Complex sentence under the number 4. The order of syntactic analysis of a simple sentence

Engineering systems 20.09.2019

Engineering systems

§one. What is parsing, what are its specifics

Parsing is a complete grammatical characteristic of a syntactic unit:

phrases
simple sentence
complex sentence

In syntactic analysis, it is important to be able to distinguish between units of syntax, to realize that these are units of different levels, and to understand what features each of them is characterized by. Parsing requires not confusing a phrase and a simple sentence, as well as a simple and complex sentences, and knowing how to parse each of them.

§2. What you need to know and be able to do

Syntactic parsing requires knowledge and skills.

Need to know:

what is the difference between a phrase and a sentence
what is the difference between simple and complex sentences
how the phrase is built, and what they are (view by the main word)
syntactic links of words in a phrase: agreement, control, adjunction
what features characterize the sentence: the purpose of the statement, semantic and intonational completeness, the presence of a grammatical basis
what are the sentences according to the number of grammatical bases: simple, complex
what are simple sentences in terms of their structure: two-part, one-part (nominative, definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal)
what are complex sentences: by the nature of the syntactic connection of their parts: allied, non-union; allied: compound and complex subordinate)
what is the syntactic role of words in a sentence (analysis by sentence members)

Need to be able to:

determine to which syntactic units the given parsing unit belongs
highlight phrases in a sentence
find the main and dependent word in the phrase
determine the type of syntactic relationship
determine the grammatical basis of a sentence
determine the type of sentence by grammatical basis (two-part - one-part) and by the nature of the main member (for one-part sentences)
define sentence members
identify complicating components: homogeneous members, separations, introductory elements (introductory words and sentences, plug-in constructions), appeals, direct speech and citation
determine the number of parts in complex sentence
determine the type of syntactic connection and the type of a complex sentence

§3. The order of parsing syntactic units

phrase

1. Determine the main and dependent words, highlight the main thing, put a question to the dependent from it.
2. Determine the type of phrase by the main word: nominal, verbal, adverbial.
3. Determine the type of syntactic connection: agreement, control, adjacency.

Simple sentence

1. Analyze by the members of the sentence: underline all the members of the sentence, determine what (what part of speech) they are expressed by.
2. Give a description of the purpose of the statement:

narrative
interrogative
incentive

3. Give a description of the expressed emotions and intonation:

non-exclamatory
exclamatory

4. Determine the number of grammatical bases and determine the type of sentence by their number:

simple
complex

5. Give a description of the presence of the main members:

two-part
one-component

a) one-part with the main member of the subject: denominative
b) one-part with the main member of the predicate: definite-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal

6. Give a description of the presence of secondary members:

widespread
uncommon

7. Give a description in terms of completeness (the presence of members of the proposal that are necessary in meaning):

complete
incomplete

8. Determine the presence of complicating components:

uncomplicated
complicated:

a) homogeneous members of the proposal
b) separate members: definition (agreed - inconsistent), addition, circumstance
c) introductory words, introductory sentences and plug-in constructions
d) appeal
e) constructions with direct speech or quotation

Note:

When expressing separations by participles and participle turns, as well as comparative constructions, to characterize what exactly expresses the isolation

Difficult sentence

1. As in simple sentence, define the members of the sentence.
2. As in a simple sentence, give a description of the purpose of the statement:

narrative
interrogative
incentive

3. As in a simple sentence, describe the expressed emotions and intonation:

non-exclamatory
exclamatory

4. By the number of grammatical bases (more than one), determine that the sentence is complex.
5. Determine the type of syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence:

With allied connection
with unionless connection
with a combination of allied and allied connection

6. Determine the type of complex sentence and means of communication:

compound (: connecting, dividing, adversative, connecting, explanatory or gradational)
complex (: temporary, causal, conditional, target, consequences, concessive, comparative and explanatory, as well as allied words)
non-union (connection in meaning, expressed intonationally)

7. Determine the type of complex sentence (for example: complex with an explanatory clause).
8. Next, each part of the complex sentence is characterized (according to the scheme of a simple sentence - see the scheme for parsing a simple sentence, paragraphs 5-8)
9. Make a diagram of a complex sentence, reflecting

Syntax is the most complex section of the modern Russian language. At school, the syntactic analysis of a sentence almost always causes serious difficulties, since in the analysis it is necessary to use the previously acquired knowledge in a complex way: to be able to distinguish parts of speech, access information from the vocabulary, to navigate perfectly in the semantic load and functions of different members of the sentence, to correctly indicate simple sentences in the composition complex and define their role.

At school and university, there are different requirements for the syntactic analysis of a sentence. Schoolchildren usually designate parts of speech, and comment on each word during analysis. The requirement is due to the fact that for correct parsing it is necessary to know morphology well, the concepts of syntax and morphology should not be confused (there is a common mistake when parts of speech and members of a sentence are mixed). At the philological faculties of various higher educational institutions parsing schemes are individual: it depends on what educational complex is being trained, what are the available methodological developments at the department. When preparing for admission, the applicant will need to find out the requirements of a particular university, otherwise the analysis may be considered incorrect.

To correctly parse a sentence, you need to master a large amount of theory, be able to accurately use terms, and gain practical skills. Practice plays a particularly important role, so it is advisable to train regularly by analyzing sentences. different levels difficulties.

Strict requirements are imposed on parsing: it can only be done according to a clear scheme, without deviating from a given algorithm. Often it is also necessary to draw a graphic scheme of the sentence, reflecting in it the levels of division, the dependence of simple sentences on each other. Also, the members of the proposal are graphically highlighted different signs directly in the text (several types of subscripts).

General scheme for parsing a sentence
Exists general scheme, on which the syntactic parsing of the sentence is carried out. It varies depending on specific requirements, but the basic base remains the same.

The purpose of the statement is indicated: declarative, motivating, interrogative sentence.
At this stage, you should write how the sentence is in terms of intonation: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
The type of sentence is determined: simple or complex, consisting of several simple ones.
For complex sentences, you need to indicate the type of construction: simple (of the same type), complex (different types of connections between simple sentences as part of a complex one).
The type of connection of proposals is indicated: allied, allied.
There are two types of allied sentences: compound and complex.
For a complex sentence, the type of the subordinate clause is determined: attributive, explanatory, adverbial, adjunctive;
It is necessary to indicate the type of circumstance subordinate clause:
- mode of action;
- places;
- time;
- terms;
- measures and degrees;
- comparisons;
- concessions;
- consequences;
- goals;
- the reasons.
If the sentence is complex, a description of the connection of parts in the complex is performed. The parts are numbered, all types of communication are indicated (unionless and allied, subordinating and coordinating), if necessary, division into levels is made.
Then they proceed to the characteristics of each simple sentence, indicating its number.
The analysis of a simple sentence continues to indicate the presence of main members: one-part or two-part.
In a one-part sentence, its type is determined: nominal, generalized-personal, impersonal, definite-personal or indefinitely-personal.
At this stage, you need to write the type of predicate: PGS (simple verbal predicate), CGS (compound verbal predicate) or SIS (compound nominal predicate).
Now it is necessary to determine the presence of minor members: common (there are minor members), non-common (there are no minor members).
At this point in the analysis, it is indicated whether the sentence is complicated, what exactly it is complicated by.
At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to determine the type of sentence in terms of completeness: complete or incomplete. Incomplete sentences are those in which the main or secondary members are omitted, but they can be easily restored from the context.

You will also need to graphically designate the members and boundaries of sentences in the text, draw diagrams, indicating in them the numbers of sentences, unions, asking questions to subordinate clauses from the main ones.

Ways of expressing sentence members
Knowing how to express the members of a sentence will help you parse the sentence correctly without confusing parts of it. Often, school students find it difficult to even determine the main members of a sentence, since there are a number of difficulties, and generally accepted stereotypes make it difficult to correctly find the basis and accurately analyze the secondary members.

It must be remembered that different parts of speech have practically unlimited possibilities and can be almost any part of the sentence, with rare exceptions. Often, students get used to the fact that the subject is a noun, and the predicate is a verb. Not seeing the appropriate parts of speech in a sentence, they find themselves in a difficult position and do not know how to parse it by composition. In fact, it is impossible to conclude analysis in such a framework.

Subject answers questions of the nominative case and is expressed different parts speech: nouns, pronouns, numerals. The subject can also be expressed:

adjective (red is my favorite color);
a participle that has turned into a noun (the others were silent);
union (and - connecting union);
an indefinite form of the verb (for example, an indefinite form of a verb with a noun in the accusative case: having a doctor in the house is a serious advantage).

Predicate answers the questions: what does the object do? what happens to the subject? what is the subject? what is he?

To differentiate different types predicates, it is important to remember the lexical and grammatical meaning of words. Lexical meaning reflects the meaning of the word, and grammatical contains grammatical categories(for example, mood, tense, number and gender of the verb). Types of predicates:

PGS: the predicate is expressed in the personal form of the verb, in which the GZ and LZ coincide. Sometimes PGS is expressed by a phraseological unit containing a conjugated verb form.
GHS: Must consist of at least two words. Each word has its own meaning: the infinitive of the verb ( lexical meaning) and modal or phase link (grammatical meaning). The phase link indicates the phase of the action, and the modal link reflects the attitude towards the action. The link can be expressed in words reflecting the assessment of the action, desirability, necessity, short adjectives.
SIS: must consist of at least two words. Nominal part (LZ) and formal or semi-significant copula (GZ). A more common formal link is the verb to be. All nominal parts of speech, adverbs, phrases act as a nominal part. Semi-significant connectives are verbs to become, to become, to be, to seem, and others; verbs of state, movement.

Definitions answer questions what? whose? They are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

The agreed definition is easy to recognize, it is expressed by a pronoun-adjective, adjective, participle, ordinal number. The main thing is not to confuse it with the nominal part of the SIS.
An inconsistent definition is usually expressed by nouns in oblique cases, but sometimes it becomes adverbs, phrases, infinitives, adjectives of comparative degrees. There are also inconsistent application-definitions.

Addition answers the questions of indirect cases. Most often expressed as a noun.

Circumstance answers to general question as? Expressed by adverbs and nouns. Circumstances are divided into categories:

circumstance of time;
places;
mode of action;
the reasons;
comparisons;
concessions;
terms;
goals;
measures and degrees.

It is necessary to take into account the nuances of the expression of the members of the sentence by different parts of speech in order to correctly perform the syntactic analysis of the sentence.

Types of subordinate clauses
Analyzing complex sentence, it is important to correctly determine the type of the subordinate clause. It can be circumstantial, explanatory and attributive.

Subordinate explanatory sentences answer the questions of indirect cases. Unions, allied words act as means of communication.
Subordinate attributive clauses refer to a noun, join with the help of allied words, sometimes unions, answer the questions of whose? which?
Adverbial adverbial clauses differ depending on the category:
- PO places answer questions where? where? where? join with allied words;
- How long do they answer questions? how long? when? for how long? Joining with the help of unions is common only, when, bye, as soon as, etc .;
- ON measures and degrees answer the questions to what extent? how much ?, refer to a word expressing a concept that can have a degree of manifestation;
- The course of action software answers the question how?, in main part you can insert words in this way, so;
- ON conditions answer the question under what condition ?, connecting unions - when, if, how soon;
- ON reasons reveal the question why ?, unions due to the fact that, since, because, due to the fact that;
- By purpose: questions for what purpose? why? etc. Unions if only to, in order to;
- ON consequence: the consequence follows from the first part, the union so;
- ON concessions: questions in spite of what? in spite of what? Unions let, for nothing, despite the fact that;
- Comparative software: questions like what? like what? Unions as if, as if, exactly, as;
Adjunctive clauses do not answer questions, do not express the semantic relations of the circumstance, but provide additional information to the main part. Communication means: allied words ( relative pronouns what, where, where, when, how, why, wherefore, what for).

In polynomial sentences, the type of subordination must be indicated. It can be sequential: the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main one, the second subordinate clause is subordinate to the first, and so on. At parallel subordination subordinate clauses depend on the main clause, but answer different questions. When the subordination is homogeneous, the subordinate clauses depend on one main word, answer one question.
Universities mainly analyze polynomial sentences, therefore, they distinguish the levels of division, the connections between them, indicate all the blocks and the features of their relationship with each other, and draw complex diagrams. At school, they usually limit themselves to sentences consisting of two to four simple ones.

Parsing is one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language program. Many do not understand at all what parsing is and what it is for. It is this analysis that allows you to see the structure of the sentence, and this, in turn, increases the level of punctuation literacy. You can parse a phrase, a simple sentence and different types complex sentences.

Parsing a phrase

First, from the sentence it is necessary to isolate the phrase of interest to us from the context. Secondly, it is necessary to determine which word is the main one and which is dependent. Determine which part of speech each is. Name the type of syntactic connection inherent in this phrase (coordination, adjacency or control).

The parsing of a phrase is a relatively simple parse in the syntax section. Let's give an example of parsing the phrase "speaks well". In this phrase, the main word is "says". Says how? Complicated. "Complicated" is a dependent word. The main word "says" is a present tense verb in indicative mood, third person, singular. "Complicated" is an adverb. The type of connection in the phrase is adjunction.

Sentence parsing

In this part of the article, we will try to explain in an accessible way what the parsing of a sentence is and what stages it consists of. Syntactic parsing of a sentence is an analysis aimed at studying the structure of a sentence and the relationships between its components. Parsing consists of several sequential operations.

Simple Sentence Analysis Scheme

It is necessary to determine what the sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. All sentences in this regard are divided into narrative, interrogative and incentive. If there is an exclamation mark at the end of the sentence, you must note this and indicate that the sentence is also an exclamation point.
Find the grammatical basis of the sentence.
Describe the structure of the sentence. One-part - only the predicate or only the subject in the grammatical basis. In this case, indicate what kind of sentence it is: definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal or nominal. A sentence can be two-part - there is both a subject and a predicate. Indicate whether the proposal is non-common or widespread, that is, whether there are additions, definitions, circumstances in the proposal. If they are (minor members), then the proposal is common; if not, uncommon. You also need to indicate whether the proposal is complete or incomplete. If incomplete, then you need to indicate which particular member of the sentence is missing in it.
Determine if the sentence is complicated or uncomplicated. Complicated is the sentence in which there are homogeneous members, applications, appeals, introductory words.
Determine what part of the sentence each word is and what part of speech they are expressed.
If there are punctuation marks in the sentence, explain their placement.

Now we will explain what the parsing of a simple sentence is, using the example of the sentence: "The girl was sunbathing on the beach and listening to music."

Narrative, non-exclamatory.
Grammatical basis: girl - subject, sunbathing - predicate, listening - predicate.
Bipartite, common, complete.
The sentence is complicated by homogeneous predicates.
The girl is the subject expressed by the noun wives. kind in units hours and them. case; sunbathed - a predicate expressed by a past tense verb in singular. hours and wives. kind; on - preposition; beach - a circumstance expressed by the noun husband. kind in units number and suggestions. case; and - connecting union; listened - a predicate expressed by the verb of the past tense in units. hours and wives. kind; music is a direct object expressed by a feminine noun in singular. number and blames. case.

Using the example of parsing a phrase and a simple sentence, we explained to you what syntactic parsing is. There are also syntactic analyzes of complex sentences.

In Russian, the process of syntactic analysis is the sequential comparison of words with the selection of a certain subset from the set of all words. The result is a syntactic order, which is used in conjunction with lexical analysis. Syntactic analysis makes it possible to analyze the structure of a sentence, which increases the level of punctuation literacy.

Parsing is acceptable in both simple and complex sentences, as well as in phrases. Each example has its own scenario of analysis, which emphasizes the inherent components. In syntactic analysis, it is necessary to be able to isolate a phrase from sentences, as well as determine whether the sentence is simple or complex. In addition, you should understand how the phrase is built and assign a link type to it. There are such types of communication: coordination, adjacency, control. When parsing, we need to select the phrase we want in the sentence, then set the main word. The next step is to determine the tense, mood, and person and number of the main word. As for the analysis of a simple sentence, it is necessary to initially determine it according to the purpose of the statement, namely, whether it is narrative, motivating or interrogative. Then you need to find the subject and predicate. The next step is to determine the type of proposal - it is one-part or two-part. After we find out the presence in the sentence of words in addition to the subject and predicate, which will allow us to say whether it is common or not common. Next will be the establishment - a complete or incomplete sentence. Consider this example: "I have not listened to music more beautiful than Beethoven." We will consider the proposal simple. Endowed with one grammatical basis - "I did not listen." "I" is the subject, personal pronoun. “I didn’t listen” is a simple verb, a predicate, which includes the particle “not”. The sentence contains the following secondary members "music" - an addition expressed by a noun. “More beautiful” is a definition expressed by an adjective in a comparative degree. "Beethoven" - addition, noun. Now you can characterize this sentence - it is narrative, not exclamatory; in structure - simple, since there is one grammatical basis; two-part - there are both main members; common - after all, it contains secondary members; complete - no missing members. There are also no homogeneous members in the proposal.

The order of parsing can be different. Sometimes it is required to characterize a complex sentence as a whole, and sometimes it is required to analyze its parts, which are organized as simple sentences. Let's consider a variant of a more detailed syntactic analysis. First, we define the sentence according to the purpose of the statement. Then look at the intonation. After that, you should find simple sentences as part of a complex one and determine their foundations. Next, we highlight the means of communication between the parts of the complex sentence and indicate the type of sentence by means of communication. We determine the presence of secondary members in each part of a complex sentence and indicate whether the parts are common or non-common. In the next step, we note the presence homogeneous members or appeals.

Using the sequence and rules of parsing, it will not be difficult to make a correct parsing of a sentence, although in terms of parsing speed, a good sixth grader will most likely outrun you.

When working with various texts, many need to parse a sentence according to its composition. The implementation of such an analysis usually implies that a person has the appropriate philological knowledge that can help in the correct analysis of the text he needs. At the same time, there are also services in the network that perform online sentence parsing operations. After a thorough study of the rules for parsing different offers In terms of composition, I decided to present all my achievements in this article.

At the beginning, I note that the expression “parsing a sentence by composition” is somewhat incorrect, since words are usually parsed by composition, and what interests us in this case, is called "sentence parsing".

In this case, the specified parsing (in school it is also called “parsing by members”) is usually performed as follows:

Decide which sentence to be analyzed according to the purpose of his statement (declarative, interrogative, or has an incentive character);
Indicate the emotional coloring of the sentence (it is exclamatory or not exclamatory);
Mark the number of grammatical bases in this sentence (if the sentence is simple - then one basis, if complex - two or more);

If the sentence is simple:

Simple sentence example:

“It was an extraordinary autumn day!”

After parsing, we can see that this sentence is declarative, exclamatory, simple, two-part, complete, not complicated.

If the sentence is complex:

Decide on the connection in a complex sentence - allied or non-union;
Indicate the connection used in the sentence - intonation, subordinating, coordinating;
Indicate the type of complex sentence - non-union, compound, compound.

Complex sentence example:

"There were roses and lilies in the bouquet, but she liked tulips more."

After syntactic analysis of this sentence, we can see that this sentence has a narrative character, not an exclamation, complex, has an allied connection, compound. The first sentence here is two-part, the grammatical basis is the words “roses and lilies were”, it is common, and complicated by homogeneous subjects.

The second sentence in this complex sentence is two-part, its grammatical basis is the words “I liked tulips”, the sentence is common and not complicated.

Services for parsing proposals by composition online

Due to the richness of grammatical structures, and the complexity of creating a powerful network tool for parsing text, the services presented on the network (of which there are few) have rather weak capabilities for conducting a full-fledged parsing of sentences. However, I would highlight the following resources:

Seosin.ru

Among the Russian-language resources for online semantic analysis (de facto, they are practically not represented), I would single out the seosin.ru service. It allows you to identify syntactic and morphological errors, demonstrates the general associativity of the text, and performs other types of analysis. Unfortunately, the service does not always work stably; dysfunctions are often observed in its work.

To work with this service, go to the site seosin.ru.
Enter your proposal in the appropriate box, and click on "Analyze".

Lexisrex.com

lovers of English language the powerful linguistic resource lexisrex.com can help with parsing. Its capabilities allow you to analyze the proposal by its members. At the same time, this site also has other auxiliary tools for the implementation various kinds linguistic analysis online.

To access this resource, please log in to lexisrex.com.
Paste your proposal into the appropriate box and click on the "Analyze" button.

Forums of linguists

In syntactic parsing of a sentence online, you can turn to the help of the "human factor" and go to various forums of linguists (level gramota.turbotext.ru, rusforus.ru and analogues). Register there, ask your question, and they will definitely help you.

Conclusion

Network resources that allow analysis of proposals by composition are rather scarce, which is associated with the difficulties of creating such resources. However, there are several such tools on the web (most of them are in English) that make it easy to carry out the text analysis we need. Use the functionality of these services to parse the right suggestions, and parsing online.

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