and Science.

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1. Society as a complex dynamic system. public relations

2. Development of views on society

3. Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society

4. Public progress and its criteria

5. Global problems of modernity

Literature

1. Society as a complex dynamic system. Public relations

In philosophical science, many definitions of the concept of "society" are offered. In a narrow sense by society, it can be understood as a certain group of people who united to communicate and jointly implementing any activity and a specific stage in the historical development of some kind of people or the country.

In a broad sense society -- this is the part of the material world closely associated with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interaction. of people and the forms of their association.

For the analysis of complex-organized systems similar to the one that society is, scientists have developed the concept of "subsystem". Subsystems are called "intermediate" complexes, more complex than elements, but less complicated than the system itself.

Society subsystems are considered to be the spheres of public life, they usually allocate four:

1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relationships arising between people in the process of producing material goods, their exchange and distribution;

2) social, consisting of such structural formations, as classes, social layers, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other;

3) political, including policies, state, law, their ratio and functioning;

4) Spiritual, covering various forms and levels of public consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of life of society, form what is customary to be called spiritual culture.

Sociologists offer several classifications of society. Societies are:

a) complementary and written;

c) Society of primitive hunters and collectors, traditional (agricultural) society, industrial society and post-industrial society;

d) Primitive Society, Rabellastic Society, Feudal Society, Capitalist Society and Communist Society.

In Western scientific literature in 1960_E. It turned out the distribution of all societies to traditional and industrial (at the same time, capitalism and socialism were considered as two types of industrial society).

German sociologist F. Tennis, French Sociologist R. Aron, American economist W. Rosto, made great contributions to the formation of this concept.

The traditional (agrarian) society represented the pre-industrial stage of the civilization time. Traditional were all the society and the Middle Ages. Their economy was characterized by the domination of rural natural economy and primitive craft. Extensive technology and hand tools of labor prevailed, initially ensuring economic progress. In his production activity, a person sought to adapt to the environment as much as possible, obeyed the rhythms of nature. Property relations were characterized by the domination of community, corporate, conditional, state forms of ownership. Private property was neither sacred nor an inviolable. The distribution of material benefits produced by the product depended on the position of a person in the social hierarchy. The social structure of a traditional society is classically corporate, stable and stationary. Social mobility was actually absent: a person was born and dyed, remaining in the same social group. The main social cells were community and family. The behavior of a person in society was regulated by corporate norms and principles, customs, beliefs, unwritten laws. Public consciousness dominated providencylism: social reality, human life was perceived as the implementation of divine fishery.

As a result of modernization, understood as a complex, controversial, comprehensive process of the transition from a traditional society to the industrial, in Western European countries, the foundations of the new civilization were laid. It is called industrial technogenic, scientific_Technical or economic. The economic base of industrial society is an industry based on machinery. The volume of fixed capital increases, the long-term average costs per unit of products are reduced. In agriculture, labor productivity increases sharply, natural closure is destroyed. Extensive economy is replaced by intense, and simple reproduction is expanded. All these processes occur through the implementation of the principles and structures of a market economy, based on scientific_technic progress. A person is exempt from a direct dependence on nature, partly subordinates it to himself. Stable economic growth is accompanied by an increase in real income per capita. If the pre-fined period is filled with fear of hunger and disease, then for industrial society, an increase in the welfare of the population is characterized. In the social sphere of industrial society, traditional structures, social partitions are also crumbling. Social mobility is significant. As a result of the development of agriculture and industry, the share of the peasantry in the population is sharply reduced, urbanization occurs. New classes appear - industrial proletariat and bourgeoisie, medium layers are strengthened. Aristocracy comes in decline.

In the spiritual sphere there is a significant transformation of the value system. The man of the new society autonomy inside the social group is guided by his personal interests. Individualism, rationalism (a person analyzes the world around and makes decisions on this basis) and utilitarianism (a person does not act in the name of any global goals, but for a certain benefit) - new personality coordinates. The secularization of consciousness occurs (exemption from direct dependence on religion). A person in the industrial society is committed to self-development, self-improvement. Global changes occur in the political sphere. The role of the state increases sharply, the democratic regime is gradually. The law is dominated in society, and a person is involved in power relations as an active subject.

A number of sociologists somewhat specify the above scheme. From their point of view, the main content of the modernization process is in the change of model (stereotype) of behavior, in the transition from an irrational (characteristic of a traditional society) to a rational (characteristic industrial society) behavior. The economic aspects of rational behavior include the development of commodity-share relations, which defines the role of money as a general equivalent of values, displacing barter transactions, a wide range of market operations, etc. The most important social consequence of modernization is the change in the principle of the distribution of roles. Earlier, society imposed sanctions on a social choice, limiting the possibility of classes of certain social positions by a person depending on his belonging to a specific group (origin, birdlikeness, nationality). After modernization, the rational principle of the distribution of roles is approved, in which the main and only criterion for the classes of one or another position is the preparedness of the candidate to perform these functions.

Thus, industrial civilization opposes traditional society in all directions. Industrial societies include most modern industrialized countries (including Russia).

But modernization gave rise to many new contradictions, which over time turned into global problems (environmental, energy, etc. crises). Allowing them, progressively developing, some modern societies are approaching the stage of post-industrial society, the theoretical parameters of which were developed in 1970_. American sociologists D. Bella, E. Toffler and others. For this society, it is characterized by nomination to the forefront of services, individualization of production and consumption, an increase in the specific gravity of small-scale production in the lord of dominant positions by mass, the leading role of science, knowledge and information in society. In the social structure of post-industrial society, there is an erase of class differences, and the approach of the size of the income of various groups of the population leads to the elimination of social polarization and the growth of the share of the middle class. New civilization can be characterized as anthropogenic, in the center of it - a person, his individuality. Sometimes it is also called information, reflecting an increasingly affecting dependence of the daily life of society from information. The transition to the post-industrial society for most countries of the modern world is a very distant prospect.

In the process of its activities, a person comes with other people in a variety of relationships. Similar diverse forms of people's interaction, as well as connections arising between different social groups (or inside them), is customary to be called public relations.

a) between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades);

b) between three individuals (father, mother, child);

c) between four, five and more people (singer and his listeners);

d) between many and many people (members of an unorganized crowd).

Interpersonal relationships arise and are implemented in society and are public relations even if they are the nature of purely individual communication. They act as a personified form of social relations.

2. Development of views on society

For a long time, people tried to explain the causes of society, the driving forces of its development. Initially, such explanations were given in the form of myths. Myths are the lesions of the ancient peoples on the origin of the world, about the gods, heroes, etc. The set of myths is called mythology. Along with mythology, their answers to questions about the urgent social problems, about the attitude of the universe with his laws and people also tried to find religion and philosophy. It is the philosophical doctrine of society that is the most designed.

Many of the main provisions are formulated in the ancient world, when attempts were made to substantiate a look at society as a specific form of being, having their laws. So, Aristotle determined society as a combination of human individuals, which were united to meet social instincts.

In the Middle Ages, all explanations of public life relied on religious dogmas. The most outstanding philosophers of this period - Averalius Augustine and Thomas Akviksky - understood human society as being of a special kind, as a kind of human life, the meaning of which is predetermined by God and which develops in accordance with the will of God.

During the period of the new time, a number of thinkers who did not generate religious views were put forward to the thesis that the society emerged and develops naturally. They developed the concept of a contractual organization of public life. Its ancestor can be considered an ancient Greek philosopher of Epicura, who believed that the state rests on a public contract concluded by people to ensure general justice. Later representatives of the treaty theory (T. Gobbs, D. Lokk, J._zh. Rousseau, etc.) developed the views of the epicura, having put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bthe so-called "natural rights", that is, such rights that a person receives from birth.

In the same period, philosophers were developed and the concept of "civil society". Civil society was considered by them as a "system of universal dependence", in which "the impregnation and benefit of a single person and its existence is intertwined with the nutrition and the benefit of all are based on them and only in this regard are valid and provided." (G. Hegel).

In the XIX century Part of the knowledge of society, which gradually accumulated in the depths of philosophy, stood out and began to compile a separate science on society - sociology. The very concept of "sociology" was introduced into a scientific circulation by the French philosopher and sociologist O. Kontau. He divided sociology into two large parts: social statics and social dynamics. Social Status studies the conditions and laws of the functioning of the entire social system as a whole, considers the main public institutions: a family, a state, religion, the functions they perform in society, as well as their role in establishing public consent. The subject of studying social dynamics is public progress, the decisive factor of which, according to O. Kont, is the spiritual and mental development of humanity.

A new stage in the development of social development problems was the materialistic theory of Marxism, according to which society was considered not as a simple amount of individuals, but as a combination of "those connections and relations in which these individuals are each other." Determining the nature of the process of development of society as naturally historical, with its specific social laws, K. Marx and F. Engels developed the doctrine of socially_economic formations, which determines the role of material production in society and the decisive role of the masses in public development. The source of society is seen in society in the development of its material production, believing that social development is determined by its economic sphere. According to K. Marx and F. Engelsu, people in the process of joint activities produce the vital resources they need - thereby they produce their material life, which is the basis of society, its foundation. Material life, material social relations, which are emerging in the process of manufacturing material goods, determine all other forms of people's activities - political, spiritual, social and etc. And morality, religion, philosophy are only a reflection of the material life of people.

Human society takes place in its development five socially_teconomic formations: primitive, slave-owned, feudal, capitalist and communist. Under the community_economic formation, Marx understood the historically defined type of society, which is a special stage in its development.

The main provisions of the materialist understanding of the history of human society are reduced to the following:

1. This understanding comes from the decisive, determining the role of material production in real life. It is necessary to study the real production process and the communications form generated by it, i.e. civil society.

2. It shows how different forms of public consciousness arise: religion, philosophy, morality, right, etc., and what influence has material production on them.

3. It believes that each stage of the development of society sets a certain material result, a certain level of productive forces, certain production relations. New generations use productive forces acquired by the preceding generation of capital and at the same time create new values \u200b\u200band change the productive forces. Thus, the method of manufacturing material life determines the social, political and spiritual processes occurring in society.

The materialistic understanding of the story still during the lifetime of Marx was subjected to various interpretations that he was very unhappy. In Kon_e XIX century, when Marxism took one of the leading places in the European theory of social development, many researchers began to reproach Marx in the fact that all the diversity of history he reduced to the economic factor and thus simplified the process of the development of society, consisting of various facts and events.

In the XX century The materialistic theory of public life was supplemented. R. Aron, D. Bell, W. Rostow and others nominated a number of theories, including the theory of industrial and post-industrial society, which explained the processes occurring in society, not just the development of its economy, and specific changes in technology, economic activities of people. The theory of industrial society (R. Aron) describes the process of progressive development of society as a transition from the backward agrarian "traditional" society, in which natural economy and the estate hierarchy dominate, to the advanced, industrialized "industrial" society. The main signs of industrial society:

a) widespread production of mass consumption goods, combined with a complex system of division of labor among members of society;

b) mechanization and automation of production and management;

c) scientific_technic revolution;

d) a high level of development of communications and transport;

e) high degree of urbanization;

e) high level of social mobility.

From the point of view of supporters of this theory, it is these characteristics of the large industry - the industry - and cause processes in all other spheres of public life.

This theory was popular in 60_E. XX century In 70_E She was further developed in the views of American sociologists and political scientists D. Bella, 3. Brzezinsky, A. Toffler. They believed that any society was held in its development three stages:

1_E stage - pre-industrial (agricultural);

2_I stage - industrial;

3_ya stage - post-industrial (D. Bell), or technotronic (A. Toffler), or technological (3. Brzezinsky).

In the first stage, the main sphere of economic activity is agriculture, on the second - industry, on the third - the sphere of services. Each stages are inherent in their own, special forms of social organization and their own social structure.

Although these theories, as already mentioned, were within the framework of a materialistic understanding of the processes of social development, they had a significant difference from the views of Marx and Engels. According to the Marxist concept, the transition from one social_Economic formation to the other was carried out on the basis of a social revolution, under which the indigenous qualitative coup in the entire system of public life was understood. As for the theories of the industrial and post-industrial society, they are located in the framework of the flow called social evolutionism: according to them the technological coups occurring in the economy, although they entail the coup in other areas of public life, but are not accompanied by social conflicts and social revolutions.

3. Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society

Most Designed in the domestic historical and philosophical science approaches to the explanation of the essence and characteristics of the historical process are formational and civilizational.

The first of them belongs to the Marxist School of Societary School. Its key concept is the category "Social_Economic formation"

The formation was understood as a historically defined type of society, considered in the organic relationship of all his Parties and spheres arising based on a certain method of manufacturing material goods. The structure of each formation highlighted the economic basis and the superstructure. Basis (otherwise he was called production relations) - a set of public relations that make up between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material benefits (the main among them are property relations). The add-in was understood as a totality of political, legal, ideological, religious, cultural and other views, institutions and relations not covered by the base. Despite the relative independence, the type of superstructure was determined by the nature of the base. He was the basis of the formation, determining the formational affiliation of a society. Production relations (society's economic basis) and productive forces made up a method of production, understood as often as a synonym for social_economic formation. The concept of "productive forces" included people as manufacturers of material benefits with their knowledge, skills and labor experiences, and the means of production: tools, objects, equipment. Productive forces are a dynamic, constantly developing element of the production method, while production relations are static and tosni, do not change in centuries. At a certain stage, there is a conflict between the productive forces and production relations, resolved during the social revolution, the sample of an old basis and the transition to a new stage of social development, to a new socially_economic formation. Old production relations are replaced by new, which open space for the development of productive forces. Thus, Marxism understands the historical process as a natural, objectively determined, EU_-obviously resistant replacement of publicly_economic formations.

In some works of K. Marx itself, only two large formations are allocated - primary (archaic) and secondary (economic), which includes all societies based on private property. The third formation will submit communism. In other works of the classics of Marxism, under the socio-economic formation, a specific stage of development of the method of production with the appropriate superstructure is understood. It is based on their basis in the Soviet social studies by 1930 formed and the character of an indisputable dogma was obtained and the so-called "five-hundredth" was formed. According to this concept, all societies undergo in their development alternately five socially_economic formations: primitive, slave-owned, feudal, capitalist and communist, the first phase of which is socialism. The formational approach is based on several postulates:

1) an idea of \u200b\u200bthe history of both regular, internally due, progressive, sponsored, worldwide historical and teleological (aimed at the purpose of the construction of communism) process. The formational approach is practically retired by the National Specifications and the originality of individual states, focusing on the general, which was characteristic of all societies;

2) The decisive role of material production in the life of society, an idea of \u200b\u200beconomic factors as basic for other social relations;

3) the need for the compliance of production relations with productive forces;

4) the inevitability of the transition from one social_economic formation to another.

At the present stage of the development of social studies in our country, the theory of socially_economic formations is experiencing an obvious crisis, many authors put forward on the fore civilization Approach to the analysis of the historical process.

The concept of "civilization" is one of the most complex in modern science: a lot of definitions are proposed. The term itself comes from Latin the words "civil". In a broad sense under civilization, they understand the level, level of development of society, material and spiritual culture, following barbarism, wildness. Using this concept and to designate a set of unique manifestations of public orders inherent in a certain historical community. In this sense, civilization is characterized as high-quality specificity (the peculiarity of the material, spiritual, social life) of a group of countries, peoples at a certain stage of development. The famous Russian historian M. A. Barg has determined the civilization: "... This is the way this society allows its material, social and spiritual and spiritual problems." Different civilizations are radically different from each other, as they are based not on similar production techniques and technology (as society of one formation), but on incompatible systems of social and spiritual values. Any civilization is characterized not so much by the production basis as how many lifestyle for it, the system of values, vision and methods of interrelation with the surrounding world.

In modern theory of civilizations, both linear_static concepts are common (in them, under civilization, a certain level of world development is understood, opposed by "uncivilized" societies) and the concept of local civilizations. The existence of the first is due to the Eurocentrism of their authors representing the world historical process as a gradual admission of barbaric peoples and societies to the Western European value system and the gradual promotion of humanity to a single world civilization, on the same values \u200b\u200bfounded. Supporters of the second group of concepts use the term "civilization" in the plural and proceed from the idea of \u200b\u200bthe diversity of ways to develop various civilizations.

Many local civilizations are distinguished by various historians, which may coincide with the boundaries of states (Chinese civilization) or cover several countries (antique, Western European civilization). Over time, civilization is changing, but their "core", thanks to which one civilization differs from another, is preserved. Absolutize the uniqueness of each civilization should not: all of them pass through common stages for the world historical process. Usually, the diversity of local civilizations is divided into two large groups - Eastern and Western. The first is characterized by a high degree of dependence of the individual from nature and the geographic environment, a close relationship of a person with his social group, low social mobility, domination among regulators of social relations traditions and customs. For felling civilization, on the contrary, are characterized by the desire to submit the human power to the priority of human rights and freedoms over social communities, high social mobility, democratic political regime and legal state.

Thus, if the formation concentrates on a universal, general, repeating, then civilization - on a locally_regional, unique, peculiar one. These approaches do not exclude each other. In modern social studies, there are searches in the direction of their mutual synthesis.

4. Public progress and its criteria

It is fundamentally important to find out in which direction the society is moving in a state of continuous development and change.

Under progress it is understood as the direction of development for which the progressive movement of society from the lower and simple forms of the public organization to higher and complex is characteristic. The concept of progress is the opposite of the concept regress for which the return movement is characterized -- from higher to the lowest, degradation, refund to the already extended structures and relationships. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe development of society as a progressive process appeared in antiquity, but finally undertaken in the works of French enlighteners (A. Turgo, M. Condorras, etc.). The criteria of progress they saw in the development of the human mind, in the dissemination of enlightenment. Such an optimistic view of the story was replaced in the XIX century. more complex ideas. So, Marxism sees progress in the transition from one social_economic formation to another, higher. Some sociologists the essence of progress considered the complication of the social structure, the growth of social inhomogeneity. In modern sociology. Historical progress is associated with the modernization process, i.e., the transition from agricultural society to the industrial, and then to post-industrial_

Some thinkers reject the idea of \u200b\u200bprogress in public development, or considering the story as a cyclic cycle with a series of climbs and recessions (J. Vico), predicting the imminent "end of history", or claiming the ideas about multi-line, independent of each other, parallel movement of various societies (N . Ya. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, A. Tynby). So, A. Toynby, refusing the thesis on the unity of the World History, allocated 21 civilization, in the development of each of which he distinguished the phases of appearance, growth, donomas, decline and decomposition. O. Speengler wrote about "sunset of Europe". Especially Japok "Antiprogres_Sism" K. Popper. Understanding the progress of movement to some goal, he considered it possible only for a separate person, but not for history. The latter can be explained as a progressive process, and as regression.

Obviously, the progressive development of society does not exclude return movements, regression, cywieli impasses and even disruptions. Yes, and the very development of humanity is unlikely to have a definitely straightforward character, and accelerated jerks are possible, and rollbacks back. Moreover, progress in one sphere of social relations may be the cause of regression to another. The development of workers, the technical and technological revolution is a vivid evidence of economic progress, but they put the world on the edge of the environmental catastrophe, the natural resources of the Earth have exhausted. Modern society is accused of deciding morally, in the family crisis, in confusion. The price of progress is high: the convenience of urban life, for example, is accompanied by numerous "urbanization diseases". Sometimes the costs of progress are so great that the question arises: is it possible to talk about the movement of mankind?

In this regard, the question of progress criteria is relevant. There is no consent among scientists here. French enlighteners saw the criterion in the development of the mind, to the degree of public device. A number of thinkers (for example, A. SEN_Simon) were assessed forward by the state of public morality, approaching it to the early Christian ideals. G. Hegel tied progress with the degree of consciousness of freedom. Marxism also proposed a universal progress criterion - the development of productive forces. Seeing the essence of the movement forward in increasingly subordinate to the forces of nature, K. Marx has reduced public development to progress in the manufacturing sphere. He considered progressive only those social relations that corresponded to the level of productive forces, open space for human development (as the main productive force). The applicability of such a criterion is disputed in the modern organization. The state of the economic base does not determine the nature of the development of all other spheres of society. The goal, and not the means of any public progress, is to create conditions for the comprehensive and harmonious human development.

Consequently, the criterion of progress should be a measure of freedom, which society is able to provide personalities to maximize its potential opportunities. The degree of progressiveness of a particular public system should be assessed by the conditions created in it to meet all the needs of the person, for the free development of a person (or, as they say, according to the degree of humanity of the public device).

Distinguish two forms of social progress: the revolution and reform.

The revolution -- this is a complete or comprehensive change in all or most of the parties to social life, affecting the foundations of an existing social system. Until recently, the revolution was considered as a universal "transition law" from one socially_teconomic formation to another. But scientists could not detect the signs of the social revolution in the transition from the primitive-free system to class. It was necessary to expand so expand the concept of revolution so that it was suitable for any formational transition, but this led to the exhaustion of the initial content of the term. The "mechanism" of the actual revolution was able to detect only in the social revolutions of the new time (when moving from feudalism to capitalism).

According to the Marxist methodology, under the social revolution is a fundamental coup in the life of society, changing its structure and meaning a qualitative leap in its progressive development. The most common, the deep reason for the occurrence of the era of the social revolution is the conflict between the growing productive forces and the current system of social relations and institutions. The exacerbation on this objective soil of economic, political and other contradictions in society leads to the revolution.

The revolution always represents the active political effect of the masses and has the first goal of the transfer of management by society in the hands of a new class. The social revolution differs from evolutionary transformations by the fact that it is concentrated in time and the masses directly act in it.

The dialectic of the concepts of "reform - revolution" is very complex. The revolution, as an action, is fierce late, usually "picks up" reform: the action "bottom" is complemented by the action "top".

Today, many scientists urge to refuse to exaggerate in the history of the role of that social phenomenon, which is called the "social revolution", from the proclaiming of its obligatory pattern in solving the urgent historical tasks, since the revolution was not always the main form of public transformation. Much more often changes in society occurred as a result of reforms.

Reform -- this transformation, reorganization, a change in some kind of sides of public life, which does not destroy the foundations of the existing social structure, leaving the power in the hands of the former ruling class. The path to the gradual transformation of existing relationships in this sense is opposed to revolutionary explosions, emitting to the base of old orders, the old system. Marxism considered the evolutionary process, which preserved for a long time many remnants of the past, too painful for the people. And it claimed that since reforms are always conducted by the "top" by the forces already having power and not wanting to part with it, the result of the reforms is always lower than expected: transformations are half and inconsistent.

An unfinished attitude to reforms as forms of public progress was also explained by the famous position of V. I. Ulyanov_Lenin on reforms as a "by-product of revolutionary struggle." Actually, K. Marx already noted that "social reforms are never due to the weakness of strong, they must be and will be caused by the life of the" weak ". The denial of the possibility of the presence of incentives at the "top" at the beginning of the transformations strengthened its Russian follower: "the actual engine of the story is the revolutionary struggle of classes; Reforms are a side result of this struggle, side because they express unsuccessful attempts to weaken, shade this struggle. " Even in cases where reforms with perfect evidence were not the result of mass speeches, Soviet historians explained them to the desire of dominant classes to prevent any encroachments on the dominant system in the future. The reforms and in these cases were the result of the potential threat of the revolutionary movement of the masses.

Gradually, Russian scientists were freed from traditional nihilism in relation to evolution "by conversion, recognizing the equivalent to the reforms and revolutions initially, and then, changing signs, collapsed with crushing criticism now on the revolution as an extremely inefficient, bloody, abundant costs and leading to dictatorship way.

Today, great reforms (i.e., the revolution "from above") is recognized as the same social anomalies as the great revolutions. Both of these methods of solving public contradictions are opposed to normal, healthy practice of "permanent reform in self-regulating society". The "Reform - Revolution" dilemma is replaced by clarifying the ratio of permanent regulation and reform. In this context and the reform, and the revolution is "treated" already launched disease (the first - therapeutic methods, the second - surgical intervention), while a constant and possibly early prevention is needed. Therefore, in modern social studies, the emphasis is transferred from the Antinomy "Reform - Revolution" to "reform - innovation". Under innovation is an ordinary, one-time improvement associated with an increase in the adaptive opportunities of the social organism in these conditions.

5. Global problems of modernity

Global problems are called a set of problems of humanity that stood before him in the second half XX century And on the solution of which the existence of civilization depends. These problems have become a consequence of contradictions accumulated in relations between man and nature for a long time.

People who appeared on Earth, getting food, did not violate natural laws and natural circuits. But in the process of evolution, the relations of a person and the environment have changed significantly. With the development of workers, the man has increasingly strengthened its "pressure" in nature. Already in the era of antiquity, this led to the desertification of extensive spaces of small and Central Asia and the Mediterranean.

The period of great geographical discoveries was marked by the beginning of the predatory operation of Africa's natural resources, America and Australia, which seriously affected the state of the biosphere on the entire planet. And the development of capitalism and the industrial revolutions that occurred in Europe have generated environmental issues in this region. The global scales impact the human community in nature reached in the second half of the XX century. And today the problem of overcoming the environmental crisis and its consequences is perhaps the most relevant and serious.

In the process of its economic activity, a person held a consumer's position in relation to nature for a long time, mercilessly exploited it, believing that natural reserves are inexhaustible.

One of the negative results of human activity was the exhaustion of natural resources. So, in the process of historical development, people gradually mastered all new and new types of energy: physical strength (first their own, and then animals), wind energy, falling or current water, steam, electricity and, finally, atomic energy.

Currently, work is underway to obtain energy by thermonuclear synthesis. However, the development of nuclear energy is constrained by a public opinion, seriously concerned about the problem of ensuring the safety of nuclear power plants. As for other common energy - oil, gas, peat, coal, the danger of their exhaustion is very large in the very near future. So, if the growth rates of modern oil consumption will not grow (which is unlikely), then its explored reserves will be enough at best for the next fifty years. Meanwhile, most scientists do not confirm the forecasts, according to which in the near future it is possible to create this type of energy, the resources of which will be practically inexhaustible. Even if we assume that in the next 15- to0 years, thermonuclear synthesis of all_taks will be able to "tame", then its widespread implementation (with the creation of the necessary infrastructure) will not be delayed for one decade. And therefore, humanity, apparently, should heed to the opinion of those scientists who recommend to him voluntary self-restraint both in mining and in energy consumption.

The second aspect of this problem is environmental pollution. Annually, industrial enterprises, energy and transport complexes emit more than 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere of land and up to 700 million tons of vapor and gaseous compounds harmful to the human body.

The most powerful accumulations of harmful substances lead to the appearance of the so-called "ozone holes" - such places in the atmosphere through which the exhausted ozone layer allows the ultraviolet rays of sunlight to more freely reach the surface of the Earth. This has a negative impact on the health of the world's population. "Ozone holes" is one of the reasons for the growth of the number of oncological diseases in humans. The tragity of the situation, according to scientists, is also the fact that in the case of the final depletion of the ozone layer, humanity will not be the means of restoration.

Not only air and land, but also the water of the World Ocean are exposed to pollution. It gets annually from 6 to 10 million tons of crude oil and petroleum products (and given their flows into account, this figure can be increased twice). All this leads to both the destruction (extinction) of integers of animals and plants, and to the deterioration of the gene pool of all mankind. It is obvious that the problem of general degradation of the environment, the consequence of which is the deterioration of the living conditions of people, is the problem of universal. It can only solve her humanity. In 1982, the UN adopted a special document - the worldwide charter of nature conservation, and then created a special environmental commission. In addition to the UN, such non-governmental organizations such as Greenpeace, Roman Club, etc., as the Greenpeace, Roman Club, etc., are playing a major role in developing and ensuring environmental safety of mankind. As for the governments of the leading powers of the world, they try to deal with environmental pollution by adopting special environmental legislation.

Another problem is the problem of population growth of the globe (demographic problem). It is associated with a continuous increase in the number of people living in the territory of the population and has its own prehistory. Approximately 7 thousand years ago, in the Neolithic era, in the territory of the planet lived, according to scientists, no more than 10 million people. By the beginning of the XV century. This figure doubled, and by the beginning of the XIX century. - approached billion. The two-billion still was transferred to 20_E. XX century, and as of 2000, the population of the Earth has already exceeded 6 billion people.

The demographic problem is generated by two global demographic processes: the so-called demographic explosion in developing countries and no offplacement of the population in developed countries. However, it is obvious that the resources of the Earth (first of all the food) are limited, and today a number of developing countries had to face the problem of birth restriction. But, according to scientists forecasts, the birth rate will reach simple reproduction (i.e., replacing generations without the growth of people's numbers) in Latin America not earlier than 2035, in South Asia - not earlier than 2060, in Africa - not earlier than 2070 . Meanwhile, it is necessary to solve the demographic problem now, because the current population is hardly ranked for the planet, which is not able to provide such a number of people necessary for the survival of food.

Some scientists_temographs indicate another aspect of a demographic problem as a change in the structure of the world population, which is due to the demographic explosion of the second half of the XX century. In this structure, the number of inhabitants and immigrants are growing from developing countries - people of poorly educated, unsettled, non-positive life guidelines and habits for compliance with the norms of civilized behavior. This leads to a significant reduction in the intellectual level of humanity and the spread of such antisocial phenomena, such as drug addiction, vagrancy, crime, etc.

The problem of reducing the gap in the level of economic development between the developed countries of the West and the developing countries of the Third World (the so-called North-South problem) is closely intertwined with the demographic problem.

The essence of this problem is that the majority of the liberated in the second half of the 20th century. From the colonial dependence of countries, we have not been able to catch upside down, despite relative successes, to catch up with developed countries in the main economic indicators (primarily in the level of GNP per capita). This was largely due to the demographic situation: the growth of the population in these countries actually leveled the successes achieved in the economy.

Finally, another global problem, which was considered the most important for a long time, is the problem of preventing a new - third World War.

The search for ways to prevent world conflicts began almost immediately after the end of World War I939--1945. It was then that the countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition decided to create the UN Universal International Organization, the main goal of which was the development of interstate cooperation and in the event of a conflict between countries to assist opposing parties in resolving controversial issues in a peaceful way. However, the final section of the world in two systems soon happened - the capitalist and socialist, as well as the beginning of the "Cold War" and the new arms race more than once brought the world to the edge of a nuclear catastrophe. A particularly real threat to the beginning of the Third World War was during the period of the so-called Caribbean crisis of 1962 g caused by the placement of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. But thanks to the reasonable position of the heads of the USSR and the United States, the crisis was resolved in a peaceful way. In the following decades, a number of agreements on the restriction of nuclear weapons were signed by the leading nuclear powers of the world, and some of the nuclear powers made commitments to stop nuclear tests. In many ways, the decision of the governments on the adoption of such commitments was influenced by the public movement of the struggle for the world, as well as such an authoritative interstate association of scientists who spent the universal and complete disarmament as a Paguch movement. It is scientists with the help of scientific models convincingly proved that the main consequence of a nuclear war will be an environmental catastrophe, as a result of which climate change will occur on Earth. The latter can lead to genetic changes in human nature and, possibly, to the complete extinction of humanity.

Today, it is possible to state the fact that the probability of conflict between the leading powers of the world is much smaller than before. However, there is the possibility of entering nuclear weapons into the hands of authoritarian regimes (Iraq) or individual terrorists. On the other hand, the latest events associated with the activities of the UN Commission in Iraq, the new aggravation of the Middle East crisis prove once again that, despite the cessation of the "Cold War", the threat of the beginning of the third world war all_taks exists.

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Signs of society as a dynamic system with examples. Society as a complex dynamic system

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1. Society as a complex dynamic system. Public relations

In a broad sense society -- this is the part of the material world closely associated with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interaction. of people and the forms of their association.

For the analysis of complex-organized systems similar to the one that society is, scientists have developed the concept of "subsystem". Subsystems are called "intermediate" complexes, more complex than elements, but less complicated than the system itself.

Society subsystems are considered to be the spheres of public life, they usually allocate four:

1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relationships arising between people in the process of producing material goods, their exchange and distribution;

2) social, consisting of such structural formations, as classes, social layers, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other;

3) political, including policies, state, law, their ratio and functioning;

4) Spiritual, covering various forms and levels of public consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of life of society, form what is customary to be called spiritual culture.

Sociologists offer several classifications of society. Societies are:

a) complementary and written;

c) Society of primitive hunters and collectors, traditional (agricultural) society, industrial society and post-industrial society;

d) Primitive Society, Rabellastic Society, Feudal Society, Capitalist Society and Communist Society.

In Western scientific literature in 1960_E. It turned out the distribution of all societies to traditional and industrial (at the same time, capitalism and socialism were considered as two types of industrial society).

German sociologist F. Tennis, French Sociologist R. Aron, American economist W. Rosto, made great contributions to the formation of this concept.

Thus, industrial civilization opposes traditional society in all directions. Industrial societies include most modern industrialized countries (including Russia).

In the process of its activities, a person comes with other people in a variety of relationships. Similar diverse forms of people's interaction, as well as connections arising between different social groups (or inside them), is customary to be called public relations.

a) between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades);

b) between three individuals (father, mother, child);

c) between four, five and more people (singer and his listeners);

d) between many and many people (members of an unorganized crowd).

Interpersonal relationships arise and are implemented in society and are public relations even if they are the nature of purely individual communication. They act as a personified form of social relations.

2. Development of views on society

Many of the main provisions are formulated in the ancient world, when attempts were made to substantiate a look at society as a specific form of being, having their laws. So, Aristotle determined society as a combination of human individuals, which were united to meet social instincts.

Human society takes place in its development five socially_teconomic formations: primitive, slave-owned, feudal, capitalist and communist. Under the community_economic formation, Marx understood the historically defined type of society, which is a special stage in its development.

The main provisions of the materialist understanding of the history of human society are reduced to the following:

1. This understanding comes from the decisive, determining the role of material production in real life. It is necessary to study the real production process and the communications form generated by it, i.e. civil society.

2. It shows how different forms of public consciousness arise: religion, philosophy, morality, right, etc., and what influence has material production on them.

a) widespread production of mass consumption goods, combined with a complex system of division of labor among members of society;

b) mechanization and automation of production and management;

c) scientific_technic revolution;

d) a high level of development of communications and transport;

e) high degree of urbanization;

e) high level of social mobility.

From the point of view of supporters of this theory, it is these characteristics of the large industry - the industry - and cause processes in all other spheres of public life.

This theory was popular in 60_E. XX century In 70_E She was further developed in the views of American sociologists and political scientists D. Bella, 3. Brzezinsky, A. Toffler. They believed that any society was held in its development three stages:

1_E stage - pre-industrial (agricultural);

2_I stage - industrial;

3_ya stage - post-industrial (D. Bell), or technotronic (A. Toffler), or technological (3. Brzezinsky).

In the first stage, the main sphere of economic activity is agriculture, on the second - industry, on the third - the sphere of services. Each stages are inherent in their own, special forms of social organization and their own social structure.

3. Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society

Most Designed in the domestic historical and philosophical science approaches to the explanation of the essence and characteristics of the historical process are formational and civilizational.

The first of them belongs to the Marxist School of Societary School. Its key concept is the category "Social_Economic formation"

2) The decisive role of material production in the life of society, an idea of \u200b\u200beconomic factors as basic for other social relations;

3) the need for the compliance of production relations with productive forces;

4) the inevitability of the transition from one social_economic formation to another.

At the present stage of the development of social studies in our country, the theory of socially_economic formations is experiencing an obvious crisis, many authors put forward on the fore civilization Approach to the analysis of the historical process.

Thus, if the formation concentrates on a universal, general, repeating, then civilization - on a locally_regional, unique, peculiar one. These approaches do not exclude each other. In modern social studies, there are searches in the direction of their mutual synthesis.

4. Public progress and its criteria

It is fundamentally important to find out in which direction the society is moving in a state of continuous development and change.

Distinguish two forms of social progress: the revolution and reform.

The dialectic of the concepts of "reform - revolution" is very complex. The revolution, as an action, is fierce late, usually "picks up" reform: the action "bottom" is complemented by the action "top".

5. Global problems of modernity

In the process of its economic activity, a person held a consumer's position in relation to nature for a long time, mercilessly exploited it, believing that natural reserves are inexhaustible.

The second aspect of this problem is environmental pollution. Annually, industrial enterprises, energy and transport complexes emit more than 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere of land and up to 700 million tons of vapor and gaseous compounds harmful to the human body.

The problem of reducing the gap in the level of economic development between the developed countries of the West and the developing countries of the Third World (the so-called North-South problem) is closely intertwined with the demographic problem.

Finally, another global problem, which was considered the most important for a long time, is the problem of preventing a new - third World War.

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