The device of wooden floors without basement. How to make the floor in the house of foam blocks

In this article, we will consider the main types of overlaps and materials of which these overlaps are built. So what is the overlap? The overlap is a design that separates adjacent rooms in height, that is, forms the floors and separates them from attic and basement.

Basic requirements imposed on overlappings

• Overlap must have sufficient strength to withstand the load from both their own weight and useful (furniture, equipment located in the room, etc.).The amount of payload per 1 m2 of overlap is established depending on the purpose of the room and the nature of its equipment. For attic floors, the beneficial load should be no more than 105 kg / m2, and for the base and intergenerational overlap of 210 kg / m2.
• The overlap must be rigid, that is, under the action of loads, do not give a deflection (permissible value from 1/200 for attic overlaps to 1/250 span for interlention).
• When installing the overlap should be provided for a sufficient degree of sound insulation, the value of which is set by the standards or special recommendations for the design of buildings of a particular purpose. To do this, it is necessary to carefully close the slots in the location of the material, in order to avoid the transition of sound from the adjacent rooms located above or below.
• Overlapping, separating rooms with a temperature difference from 10 GDADUS (for example, separating the cold basement from the first floor or the attic from the first floor), must meet the requirements of heat shields, that is, it is necessary to increase the thermal insulation layer.
• No design of overlaps, especially wooden, cannot withstand the long-term effects of fire, but each material has its own value of fire resistance. The limit of fire resistance of reinforced concrete floors - 60 min; Wooden floors with a filling and lower plastered surface - 45 min; wooden floors protected by plaster, about 15 minutes; Wooden overlaps that are not protected by non-aggravated materials, even less.

Types of overlap of the house

• bison (separating residential floors, including mansard),
• basements (separating basement from the residential floor),
• base (separating residential floor from a cold underground),
• attic (separating residential floor from a unwanted attic).

In their way constructive decision The carrier part of the ceiling can be divided into:

• beams facing the carrier part (beams) and filling;
• bearless, performed from homogeneous elements (plates of flooring or floor panels).

Types of overlap for home

Beam overlap

In the beam overlaps, the carrier base is the beams located at the same distance from each other, for which the fill elements are placed in the filling functions. Beams can be wooden, reinforced concrete or metal.

Wooden beams

In private housekeeping, wooden beam overlaps are most popular, usually used in wooden and frame houses.

For wooden beams there is a limit on the width of the span (rooms). They can be used for:

• interlated overlaps - with a width of a span of 5 meters;
• for attic floors (with an uncompatible attic) with a width of flight up to 6 meters. Metal beams can be used with any width of the spans.

Wooden overlap is performed from wooden beams of coniferous and hardwood. On the upper side of the beams, the flooring was performed, simultaneously being a floor. Design boyful overlap It consists of the beams themselves, ranging, gender and insulation.

With a rectangular plan of the house it is advisable to overlap the span towards along the short wall.

Scheme laying plates of floors along short wall

So that the beams under the weight of the overlap did not begged, they must be put on a certain distance (see table). The beam section is determined based on the load per capita.

For example: You need to build a overlap of 3.0 * 4.0 m. Wooden beams (cross-section 6x20) lay on the wall equal to 3.0 meters. If the overlap of the inter-storey - the beams are placed at a distance of 1.25 m from each other, if the attic one is 1.85 m. That is, the greater the width of the flight of the future overlap, the disconnection between the beams will be less, since the large overlap area has more Loads.

The distance between the beams affects the thickness of the floor boards. If they are 28 and less mm thick, the distance between the beams should not exceed 50 cm.

Advantages of Wooden Overlap:

• The main advantage is that the wooden overlap is quick and easy to mounted in any (even complex) place, without using some special Tools, that is, you can do without crane and other techniques. Wooden overlap It turns out a slight and relatively inexpensive.

Disadvantages of wooden overlap:

• The main disadvantage of overlapping from the tree is the increased flamminess, sometimes the possibility of getting and infected with the Zhukol-Koroned.

Wooden floors installation technology:

Installation of beams: Before installing the beam, it must be treated with antiseptic solution. If the beams are based on a stone or concrete wall, then its ends must be wrapped with two layers of rubberoid. The beam is set in the nest prepared when erecting the wall. At the institution in the nest, the beam should not reach the rear wall on 2-3 cm. The end of the beam makes bevel.

Installation scheme beam

(1 - beam, 2 - rubberoid, 3 - insulation, 4 - mortar).

The free space remained in the nest is filled with insulation, you can fill it with its mounting foam.

Installing the rank: The side edges of the beams nourish the bars (cross section 4x4 or 5x5), which are called cranial.

Scheme of row of wooden shields

(1 - Wooden beam, 2 - cranial bar, 3 - shield of the park, 4 - vaporizolation, 5 - insulation, 6 - clean floor finish, 7 - ceiling trim).

These bars are attached to the rolls of wooden shields. Nuts are made of shields from longitudinal boards or shields from transverse boards. The plate plates must be tightly pressed to each other. They are fixed to the cranial bar with self-draws. Nakata serves as preparation for fixing the "clean" ceiling.

Insulation laying: An integral part of the wooden beam overlap is insulation, which in the inter-storey overlap performs, primarily the role of sound insulation, and in the attic overlap, the heat insulation function also. First of all, it is necessary to determine which material to use. The material of the insulation can serve mineral wool, foam, slag, perlite, clay, and dry sand, sawdust, chips, straw, wood foliage. Mineral wool - Material Easy, comfortable in work, unlike foaming "breathe", has sufficient warm and sound insulation, in most cases, cotton wool is suitable for both insulation of inter-storey and attic floors. Keramzit (fraction 5-10 mm) - Material is heavier than mineral wool, which takes the design (weight of 1 m2 of clay - from 270-360 kg).

After fixing the rolling, the heat insulation layer is placed on top of it. First between the beams laid a layer of roofing, pergamine or vaporizoation film, Flexing it about 5 cm on the beams and move to thermal insulation. Thickness of any insulation for inter-storey overlap There must be a minimum of 100 mm, and for the attic overlap, that is, between the cold and heated room - 200-250 mm.

Cost and consumption of materials: The drainage consumption for traditional wooden floors is approximately 0.1 m3 per 1 m2 of overlapping at a depth of 400 cm. average cost The cubic meter of a wooden bawed timber is from $ 145 (or 14 dollars. / Bim.). And the cost of the boards will cost you about $ 200 per cubic meter. The cost of 1 square meter of overlapping on wooden beams from 70 dollars and above.

Overlapping on metal beams

Compared to wooden, quite reliable and more durable, and also have a smaller thickness (save space), but similar overlaps are rarely elevated. To fill out the openings between the beams, you can use light-concrete inserts, lightweight reinforced concrete plates, wooden shields or wooden roll. The mass of 1 m2 of such overlap often exceeds 400 kg.

Benefits:

• Metal beam can cover large spans (4-6 meters or more).

• The metal beam is non-combustible and resistant to biological influences (rot, etc.).

But the overlaps for metal beams are not devotioned:

• corrosion is formed in places of high humidity on the metal.

• In addition, such floors have reduced heat and sound insulation qualities. To soften this drawback, the ends of metal beams wrap felt. In such overlaps, the carrier element is a rolling profile: 2-way, channel, corners.

Rolling profile

Barbs laid precast concrete concrete hollow plates 9 cm thick. On the reinforced concrete plates, a layer of slag and a reinforced concrete screed with a thickness of 8-10 cm is made. The consumption of steel is high - 25-30 kg / m2 depending on the steel brand from which the beams are made.

Scheme of the design of the precast concrete slab overlapping for metal beams

1 - "Clean" floor; 2 - boardwalk; 3 - beam; 4 - team railway plate; 5 - waterproofing; 6 - plaster grid; 7 - plaster.

Cost of material: The price of the steel profile is from 7 to 18 dollars. / M. The cost of facilitated reinforced concrete slabs is from $ 110 per piece. For 1 square meter of overlapping for metal beams, you spend from $ 100 and higher.

Cleaning from reinforced concrete beams

It is arranged on spans from 3 m and up to 7.5 meters. It is complicated by the work that you need to use lifting equipment. The weight of such beams is 175 - 400 kg.

Benefits:

• With the help of reinforced concrete beams, you can overlap large spans than using wooden.

Disadvantages:

• For the installation of overlapping over reinforced concrete beams, it is necessary to use lifting equipment.

Installation: Reinforced concrete beams are stacked at a distance of 600-1000 mm. The filling of the inter-batch space is arranged in the form of light concrete plates or hollow-breeding blocks (when boarding floors or parquet, and plates are used, and the hollow blocks from the linoleum or parquet of a concrete base).

Scheme of the design plate of overlapping from light concrete plates for reinforced concrete beams

(1 - reinforced concrete beam, 2 - lectured stove, 3-cement screed and substrate, 4 - parquet, laminate)

Scheme of the design plate of overlapping from hollow blocks for reinforced concrete beams

(1 - reinforced concrete beam, 2 - hollow blocks, 3 - cement screed, 4 - linoleum)

The seams between beams and plates are filled with cement mortar and rub. Cearsal overlaps necessarily insulate, intermediates sound control, social overlap Also instep.

Plates of overlapping from hollow blocks for reinforced concrete beams

Cost: for one mongon meter beams will have to lay out from $ 25. Price for one easy-concrete block from $ 1.5. As a result, 1 square meter of overlapping over reinforced concrete beams spend from $ 65.

Boiled overlaps

A homogeneous elements (plates or panels) or a solid monolithic slab, which serve simultaneously and carriers and enclosing structures are concurred close to each other. Depending on the execution technology, booming overlaps can be prefabricated, monolithic or collected-monolithic.

Precast concrete floors

The most popular, especially in brick houses. For the installation of reinforced concrete floors, two varieties of solid panels are used (they are made mainly of light concrete) and multi-consistency. The latter have round holes peculiar "hardness edges". The panels are selected depending on the width of the overlapping span and the bearing capacity.

Benefits:

• Reinforced concrete plates have high strength and are designed for payload over 200 kg / m2.

• Unlike wood, concrete is not afraid of dampness and does not require any care.

Disadvantages:

• When installing overlapping from reinforced concrete slabs, a load-filled technology is required.

• Purchase ready-made plates desired size It is not always possible, since there are standard sizes at the factory.

Warmable overlap diagram for home

Installation: The ceiling plates are stacked on a layer of cement solution of the brand 100. Opportuning plates on the wall (a wall of a thickness of more than 250 mm) should be at least 100 mm. The seams between the plates must be cleaned of garbage and thoroughly fill in cement mortar.

Approximate value of the material: the cost of one slab overlap from 110 dollars. For 1 square meter of overlapping from reinforced concrete slabs, you spend no less than 35-40 dollars.

Monolithic reinforced concrete floors

May be various shapes. Monolithic reinforced concrete floors are a solid monolithic plate with a thickness of 8-12 cm from brand 200 concrete based on bearing walls. The weight of the square meter of monolithic overlap with a thickness of 200 mm is 480-500 kg.

Photo of reinforcement of monolithic reinforced concrete overlap

Installation of monolithic floors is carried out in four stages:

• Menage of steel beams for prepared places;
• The device of the suspended wooden formwork from the unedged board (suspended with steel beams);

Device suspended wooden formwork from unedged board

• W. laying of fittings (diameter 6-12 mm);
• Concreting Plate overlap concrete M200 brand.

The advantages of monolith:

• Lack of expensive loading and unloading works and a higher quality of a concrete surface that does not require seams of seams, as well as the possibility of implementing complex architectural and planning solutions.

The disadvantages of monolithic floors include the need to install a wooden formwork for almost the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe future overlap. However, this does not mean that formwork needs to be set all right away. The overlap can be performed by individual spans, carrying a formwork as concrete grip.

Installation: Before starting the flooring, it is necessary to build a formwork (it is bought in finished video Or takes rent), which consists of telescopic racks, tripod, uniwarm, beams, flooring and plywood. The formwork made of wooden and aluminum beams allows you to perform the overlapping of overlaps of any configuration - rectangular, console and even round. On top wooden part The beams are superimposed by plywood sheets forming the formwork for the fill of concrete. Further install and fix the reinforcement framework. The ends of steel rods with a length of 60-80 cm bend and tied with wire with reinforcement. Then throughout the overlap area, concreting is made to a height of 10-30 cm. Complete adhesion of concrete occurs after 28 days.

Formwork for a monolithic slab overlap made of deresayan mounted and plywood

Installation reinforcement carcass In the formwork for the device of the monolithic reinforced concrete plate

Approximate value of the material: The cost of formworking floors, with wooden and aluminum beams, from $ 40. Approximate consumption of reinforcement for overlapping is 75-100 kg. / M3 of concrete. The cost of 1 ton of reinforcement is 650 dollars. The cost of 1 cubic meter of finished concrete is from $ 130. As a result, the price for 1 square meter of the monolithic overlap will cost you from 45 dollars and higher (without formwork costs).

Collected monolithic overlapping

More modern solution on the ceiling device. The bottom line is that the space between the beams of the overlap is filled with hollow blocks, after which the entire design is poured on top of the concrete layer.

Collected monolithic overlap for home

Advantages:

• Installation without use lifting mechanisms, improving heat insulating properties, the possibility of overlapping device complex form, reducing construction terms.

Disadvantages:

• The disadvantages should include that the collection-monolithic design has a time-consuming (manual) process of laying that during the construction of a house in 2-3 floors is not advisable.

Installation: When installing beam collecting-monolithic overlap Stay on the walls in a step of 600 mm. Weight running meter The beams do not exceed 19 kg. This allows in most cases the installation of beams without the use of the crane. Empty blocks are stacked on the beams. The weight of the ceramzite concrete unit is 14 kg, polystyrene-cycle - 5.5 kg. As a result, the own weight of one square meter of the initial design structures is 140 kg for clay-concrete blocks and 80 kg for polystyrene bonts.

The design of the overlap prepared in this way performs the function of a non-removable formwork, which is stacked by a layer of monolithic concrete class B15 (M200).

Before the fill of the concrete, it is necessary to reinforce the reinforcement grid with cells with a size of 100x100 mm from a wire with a diameter of 5-6 mm.

Single square meter weight finished overlap It is 370-390 kg for ceramzite concrete blocks and 290-300 kg for polystyrene bonts.

Ceramzite concrete block for collecting-monolithic overlap

Approximate cost: The cost of structures of the collection and monolithic overlap (beams and blocks) will cost you at 40-50 dollars. / M2. The cost of the designs of the finished overlap (beams + blocks + grid + concrete) is 70-75 dollars / m2.

Heat and sound insulation of overlaps:

The ceiling heat shield should be such that the temperature on the surface of the floor is close to the temperature of the internal air and did not fall below it by more than 2 ° C. In order to avoid dampness between heated and not heated premises to protect the layer of insulation from moisturizing, the layer of pergamine should be placed above the thermal insulation.

Scheme laying heat and sound insulation materials in the overlap

(1 - Wooden Bar, 2 Increased Bar, 3 - Ranat, 4-Sulti Heater, 5 - Various Film or Pergamine, 6 - Boards)

In addition to good ceiling ceilings should provide sufficient sound insulation of the premises. In accordance with the current standards (data in the Russian Federation), the RW insulation index should be equal to or more than 49 dB.

For multi-console reinforced concrete slabs, a thickness of 220 mm insulation index is RW \u003d 52 dB.

For wooden floors (layer of insulation 280 mm + one layer of plasterboard 12 mm) The sound insulation index is 47 dB.

Now a little about insulation. Well shown themselves as thermal insulation finished plates from mineral wool. In addition to the known isolation of finished plates from Minvati, there are alternative options performed on the spot. For example: you can on a fused rubberoid or a clay solution with the additive of sand rolls (the solution must be good enough) to fall asleep slag or ordinary wood sawdust. By the way, they are 4 times lighter than slag, and at the same time provide 3 times the best thermal insulation with the same layer thickness. Thus, at a winter temperature in -20 ° C, the flow of the slag should be 16 cm thick, chips - 7, and from sawdust - only 5 cm.

Plates from opilk concrete for the same purpose can be made independently. To do this, you can take 1 volumetric part of sawdust, 1.5 parts of a lime solution or 4 parts of clay, 0.3 parts of cement and from 2 to 2.5 parts of water. The finished plates are dried in the shade, stacked along the ruberoid gasket, the seams are closed with clay or lime solid. The square meter of such a stove weighs about 5-6 kg with a thickness of 10 cm.

What overlap to choose for your home. It all depends on the type of house, as well as from the installation technology and the price of this overlap. As completion of this article, I will give a table in which you can compare different types overlaps and choose the most suitable for yourself.

Attention: in this article, the prices are presented for the period 2008. Be careful!

"Cheap, but laborious" - so briefly, you can characterize the floors equipped with the soil. They are created directly on Earth, on the first floors of private houses, and are represented by "Multilayer Pie" in the context. But due to availability large number Hidden layers control the process of the floor of the floor on the soil is recommended at all stages. Otherwise, you can get a cat in a bag. " Such floors are often used when you develop where exactly the garage becomes the room in which the floor is equipped with a soil

On the soil you can make two types of floor: concrete or wooden. We will tell about the device of the most common floors from concrete.

• All work on the floor device must be started after the walls are erected and the roof is constructed.
• The top of the future floor should be flushed with a doorway (taking into account the final coating). Therefore, during the markup, the level is set to "zero" with the bottom of the doorway and applied throughout the perimeter of the room.
• To correctly calculate the thickness of the floor design and correctly set the lower mark, you need to decide in advance how many layers will be in your "pie" and what kind of thicknesses they will be.

Installation technology

It begins with clearing and dumping soil. The soil layer is removed by the builders until the overall height of the "zero" before the soil becomes equal to the thickness of the design of the multilayer "cake". After that, a thorough surface of the surface should be careful. As a result of these works, a smooth and sufficiently dense base should be obtained, which can be walking, without leaving deepening from the legs.

• The basic base and all layers of the "pie" concrete floor must be adjusted strictly by level.

Preparation of the basis

Failure of gravel, sand and rubble is performed to stop the capillary water lift. The thickness of the gravel layer is, as a rule, 5-10 cm. After the gravel is poured by water and thoroughly tamper. Following the layer of gravel should go a layer of sand with a thickness of about 10 cm, which is also wetting and tamped. And on top of the sand, a 7-10-centimeter layer of large rubble (fraction 40-50 mm) is stacked, compacted, pumped by a thin layer of sand, aligns and tamper.

• If there is a crushed stone on the surface with sharply sticking edges, it must be removed or put so that there are no sharp corners on the entire plane.

Chernovaya screed

The device of the draft screed is not a constructive, but the technological layer, on top of which the waterproofing layer will later be installed. The rough screed is mounted from the Class B7.5 - B10 concrete using a 5-20 fraction fraction polyethylene filmIn order not to give the concrete "milk" to go into the layers of submet or in the ground. The thickness of this layer is usually 5-7 cm. It is optional to reinforce it.

• The sheets of the film are stacked by braziness and are well-skilled with scotch. The material is necessarily started onto the walls at a height of 15-20 cm.

Poland waterproofing

The waterproofing device is recommended if the groundwater level occurs higher than 2 meters from the bottom of the floor. The main task of waterproofing is the protection of the insulation and the finishing screed from moisture. Ruberoids, polymer-bitumen membranes, PVC membranes and similar materials are used as waterproofing.

• When making a decision on the need for waterproofing, you need to focus on the most high level Groundwater, which can be on a specific territory, that is, to watch how highly water rises in spring, with a flood.

Thermal insulation is no less important

The thermal insulation device is made only for heated rooms. If you want to save on the heating of the room (and the weight loss through the floor is about 10-20% of all losses), the layer of insulation should be provided in your "cake." To increase the heat insulation qualities of the floor, you can use foam, mineral Wat or extruded polystyrene foam.

• Before insulation, experts advise to perform a heat engineering calculation of sex on the soil, which will determine the degree of need for insulation of gender and the optimal material for this.

Clean screed

The finishing device is almost the final stage of working with a mandatory reinforcing grid. The thickness of the finishing screed is 7-10 cm. Unlike the draft, it is necessarily reinforced by the grid. If it is planned that there will be something heavy on the floor (heavier than 200 kg / m2), it is recommended to rein the mesh with a wire diameter of 4 mm. If the load is up to 200 kg / m2, the diameter can be 3 mm. In order for the grid to be in the middle of the solution layer, it should be installed on the stand 2-3 cm height.

The solution is poured under beacons, as the rails stacked from each other at a distance of two meters. The mixture is then aligned and compacted using a vibration or a rule that is based on the rail. After the concrete solidification, the surface is recommended to be treated with a self-leveling mixture.

• The fill of the concrete floor is made in one, a maximum of two comes. This is necessary to create a monolithic and durable design.
• After the fill with concrete and the subsequent alignment of the surface of the floor is covered with a film and give it to stand 3-4 weeks to solidify. Throughout this time, the surface is constantly wetted by water so that it does not go crack.

Validation

• The fourth stage is a climb. You need to take a wooden bar and his end to catch up the entire surface of the screed. The sound from the blows should be the same all over the entire screed area, "solid", "ringing". If the sound is "deaf", "empty", which means that there is detachments of the screed, which is unacceptable.

Opinion of the Specialist of Yulia Queen, the leading marketing manager of the company "Roof Isolation":

• The device of floors is appropriate in cases where the building structure does not imply the presence of basement.
• Concrete floor in the soil can be built with a tape and column foundations.
• If there is a high level of groundwater in the area, the monolithic floor of the soil is recommended to be arranged by lags.

When furnaces on the ground is very important to choose proper insulation And take care of high-quality hydro and vapor barriers. The main requirements when choosing insulation are high strength Mechanical loads, shift strength and stretching, as well as resistance to moisture. Therefore, for floors on the ground, an extruded polystyrene foam density is 55 kg / m³ or rigid mineral wool insulation with a density of 135-180 kg / m³ (this material can absorb moisture, therefore, its contact with the soil or tie must be minimized, isolating with a special film) . Sometimes in order to save as insulation, the usual PSB-C-35 or PSB-C-50 foam is used (in conditions of high load on the floor).

As a waterproofing, you can use the flooded bitumen or bitumen polymer materials based on polyester. Such a base withstands heavy loads and is subject to a small stretch. Thus, a layer of waterproofing with minor oscillations of the soil will not be damaged.

The most common option of the base device for small private houses when undisputed ribbon foundation (There is no basement), and the base of the floor is created directly on the existing soil. So they do where there is no threat of high standing of groundwater, and the relief of the site is homogeneous, lying around in the same level of the horizon. If the soil is located under a big bias, the soil moisture is excessive for a year, it makes sense to make the foundation of the floor of the first floor at home from the soil, leaving the ventilated space between them. Features of the device of both floor options in private homes, consider in this article.

Features of the Fundament device

The advantage of the floors, which is based on directly soaked layers in the fact that they do not carry additional load on the base of the private house. Floor floors, which is not in contact with the soil, provide a device for a kind of overlap plate, which relies on the foundation. Therefore, the second option requires accounting for these features when designing and calculating the required width of the base soles.

If the base of the floor of the first floor is a reinforced concrete plate, it is necessary to take care of the waterproofing of the foundation itself and the contact site of it with overlapping design, especially if this option is elected due to the increased humidity of the soil. The slab insolved by the hydrobarier will pull the moisture from the foundation, which will lead to its premature destruction and loss of strength, as well as the penetration of dampness inside the house. In addition, it is necessary to take care of the possibility of ventilating space between overlapping and soil, thereby reducing the level of humidity here.

Floor Floor Floor Device

Such a way to arrange floors in a private house where there is no basement, is considered the simplest in terms of performance and inexpensive in terms of materials. There are two main options that apply in this case:

• floor concrete base device (screed);
• installation of wooden lags.

Each of the presented options has its own characteristics, both in the sense of the complex of the necessary work and in terms of the final result. The choice often depends on which building material is the main one when building the house itself. If the walls are made of a log or timber, it works more organic to wooden floor. In a stone or brick structure better suitable screed. But this is not an absolute pattern, therefore, other options for combinations can be.

Concrete insulated screed

The base of concrete, which is poured on the soil, has long been used in all sorts of economic and technical buildings, such as garages, sheds, warehouses. On the first floors of private houses without basement, concrete ties as the base for the finishing flooring began to be applied relatively recently. Influenced the popularization of such a method several factors, such as:

• the need to create smooth horizontal surfaces, which require some types of modern flooring;
• the emergence of available materials for effective thermal insulation;
• device of water warm floors for heating.

Now we will now consider how the concrete screed on the ground on the first floor of private houses is created.

Preparation and blacks pouring

Preparatory work begins with tillage and plugging pillows for a draft screed. Sealing the soil can be used as manually using a non-rigid device in the form of a log segment with an attached double-sided handle and mechanical devices that exist for these purposes. So that the process of tamping was the most efficient, the ground surface is abundantly wetted with water.

The initial layer of subfolders is selected based on its total thickness. If the distance from the soil to the level of the intended floor is significant (more than 25-30 cm), is first used affordable Material. It can be a construction trash or clay.

Next, the pillow is formed by a layer of large rubbing, the thickness of which should be about 10 cm. Gravel creates a rigid base, roughly aligns the surface and prevents the possible capillary lifting of moisture from the underlying layers. The gravel on top is formed sandy (or out of fine crushed stone) a pillow of about 5-7 cm thick. The quality of the sand here does not play the role, so the saturated clay career is quite suitable. The sandy pillow is maximally aligned, after which a durable plastic film is laid. The latter performs two functions:

• the first layer of waterproofing;
• an obstacle to the water contained in concrete.

The film is laid out skipping up to 15 cm at a wall at a wall. Now you can fill the draft layer of concrete. For these purposes, a depleted solution is usually prepared, where the ratio of fillers (sand and crushed stone) and cement is approximately 9: 1. Here instead of rubble, if there is such an opportunity, you can use clamzit. The cushion from the ceramzite concrete will provide additional insulation of the base of the floor. A rough screed is formed by a layer of about 10 cm. Despite the fact that the primary fill should not have an ideal surface, it is desirable to align it more carefully. This will facilitate further waterproofing and insulation laying.

Important! For the preparation of concrete, any sand will not fit. In the career material a lot of clay, which dramatically reduce the strength of the concrete slab and will lead to its cracking. For these purposes, river sand is needed or washed, including for the preparation of a ceramzite concrete composition.

The rough layer is usually not remedy, since the load on it is small. After the fill you need a break in work to give concrete to gain strength. Although the material is completely crystallized for 26-28 days, just wait a week. During this time, concrete with sufficient humidity is gaining about 70% of strength. During this period, it is necessary to monitor the proper moisture of the concrete surface, especially if the works are produced in the hot season. For this, it is necessary to abundantly wasting a ripening concrete 1-2 times a day.

How to make waterproofing and insulate the floor?

For the main waterproofing layer, it is better to use a non-polyethylene canvas, but a full, reliable material. Here will be enough processing of a rough concrete base with bitumen with the subsequent laying of the roll material. Suitable rubberoid or hydrohotelloisol. Rolls are rolled out with overlapping adjacent stripes by 10-15 cm. Hot gluing in this case You can not use, but handle joints bituminous Material necessarily. Rolled material stacked with the surface of the wall above the level of the estimated finishing screed.

You can insulate the floor with a dense foam (it is cheaper), or extruded polystyrene foam. The second is preferable for these purposes, since it is much stronger, absolutely hydrophobic and its plates usually have docking elements by the type of spike / groove, which greatly simplifies its laying. The seams between the insulation sheets can be filled with polyurethane foam or treat with special glue. The foam needs to pass and the gaps around the perimeter of the room between the wall and expanded polystyrene.

Finish fill

For these purposes, a solution is prepared with a normal ratio of 4: 2: 1, or 3: 3: 1, where, respectively, crushed stone, sand, cement. Before finishing concrete, it is necessary to lay a grid for reinforcing and install beacons, thanks to which it will be possible to achieve a strict horizontal surface.

The reinforcing mesh can be used metallic with a cell of 100 mm, or a rigid plastic. The reinforcing elements are stacked with the allen (1-2 cells), not reaching the wall of about 1.5 cm. The damper tape is glued here, which is designed to compensate for the temperature changes of the linear screed sizes. The grid should not lie on the insulation, and is located approximately in the center of the concrete layer. To do this, use special stands or remedies (bottled plugs, fragments of bricks, etc.).

After the device of the finishing base of the floor and its thorough alignment (peer or self-leveling solutions), it remains to wait for its full ripening and start laying the final flooring.

Device wooden floors

Despite the large variety of modern flooring, wooden floors have a lot of adherents among consumers. This can be understood with the fact that wood is the most eco-friendly materialWhat is able to create a favorable microclimate in the residential room. The more modern board, which is used for flooring, allows you to make an ideal surface without cracks that appearance Not inferior to parquet.

Classic way flooring flooring presupposes Lag, - wooden Bruschevthat are located in parallel with a certain step, which depends on the thickness of the floor wooden layer. On the first floor of a private house, when the flooring device is produced on the soil, preparatory and intermediate work before creating a draft base and its waterproofing is no different from the above described above. That is, a reliable aligned concrete basis is also needed for a high-quality wooden floor.

After installing the carrier bars, the floor follows the floor. The use of polystyrene foams is undesirable here, since these materials do not miss steam, which can be formed by water condensate, which adversely affects the wood. In addition, the foam, for example, can be chosen by rodents, which will entail a certain discomfort.

For the wooden floor on the lags of the first floor of a private house, it is better to apply mineral wool, or rather one of its varieties. However, when laying, Minvati should take care of the moisture insulation of the insulation. If the hydrobrier is already created at the bottom (from above the draft screed), it will only be left to arrange the top layer of the hydrobaric film.

One of the main structural elements of the building are floors. Much depends on their competent installation, including the hygiene and reliability of the house, the comfort of living in it and the durability of the outdoor coating. The flooring device in a private house - the procedure is quite time-consuming, which is the fifth of the general labor in the construction of the construction as a whole. A B. material Plan Installation of floors occupies almost a third of the cost of construction work. This alignment refers not only to the capital residential structure, but also to the country.

The floor is the most wearing structure, as it is subjected to a constant effects of mechanical and abrasive loads, so it is necessary to approach its device. It should be not forgotten that the unfailed design of the floor will result in rapid wear and further repair or replacement of even the most expensive flooring.

Floor floors

The floor is a multi-layer design, and not just a coating, as some of them imagine. It is placed on the overlap or directly on the ground, which depends on the purpose of the room and the approach to groundwater. The floor of the first floor differs in its design by the fact that in his "Pie" in obligatory It includes heat and waterproofing, and between the floors laid a layer soundproofing material. The floors in the garage or basement also have their own characteristics. It is important that the base withstand the calculated loads and did not allow moisture penetration from the soil.

Floor components suitable in private household or cottage house, conventionally divided:

• On the finishing floors - flooring.
• Black, or rough floors - a durable smooth base of one or more layers, intended for clean floor flooring.

Also part of the floor includes:

• waterproofing;
• thermal insulation;
• aligning screed;
• sound or noise insulation.

The floor design of the first floor can be:

• The connected - the screed with a concrete base is a single whole.
• On the dividing layer - the screed and the surface of the base are not related to each other.
• Floating - all layers are separated not only from the base, but also from the walls.

Floors must comply with certain requirements:

• strength;
• thermal insulation;
• silent;
• anti-skid;
• hygienicness;
• fire safety.

There are several options with which you can make a high-quality and beautiful floor in the house. It can be a single mackerel design that is most suitable for the dacha mounting. In a residential building, a double wooden or concrete floor with good insulation is more common.

Single design from boards

The simplest and most affordable method of aging of the board are widely used in the country, which is not provided to visit during the cold season. Also, a single wooden floor of a residential building is appropriate in the warm regions of the country.

Boards are laid in two ways:

• on the lags located over the beams close to the walls;
• on the beams installed on the support pillars.

From the thickness of the boards directly depends on the step of the lag or beams. The thinner the board, the less distance.Lags and support beams are set up by level, correcting their position horizontally with wooden wedges. After that, the boards nail to the carrier elements are nails.

Double design from boards

Warming and arrangement of the first floor

The flooring device at the cottage or in a private house in this case is more difficult and long, but the design itself provides for a significant reduction in heat loss. Its feature is a black floor device. Experts recommend using for this inexpensive coniferous wood, and to create a wooden finishing coating, apply tipped boards.

Between the two levels of the floors, the thermal insulation layer of foam, slag, dry sand, ceramzite concrete or expanded polystyrene was placed. In the country, it is more expedient to use a mixture of clay, straw and wood sawdust. An indispensable condition in a wooden house-building is a small clearance device over thermal insulation and a clean floor for air layer.

Concrete floor

Concrete floor device lower floor The houses comes down to several stages:

1. Applying markup with a laser.
2. Failure, leveling and tamping of the rubble or clay layer. As well as the device and smoking the sand layer with a periodic watering and a punch.
3. Flooring waterproofing from a polyethylene film with a wall at the walls above the level of the future concrete floor.
4. Installation of guides for beacons in accordance with previously made markups.
5. Fill concrete solution Up to the required level and recalling its rule.

After setting the concrete solution, the guides are carried out, and the voids are poured with a mixture of concrete, after which they drag. Next, it remains only to cover the surface with polyethylene and from time to time to moisten it with water. The period of complete secretion of the concrete solution is 20-30 days depending on the temperature and the level of ambient humidity.

Device of black floor

Flooring device in wooden houses

The main purpose of the black floor is the distribution of loads and leveling the base under the device of the floor covering. The classic option for a private house is the laying of logging on the basic base after a certain distance between themselves. When working on large squares For better stiffness, a crate consisting of double frames is mounted. In this case, transverse rigels are laid between lags.

In the lower part of the lag on both sides, they substitute and fix the bars of 50 × 50 mm, on which the black floor of a chipboard, an osb, an umbered board, a hill, or plywood are mounted, followed by fastening them on wooden Bruke Samores. This design is good because it allows for intervals between lags to lay the insulation and the waterproofing layer.

The black floor device in the house starts from the equipment of the ventilation space under it. For this, in the opposite corners of the foundation, there are no more than 10 × 10 cm holes in advance, which are then covered with lattices. Their number and location depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe house.

Also produce wood processing of all components of roughing with antiseptic solutions. Such events allow to extend the life of black sex and lag. The ends of the lag are proclaimed without affecting the ends, or turn them into their rubberoid. In order to maximize the various knocks and stons, use noise absorbing gaskets.

Concrete or metal structures close in walls or poles installed on the walls can be used as supporting beams (lag).

Paul in soil

The cheapest option is the first floor of the ground floor. But they are not recommended to do in the house, which winter time not used. After all, without internal heating, the ground during this period can freeze, and subsequently seek. Also unacceptably do similar designs if the level underground water Rises into an unfavorable season too high.

There are two options for the flooring devices directly on the ground, which can be used both in the country and in a private house:

• Monolithic suitable for warm climatic zones, as well as for basements or hozpostrokek.
• With the underground that meets the requirements provided for in private house-building.

Monolithic floor

Communicative device of concrete floor

The most simple of all the well-known technologies of the floor slab in a private house includes several stages:

• removing the layer of maternal soil of the minimum thickness of 300 mm;
• the device of a sand pillow with layer-grass traam;
• laying of waterproofing in the form of a small layer of oily clay or two layers of a rolled backruer with bitumen impregnation;
• failure of rubble, impregnated with bitumen;
• device of the intermediate layer of concrete and cement screed;
• installation outdoor tile, linoleum or boardwalk, stacked by lags installed on the rubberoid layer.

If necessary, protection from surface atmospheric waters is also performed by device of the drainage system.

According to the technology of the lower layer of the floor inside the perimeter of the building, for the possibility of a first floor device, it should be above the outdoor layout of the soil at a distance of at least 10-15 cm. As a heater, it is allowed to use 8-12 centimeter plates of high-blooded polystyrene foam, bonded among themselves.

Wooden floor with underground

According to the planned area, they link the level of the soil level to the necessary depth, make a sandy pillow, and the crushed stone is poured on top along with gravel, grieving them into the base. Then lay a layer of oily clay as waterproofing and throw the whole area hawed lime, and then - slag or rubble.

At the next stage of work for lags, the support columns from burnt bricks in a step of 1 meter in two rows and more are installed. On the poles lay 1-2 layers of rubberoid, impregnated with antiseptic cuts of boards and lags, along which the headboards are laid.

In the case of a device of a double wooden insulated floor, it is also mounted and the black flooring, which consistently stacked hydro, heat and vaporizolation. Only after that the floorboards are mounted.

Conclusion

The variants of the insulated floor device for the first floor are many, but the basic principles remain unchanged. The flooring device in a private house can be floating or with adjustable lags, enjoyable comfort and the component of a single integer with the base. Each house in its own way is unique, therefore the floor is done on individual calculations and drawings depending on the ground conditions, species of materials, the size of the construction and other important factors.

Ruslan Vasilyev

Buildings from celebrate concrete Powered by light low-rise buildings, for the house with the basement in the form of overlapping, plates are used - vintage or timber.

In any case, the floor in the house of foam blocks must have the characteristics necessary for a comfortable and safe stay, here include:

• Maximum rigidity and minimal deflection.
• The bearing capacity must comply with existing loads.
• Low vapor permeability.
• High heat and sound insulation.
• Protection against moisture penetration from the ground or basement inside the house.
• Fire safety.

What are the foundations under the floor

Depending on the type and height of the foundation, the necessary overlap is selected, it can be two types:

• Wooden It is done from the beams of a large cross section based on the ribbon, prefabricated or column foundation. It mainly serves for floors from boards with subsequent staining.
• Reinforced concrete Perfect from lightweight slabs of overlapping and is used for overlapping ground floor. By such a solid and hard base, you can put the tile or lay the bulk floors.

Overlapping from bar

A reliable option for the floor device will serve wooden beams. This material is durable, eco-friendly, it is comfortable and easy to install, in addition, an important criterion The selection is the price that will save considerable funds.

The basis of the floor is the beams of coniferous or hardwood, their dimensions are determined independently, based on the intended load, the size of the bar may be as follows:

• 150x150 mm.
• 150x180 mm.
• 180x180 mm.
• 200х200 mm.

Important! Wood should not contain rot, cracks, beams before laying are dried and processed antiseptic means To protect against rotting, and fireproof impregnations.

To fasten the beams to the foundation when pouring, mortgages are installed:

• Wooden elements to which the timber is mounted with nails or brackets.
• Steel plates with holes, with them the beam is joined with spills.

Wood Own Device Technology

If the flooring device in the house of foam blocks is done with their own hands, then it is necessary to know some of the main points of preparation of the base for installation:

1. In the house without a basement ground, the soil on the base is aligned, covered with a waterproofing membrane.
2. Then they fall asleep by slag, claying or other insulation material.
3. At the edges along the opposite walls, the timber is placed, leaving the gap of about 50 mm for later insulation.
4. The horizontal is evaporated, then there is stretching between the bar for smooth laying of intermediate elements.
5. The distance between adjacent beams is made equally, but not more than 2 meters.
6. Lagges are installed on the bruus, and the draft floor is laid, under which it is desirable to put a rolled or slab insulation - Mineral plate, glass gamble and others, as well as a layer of vapor insulation film from above.
7. If the basement is overlapped, the bar from the bottom is muted by a board or plywood. From the dwelling side, the same activities on the laying of the lag and the "black" floor, as well as hydro, vaporizolation and insulation are manufactured.
8. Through the draft floor you can make a clean floor, it can be a sex rack with a subsequent color or concrete screed under linoleum, laminate, porcelain stoneware.
9. Everything wooden elements Floors are covered with an antiseptic.

Reinforced concrete overlap

This durable and rigid base is mounted using technology.

When installing, one must comply with some required requirements:

• The first and most importantly condition - plates for overlapping the basement in the house of foam blocks should be lightweight to avoid the destruction of the cellular concrete under load exceeding the limit.
• With visual inspection of plates, it is necessary to make sure that there are no cracks, faults and large chips on the surface, especially on the ends that the stove will go to the foundation.
• The board of the boards on the support should be at least 150 mm.
• Installation is made on cement mortar.
• The seams between the plates are minted with the same clutch and alignment of the surface.
• When mounting plates around the perimeter of the room, a gap is left for the subsequent laying of the insulation.
• If the plate surface has flaws that do not allow them to align them under the device floor, it is recommended to perform a cement screed throughout the room with a thickness of 30 to 50 mm thick.

Types of genital coatings

Floors in the house of foam blocks can be made from different materials, Consider the most popular species.

Wooden floors

They are laid out chernovoy Semi, A sex rack is used with a thickness of 27-32 mm and a width of 120-150 mm. The floorboards before laying from the three irons are covered with antiseptic composition to protect against rot, insects, microorganisms.

After the flooring device, the board must be stuck to align the surface, then deny and apply a special impregnation, after which they can be painted or covered with waterproof varnish in several layers. If parquet laying is planned, then under it the beams is made solid flooring from chipboard, thick plywood or OSB.

Linoleum

It is the most common and relatively inexpensive material, it is easy in laying, easily cuts, does not require special training and special devices. The variety of colors, sizes and species allows you to choose a coating for any room, style, interior.

It can be laid both on wooden and on concrete baseBut for the second it is desirable to take a warmed linoleum produced on a special substrate. The base before laying must be aligned, in concrete to close the potholes, knock down the protrusions, remove the garbage and deny the surface.

Important! For a more even laying without waves and bubbles, the linoleum must be spread on the floor and give it to fly away during the day.

To avoid shifts, the coating can be glued to the surface completely or wrap only the seams, aligning the strip in the drawing before applying glue.

Laminate

The laminated game of merit is in demand, as a reliable and high-quality floor covering:

• It is stable before mechanical damage, not combustible, easy to clean, has for a long time Services.
• The material is perfectly mounted on a flat wooden or concrete base.
• Special locks on each band allow you to easily connect the elements into a single web without applying additional devices.
• The substrate from the foamed material absorbs noise when walking.
• Manufacturers offer a huge selection of colors and textures under stone, wood and even cloth.
• The small size of individual elements allows you to put the laminate even in small rooms.
• Laminated boards must be laid on an even base, otherwise the floor will creak, and the locks - break, even despite the soft substrate.
• When laying around the perimeter of the room, there is a gap of 15-20 mm between the wall and the laminate for the possibility of thermal expansion of the material.

If you do not know how to make a coating of laminate, then the detailed attached instruction will help you easily make the intended.

Ceramic tile or porcelain

It is the most sought-after room for premises with high humidity or high permeability, such as kitchen, bathroom, hallway, corridor, veranda or terrace. Although now in the trend bedrooms and living rooms with a ceramic tiled suitable for the design interior.

Cerambrants are resistant to abrasion, random strikes, frequent washing. It is not toxic, it looks great throughout the life. Of huge number You can always choose the collections offered by manufacturers, which will decorate the interior of the house.

Put the sex tile on the following technology:

1. The base under the clean floor is aligned with cement screed.
2. For wooden floors, the screed is reinforced with a metal mesh or use cement with reinforcing additives (for example, with fibrovolok) to avoid deflection and vibrations that can lead to a tile breakage.
3. When laying apply cement-sandy solution or special adhesive composition.
4. In the room between the walls, straight angles are removed, since there are no always joints of the walls correspond to 90 degrees.

1. If the floor is planned with a drawing of a tile of various textures or ornaments, then first make the layout sketch taking into account interputric seams.
2. For better adhesion of glue based on the surface of the black floor dust and wetted, it is possible to cover it with a special primer, but it is necessary to start the masonry only after the complete drying of the composition.
3. For the convenience of checking the levels and horizontal coating, it is recommended to pull the axial thread between two correct beacons, which are installed from opposite walls.
4. Plane of laying each installed tile Advanced by the previous construction level.
5. Start masonry from any corner, leaving the gap between the wall and tile 10-15 mm.
6. The glue is caused by a toothed spatula under the entire base of the material. In order to avoid breakdowns of individual elements, voids or bursts under the tile are not allowed during load.
7. For the smooth device deformation seams Between the tiles I use crosses necessary thicknessSubsequently, the seams are filled with a special grout.
8. For fitting and trimming porcelain, a grinder with a diamond circle is used.

Self-leveling floors

It is seamless polymer coatingwhich is done by pouring the base with a special composition based on polyurethane, epoxy or cement-acrylic components.

Apply such a coating on hard, durable perfectly aligned grounds, wooden overlaps It will require solid preparation, and there is no guarantee that the quality of the fill will be at a sufficient level.

The following measures are carried out for the device of bulk floors:

• Before starting work, it is necessary to prepare the basis. It should be smooth, without recesses and tubercles.
• If there are pores on the surface, the mixing of concrete is carried out so that the exit air does not leave defects on the floor, as well as to increase the adhesion of polymers with concrete or cement.
• The mixture is made of a homogeneous, the consistency is made the same all over the fill.
• The finished composition is spilled over the surface and evenly distributed over the entire area with a metal plate or a special tool with adjustable gap - rocket.

Important! To obtain an ideally smooth homogeneous surface from the mixture, air bubbles are removed by spending on the bubble floor with a special roller with spikes.

• Little areas are completely poured at once, for large "cards" or stripes, having them in chess order. The formwork from the flooded "cards" is removed and rearranged only after graspting the composition.
• It is necessary to move around the pouring in shoes with spikes on the sole - the paintups.
• Works should be carried out at the same positive temperature, the freshly lined floor must be protected from drafts, water splashes.

When fulfilling all the requirements and recommendations of the bulk sex will delight the owners with beauty, smoothness and durability for many years, and if the existing color is bored with time, it is always possible to pour a new one in the old coating, painting it into another color or arranged 3D - floor.

In conclusion, we can say that the choice of the type of flooring depends only on the desire and capabilities of the owner, but we hope that the information provided, as well as the photo and video in this article will help you to make the right decision.