INSTRUCTIONS AND PROPHECIES OF THE Blessed MOTHER ALIPIA GOLOSEEVSKY, Kyiv...
The style of the text is the design and purpose of speech.
There are 5 styles of text in Russian:
- scientific
- business
- journalistic
- art
- colloquial
Each style has its own canons and features and, accordingly, the scope of use.
Scientific text style
You can get acquainted with the scientific style by reading articles that describe phenomena, identify patterns, and make discoveries. This is the style of scientific conferences and seminars, monographs and dissertations. It is characterized by the use of precise terminology, a logical presentation of facts and conclusions that follow from the results of research, the use of impersonal pronouns. Scientific style is also used in textbooks.
Business text style
Business style is used to inform. Most often used in the field of legislation, administrative and legal activities. This is the style of official documents: laws, orders, resolutions, protocols. Each of these documents is compiled according to a specific and generally accepted cliché. A simple layman in his life also uses this style more than once in the preparation of statements, characteristics, and when submitting certificates. This style is characterized by a direct word order, strict adherence to the established cliche.
These two styles are not emotionally colored. Characterized by precision and dryness.
Journalistic text style
Journalistic style is the language of means mass media. They are used when creating a report, an interview. This style is characterized by logic, emotionality and appeal. Its purpose is to convey information, to arouse interest in an existing problem, to influence people's attitude towards pressing issues society. Indirectly, journalistic style is involved in the formation of the worldview a large number people, people.
Conversational text style
The purpose of the conversational style is direct communication. They use it to discuss urgent needs, share their feelings, thoughts in an informal setting. It is characterized by emotionality. It often contains colloquial and vernacular vocabulary. Moreover, each region has its own typical folk speech, called dialects.
Artistic text style
Artistic style affects us through literature. This is the art style. It is characterized by both the richness of vocabulary and its emotionality, the use of various artistic techniques to enhance the perception and imagination of readers (allegorical images, metaphors, hyperbole, etc.). This style is easy to understand, there are often deviations from the norms of speech, foreign, outdated words are used. When reading the texts of the artistic style, one gets the impression of the constant presence of the author, his feelings about the fate of the heroes of the work.
Main types of speech are description , narration and reasoning .
Description- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any phenomenon of reality is depicted by listing its permanent or simultaneously present signs or actions (the content of the description can be conveyed on one frame of the camera).
In the description, most of all, words denoting qualities, properties of objects (nouns, adjectives, adverbs) are used.
Verbs are more often used in the form of the imperfect form of the past tense, and for special clarity, figurativeness of the description - in the form of the present tense. Synonyms are widely used - definitions (agreed and inconsistent) and denominative sentences.
For example:
The sky was clear, clear, pale blue. Light white clouds, lit from one side with a pink glow, floated lazily in transparent silence. The East was red and flaming, shimmering in other places with mother-of-pearl and silver. From behind the horizon, like giant spread fingers, stretched up across the sky golden stripes from the rays of the sun that had not yet risen. (A. I. Kuprin)
The description helps to see the subject, to present it in the mind.
|
Narration- this is a type of speech, with the help of which it is told about any events in their temporal sequence; successive actions or events are reported (the content of the narration can be conveyed only on a few frames of the camera).
In narrative texts, a special role belongs to verbs, especially in the form of the past tense of the imperfective form ( came, saw, developed etc.).
For example:
And suddenly... something inexplicable, almost supernatural, happened. The Great Dane suddenly fell on its back, and some invisible force pulled it off the sidewalk. Following this, the same invisible force tightly gripped the astonished Jack's throat... Jack propped himself up with his front legs and shook his head violently. But an invisible "something" squeezed his neck so that the brown pointer lost consciousness. (A. I. Kuprin)
Narrative helps to visualize the actions, movements of people and phenomena in time and space.
reasoning- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any position, thought is proved or explained; it talks about the causes and consequences of events and phenomena, assessments and feelings (about what cannot be photographed).
In reasoning texts, a special role belongs to introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation ( firstly, secondly, so, therefore, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand), as well as subordinating conjunctions with the meaning of cause, effect, concession ( in order to, in order to, because, although, in spite of the fact that etc.)
For example:
If the writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he writes about, then the reader will not see anything behind them.
But if the writer sees well what he writes about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire novelty, act on the reader with striking force and evoke in him those thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. G. Paustovsky)
The boundaries between description, narration and reasoning are rather arbitrary. At the same time, any one type of speech is not always presented in the text. Much more common are cases of their combination in various options: description and narration; description and reasoning; description, narration and reasoning; description with elements of reasoning; narrative with elements of reasoning, etc.
Speech styles
Speech styles- these are systems of speech means, historically established and socially fixed, which are used in communication, depending on the sphere of communication or the sphere of professional activity.
There are five main styles of speech in Russian.
1. Scientific style.
2. Journalistic style.
3. Official business style.
4. Literary and artistic.
5. Conversational.
Scientific style is used in the field scientific activity. The genres in which it is implemented are the writing of dissertations, term papers, tests or theses, scientific articles, lectures, abstracts, abstracts, theses. The main characteristic of this style of speech is logic, clarity and the absence of any emotions on the part of the author.
journalistic the style of speech, like the previous one, refers to the book style and is used not only to convey this or that information, but also to influence the feelings and thoughts of listeners or readers who need to be convinced or interested in something. The journalistic style is typical for speeches at various meetings, newspaper articles, analytical and informational radio and television programs. This style is characterized by emotionality and expressiveness.
Official business style is characterized by several basic properties. This is clarity, lack of emotional presentation, standardity and conservatism. It is used when writing laws, orders, memorandums, statements, business letters and various legal documents. The standard character of writing is expressed in the writing of these documents according to an established scheme - a template. Specific vocabulary and morphology are used.
Literary and artistic style - differs from other book styles in that when writing his works, the author can use almost any of the above styles. And since literature reflects all spheres of human life, vernacular, dialects, jargon are also used here. It is also characterized by emotionality. Literary and artistic style is used in fiction.
Colloquial the style of speech is not bookish. It is used in everyday communication between people in various everyday situations. Since speech is not prepared in advance during a conversation, the characteristic features are the incompleteness of the expressed thought and emotionality.
Moscow State Open University.
Faculty of Chemistry and Technology.
in the Russian language and culture of speech
on the topic: "Functional styles of speech."
Completed by: 4th year student
specialties 060800
Komarova L.A.
Checked by: Gorskaya E.A.
Moscow. 2004
1. General characteristics of styles ............................................... .......................3
2.Scientific style.............................................. ................................................four
3.Formal - business style .............................................. .........................6
4. Newspaper-journalistic style .............................................. ................7
5.Artistic style.................................................... ...............................…9
6. Colloquial - everyday style .............................................. ......................ten
Conclusion................................................. ................................................. ..12
References……………………………………………………………14
1. General characteristics of styles.
Each functional style of the modern Russian literary language is such a subsystem of it that the conditions and goals of communication in some area social activities and has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means. Functional styles are heterogeneous, each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties, for example, in the scientific style - scientific monographs and educational texts, in the official - business - laws, references, business letters, in the newspaper and journalistic - an article, a report, etc. The variety of genre varieties is created by the diversity of the content of speech and its different communicative orientation, that is, the goals of communication. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic devices, the compositional structure of speech for each specific case.
Functional styles can be divided into two groups associated with specific types of speech.
In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official - business, newspaper - journalistic, artistic and colloquial - everyday.
Each functional style of speech has its own typical features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are realized to one degree or another in each genre of this style.
2. Scientific style.
The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. This style has a wide variety of speech genres; among them, the main ones are a scientific monograph and a scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and teaching aids), scientific and technical works (various instructions, safety rules), annotations, abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions, as well as genres of popular scientific literature.
One of the most important genres of scientific style is a scientific article, which can convey information of various nature and purpose, and is most often used as the main source of scientific and technical information: it is here that everything new that appears in a certain branch of science is recorded.
The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech. However, with the development of mass media, with the growing importance of science in modern society, an increase in various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposiums, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech is increasing.
The main features of the scientific style in both written and oral form are accuracy, abstractness, logicality and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into a system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in the works of the scientific style.
This style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and recently international terminology (manager, quoting, realtor, etc.) has occupied more and more space here.
A feature of the use of vocabulary in a scientific style is that polysemantic lexically neutral words are used not in all their meanings, but only in one. For example, the verb count, which has four values, here implements predominantly the values: to make a conclusion, to admit, to believe. The use in one, becoming terminological meaning is typical for both nouns and adjectives, for example: body, strength, movement, sour, heavy etc.
The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in less use of synonyms. The volume of the text in the scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but due to the repetition of the same ones. An example is the passage:
“Transport intershop communications for the main types of raw materials and finished products, as well as the transfer of goods between production workshops and storage and transport facilities, for the most part, are provided by continuous transport (...) Finished products are delivered by road to consumers located nearby, they also perform auxiliary loading and unloading work".
In the scientific style, there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic or artistic, is characterized by evaluativeness. Estimates are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more understandable, accessible, to clarify the idea.
Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistent presentation and objectivity of presentation.
In the syntactic structures in the scientific style of speech, the detachment of the author is maximally demonstrated. This is expressed in the use of generalized personal and impersonal constructions instead of the 1st person: there is reason to believe, it is considered, it is known, presumably etc.
The desire for a logical presentation of the material leads to the active use of complex allied sentences, introductory words, participial and adverbial phrases, and so on. The most typical example is sentences with subordinate clauses of cause and condition, for example: “If an enterprise or some of its divisions does not work well, then this means that not everything is in order with management.”
Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information; this is one of the features of the scientific style of speech.
Formal business style.
The main area in which it functions officially - business style is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the society's need for documenting various acts of state public, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication.
The texts of this style represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, orders, contract, complaint, instruction, etc. Style genres perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various fields of activity. Therefore, the main form of implementation of this style is written.
Despite the differences in the content of individual genres, there are common features: the accuracy of presentation, which does not allow for the possibility of differences in interpretation; detailed presentation; stereotype; standardization of presentation; obligatory-prescriptive nature of the presentation. In addition - formality, strictness of expression of thought, objectivity, logic.
The lexical composition of the texts of this style has its own characteristics. First of all, these texts use words and phrases of the literary language, for example, plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, detention, researcher etc. Many verbs contain the theme of prescription: forbid, decree, oblige, order etc.
Typical for the business language are compound words formed from two or more: tenant, employer, maintenance, named below.
Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized in a semantic sense, that is, everything sharply peculiar, specific, unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. For an official document, the legal essence is important, so generic concepts are preferred, for example arrive (arrive, fly in, arrive), vehicle (bus, plane, train), locality(village, town, village) etc. When naming a person, nouns are used, denoting a person on the basis of some kind of relationship or action ( teacher Sergeeva T.N., witness Molotkov T.P.)
Business speech, as already mentioned, is characterized by impersonality of presentation and lack of evaluativeness. Here there is an impartial statement, a presentation of facts in a logical sequence. Therefore, the 1st person is permissible only in a limited number of situations when legal relations are established between an individual and an organization or state, for example, when issuing various powers of attorney, when concluding an employment agreement. So the power of attorney looks like:
Power of attorney
I, Alekseeva Anna Ivanovna, living at the address: Moscow, st. Prazhskaya, d.35, apt. 127, passport 5799 No. 166703, issued by the 20th department. Police of Moscow January 26, 1998, I trust Khitrova Olga Alexandrovna, residing at the address: Moscow, st. Shipbuilders, d. 65, apt. 98, conclusion of an agreement with the publishing house "Jurist" on my behalf.
05/29/01 Alekseeva
4. Newspaper-journalistic style.
The newspaper and journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, reportage), in journalistic articles in the periodical press. It is implemented both in written and oral form.
One of the main characteristic features of the style is the combination of two trends - the tendency to expressiveness and the tendency to the standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: information-content function and the function of persuasion, emotional impact. They have a special character in a journalistic style. Information in this area of social activity is addressed to a huge circle of people, all native speakers and members of this society (and not just specialists, as in the scientific field). For the relevance of information, the time factor is significant - information must be transmitted and become generally known as soon as possible.
In the newspaper-journalistic style, persuasion is carried out by emotional impact on the reader or listener, therefore the author always expresses his attitude to the information being reported, but as a rule, it is not only his personal attitude, but expresses the opinion of a certain social group of people (for example, a party) .
The trend towards the standard means the desire of journalism to be rigorous and informative, which are characteristic of scientific and official business styles. For example, among the standard for newspaper-journalistic style are the words: steady growth, temporary support, official visit, wide scope. The tendency towards expressiveness is expressed in the desire for accessibility and figurativeness of the form of expression, which is typical for the artistic style and colloquial speech.
Newspaper-journalistic style has both conservatism and mobility. On the one hand, there are a large number of clichés, socio-political and other terms in speech, and on the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires more and more new linguistic means.
The vocabulary of the newspaper-journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and even slang elements.
Newspaper and journalistic speech actively uses foreign words and elements of words, in particular the prefixes a-, anti-, pro-, neo-, ultra-.
Syntax also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally colored constructions: exclamatory sentences of various meanings, interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, inversions, non-union sentences, ellipses, etc.
5. Artistic style.
The artistic style of speech is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function.
For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general (for example, “ Dead Souls» N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personifies certain specific human qualities, and all together they are the "face" of Russia contemporary to the author).
The world of fiction is a "recreated" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech.
As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms expressed by linguistic means. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language.
Lexical composition and functioning of words in art style speeches have their own characteristics. The words that form the basis of the style primarily include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity.
The speech ambiguity of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades, as well as synonymy at all language levels. Many words that in scientific speech act as well-defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry specific sensory representations (for example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning, - lead ore, lead bullet, and in fiction forms a metaphor, - leaden clouds, leaden night).
Artistic speech is characterized by inversion.
The syntactic structure reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. But a deviation from structural norms is also possible, due to artistic actualization, i.e. the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.
Conversational style.
Colloquial-everyday style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is implemented in the form of unconstrained, unprepared monologue or dialogic speech on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence.
The ease of communication is understood as the absence of an orientation towards a message of an official nature (a lecture, a speech, an answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers.
Conversational speech functions only in the sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendship, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics: for example, a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people in informal relationships about art, science, politics, sports, etc., a conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations about public institutions, e.g. clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial and everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in various areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means.
Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to the codified language as a whole (codified speech is called because it is in relation to it that work is being done to preserve its norms, for its purity)
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, that is, the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example, (A woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (About a coat) Is this what? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements, and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what is at stake. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.
Everyday colloquial style has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. Here you can find the most diverse thematically and stylistic groups of vocabulary: both common book vocabulary, and terms, and foreign borrowings, and words of high stylistic coloring, and even some facts of vernacular, dialects and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks, and secondly, by the implementation of colloquial speech in two tonalities - serious and playful.
Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: “They tell you, they say, and all to no avail!”, “Yes, where are you! It's dirty in there!" and so on.
Emotional and expressive assessments of a subjective nature are characteristic of colloquial speech, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is evaluated exaggeratedly: “Wow the price! You can go crazy!”, “Flowers in the garden - the sea!”, “I want to drink! I'll die! The use of words in a figurative sense is typical, for example, "You've got porridge in your head!"
Word order in spoken language is different from that used in writing. Here the main information is concentrated at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of the listeners on the main information, they use intonational emphasis. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.
Conclusion.
Thus, each functional style of speech is characterized by its own characteristics. The scientific style is characterized by the use of special and terminological vocabulary, graphic information, a clear definition of concepts and phenomena, strict logic and consistency of presentation, and complicated syntax. Business style is characterized by professional terminology, the accuracy of the definition of the expressions and words used, the clichéd language means. The main property of the newspaper-journalistic style is its informativeness and expressiveness. Artistic speech uses all the diversity and all the richness of the national language to create a vivid, memorable image. Understanding the features of the artistic style of speech helps a deeper reading of literary works, enriches our practical speech. The main feature of colloquial speech is its ease, unpreparedness. It is characterized by lexical heterogeneity, the use of colloquial and colloquial words, simplified syntax, emotionally expressive appraisal, facial expressions, and gestures.
Bibliography
Grekov V.F. and other Handbook for classes in the Russian language. M., Enlightenment, 1968 - 201 p.
Kostomarov V.G. Russian language on a newspaper page. M., 1971 – 291 p.
Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Ed. Prof. IN AND. Maksimov. -M.: Gardariki, 2003. - 413 p.
Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. for universities / A.I. Dunaev, M.Ya. Dymarsky, A.Yu. Kozhevnikov et al., ed. V.D. Chernyak. - M .: Higher. School; S.-Pb.: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University im. A.I. Herzen, 2003. - 509 p.
Style is the main element of speech. In fact, this is the “clothing” of the text, its design. And people's clothes say a lot.
A man in a formal suit is probably a business worker, and a guy in sneakers and stretched sweatpants either went out for bread, or is still an athlete.
So, according to the stylistic “clothing” of the text, one can understand in what area it “works” - it functions.
Workshop "Tasty text"
For those who want to write brightly, figuratively, stylishly. Come if your texts have such problems:
… boring to read;
… the texts are like an information guide;
… there is a narrative, but no emotion
... the text is impersonal and gray, it has no brightness, but there are a lot of repetitions and clericalism.
Speaking scientifically, style is a system of various linguistic means and the ways in which they are organized, which has developed over the entire historical period of language development. The use of each of the established systems is typical for a strictly defined sphere of human communication: for example, the scientific sphere, official business, the sphere of mass media, fiction, or the sphere of communication in everyday life or the Internet.
By the way, pay attention: in some sources, text styles are called speech styles. Both phrases are one and the same.
Types of text (speech) styles
The Russian language has historically developed four functional styles. Later, the style of fiction emerged from the journalistic style.
Thus, five styles of speech are currently distinguished:
How to distinguish one style from another? For example, a men's business suit is a combination of trousers, shirt, tie, jacket and shoes. And style is also a combination of certain "objects" - elements: words, sentences (syntactic constructions) and text structure.
Characteristics of speech styles
So, how to identify the scientific style by "clothes"?
Rich expressive-emotional vocabulary. Metaphors and comparisons at every turn. "Tint" words - slang, abusive, outdated. Sentence constructions that are easy to understand (“Darkness”). Bright author's position.
How to recognize?
First of all, it is a style for everyday live communication between people. In writing, it is used when the author wants to establish closer, personal contact with his readers. In a conversational style, personal blog posts are often written, selling texts, notes with social networks etc. It is characterized by lively speech, pronounced expression, colloquial and colloquial words and phrases, colorfulness, high subjectivity and evaluativeness, repetitions, incomplete sentences. Sometimes obscene language is also used.
Thus, when working on a text, it is important to combine stylistic elements. Otherwise, you run the risk of being left without a reader, and the manuscript is closed in the table. Why? Are you going to get a job in the office in torn jeans and an elongated T-shirt? It seems not.
So you shouldn't write in a scientific style. However, in an artistic style, you can use elements of each - scientific, colloquial, journalistic ... The main thing is to understand why you are doing this, for what purpose, what effect you want to achieve.
Therefore, in order not to look stupid, find out the features different styles, their elements and - learn how to work with them.
And do not forget - they are greeted by clothes. And not only people, but also texts.
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….
1. Style. General characteristics of functional speech styles …………
2. Official business style of speech ……………………………………….
3. Scientific style ………………………………………………………………
4. Journalistic ………………………………………………………..
5. Artistic ………………………………………………………….
6. Conversational …………………………………………………………………
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….
Application …………………………………………………………………
List of used literature ………………………………………..
INTRODUCTION
§one. General understanding of styles
The Russian language is a broad, comprehensive concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language. The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre. However, it is necessary to use language resources skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the statement, its targeting. How different, for example, in style are a private letter and a memorandum addressed to the boss! The same information receives a different language expression.
What is style?
The word style comes from the Latin language (stilus), where it meant a pointed stick for writing. At present, the word style, in short, means the manner of writing. In linguistics, there are more detailed definitions of the term.
1) Style - a kind of language, fixed in a given society by tradition for one of the most common areas of social life and partially different from other varieties of the same language in all basic parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics.
2) Style - a generally accepted manner, the usual way of performing any particular type of speech acts: oratory, newspaper article, scientific lecture, judicial speech, everyday dialogue.
3) Style - an individual manner, the way in which a given speech act or literary and artistic work is performed.
§3. Functional styles of speech (general characteristics)
Our speech in a formal setting (lecturing, speaking at a scientific conference or at a business meeting) differs from that used in an informal setting (speaking festive table, friendly conversation, dialogue with relatives).
Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, language means are selected. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles .
Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially fixed systems of speech means used in a particular area of communication or professional activity.
In the modern Russian literary language, there are bookstores functional styles:
scientific,
formal business,
publicist,
Literary and artistic
which appear primarily in written language, and
· colloquial , which is mainly oral form speech.
Each of the five styles has a number of specific speech characteristics.
In the field of scientific activity (when writing scientific articles, term papers and theses, monographs and dissertations), it is customary to use scientific style, the main properties of which are the clarity and logic of presentation, as well as the lack of expression of emotions.
Formal business style serves to convey information in the field of management. The official business style is used in statements, powers of attorney, business letters, orders and laws. For him, even more than for the scientific style, clarity and unemotional presentation are important. Another important property official business style - standard. People who draw up statements, orders or laws are obliged to follow tradition and write as they wrote before them, as is customary.
Another bookish style of literary language - journalistic. It is used in cases where it is necessary not only to convey information, but also to influence the thoughts or feelings of people in a certain way, to interest them or to convince them of something. Journalistic style is the style of informational or analytical broadcasts on television and radio, the style of newspapers, the style of speaking at meetings. Unlike the scientific and official-business style, the journalistic style is characterized by expressiveness and emotionality.
As opposed to all book styles, as mentioned above, conversational style. This is a style that is used in informal everyday, everyday communication between people in an unprepared way. oral speech. Therefore, its characteristic features are incompleteness of expression and emotionality.
In a special way correlates with all listed styles style fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of human life, it can use the means of any styles of the literary language, and if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, jargons and vernacular. The main function of the language of fiction is aesthetic.
main feature The stylistics of artistic speech becomes the search for the specifics of the artistic text, the creative self-expression of the artist of the word.
§four. Genres of functional speech styles
Functional styles of speech are realized in various genres.
1. Scientific: textbooks on the specialty, monograph, scientific article, abstract, abstract, synopsis, theses, course work, lecture, thesis.
2. Official business: documents, business letters, reports, orders, orders, contracts, decrees, business conversations.
3.journalistic: parliamentary speech, reports, interview, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, informational note.
4. Art Key words: novel, short story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad.
5.Colloquial: conversations in the family, showdown, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote.
TOPIC 2. OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF SPEECH
§one. Official business style of speech (general characteristics)
Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in public institutions, court, and different types business oral communication.
Among book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.
The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.
In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is the language stamps, or the so-called clichés (French. clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.
Formal business style- this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:
1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;
2) locale.
These features find their expression a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.
Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.
§2. Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech
Lexical features of the official business style of speech
The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to common book and neutral words, includes:
1) language stamps (stationery, cliches) : raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the deadline.
2) professional terminology : arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;
3) archaisms : I hereby certify this document.
In the official business style, the use of polysemantic words, as well as words in figurative meanings, is unacceptable, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidization and etc.
Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. AT official document preference is given to generic concepts, for example: arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.), vehicle (instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.), locality (instead of village, town, village etc.), etc.
Morphological features of the official business style of speech
To morphological features This style includes the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). Among them are the following:
1) nouns - names of people on the basis of the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);
2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the form male (Sergeant Petrova, Inspector Ivanova);
3) verbal nouns with a particle not- (deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);
4) derivative prepositions ( in connection with, on account of, due to);
5) infinitive constructions: ( check, help);
6) present tense verbs in the meaning of a commonly performed action ( per non-payment will be fined …).
7) compound words formed from two or more stems ( tenant, employer, logistics, maintenance, above, below etc.).
The use of these forms is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation.
Syntactic features of the official business style of speech
The syntactic features of the official business style include:
1) the use of simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the series of these homogeneous members can be very common (up to 8-10), for example: ... fines as an administrative penalty may be established in accordance with the legislation of Russia for violation of the rules of safety and labor protection in industry, construction, transport and in agriculture ;
2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);
3) stringing the genitive case, i.e. the use of a chain of nouns in the genitive case: ( the results of the activities of the tax police …);
4) the predominance of complex sentences, especially complex ones, with conditional clauses: If there is a dispute about the amounts due to the dismissed employee, the administration is obliged to pay the compensation specified in this article if the dispute is resolved in favor of the employee .
§3. Genre diversity of the official business style of speech
According to the theme and variety of genres in the style under consideration, two varieties are distinguished: I - official documentary style and II- casual business style .
In turn, in the official documentary style, one can single out j the language of legislative documents related to the activities of state bodies (the Constitution of the Russian Federation, laws, charters), and k the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations(memorandum, communique, convention, statement). In everyday business style, j is the language of official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and k is the language of private business papers, on the other.
All genres of everyday business style: official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence) and business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol, statement, power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, etc.) are characterized by a well-known standardization that facilitates their compilation and use and designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy (see details 4.2; 4.3; 4.4).
THEME 3. SCIENTIFIC SPEECH
§one. Scientific style of speech (general characteristics)
Style-forming features of the scientific style
scientific style- this is a style that serves the scientific sphere of social activity. It is designed to convey scientific information to a trained and interested audience.
Scientific style has a number of common features, general conditions functioning and linguistic features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. These common features include: 1) preliminary consideration of the statement; 2) the monologic nature of the statement; 3) strict selection of language means; 4) attraction to normalized speech.
Stages of scientific activity. Forms of the existence of scientific speech
Science is one of the most effective ways obtaining new knowledge about the world, one of the most advanced forms of accumulation and systematization of knowledge and experience.
In scientific activity, a person faces two main tasks: � to obtain new knowledge about the world (ie, to make a discovery) and to make this knowledge public (ie, to communicate his discovery). Accordingly, two stages in human scientific activity should be distinguished: 1) stage making a discovery and 2) stage opening design .
The scientific style of speech refers to the second stage of scientific activity - the stage of speech processing of the acquired new knowledge.
The content side makes its own demands on the form of existence of scientific speech. Aboriginal the form the existence of scientific speech written, and this is no coincidence. Firstly, the written form fixes information for a long time (namely, this is what science requires, reflecting the stable connections of the world). Secondly, it is more convenient and reliable for detecting the slightest informative inaccuracies and logical violations (which are irrelevant in everyday communication, but in scientific communication can lead to the most serious distortions of the truth). Thirdly, the written form is economical, as it gives the addressee the opportunity to set his own pace of perception. So, for example, a scientific report that takes 40 minutes orally, a well-prepared addressee in this field can be perceived in writing in 5 minutes (reading "diagonally"). Finally, fourthly, the written form allows you to access information repeatedly and at any time, which is also very important in scientific work.
Of course, and oral form is also often used in scientific communication, but this form is secondary in scientific communication: a scientific work is often first written, working out an adequate form of transferring scientific information, and then in one form or another (in a report, lecture, speech) is reproduced in oral speech. The primacy of the written form leaves a noticeable imprint on the structure of scientific speech.
Terminology of each science
Every branch of science has its terminology. term (lat. terminus- "border, limit") is a word or phrase that is the name of the concept of any sphere of production, science, art). In the terminology of each science, several levels can be distinguished depending on the scope of use and on the nature of the content of the concept. To first level are most general concepts, equally relevant for all or for a significant number of sciences. For example: system, function, value, element, process, set, part, size, condition, movement, property, speed, result, quantity, quality. They constitute the general conceptual foundation of science as a whole.
Co. second level include concepts that are common to a number of related sciences that have common objects of study. For example: vacuum, vector , generator, integral, matrix, neuron, ordinate, radical, thermal, electrolyte etc. Such concepts usually serve as a link between the sciences of one more or less broad profile (natural, technical, physical and mathematical, biological, sociological, aesthetic, etc.), and they can be defined as profile-special.
To third level should include highly specialized concepts that are characteristic of one science (sometimes two or three close ones) and reflect the specificity of the subject of research, for example: phoneme, morpheme, inflection, lexeme, derivative and other linguistic terms.
Symbol language. scientific graphics
A specific property of the language of science is that scientific information can be presented not only in the form of text. She happens and graphic- these are the so-called artificial (auxiliary) languages: 1) graphics, drawings, drawings, 2) mathematical, physical symbols, 3) names chemical elements, mathematical signs, etc. For example: - infinity, - integral, - sum, - root, etc.
Symbol language is one of the most informative languages of science.
Text, on the one hand, and formulas and symbols, graphic illustrations and photographs, on the other, are in a certain relationship in different areas science.
§2. Linguistic features of the scientific style of speech
Lexical features of the scientific style of speech
1. The abstract, generalized nature of a scientific text is manifested at the lexical level in the fact that words with an abstract meaning are widely used in it: function, disposition, sequester. Words of a household nature also acquire a generalized, often terminological meaning in a scientific text, such are technical terms. coupling, glass, tube and many others.
2. A characteristic feature of the scientific style is its high terminology - saturation with terms (as discussed above).
3. The language of science is characterized by the use of borrowed and international models ( macro, micro, meter, inter-, count etc.): macrocosm, intercom, polygraph .
4. In the scientific style, nouns and adjectives with a certain type are frequent lexical meaning and morphological characteristics. Among them:
a) nouns expressing the concept of a sign, state, change on -nie, -ost, -stvo, -ie, -tion (frequency, culmination, construction, property, inertia, fluidity, exemplarity);
b) nouns in - Tel, denoting a tool, tool, manufacturer of action ( land surveyor);
c) adjectives with a suffix -ist in the meaning of "containing a small amount of a certain impurity" ( clayey, sandy).
Morphological features of the scientific style of speech
The abstractness of the scientific style of speech is also manifested at the morphological level - in the choice of forms of parts of speech.
1. Specifically used in scientific style verb. Imperfect verbs are often used in scientific texts. Forms of the present tense are formed from them, which have a timeless generalized meaning (for example: in this industry used this connection). Perfective verbs are used much less often, often in stable turns ( consider …; prove, what…; let's do conclusions; show by examples etc.).
2. In the scientific style, reflexive verbs are often used (with the suffix -sya) in a passive (passive) sense. The frequency of using the passive form of the verb is explained by the fact that when describing a scientific phenomenon, attention is focused on itself, and not on the producer of the action: AT modern philosophy and sociology norm defines Xia as a means of regulating the activities of society as a whole; In this sense, the norm understands Xia as a law of activity, a rule.
3. Short passive participles are very common in scientific texts, for example: Theorem proof on the ; The equation amounted to but right .
4. In scientific speech, more often than in other styles of speech, they use short adjectives, for example: variety us and ambiguous us the functions of these elements.
5. The category of a person is peculiarly manifested in the language of science: the meaning of a person is usually weakened, indefinite, generalized. In scientific speech, it is not customary to use the pronoun of the 1st person singular. h. I. It is replaced by the pronoun we(author's we). It is generally accepted that the use of the pronoun we creates an atmosphere of authorial modesty and objectivity: we researched and found...(instead of: I researched and found...).
6. In scientific speech, there are often plural forms of nouns that are not found in other types of speech: they are used to denote a) a variety or type of real nouns ( clay, steel, resin, alcohol, oils, petroleum, teas); b) some abstract concepts ( powers, capacities, mathematical transformations, cultures) and concepts expressing quantitative indicators ( depth, length, warmth); c) orders and families of the animal and flora (artiodactyls, predators).
Syntactic features of scientific style
1. The modern scientific style is characterized by the desire for syntactic compression - to compress, increase the amount of information while reducing the amount of text. Therefore, it is characterized by phrases of nouns, in which the genitive case of the name acts as a definition ( exchange substances, box gear, device for mounting ).
2. Typical for this style is the use of a nominal predicate (rather than a verb), which contributes to the creation of the nominal character of the text. For example: Savings - part disposable income that is not spent on final consumption of goods and services; The action is security .
3. Widely used in scientific syntax are sentences with short participles like can be used (this method can be used in the production of "smart bombs").
4. Interrogative sentences perform specific functions in scientific speech related to the desire of the writer to draw attention to what is being stated ( What are the advantages of using plastic cards?)
5. The style under consideration is characterized by a wide distribution of impersonal sentences of various types, since in modern scientific speech the personal manner of presentation has given way to impersonal ( One can say, there is an unspoken competition of projects for the future social reorganization. To modern man this easy to understand on the model of transition to the market).
6. Scientific texts are characterized by clarification of causal relationships between phenomena, therefore they are dominated by complex sentences with different types of unions ( despite the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, due to the fact that, while, meanwhile, while and etc.).
7. Used in scientific speech and a group of introductory words and phrases containing an indication of message source (according to our opinion, according to belief, according to the concept, according to information, according to the message, from the point of view, according to the hypothesis, definition and etc.). For example: Answer, according to the author, always ahead of its true cause - the goal, and does not follow an external stimulus .
8. For scientific works, the compositional connectedness of the presentation is characteristic. The interconnection of individual parts of a scientific statement is achieved with the help of certain connecting words, adverbs, adverbial expressions and other parts of speech, as well as combinations of words ( so, thus, therefore, now, so, in addition, besides, also, also, nevertheless, still, nevertheless, meanwhile, besides, moreover, however, in spite of, above all, in first of all, at first, in the end, finally, therefore).
Expressive means of the language of science
It is often said about the language of scientists that it is distinguished by "dryness", devoid of elements of emotionality and figurativeness. This opinion is erroneous: often in scientific papers, in particular polemical ones, emotionally expressive and figurative means of language are used, which, being an additional device, stand out noticeably against the background of a purely scientific presentation and give scientific prose more persuasiveness: our outstanding linguists, when working with hydrocyanic acid, you need to be extremely careful, you can check with very curious experience and etc.
The linguistic means of creating an expressive, emotional tone of scientific speech are: 1) superlative forms of adjectives expressing comparison ( the brightest representatives of the species); 2) emotionally expressive adjectives ( Development, innovation , progress – wonderful , in fact, phenomena); 3) introductory words, adverbs, amplifying and restrictive particles ( Pisarev believed even that thanks to this, Russia can recognize and appreciate Comte much more accurate than Western Europe); 4) "problematic" issues that attract the attention of the reader ( What is the unconscious?).
§3. Genre diversity of the scientific style of speech
The scope of the scientific style is very wide. This is one of the styles that has a strong and versatile influence on the literary language. Taking place before our eyes scientific and technological revolution put into general use great amount terms. Computer, display, ecology, stratosphere, solar wind - these and many other terms have passed from the pages of special editions into everyday use. If earlier explanatory dictionaries were compiled on the basis of the language of fiction and, to a lesser extent, journalism, now the description of the developed languages of the world is impossible without taking into account the scientific style and its role in the life of society. Suffice it to say that out of 600,000 words of the most authoritative English dictionary of Webster (Webster), 500,000 are special vocabulary.
The wide and intensive development of the scientific style led to the formation of the following varieties (sub-styles) within its framework: 1) proper scientific (monographs, dissertations, scientific articles, reports); 2) popular science (lectures, articles, essays); 3) educational and scientific (textbooks, teaching aids, programs, lectures, abstracts); four) scientific and business (technical documentation, contracts, test reports, instructions for enterprises); 5) scientific and informative (patent descriptions, informative abstracts, annotations); 6) scientific reference (dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories, catalogs). Each substyle and genre has its own individual style features, which, however, do not violate the unity of the scientific style, inheriting it. common features and features.
TOPIC 5. PUBLICISTIC STYLE OF SPEECH
§one. Journalistic style of speech (general characteristics)
Latin has a verb public are- "make public, open to all" or "explain publicly, make public". The word is connected with it by origin. journalism . Publicism- this is a special type of literary work, which highlights, explains topical issues social and political life, moral problems are raised.
The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone.
Journalistic style used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, comments on documentaries, the language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is a speech activity in the field of politics in all its variety of meanings. The main means of journalistic style are designed not only for the message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).
The characteristic features of journalistic works are the relevance of the issue, political passion and imagery, sharpness and brightness of presentation. They are conditioned social purpose journalism - reporting facts, forming public opinion, actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person.
Publicistic style is represented by many genres :
1. newspaper- essay, article, feuilleton, reportage;
2. television– analytical program, information message, live dialogue;
3. public speaking- speech at a rally, toast, debate;
4. communicative- press conference, "no tie" meeting, teleconferences;
§2. Functions of journalistic style
One of the important features of the journalistic style is the combination of two language functions within its framework: message functions(informative) and impact functions(expressive).
Message function consists in the fact that the authors of journalism texts inform a wide range of readers, viewers, listeners about problems that are significant for society.
The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in a journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, in its sources and addressees. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform the society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about Everyday life citizens.
The method of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes the facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, moods of the authors, contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. Another difference in the provision of information is related to the fact that the publicist tends to write selectively - first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience.
Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - impact functions. The goal of the publicist is not only to tell about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open tendentiousness, polemicism, emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position).
In various journalistic genres, one of the two named functions can act as a leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not crowd out the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.
§3. Linguistic signs of a journalistic style of speech
Lexical signs
1. In the journalistic style, there are always ready-made standard formulas (or speech clichés), which are not of an individual authorial, but of a social nature: hot support, lively response, harsh criticism, putting things in order etc. As a result of repeated repetitions, these clichés often turn into boring (erased) clichés: radical transformation, radical reforms.
Speech patterns reflect the nature of time. Many clichés are already outdated, for example: sharks of imperialism, growing pains, servants of the people, enemy of the people. On the contrary, newfangled for the official press of the late 90s. became words and expressions: elite, struggle of elites, elite of the criminal world, top financial elite, promote, virtual, image, iconic figure, power pie, child of stagnation, wooden ruble, lie injection.
Numerous examples of speech clichés became part of the so-called journalistic phraseology, which allows you to quickly and accurately give information: peaceful offensive, force of dictate, ways of progress, security issue, package of proposals.
2. The relationship between the sender and the addressee in a journalistic style is similar to the relationship between the actor and the audience. "Theatrical" vocabulary – the second striking feature of the journalistic style. It permeates all journalistic texts: political show , on the political arena , behind the scenes struggle, role leader, dramatic events known in politics trick, nightmarish scenario and etc.
3. characteristic feature journalistic style is emotional-evaluative vocabulary. This assessment is not individual, but social in nature. For example, positive words: asset, mercy, thoughts, dare, prosperity; negative words: plant, philistine, sabotage, racism, depersonalization.
4. In the journalistic style, a special place belongs to the book layers of vocabulary, which have a solemn, civil-pathetic, rhetorical coloring: dare, erect, self-sacrifice , army, homeland. The use of Old Church Slavonicisms also gives the text a pathetic tone: accomplishments, power, guardian etc.
5. In the texts of the journalistic style, military terminology is often present: guards, height assault, forward edge, line of fire, direct fire, strategy, reserve mobilization. But it is used, of course, not in its direct meaning, but figuratively (texts with these words can talk, for example, about harvesting, commissioning new production facilities, etc.).
6. As an evaluative tool in journalism, words of a passive vocabulary - archaisms can be found. For example: dollar and his healers . Military profits are growing .
Morphological features
The morphological features of the journalistic style include the frequent use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech. It:
1) the singular of a noun in the plural sense: Russian man has always been resilient ; Teacher always knows student ;
2) genitive case of a noun: time change, package proposals, reform prices, exit from crisis and etc.;
3) imperative forms of the verb: stay with us on the first channel!
4) present tense of the verb: in Moscow opens, April 3 starts ;
5) participles on ohmy: driven, weightless, drawn ;
6) derivative prepositions: in the field, on the way, on the base, in the name of, in the light, in the interests of, taking into account.
Syntactic signs
The syntactic features of the journalistic style include frequently repeated, as well as specific types of sentences (syntactic constructions). Among them:
1) rhetorical questions: Will the Russian man survive? Do Russians want wars?
2) exclamatory sentences: All to the polls!
3) proposals with reversed order: The army is at war with nature(cf.: The army is at war with nature).The exception was mining enterprises(compare: Enterprises were an exception);
4) headings of articles, essays that perform an advertising function: Small troubles of a large fleet. Winter is the hot season.
Headlines often use a specific language technique – " connection of the incompatible". It makes it possible to reveal the internal inconsistency of an object or phenomenon with minimal linguistic means: a toiling parasite, repeated inimitable, gloomy merriment, eloquent silence.
APPENDIX
|
|
Functional styles of the modern Russian language
| No. p / p |
functional style |
Sphere of communication |
Style Genres |
Basic form of speech |
| scientific activity |
specialty textbooks, monograph, scientific article, abstract, abstract, synopsis, theses, term paper, lecture, thesis, dissertation, report |
written |
||
| Official business |
communication between citizens and institutions |
documents, business letters, reports, orders, orders, contracts, decrees, business conversations |
written |
|
| journalistic |
ideology, politics, agitation and mass activity |
parliamentary speech, reports, interview, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, information note |
written and oral |
|
| Literary and artistic |
verbally- artistic creativity |
novel, short story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad |
written |
|
| Colloquial |
communication between people at home |
conversations in the family, showdown, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote |
|
|
|
List of used literature:
Blokhina N.G. Modern Russian language. Text. Speech styles. A culture of speech: tutorial for universities / N.G. Blokhin. Tambov, 2006. 122 p.
Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language / I.B. Golub. - 2nd ed., Rev. M.: Rolf, 1999. 448 p.
