Sequential subordination of clauses - what is it? A sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses.

Those with subordinate clauses are divided into several groups. There are three of them. In speech, there may be a complex expression with a homogeneous subordination of clauses, heterogeneous (parallel) and sequential. Further in the article, we will consider the features of one of these categories. What is a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of clauses?

General information

Homogeneous subordination of clauses (examples of such constructions will be given below) is an expression in which each part refers to the main element or to a specific word in it. The latter option occurs if the add-on only distributes a certain portion of the main. Sentences with homogeneous subordination of clauses have a number of features. So, the spreading elements are of the same type, that is, they answer the same question. Usually they are connected with each other by creative unions. If they have the meaning of enumeration, then the connection is non-union, as well as for homogeneous members. That, in general, is what the homogeneous subordination of clauses means.

Communication in context

1. The quiet boys looked after the car / 1, until it drove behind the intersection / 2, until the dust raised by it dissipated / 3, until it turned into a ball of dust / 4.

Once in the hospital, he recalled how they were suddenly attacked by the Nazis, and how everyone was surrounded, and how the detachment managed to get to their own.

3. If the conjunctions "whether ... or" are used as repeating constructions (in the example you can change to whether), the homogeneous subordinate clauses associated with them are separated by a comma.

It was impossible to tell if it was a fire or if the moon was beginning to rise. - It was impossible to understand whether it was a fire, whether the moon was beginning to rise.

Combined joint structures

A sentence with numerous homogeneous subordination of clauses occurs in several variants. So, perhaps together for example. For this reason, when analyzing, you do not need to immediately draw up a general scheme or rush to place punctuation marks.

Context analysis

Homogeneous subordination of clauses is dealt with according to a certain scheme.

1. Highlighting grammatical foundations, consider the number of simple elements that make up the structure.

2. They designate all and union words and, based on this, establish the subordinate clause and the main sentence.

3. The main element is determined for all additional ones. As a result, pairs are formed: main-clause.

4. Based on the construction of the vertical scheme, the nature of the subordination of the subordinate structures is determined. It can be parallel, sequential, homogeneous, combined type.

5. A horizontal diagram is built, based on which punctuation marks are placed.

Parsing a proposal

Example: The dispute is that if your king is here for three days, then you are unconditionally obligated to do what I tell you, and if he does not stay, then any order that you give me will be carried out by me.

1. This complex sentence contains seven simple ones: The dispute is / 1 that / 2 if your king will be here for three days / 3 then you are unconditionally obliged to do what / 2 I tell you / 4 a / if he does not stay / 5 then any order / 6 that you give me / 7.

1) the dispute is;

2) if your king is here for three days;

3) something ... then you are unconditionally obligated to do that;

4) what will I tell you;

5) if he does not stay;

6) then any order will be executed by me;

7) which you give me.

2. The main sentence is the first (the dispute is), the rest are clauses. Only the sixth sentence raises a question (then I will carry out any order).

3. This complex sentence is divided into the following pairs:

1-> 2: the dispute is that ... then you are unconditionally obligated to do that;

2-> 3: you are unconditionally obligated to fulfill if your king is here for three days;

2-> 4: you are unconditionally obligated to do what I tell you;

6-> 5: I will carry out any order if it does not remain;

6-> 7: I will carry out any order you give me.

Possible difficulties

In the given example, it is somewhat difficult to understand what type of the sixth sentence is. In this situation, you need to look at the compositional union "a". In a complex sentence, unlike a subordinate connecting element, it may not be next to the sentence related to it. Based on this, it is necessary to understand what simple elements this union connects. For this, only sentences containing oppositions are left, and the rest are removed. Such parts are 2 and 6. But since sentence 2 refers to clauses, then 6 should also be like that, since it is associated with a compositional conjunction with 2. It's easy to check. It is enough to insert a union that has a sentence 2, and connect it 6 with the main one related to 2. Example: The dispute is that I will carry out any order. Based on this, we can say that in both cases there is a homogeneous subordination of clauses, only in 6 the union "what" is omitted.

Conclusion

It turns out that this sentence is complexly subordinate with homogeneously related clauses (2 and 6 sentences), in parallel (3-4, 5-7) and sequentially (2-3, 2-4, 6-5, 6-7). To place punctuation marks, you need to define the boundaries of simple elements. This takes into account the possible combination of several unions at the border of proposals.

The section of the science about our language, devoted to the structure of sentences, is fraught with a lot of interesting things, and parsing can be an exciting activity for those who are well versed in the rules of the Russian language. Today we will touch on the syntax and punctuation of a complex sentence, in particular the case when there is not one subordinate part, but several. What are the types of subordination and what is interesting about a sentence with parallel subordination of clauses? Everything in order.

Complex sentence and its parts

A complex sentence (S / P) is called such a complex sentence in which it is possible to single out the main part (it carries the main semantic load) and the subordinate clause (it depends on the main part, you can ask a question to it). There can be two or more than two accessory parts, and they can be attached to the main, main part in different ways. There is a sequential, homogeneous, heterogeneous, parallel subordination of clauses. To find out the type of subordination, you need to pay attention to whether the dependent parts answer the same question or different ones, refer to the same word in the main part or to different ones. We'll take a closer look at the material in the next section.

Types of subordination of clauses

So, there are four types of subordination.

• Sequential subordination - the subordinate parts depend sequentially on each other, and one of them depends on the main one. I know (about what?) What to do (for what?) To get there (where?) Where I need.
• Homogeneous - subordinate clauses answer the same question and refer to the same word. I asked (about what?) What time is it, where are we and how to get to the airport... This sentence has three subordinate (dependent) parts, they all refer to the word "asked" and answer the question "about what?".
• Heterogeneous subordination - subordinate clauses also refer to the same word, but different questions are asked to them. I have to go to this city (why should I?) In order to fulfill all my plans, (why should I?) Because a lot of things have accumulated.
• Parallel subordination of clauses - dependent parts refer to different words of the main sentence and answer completely different questions. (For what?) To catch the train, I have to leave early from home to the train station (which one?), Which is located in another part of the city.

Parallel subordination of clauses

What is the difference between different types of subordination, we found out. By the way, in some sources, heterogeneous parallel subordination of clauses is distinguished as one type. This happens because in both cases different questions are posed to the dependent parts.

If a sentence is complexly subordinated with parallel subordination of clauses, then most often one dependent part is located before the main one, and the second - after.
It is necessary to highlight the main, main part of the sentence, determine the number of clauses and ask questions about them. Only in this way will we be convinced that we have a really parallel subordination of clauses. If the questions are different, and we will ask them from different words, then the subordination is really parallel. When I went outside, I suddenly remembered that I was going to visit my friend a long time ago. In this sentence from the predicate of the main part "remembered" we ask a question "when?" to the first clause, and from the addition "About" we ask a question "about what?"to the second. So, in this case, a parallel method of subordination is used.

To be able to determine the boundaries of the parts of the sentence and correctly ask questions from the main part is necessary in order not to make mistakes in the placement of punctuation marks. Remember that the subordinate clauses are separated from the main commas, which are placed before the union or union word connecting parts of a complex sentence.

Let's summarize

Parallel subordination of clauses is one of the four types of subordination in Russian. To determine the type of subordination, you need to select simple sentences in the complex subordinate, determine the main part and ask questions from it to the addicts. If the question is the same, then this is homogeneous subordination, if different from the same word are heterogeneous, if different questions from different words are parallel, and if the question can be asked only to one subordinate clause, and from it to another, and so on, then before us is consistent submission.

Be literate!

In this chapter:

§one. Types of subordination in NGN with multiple clauses

There can be more than one subordinate clause in the NGN. In this case, it is important to understand how all the parts of a complex sentence are related to each other, what obeys what. Three types are possible:

1) consistent subordination,
2) parallel subordination,
3) homogeneous subordination.

Consistent submission

With consistent subordination, a chain of sentences is formed: the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause, the second subordinate clause is subordinate to the first subordinate clause, etc. With this type of subordination, each subordinate clause is the main one for the subsequent subordinate clause.

I am afraid that Anna will be late for the exam, which is due to start early in the morning.

Scheme: [...], (union what...), (union word which the…).

With successive subordination, the subordinate clause related to the main one is called the subordinate clause of the first degree, and the next subordinate clause is called the subordinate clause of the second degree, etc.

Parallel subordination

If subordinate clauses of different types belong to one main clause, then parallel subordination is formed. In this type of subordination, both subordinate clauses refer to one main one. It is important that these clauses are of different types and they answer different questions.

When the teacher came in, the guys stood up to greet her.

Scheme: (union word when...), [...], (union to …).

Uniform subordination

If the subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main clause or the entire main clause as a whole, then a homogeneous subordination is formed. With homogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses answer the same question.

I suddenly felt how the tension subsided and how light it became in my soul.

Scheme: [...], (union how...) and (union how …).

Clauses of explanatory clauses are similar to homogeneous members of a sentence, they are connected with each other by a union and... Both clauses refer to the clause in the main clause. There is no comma between them.

It is important that with homogeneous subordination, conjunctions or union words can be omitted, which is typical for sentences with several subordinate clauses.

Test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that there can be more than one subordinate clause in the NGN?

2. What is the name of subordination when the first clause is subordinate to the main clause, the second to the first, etc.?

   • consistent submission
   • homogeneous subordination
   • parallel submission

3. What is the name of subordination when different types of subordinate clauses belong to the same main clause?

   • consistent submission
   • homogeneous subordination
   • parallel submission

4. What is the name of subordination when the subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main clause or the entire main clause as a whole?

   • consistent submission
   • homogeneous subordination
   • parallel submission

5. When the performance was over, the children clapped so that the artists felt their gratitude.?

   • consistent submission
   • parallel submission
   • homogeneous subordination

6. What is submission in a sentence: I think that in the next episode the hero will save the girl he is in love with.?

   • consistent submission
   • parallel submission
   • homogeneous subordination

7. What is submission in a sentence: I heard the door slam and the people in the hallway started talking.?

   • consistent submission
   • parallel submission
   • homogeneous subordination

8. What is submission in a sentence: I think that my brother will be happy with my gift and that I have made a very good choice.?

   • consistent submission
   • parallel submission
   • homogeneous subordination

Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses there are two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main sentence; 2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc.

I. Clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.

1. Homogeneous subordinate clauses, like homogeneous terms, they have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main sentence. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by compositional unions or non-union (only with the help of intonation). For example:

1) [But sad to think], (which is in vain was US youth is given), (what changed she's all the hour), (what cheated US she) ... (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (union what),(union what),(union what)...

2) [Dersu said], (what these are not clouds, but fog) and what tomorrow it will be a sunny day and even hot) (V. Arseniev).[vb.], (what) and (what).

The connection of homogeneous clauses with the main clause is called homogeneous subordination.

It should be borne in mind that with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to skip a union or a union in the second (third) subordinate clause, for example:

(Where is peppy sickle walked) and ( an ear was falling), [now everything is empty] (F. Tyutchev).(where) and ("), ["].

2. Heterogeneous clauses have different meanings, answer different questions, or depend on different words in a sentence. For instance:

(If I have hundred lives), [ they would not saturate all thirst for knowledge], ( which burns me) (V. Bryusov)- (union if),[noun], (with word which).

The connection of heterogeneous clauses with the main clause is called parallel subordination.

II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree) etc. For example:

[She was horrified"], (when learned), (that the letter carried father) (F. Dostoevsky)- , (With. when verb.), (p. what).

This connection is called consistent submission.

With consistent subordination, one subordinate clause may be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinate unions next to each other: what and just in case and when what and because etc. (for punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions, see the section "Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses"). For instance:

[The water came crashing down so scary], (what, (when soldiers fled below), they are already flew raging streams) (M. Bulgakov).

[uksl. so + adv.], (what, (when), ").

In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there can be more complex combinations of subordinate clauses, for example:

(Who in young age not tied oneself with strong ties with an external and wonderful business, or, at least, with a simple but honest and useful work), [ he can count his youth lost without a trace], (as if merrily she nor passed) and how much would pleasant memories she nor left).

(who), [pronoun.], (whatever), (whatever). (A complex sentence with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination).

Parsing a Complex Clause with Multiple Clauses

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several clauses

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (declarative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence for emotional coloring (exclamation or non-exclamation).

3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.

4. Make a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the clauses, indicate in the main word on which the clause depends (if it is a verbal), characterize the means of communication (unions or union words), determine the types of clauses (determinants, explanatory and etc.).

5. Determine the type of subordination of clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).

An example of parsing a complex sentence with several clauses

1) [Look at the pale green, star-studded sky (which has no cloud or spot), and you will understand], (why is summer warm air immovable), (why nature is on the alert) (A. Chekhov).

[noun, (village. on which), verb.], (village. why),(sat. why).
will determine. will explain. will explain.

Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex subordinate with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate - subordinate determinative (the subordinate depends on the noun sky, answers the question which?, on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - explanatory subordinate clauses (depending on the verb you will understand answer the question what?, join the union word why).

2) [Any man knows], (what to him have to do not that, ( what separates him with people), and then), ( what connects him with them) (L. Tolstoy).

[also:], (union what places., (village. what), places.), (s.el. that).

will explain. places. -definition places. -definition

Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex subordinate with three subordinate clauses, with sequential and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - explanatory subordinate (depends on the verb knows answers the question what?, joins the union what), 2nd and 3rd clauses - clauses of the pronoun-definitive (each of them depends on the pronoun then, answers the question what (that) ?, joins the union word what).

.one. Unionless complex sentence

Unionless compound sentence is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or union words: [Habit above us given]: [replacement happiness she](A. Pushkin).

Semantic relations between simple sentences in union and are expressed in different ways. In union sentences, unions take part in their expression, therefore, semantic relations are more definite and clear here. For example, the union so expresses the consequence, because- the reason, if- condition, but- opposition, etc.

The semantic relations between simple sentences are expressed less clearly than in the union. In terms of semantic relations, and often in intonation, some are closer to complex compositions, others to complex subordinate ones. However, it is often the same non-union compound sentence in meaning, it can be brought closer to both complex and complex sentences. Wed, for example: The spotlights came on- it became light around; Searchlights came on, and it became light around; When the searchlights came on, it became light around.

Semantic relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing by various punctuation marks (see the section "Punctuation marks in non-union compound sentence»).

V non-union complex sentences the following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:

I. Enumeration(lists some facts, events, phenomena):

[I AM_ did not see you a whole week], [I did not hear take you long] (A. Chekhov) -, .

Such unionless complex sentences converge with compound sentences with a connecting union and.

Like their synonymous compound sentences, unionless complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity the listed events and 2) their sequence.

1) \ Bemep howl plaintively and quietly], [in the dark the horses were laughing], [from the camp swam gentle and passionate song- dumka] (M. Gorky) -,,.

stirred ], [fluttered half asleep birdie] (V. Garshin)- ,.

Unionless complex sentences with enumerated relations can consist of two sentences, and can include three or more simple sentences.

II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what the first says):

[I AM unhappy]: [everyday guests] (A. Chekhov). Such unionless complex sentences synonymous with subordinate reasons.

III. Explanatory(the second sentence clarifies the first):

1) [Items lost your form]: [ everything merged first into gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-

2) [Like everyone in Moscow, your father is like that]: [would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory union namely.

IV. Explanatory and explanatory(the second sentence clarifies a word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back etc.; in the second case, we can talk about missing words like see, hear etc.):

1) [Nastya during the story remembered]: [she has from yesterday stayed intact iron pot boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.

2) [She came to her senses, Tatiana is looking]: [bear No] ... (A. Pushkin)- :.

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (remembered that ...; looks (and sees that) ...).

V. Comparative adversaries relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or opposed to it):

1) [Everything happy families look like and on top of each other], [each unhappy family unhappy but in its own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.

2) [Chin followed him]- [he service suddenly left] (A. Griboyedov)- - .

Such unionless complex sentences synonymous with compound sentences with adversary conjunctions a, but.

Vi. Conditionally temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):

1) [Do you like to ride] - [love and sleigh to carry] (proverb)- - .

2) [See you with Gorky]- [talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.

Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with clauses or tenses.

Vii. Consequences(the second sentence names a consequence of what the first says):

[Small the rain is sowing since morning]- [impossible to get out] (I. Turgenev)- ^ TT

Examines the structure of phrases and sentences. At the same time, a particular difficulty is usually caused by the construction and punctuation of various types of complex sentences, especially with three or more predicative parts. Let us consider, using specific examples, the types of SPP with several subordinate clauses, the ways of connecting the main and subordinate parts in them, the rules for setting punctuation marks in them.

Complex sentence: definition

To clearly express a thought, we use a different sentence characterized by the fact that two or more predicative parts are distinguished in it. They can be equivalent in relation to each other or enter into a relationship of dependence. SPN is a sentence in which the subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause and is attached to it using subordinate unions and / or For example, “ [Styopka was very tired by the evening], (WHY?) (Since he walked at least ten kilometers in a day)". Hereinafter, the main part is designated, round - dependent. Accordingly, in the SPP with several subordinate clauses, at least three predicative parts are distinguished, two of which will be dependent: “ [The area (WHAT?) (Which we were passing now) was well known to Andrey Petrovich], (WHY?) (Since a good half of his childhood passed here)". In this case, it is important to correctly identify the sentences where you need to put the commas.

NGN with multiple clauses

A table with examples will help determine what types of complex sentences with three or more predicative parts are divided into.

Let's figure out how to correctly determine the type of subordination in the NGN with several clauses. The above examples will help with this.

Consistent submission

In a sentence " [The guys ran into the river with a run] 1, (the water in which has already warmed up enough) 2, (because the last days were incredibly hot) 3»First, we select three parts. Then, with the help of questions, we establish semantic relations: [… X], (in which… X), (because…). We see that the second part has become the main one for the third.

Let's give one more example. " [There was a vase with wildflowers on the table], (which were collected by the guys), (when we went to the forest on an excursion)". The scheme of this SPP is similar to the first one: [… X], (which… X), (when…).

Thus, with homogeneous subordination, each subsequent part depends on the previous one. Such SPPs with several subordinate clauses - examples confirm this - resemble a chain, where each subsequent link joins the one in front.

Parallel (heterogeneous) subordination

In this case, all subordinate clauses refer to the main one (to the entire part or the word in it), but answer different questions and differ in meaning. " (When the speaker finished speaking) 1, [silence reigned in the hall] 2, (as the audience was shocked by what they heard) 3 ". Let's analyze this SPP with several clauses. Its scheme will look like this: (when ...), [... X], (since ...). We see that the first subordinate part (it comes before the main one) denotes the time, and the second - the reason. Hence, they will answer different questions. Second example: " [Vladimir certainly had to find out today] 1, (at what time the train arrives from Tyumen) 2, (to have time to meet a friend) 3". The first subordinate part is explanatory, the second is the goal.

Uniform subordination

This is the case when it is appropriate to draw an analogy with another well-known syntactic construction. For registration of PP with homogeneous members and such SPP with several subordinate clauses, the rules are the same. Indeed, in the sentence “ [Anton Pavlovich talked about] 1, (that reinforcements will arrive soon) 2 and (that you just need to be patient a little) 3»Subordinate clauses - 2nd and 3rd - refer to the same word, answer the question" what? " and both are explanatory. In addition, they are interconnected by means of an alliance. and without a comma. Let's represent it in the scheme: [… X], (what…) and (what…).

In the SPP with several subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination between the subordinate clauses, any compositional conjunctions are sometimes used - the punctuation rules will be the same as when formalizing homogeneous members - and the subordinate union in the second part may be completely absent. For instance, " [He stood at the window for a long time and watched] 1, (how cars drove up to the house one after another) 2 and (workers were unloading construction materials) 3».

SPP with several clauses with different types of subordination

Very often, four or more parts are distinguished as part of a complex sentence. In this case, they can communicate with each other in different ways. Let's look at the example in the table: “ [Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, (which was trembling in her hands) 2, and thought] 1, (that now she would have to quit school) 3, (that her hopes for a new life did not come true) 4". This is a sentence with parallel (non-uniform) (P 1,2,3-4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [… X, (which…),… X], (what…), (what… ). Or another option: " [Tatiana was silent all the way and only looked out the window] 1, (behind which small, closely located villages flashed) 2, (where people were scurrying about) 3 and (work was in full swing) 4) ". This is a complex sentence with sequential (P 1,2,3 and P 1,2,4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X], (followed by ...), (where ...) and (... ).

Punctuation marks at the junction of unions

To arrange in a complex sentence, it is usually enough to correctly define the boundaries of the predicative parts. Complexity, as a rule, is represented by the punctuation of the SPP with several subordinate clauses - examples of schemes: [... X], (when, (which ...), ...) or [... X], [... X], (how (with whom ...), then ...) - when there are two subordinate unions (union words) nearby. This is characteristic of consistent submission. In such a case, you need to pay attention to the presence of the second part of the double alliance in the proposal. For instance, " [An open book remained on the couch] 1, (which, (if there were time left) 3, Konstantin would certainly have read to the end) 2 ". Second option: " [I swear] 1, (that (when I get home from my trip) 3, I will definitely visit you and tell you about everything in detail) 2 ". When working with such a WBS with several subordinate clauses, the following rules. If the second subordinate clause can be excluded from the sentence without prejudice to the meaning, a comma between the unions (and / or union words) is put, if not, it is absent. Let's return to the first example:" [There was a book on the couch] 1, (which I had to finish reading) 2 "... In the second case, when the second subordinate clause is excluded, the grammatical structure of the sentence will be violated by the word "that".

Should be remembered

A good assistant in mastering the SPP with several subordinate clauses - exercises, the implementation of which will help to consolidate the knowledge gained. In this case, it is better to act according to the algorithm.

1. Carefully read the sentence, indicate the grammatical foundations in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences).
2. Select all means of communication, not forgetting about the compound or used by a number of unions.
3. Establish semantic connections between the parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask her question (s) to the subordinate clause (s).
4. Build a diagram, showing the dependence of the parts on it with arrows, place punctuation marks in it. Move commas to recorded sentence.

Thus, attentiveness in the construction and analysis (including punctuation) of a complex sentence - SPP with several subordinate clauses specifically - and reliance on the above features of this syntactic construction will ensure the correct execution of the proposed tasks.