How to find a complex sentence with sequential subordination. Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses

Polynomial complex sentences (with several subordinate clauses)

Punctuation marks in complex sentences

Plan

1. Polynomial NGN with clauses related to one main:

a) homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses;

b) heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.

2. Polynomial SPP with sequential subordination.

3. Punctuation marks in NGN.

4. Syntactic analysis of polynomial NGN.

Literature

1. Valgina N.S Syntax of the modern Russian language: [Textbook. for universities on special "Journalism"] / N.S. Valgin. - M.: Higher School, 1991. - 431 p.

2. Beloshapkova V.A. Modern Russian language: Syntax / V.A. Beloshapkova, V.N. Belousov, E.A. Bryzgunov. – M.: Azbukovnik, 2002. – 295 p.

3. Pospelov N.S. Complex sentence and its structural types / N.S. Pospelov // Questions of linguistics. - 1959. - No. 2. – pp. 19-27

Complex sentences may have not one, but several subordinate clauses.

Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are two main types:

1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main sentence (homogeneous and heterogeneous, that is, parallel subordination);

2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc. (successive subordination).

I. Clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.

With this subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main part or to the entire main clause, answer the same question and belong to the same type of subordinate clauses. Between themselves, homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected by coordinating unions or union-free (only with the help of intonation). The connections of homogeneous clauses with the main clause and between themselves resemble the connections of homogeneous members of the sentence.

For example:

[I came to you with greetings tell what?], (that the sun has risen), (that it trembled with hot light on the sheets). (A. Fet.)

[That , (who lives the real life), (who has been accustomed to poetry since childhood),forever believes in the life-giving, full of reason Russian language]. (N. Zabolotsky.)

[At the end of May, the young bear was drawn to her relatives. places which? ],( where she was born) and ( where the months of childhood were so memorable).

In a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination, the second subordinate clause may not have a subordinating conjunction.

For example: ( If there is water) and ( there won't be any fish in it), [I don't trust water]. (M. Prishvin.) [ Let's shudder], (if suddenly a bird flies) or ( elk trumpets in the distance). (Yu. Drunina.)

2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (or with parallel subordination). With such subordination, the subordinate clauses include:

a) to different words of the main sentence, or one part to the whole main, and the other to one of its words;

b) to one word or to the entire main clause, but they answer different questions and are different types of subordinate clauses.

For example: ( When I have a new book in my hands), [I feel], (that something living, speaking, wonderful came into my life). (M. Gorky.)

(If we turn to the best examples of prose), [then we will make sure], (that they are full of genuine poetry). (K. Paustovsky.)

[From the world (which is called children's), door leading to space], (where they dine and drink tea) (Chekhov).

II. Complex sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.

This type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the clauses form a chain: the first clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second clause refers to the clause of the 1st degree (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree) etc.

For example: [ Young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back tears], (because they were afraid of their father), (who was also somewhat embarrassed), (though I tried not to show it). (N. Gogol)

The specificity of the subordinate parts in this case is that each of them is subordinate in relation to the previous one and main in relation to the next one.

For example: Often in autumn I would closely watch falling leaves to catch that imperceptible split second when a leaf separates from a branch and begins to fall to the ground.(Paustovsky).

With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause can be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinating conjunctions nearby: what and if, what and when, what and since, etc.

For example: [ The water crashed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers ran below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).

There are also complex sentences with a combined type of subordination of subordinate clauses.

For example: ( When the chaise left the yard), [he (Chichikov) looked back and saw], (that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and, as it seemed, was peering, wanting to know), (where the guest will go). (Gogol)

This is a complex sentence with parallel and sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.

The section of the science of our language, dedicated to the structure of sentences, is fraught with a lot of interesting things, and parsing can be an exciting activity for those who are well versed in the rules of the Russian language. Today we will touch on the syntax and punctuation of a complex sentence, in particular the case when there is not one subordinate clause, but several. What are the types of subordination and why is a sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses interesting? About everything in order.

Complex sentence and its parts

Complicated (C / P) is such a complex sentence in which it is possible to distinguish the main part (it carries the main semantic load) and the subordinate clause (it is dependent on the main part, you can ask a question to it). There can be two or more adnexal parts, and they can be attached to the main, main part in different ways. There is a consistent, homogeneous, heterogeneous, parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. To find out the type of subordination, you need to pay attention to whether the dependent parts answer the same question or different ones, refer to the same word in the main part or to different ones. We will consider the material in more detail in the next section.

Types of subordination of subordinate clauses

So, there are four types of submission.

• Sequential subordination - subordinate parts depend sequentially on each other, and one of them depends on the main one. I know (about what?) what to do (for what?) to get there (where?) where I need.
• Homogeneous - subordinate clauses answer the same question and refer to the same word. I asked (about what?) what time it is, where we are and how to get to the airport. There are three subordinate (dependent) parts in this sentence, all of them refer to the word "asked" and answer the question "about what?".
• Heterogeneous subordination - subordinate parts also refer to the same word, but questions are asked about them differently. I have to go to this city (why should I?) to fulfill all my plans (why should I?) because there are a lot of things to do.
• Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses - dependent parts refer to different words of the main sentence and answer completely different questions. (For what?) In order to catch the train, I have to leave the house early for the station (what?), which is located in another part of the city.

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses

What is the difference between different types of submission, we found out. By the way, in some sources, heterogeneous parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is distinguished as one species. This is because in both cases the questions to the dependent parts are different.

If the sentence is complex with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses, then most often one dependent part is located before the main one, and the second after.
It is necessary to highlight the main, main part of the sentence, determine the number of subordinate clauses and ask questions to them. Only in this way will we be convinced that we really have a parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the questions are different, and we will ask them from different words, then the subordination is really parallel. When I went out into the street, I suddenly remembered that I had been going to visit my friend for a long time. In this sentence, from the predicate of the main part "remembered" we ask a question "when?" to the first subordinate clause, and from the complement "About" ask a question "about what?" to the second. So, in this case, a parallel method of subordination is used.

To be able to determine the boundaries of parts of a sentence and correctly ask questions from the main part is necessary in order not to make mistakes when arranging punctuation marks. Remember that subordinate parts are separated from the main part by commas, which are placed before the union or allied word that connects parts of a complex sentence.

Summing up

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of the four types of subordination in Russian. To determine the type of subordination, you need to highlight simple sentences as part of a complex subordinate, determine the main part and ask questions from it to dependent ones. If the question is the same, then this is a homogeneous subordination, if different from the same word - heterogeneous, if different questions from different words - parallel, and if the question can only be asked to one subordinate clause, and from it to another, and so on, then we have a consistent submission.

Be smart!

Among complex sentences with several subordinate clauses in structure, complex sentences are distinguished

• with consistent submission
• with uniform subordination
• with parallel submission.

Subordination is when two or more subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main clause.

• With uniform submission subordinate parts not only explain the main part, but are also subordinate clauses of the same type.

With homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, commas are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of a sentence. If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by repeating unions, then a comma is placed between them, and is not put if the unions are non-repeating.

• When in complex sentences different clauses belong to the same member of the main part or in which the same clauses explain different words in the main part, they are sentences with parallel submission.

Example: A person, when he is excessively tired, it seems that he will oversleep for who knows how long.

• Sequential submission- this is a sequence of subordinate clauses, in which each subsequent clause is associated with the previous clause, and only the first clause is associated with the main clause.

With the successive subordination of the subordinate clauses, unions may appear what and if, what and when, etc. A comma is placed between the unions, if there is no further second part of the union, then or so, for example: He warned that if the fire is not put out now, the flame will spread to roof. It is acceptable that there is no subordinating conjunction before the second subordinate clause.

Combined submission- these are various combinations of a subordinate connection in one complex sentence.

Types of subordinate parts in a complex sentence

• defining

Refers to a noun or to a noun phrase with the demonstrative words that, such. Answers the question what?

• pronominal-defining

Refers to the pronouns that, each, everyone; everything, such, such. Answers the questions; who? which? what?

• explanatory

Refers to a verb of thought, speech, perception, or a noun in combination with the demonstrative word that. Answers case questions.

• Connecting

Applies to the entire main body.

• Concessionary

Relates to the entire main part

Punctuation rules

If there is one allied word in an incomplete subordinate clause, then it is not separated from the main comma, for example: I want to help you, but I don't know how.

If the subordinate clause at the end of a complex sentence is an indirect question, the question mark is not put (unless, of course, the main thing is interrogative), for example: Specify which of the definitions are isolated.

A comma is not put if homogeneous clauses are connected by connecting or separating unions, for example: As someone sentenced to death and confident in the impossibility of pardon.

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of three types of subordination of secondary (or dependent) parts in Each type has its own subtleties and tricks, knowing which you can easily determine this type.

Homogeneous, sequential and parallel subordination of subordinate clauses

All three types characterize the order in which the answer to the question posed from the main part of the sentence occurs. It is worth noting that there can be (and most often happens) several accessory parts and they can stand both in front of the main part and after it.

Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is such subordination when all minor parts answer the same question. As a rule, such clauses have one common union or For example: "Mom told me that everything would be fine and that she would buy me a doll." In this case, one common union "what" can be seen. However, there are also cases when the union is omitted, but it is implied. An example is the following sentence: "Nastya noticed that he was looking at her and he had a blush on his cheeks." In this version, the union is omitted, but the meaning remains the same. It is very important to clearly see this omitted conjunction, as such sentences are often found on the exam.

Sequential subordination of subordinate clauses is such a subordination when minor members answer the question of their "predecessor", That is, questions are asked from each part of the sentence to the next member. For example: "I am sure that if I get an excellent score, then I will enter a good educational institution." The sequence is clearly expressed here: I am sure (of what?), that ..., then (what will happen?).

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is a type of subordination when the secondary parts belong to one They do not answer one question, but together they explain the meaning of the main statement. It is desirable to make schemes of this kind in order not to make a mistake in determining the type. So, submissions: "When the cat jumped out of the window, Masha pretended that nothing terrible had happened." So, the main part is the middle of the sentence (and from it you can ask a question both to the first subordinate clause and to the second one): Masha pretended (when?) And (what happened then?). It is worth noting that a simple complex sentence will not contain any of the above types of subordination. As a rule, they are built only on between parts.

Thus, we can conclude that in a complex sentence, dependent parts have three types of attachment: homogeneous, sequential and parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. Each type defines a dependency on the main member and a relationship with the same minor parts. To correctly determine this type, it is enough just to correctly ask a question and draw diagrams of complex sentences, marking these very questions with arrows. After a visual drawing, everything will immediately become clear.

In this form of NGN, simple sentences form a kind of chain: From the main sentence we ask the question of the 2nd subordinate clause, from the second we ask the question of the 3rd.

In the following examples, questions to the next clause will be put in brackets.

And Nikolai went to the service (why?) so that no one would say that he did not like his job (what?), which he really did not like.

NGN with a comma at the junction of 2 unions has a consistent subordination.

He said that when father comes, let's go to the park. (The proposal is analyzed below.)

Analysis: He said (what?) -> let's go to the park (when?) -> when father comes.

Unionless proposal

Associative compound sentence

Associative compound sentence- this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of unions or allied words: [Habit over us given]: [replacement happiness she is](A. Pushkin).

Semantic relations between simple sentences in allied and non-union complex sentences are expressed differently. In allied sentences, unions take part in their expression, therefore the semantic relations here are more definite and clear. For example, union so expresses the consequence because- the reason if- condition, but- opposition, etc.

Types of complex non-union proposals.

The classification of types of non-union sentences according to lexical meaning is the most widespread. In accordance with this, the following SBPs are distinguished:

- explanatory SBPs:

Something incomprehensible was happening on the street: an incredible noise was suddenly heard.

- SBP with sequence value:

The spring sun peeked out from behind the clouds, warming up quickly.

- additional SBP:

He decided to go to work: it was necessary to go instead of a sick partner.

- SBP with condition value:

I will return home - I will expel all the accustomed.

- SBP with cause value:

There was a sound of the opening door: Vika returned from school.

- SBP with time value:

The sun rose and the birds chirped merrily.

- SBP with matching value:

Business time - fun hour.

- SBP with the meaning of the consequence:

The TV broke down: there was a power surge.

Direct speech and its design in writing.

Making direct speech

1. Direct speech must be quoted.

3. If direct speech precedes the words of the author, then a comma and a dash should be placed after it. In the event that direct speech contains an exclamation or a question, then a question or exclamation mark and a dash should be placed after it. In all cases, the words of the author should begin with a capital letter. Direct speech sentences:

"I won't give you to anyone," Anton whispered excitedly.

"Who's there?" Pashka asked in fear.

"Let's run faster!" Seryozha shouted.

2. If it is supposed to put a dot at the place where direct speech breaks, then after direct speech it is necessary to put a comma and a dash, and after the author's words - a dot and a dash. In this case, the second part should be written with a capital letter. The format of direct speech in this case looks like this.