The functional style of speech is artistic. Summary: Functional styles of speech in Russian

Decor elements 29.09.2019

Oct 05 2010

Styles are varieties of language, due to differences in the areas of communication and the main functions of the language. In linguistics, such a special section as stylistics deals with the study of styles.
There are five areas of communication (they are also called language situations): everyday life, science, law, politics, art. As for the main functions of the language, there are three of them: communication, message, impact.
Depending on speech situations and language functions, the following types of styles are distinguished:
conversational style (household sphere, communication function, less often - messages);
scientific (field of science, message function);
official-business (field of law, message function);
journalistic (the sphere of politics and art, the functions of communication and influence);
artistic (sphere of art, function of emotional impact).

Characteristics of speech styles

Conversational style is primarily for direct communication with the people around us. It is characterized by ease and unpreparedness of speech. It often uses colloquial words (young instead of newlyweds, start instead of start, now instead of now, etc.), words in a figurative sense (window - in the meaning of 'break'). Words in a colloquial style often not only name objects, actions, signs, but also contain their assessment: good fellow, dodger, careless, take a nap, be smart, cheerful. Colloquial style syntax is characterized by the use of simple sentences. Incomplete sentences are widely presented in it, since colloquial speech is most often a dialogue.

Scientific style is the style of scientific works, articles, textbooks, lectures, reviews. They contain information about various phenomena of the world around us. In the field of vocabulary, the scientific style is characterized primarily by the presence of special vocabulary, terms (declension, conjugation, theorem, bisector, logarithm, etc.). Words are used, as a rule, in their direct meanings, since scientific speech does not allow ambiguity and must be extremely accurate.

The official business style serves a wide area of legal, administrative, diplomatic relations. Its main purpose is information, communication. This style is used when writing various documents, instructions, charters, etc. The words in it are used in their direct meaning in order to avoid their misinterpretation. In the vocabulary of this style, there are many words and stable combinations assigned specifically to this style: petition, statement, resolution, order, protocol, appeal, sue, initiate a case; We, the undersigned. Frequent in the syntax of a given style impersonal sentences with the meaning of necessity, order (it is necessary to urgently prepare, measures should be taken, etc.).

Journalistic style is the style of newspapers, speeches on current socio-political topics. The most common genres of journalism include an editorial, correspondence, essay, speech at a rally, meeting, etc. In the works of journalism, two tasks are usually set: firstly, a message, information about certain social phenomena or acts, and, secondly - an open assessment of the issues raised, in order to actively influence the listener or reader, in order to attract the interlocutor to support the position that he takes and defends.

The vocabulary of this style contains many words and phraseological phrases of a socio-political nature: progressive humanity, the struggle for peace, advanced ideas.
Artistic style is used in works of art to paint a picture, depict an object or event, convey the author's emotions to the reader. Statements of the artistic style are distinguished by figurativeness, visualization, and emotionality. The characteristic linguistic means of styles include words with a specific meaning, words in figurative use, emotionally evaluative words, words with the meaning of a feature, object or action, words with the meaning of comparison, comparison; completely verbs with the prefix for-, denoting the beginning of the action, the figurative use of forms of time and moods (Akim fall in love with this Dunyasha!), Emotionally colored sentences: Suddenly something broke in the stagnant air, the wind blew violently and , whistled around the steppe. Immediately, the grass and last year's weeds raised a murmur, and on the road dust swirled in a spiral, ran across the steppe and, dragging straw, dragonflies and feathers, rose to the sky in a black spinning pillar and clouded the sun (A. Chekhov).

The language of fiction is the most complete expression of the national language. In works of fiction, the artist of the word enjoys almost unlimited freedom in the choice of linguistic means to create the most convincing, memorable images, for an aesthetic impact on the reader. Therefore, fiction is able to include all the richness of the literary and popular language.

In order to give the reader an idea of the era, scene of action, life, he uses obsolete words (historicisms, archaisms), words of local dialects in the narrative.

In stylistics, there is such a thing as the stylistic resources of the language. These include stylistically colored vocabulary (steal - neutral, kidnap - bookish, steal - colloquial); stylistically colored morphemes (male, officer, chauffeur, soldier - colloquial, ponder, collect - colloquial, rejoice, love - bookish); stylistic possibilities of parts of speech (five kilograms of oranges - five kilograms of orange - colloquial, on vacation - bookish, on vacation - colloquial, on a sofa bed - colloquial, on a sofa bed - bookish); stylistic means in syntax (due to drought, the harvest was low (book) - due to drought ... (neutral); task completed by students (book) - task completed by students (neutral)).

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Characteristic

To avoid confusion with language styles, functional styles are sometimes referred to as language genres, functional varieties of language. Each functional style has its own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. There are five main varieties functional styles speech, differing in the conditions and goals of communication in some area social activities: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, artistic.

scientific style

Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The sphere of use of this style is science and scientific journals, scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field can act as text message recipients; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, learning, etc.

Its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, a lot of abstract and material nouns.

Scientific style exists mainly in written monologue speech. Its genres are a scientific article, educational literature, a monograph, a school essay, etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (unambiguity).

Formal business style

Business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (the field of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. Scope of application formal business style- law, author - lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative legal relations.

This style exists more often in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public.

Style features - imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.

Journalistic style

Journalistic style serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality.

This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.

It is characterized by abstract words with a socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, publicity, peace-loving).

The task is to provide information about the life of the country, to influence the masses, to form a certain attitude towards public affairs

Style features - logic, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, appeal.

Conversational style

The colloquial style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. Differs in great semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives speech liveliness and expressiveness.

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, environment.

Language means of conversational style: emotionality, expressiveness of colloquial vocabulary, words with subjective evaluation suffixes; the use of incomplete sentences, introductory words, address words, interjections, modal particles, repetitions. Genres-dialogue, personal letters, personal notes, telephone

Art style

The art style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

Genres - epic, lyric, drama, epic, novel, story, story, fairy tale, fable, ode, anthem, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message, poem, ballad, tragedy, comedy, drama (in the narrow sense).

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See what "Functional Speech Style" is in other dictionaries:

functional type of speech- See: functional style...

Functional type of speech- See: Functional style...

Functional style, or functional type of language, functional type of speech- - this is a historically established, socially conscious speech variety, which has a specific character (its own speech system - see), resulting from the implementation of special principles for the selection and combination of language means, this ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

functional style- (functional variety of language, functional type of speech) A historically established, socially conscious speech variety that has a speech system, a specific character that has developed as a result of the implementation of special principles ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

functional style- (functional variety of language, functional type of speech) A historically established, socially conscious speech variety that has a speech system, a specific character that has developed as a result of the implementation of special ... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference

functional style- A kind of literary language in which the language appears in a particular area of public speech practice of people. The allocation of functional style is based on taking into account the purpose of the statement, which is understood in sociolinguistics as unconscious ... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms

functional style- Functional style is a kind of literary language in which the language appears in one or another socially significant area of social speech practice of people and the features of which are determined by the peculiarities of communication in this area. The presence of F. s. ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

functional style- and. A kind of literary language, due to the difference in the functions performed by the language in a certain area of communication. The concept of f. With. is central, basic in the differential division of the literary language, a kind of starting point for ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

functional style- the main category of functional stylistics, which studies the systemic relations of language means in the process of their functioning, depending on the spheres, conditions and goals of communication, as well as the corresponding conditions for the choice of language units and their organization in ... ... Pedagogical speech science

functional style- according to M.N. Kozhina. The peculiar character of speech of one or another social variety of it, corresponding to a certain sphere of social activity and a form of consciousness correlative with it, created by the peculiarities of functioning in this sphere ... ... Morphemics. Word Formation: Dictionary Reference

Books

A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language: General concepts of stylistics. Colloquial and everyday style of speech, Vasilyeva A.N. This book is part of a course of lectures on the functional style of the Russian language. It provides a general description of functional styles, their relationships and relationships, ...

As a result of studying this chapter, the student should:

– know the structure of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language;
– be able to follow genre, style and stylistic norms;
– own understanding of the aesthetic ideal of a particular style.

The concept of functional style

functional style- this is the use of the literary language in a certain sphere of human activity. Each functional style selects and organizes linguistic means (words, morphological forms, syntactic constructions) depending on the conditions and tasks of communication. Functional style has a special, layered organization of language tools.

Knowledge of the literary language, the ability to switch stylistic codes depending on the conditions and tasks of communication indicate the level of education of a person, his creative potential.

Traditionally, five styles are distinguished in functional stylistics: colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic and literary and artistic. Styles of literary language may have predominantly oral or written shape. According to this principle, they can be divided into styles book and written(official business, scientific, journalistic, literary and artistic) and colloquial.

Styles also differ based on the style they implement. language features. The main function of publicistic style is affecting, scientific and official business - informative; conversational style implements the function communication, i.e. communicative, and literary and artistic - special, aesthetic language function.

According to the type of reality reflected, colloquial, scientific, journalistic and official business styles are opposed to literary and artistic, as they reflect the reality around us. The style of fiction depicts an aesthetically transformed reality, i.e. forms a "secondary" reality.

The style system of the literary Russian language is not static, it develops, becomes more complex, differentiates with the development of the literary language as a whole. In this regard, modern researchers supplement the typology of styles that has developed in classical Russian stylistics with new functional varieties: religious and preaching, political, and advertising styles. However, this issue remains debatable. The journalistic style has undergone significant transformations, which in modern stylistics is understood as the style of mass communication.

The complication and refinement of the modern system of functional styles testify to the development and complication of the modern Russian language.

Functional Style Structure

In order for communication to be successful, it is necessary to choose the right one that meets the conditions of communication. style, which can be defined as a special form of the literary language, corresponding to the goals and objectives successful communication (institutional or interpersonal) in a given (socially significant) area of communication.

Each style has a complex two-level structure organizations:

1. Extralinguistic(extra-linguistic) features of style, due to the scope of its use, the environment in which communication takes place (i.e. consituation), etc.
2. Intralinguistic(intralinguistic) features inherent in this style and distinguishing it in the system of functional styles of the Russian literary language.

To extralinguistic features of style, i.e. those that depend on external conditions (factors) of communication include:

- the function of the language that dominates in this style (the function of communication, message and influence);
- the sphere of communication (institutional or interpersonal);
- form public consciousness(logical and conceptual - for the scientific style, figurative - for the artistic, conceptual and figurative - for the journalistic, deontic - for the official business, pragmatic - for the colloquial);
- topic (thematic assignment of communication);
- chronotope (time and place of communication);
- the generalized type of the addresser (its expressiveness or fundamental non-expression in communication);
- intention (communicative intention) of the addresser;
– generalized type of addressee (target audience or mass addressee).

These extra-linguistic features form the boundaries of each style and influence the selection of linguistic means for successful communication, i.e. intralinguistic basis of style.

The intralinguistic features of the style include:

– typical form of communication (oral/written);
- a typical type of speech (dialogue / monologue);
– style norms/standards;
- stable types of language design of speech;
– subjectivity/objectivity of speech;
– creativity/cliché in the use of language means.

Each functional style has substyles, which refers to the implementation of style depending on the specific goals of communication in a functionally and thematically given area of communication.

For instance, scientific style has three sub-styles: proper scientific, scientific and educational and popular science. V formal business style distinguish official-documentary, legal and diplomatic sub-styles, and in journalistic- informational and actually journalistic.

Each style is realized through an extensive system of specific genres. genre- this is a compositionally stable and stylistically typical design of texts. For example, genre news, which forms the basis of the informational substyle of the journalistic style, has a rigid composition, the so-called "inverted pyramid", when the first paragraph of the text contains the most important factual information (what, where and when it happened), and the details are given at the end of the text. The stylistic design of the news is emphatically neutral, non-judgmental speech means are used, the emphasis is on factual information.

So, the style is formed from the texts of certain genres. (text → genre → understyle → style) and implements, with the help of specific language means of different levels, the main communicative tasks of the author in the socially significant sphere of communication. Thus, knowledge of the literary language implies knowledge of textual norms (the ability to correctly write a text in accordance with the canons of the genre and the canons of style), as well as knowledge of the language norms of all levels that are necessary to most accurately express one's thought.

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Introduction

1. Theoretical aspects

1.1 Language styles

3. Language styles

3.1 Scientific style

3.2 Formal business style

3.3 Newspaper style

3.4 Artistic style

3.5 Colloquial style

Bibliography

Introduction

Ukraine, like many countries of the world, exists in conditions of bilingualism. The population of Ukraine in colloquial speech mainly uses their native language, that is, Ukrainian, and the second language is Russian. Therefore, the study of the Russian language is relevant not only in Russia, but also in Ukraine.

The modern Russian language - one of the richest languages in the world - requires serious, thoughtful study.

The high merits of the Russian language are created by its huge vocabulary, wide polysemy of words, richness of synonyms, inexhaustible treasury of word formation, numerous word forms, peculiarities of sounds, stress mobility, clear and harmonious syntax, variety of stylistic resources.

The Russian language is a broad, comprehensive concept. Laws are written in this language scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records.

Our language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing a variety of thoughts, developing various topics, creating works of any genre. However, it is necessary to use language resources skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the statement, its targeting. In oral speech, we also select words and grammatical means, taking into account the conditions of communication.

The appeal to linguistic means that have a certain stylistic attachment must be justified, their use may be inappropriate, speech is a coherent whole, and every word in it, any construction must be purposeful, stylistically justified. “Each of the speakers,” noted V.G. Belinsky, - he says, in accordance with the subject of his speech, with the nature of the crowd listening to him, with the circumstances of the present moment.

It is not for nothing that they sometimes say that "the word falls out of style." If we compare two rows of words - intellect, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail and ingenuity, real, blurt out, a little, then it is not so much the variety of their lexical meanings that attracts attention, but the difference in stylistic coloring: the bookish nature of the first and the colloquial second. The grammatical means of the language are also stylistically opposed:

Variant forms:

Tractors - tractors;

They wave - they wave.

personal nouns:

The conductor is a conductor.

Forms of word formation:

In vain - in vain;

For the first time - for the first time, etc.

The first examples in these pairs are bookish or stylistically neutral;

The stylistic stratification of linguistic means is associated with their attachment to a particular style, which, in turn, correlates with certain situations of communication. For the stylistic assessment of words, their forms, syntactic constructions, their constant use in book or colloquial speech, in a certain style of the language, is important. Understanding the styles of language and speech styles allows you to catch and understand the close and many connections between them and the speech culture of society and the individual.

There is no culture of speech - without the ability to use the styles of the language, create and. change speech styles. The connection between speech culture and the doctrine of styles was pointed out by many scientists, including G.O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, A.N. Gvozdev, V.V. Vinogradov and others.

Language styles are the types of its functioning, its structural and functional variants, correlated with types social activities and. differing from each other in aggregates and systems of differences in the degree of activity of language means, sufficient for their intuitive recognition in the process of communication.

The functional style of a language is a kind of literary language that serves one or another sphere of public life and is characterized by a certain peculiarity in the selection and use of linguistic means, depending on the conditions and goals of communication.

Colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic and artistic functional styles of the language are distinguished.

Each style is characterized by the following features:

a) conditions of communication;

b) the purpose of communication;

c) forms (genres) in which it exists;

d) a set of language tools and the nature of their use.

Functional styles of speech are the main, largest speech varieties that differ in a set of language tools and are due to various areas of communication.

Understanding the connections between the communicative qualities of speech and language styles allows not only to deepen the understanding of some aspects speech culture, but also makes it possible to more clearly see those areas of speech that require improvement, and, consequently, the attention of scientists and writers and their practical recommendations.

That is why the theme of the course work: Functional styles of the Russian language.

This paper examines the functional styles of the modern literary language. The aim of the work is to characterize and analyze the features of each of the functional styles. To achieve this goal, we will perform the following tasks:

1) definition general concept style and its main functions in the language;

2) analysis of lexical, morphological and syntactic features of functional styles;

3) identifying patterns of using a certain style of language in speech.

The work uses the works of famous scientists, philologists and linguists in the field of studying the modern literary Russian language. The object of study of this work is the features of the spoken and literary Russian language.

The subject of research in this work is the stylistic division of the Russian language.

1. Theoretical aspects

1.1 Language styles

A variety of language (style of language) used in any typical social situation - in everyday life, in the family, in the official business sphere, etc., and differs from other varieties of the same language in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and phonetics.

The definition of "language style" depends on the scope of the very concept of "language", as well as on the central concept - the language norm. If generally correct, undistorted popular speech is recognized as the norm, then the style of the language is defined as a variety of the common language (then the style of the language will also be vernacular). If the norm is understood more narrowly - only as literary-correct speech, then the style of the language is defined as a kind of literary language.

Accordingly, the classification also varies. Style of the language: at the first understanding, the central - neutral-colloquial style of the language is distinguished, in relation to which, the remaining styles of the language are characterized as stylistically "marked", colored, at the second - the neutral layer of the language is understood as the common part of all styles of the language, with which in different proportions are connected in each style of language by "marked" stylistic means.

In modern developed national languages, there are 3 largest styles of language: neutral colloquial (or, in other classifications, colloquial), more "high" - bookish, more "low" - familiar colloquial. Thanks to this, the same object can be named and described in different style registers (cf. "life" - "being" - "life"), which opens up wide possibilities for artistic speech. In each of the main styles of the language, more private, but already less clear divisions are possible: in the book - scientific, newspaper-journalistic, official-business, etc., in the familiar-colloquial - actually colloquial-familiar, colloquial, student jargon, etc. .

Each style of language is traditionally fixed by tradition for a typical social situation: bookish - for a situation of official communication, neutral colloquial - for a situation of everyday service, everyday communication, familiar-colloquial - for a situation of intimate, domestic and family communication. All styles of language and subdivisions are sometimes called in linguistics the functional style of language, some researchers consider artistic speech as one of the functional styles of the language - the style of the language of fiction as a whole.

The style of a language can only be where the language system provides the opportunity to choose language means, and therefore they are a historical category, they arise along with the concept of a norm. The three main styles of language have three different historical sources.

The bookish style of the language usually goes back to a large part to the literary and written language of the previous era, often different from the everyday language of the main part of the population, for example, in Russia to the Old Church Slavonic language, in France, Italy, Spain - to Latin, in the republics Central Asia- to the Old Uigur.

The neutral colloquial style of the language goes back to the common language of the people, the familiar colloquial style of the language to a large extent - to the urban vernacular.

The tripartite division of language styles already existed in Ancient Rome, but was identified there with the genre of literature and was carried out only within the limits of book and written speech through associations with various subjects reality (for example, "warrior", "horse", "sword" - for the "high" style of the language, "farmer", "ox", "plow" - for the middle, "lazy shepherd", "sheep", "stick" - for "low").

The same reality, as a rule, could not be described in different stylistic registers.

The study of language styles throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages was part of the circle of rhetoric and poetics. In the 17-18 centuries. it was the subject of the "theory of three styles", universally accepted in Europe (cf. the teachings of M. V. Lomonosov in Russia). In the modern sense, the term "Language style":

1) Appears in European languages in the first third of the 19th century, in connection with the general ideas of historicism, by the middle of the 19th century. the term "Language Style" was established (G. Spencer, H. Steinthal). With the advent of semiotics, it was found that the category of Style (language) plays an important role not only in literature, but wherever language is used, including in science;

2) Manner of speaking or writing, a way of linguistic behavior of a person in a particular social environment or situation (style of speech). Since language styles are a generalization of the features of speech of a typical social situation, and the style of the language of speech is the choice by the speaker or writer of available means from the style of the language, then the style of the language and the style of the language of speech are one and the same phenomenon (style), only considered by stylistics from different angles;

3) The secondary level of any language system, including artificial language, arising from the preferred choice of any of its means for a specific purpose - informative, evaluative, prescriptive, etc., within one of the three modes of language use: semantic, syntactic, pragmatic.

1.2 General characteristics of speech styles

Each functional style of the modern Russian literary language is such a subsystem of it that the conditions and goals of communication in some area of social activity and has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means.

Functional styles are heterogeneous, each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties, for example, in the scientific style - scientific monographs and educational texts, in the official style - laws, references, business letters, in the newspaper and publicistic style - an article, a report, etc. genre varieties is created by the diversity of the content of speech and its different communicative orientation, that is, the goals of communication. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic devices, the compositional structure of speech for each specific case.

In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official - business, newspaper-journalistic, artistic and colloquial-everyday.

Each functional style of speech has its own typical features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are realized to one degree or another in each genre of this style.

For the allocation of functional styles of speech, there are the following grounds:

Sphere of human activity (science, law, politics, art, everyday life);

The specific role of the addressee of the text (student, institution, reader of newspapers or magazines, adult, child, etc.);

The purpose of the style (education, establishment of legal relations, impact, etc.);

The predominant use of a certain type of speech (narration, description, reasoning);

Preferential use of one or another form of speech (written, oral);

Type of speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue);

Type of communication (public or private)

A set of genres (for a scientific style - an essay, a textbook, etc., for an official business style - a law, a reference, etc.);

Characteristic features of the style.

Thus, we see that the use of one or another style of the Russian language depends on the situation in which it is used. Each situation dictates the use of a particular style.

2. The concept of functional styles

Functional styles can be divided into two groups associated with specific types of speech. The first group, which includes the styles of scientific, journalistic and official business (literary and artistic style will be discussed later), is characterized by monologue speech. For the second group, formed by various types of conversational style, dialogic speech is a typical form. The first group is book styles, the second is colloquial style. The choice of one of the possible synonymous options is most often associated precisely with the differentiation of book and colloquial language means.

From functional styles and from types of speech (in the above understanding of this term), it is necessary to distinguish between the forms of speech - written and oral. They converge with styles in the sense that bookish styles tend to take on a written form, while colloquial styles take on oral form(but this is optional). Thus, an oratory or a lecture on a scientific topic is associated with book styles, but has the form of oral speech. On the other hand, a private letter on everyday topics has clear signs of a conversational style, but is embodied in writing.

In conclusion, we point out that the selection of styles according to the principle of expressiveness of linguistic means does not have sufficient theoretical grounds. The totality of such “styles” as “solemn (or rhetorical)”, “official (cold)”, “intimately affectionate”, “humorous”, “satirical (mocking)” does not form an integral system. Expressive coloring, which is most clearly manifested in vocabulary, cannot serve as a logical "basis for dividing" the concept of "functional style", cannot be a principle of classification.

At the same time, when characterizing the stylistic resources of a language, coloring is undoubtedly taken into account, both stylistic (associated with the assignment of language means to one or another functional style, thereby limiting their unmotivated use), and expressive (associated with the expressiveness and emotional nature of the corresponding language means). ).

The most important differences between functional styles can be shown in concrete examples. Let's compare several texts on the same topic that have signs of different styles.

Thunderstorm - an atmospheric phenomenon consisting in electrical discharges between the so-called cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds or between clouds and the earth's surface, as well as objects located on it. These discharges - lightning - are accompanied by precipitation in the form of a downpour (sometimes with hail) and strong winds (sometimes up to a squall). A thunderstorm is observed in hot weather during the rapid condensation of water vapor over superheated land, as well as in cold air masses moving to a warmer underlying surface.

The text is dominated by words and phrases of a terminological nature (atmospheric phenomenon, electrical discharges, cumulonimbus clouds, precipitation, squalls, condensation, water vapor, air masses). The rest of the words are used in a direct nominative sense, there are no figurative means of language, emotionality of speech. Syntactically, the text is a combination of simple sentences typical of the genre of an encyclopedic article (scientific style).

There were still ten versts to the nearest village, and a large dark purple cloud, which had come from God knows where, without the slightest wind, but was quickly moving towards us. The sun, not yet hidden by clouds, brightly illuminates her gloomy figure and the gray stripes that go from her to the very horizon. Occasionally, lightning flashes in the distance and a faint rumble is heard, gradually intensifying, approaching and turning into intermittent peals, embracing the entire sky ... I feel terrible, and I feel how the blood circulates faster in my veins. But now the advanced clouds are already beginning to cover the sun, now it looks out for the last time, illuminates the terribly gloomy side of the horizon and disappears. The whole neighborhood suddenly changes and takes on a gloomy character. Here the aspen grove trembled, the leaves become some kind of white-muddy color, brightly prominent against the lilac background of the clouds, they rustle and spin, the tops of large birches begin to sway, and tufts of dry grass fly across the road. Swifts and white-breasted swallows, as if with the intention of stopping us, hover around the britzka and fly under the very chest of the horse, jackdaws with disheveled wings somehow fly sideways in the wind ... Lightning flashes as if in the britzka itself, blinding the eye ... In at the same second, a majestic rumble is heard above the head itself, which, as if rising higher and higher, wider and wider, along a huge spiral line, gradually intensifies and turns into a deafening crack, involuntarily making one tremble and hold one's breath. God's wrath! How much poetry is in this common people's thought!..

Anxious feelings of anguish and fear increased in me along with the intensification of the thunderstorm, but when the majestic moment of silence came, usually preceding the outbreak of a thunderstorm, these feelings reached such an extent that, if this state continued for another quarter of an hour, I am sure that I would have died from excitement.

Blinding lightning, instantly filling the entire hollow with fiery light, makes the horses stop and, without the slightest interval, is accompanied by such a deafening crack of thunder that it seems that the entire vault of heaven is collapsing above us... A large drop of rain fell heavily on the leather top of the britzka... another, a third, a fourth, and suddenly, as if someone was drumming over us, and the whole neighborhood resounded with the steady sound of falling rain ...

The slanting rain, driven by a strong wind, poured like buckets ... The lightning shone wider and paler, and the peals of thunder were no longer so striking behind the uniform noise of the rain.

But then the rain becomes finer, the cloud begins to separate into wavy clouds, brighten in the place where the sun should be, and through the grayish-white edges of the cloud one can barely see a patch of clear azure. A minute later, a timid ray of the sun was already shining in the puddles of the road, on the stripes of fine direct rain falling, as if through a sieve, and on the washed, shiny green of the road grass.

Unlike the first text, whose task was to reveal the concept of "thunderstorm" by pointing to the essential features of the phenomenon, the second text is intended for a different purpose - to create a vivid, picturesque picture, figuratively reproducing the passage of a thunderstorm, using linguistic means. If the picture drawn on the canvas is static and is perceived only in space, then the description of the thunderstorm in the above passage is given in dynamics, develops in time, starting from the moment the first signs of an impending thunderstorm appear and ending with its termination.

To create a picture, paints and colors are needed, and they are presented in a variety in the text “gray stripes, purple background, fiery light, clear azure”. Not only the main tones were used, but also shades of colors "dark purple cloud, white-cloudy color, grayish-white edges of the cloud." The visual impression is enhanced by such combinations as brightly illuminating, clouds brightly standing out against a lilac background, lightning flashes, dazzles the eye ...

The details of the picture are created with the help of numerous definitions that clarify the features of objects “forward clouds, large birches, dry grass, disheveled wings, a huge spiral line, blinding lightning, a large drop, slanting rain, strong wind, wavy clouds, fine direct rain, brilliant green” . Some phrases are repeated, reinforcing the impression "a majestic rumble, a deafening crack, a uniform sound of rain." No less effective is the method of "injection" - the repetition of the same expressively colored word "gloomy figure of a cloud, terribly gloomy side of the horizon, gloomy character of the neighborhood."

The description of the thunderstorm has a pronounced emotional character, which is further enhanced by the first-person narrative: events are refracted through the perception of the boy-narrator. The reader is conveyed the mood of the hero, expressed by the words: “I feel terrible, and I feel how the blood circulates faster in my veins. Anxious feelings of melancholy and fear increased in me along with the intensification of the thunderstorm, it seems that the whole vault of heaven is collapsing above us ... ".

The subjective nature of the narration is enhanced by the repeated use of a modal particle, as if, indicating that the narrator is not interested in a realistic reproduction of what is described, but in the transfer of personal impressions and experiences (as if with the intention to stop us, lightning flashes as if in the britzka itself, a rumble that, like as if rising higher and higher, suddenly, as if someone was drumming over us).

Various figurative and expressive means of the language are used in the text: the epithets “white-breasted swallows, the majestic rumble, the timid ray of the sun”, the metaphor “the aspen grove trembled”, comparisons “light rain falling as if through a sieve, the rain poured like a bucket”, anaphora “ But now the advanced clouds are already beginning to cover the sun, here it looks out for the last time ... Here the aspen grove trembled, ”parallelism“ rising higher and higher, wider and wider, ”the exclamations“ The wrath of God: How much poetry is in this simple folk thought !...".

A significant role is assigned to sound instrumentation - the selection of sounds that reproduce natural phenomena and creating an auditory image (for example, the repetition of the sound (p) in combinations of intermittent peals, crackling thunder, peals of thunder). The impression of an increase in sounds is created by the accumulation of hissing consonants in the participles "a rumble that gradually intensifies, approaches and turns into intermittent peals, embracing the entire sky." The syntactic structure of the text is characterized by the predominance of complex sentences: out of 19 sentences, 13 are complex and 6 are simple.

In the passage under consideration, the individual author's style of L.N. Tolstoy. This is, firstly, a frequent use in the description of the elements of colloquial speech. Such is the turnover God knows where, the use of the imperative mood (imperative) in the meaning conditional mood“if this state had continued for another quarter of an hour, I am sure that I would have died of excitement, that is, in the meaning of “if this state had continued for another quarter of an hour ...”. Secondly, the style of L. Tolstoy is characterized by the repetition of the same words, which serves to emphasize any details in the description, to create a kind of expressive coloring: , clean, washed pavement, past beautiful, clean houses to that house on the Ditch in which Mariette lived. The porter in an unusually clean uniform opened the door to the hall.

As our correspondent reports, yesterday an unprecedented thunderstorm passed over the central regions of the Penza region. In a number of places, telegraph poles were knocked down, wires were torn, and hundred-year-old trees were uprooted. Fires broke out in two villages as a result of a lightning strike. Added to this was another natural disaster: heavy rain in some places caused severe flooding. Some damage has been done to agriculture. Railway and road communication between neighboring regions was temporarily interrupted.

The text is typical for the materials of the newspaper variety of the journalistic style. Its characteristic features:

1) "savings" of language means, brevity of presentation with informative saturation;

2) the selection of words and constructions with an emphasis on their intelligibility (the use of words in their direct meaning, the predominance of simple syntactic constructions);

3) the presence of a turnover in cliches (i.e., frequently used expressions, speech standards: as our correspondent reports);

We bring to your attention that yesterday, shortly after midnight, over the regional center - the city of Nizhny Lomov and the adjacent countryside There was a violent thunderstorm that lasted for about an hour. The wind speed reached 30-35 meters per second. Significant material damage was caused to the property of the villages of Ivanovka, Shepilovo and Vyazniki, estimated, according to preliminary data, in the hundreds of thousands of rubles. There were fires caused by lightning strikes. The building of a secondary school in the village of Burkova was badly damaged; overhaul. The Bad River, which overflowed its banks as a result of heavy rain, flooded a significant area. There were no human casualties. A special commission was formed from representatives of the district administration, medical, insurance and other organizations to ascertain the extent of the damage caused by the natural disaster and provide assistance to the affected population. “The measures taken will be immediately reported.”

This text, like the previous one, is characterized by a "dryness" of presentation: in both, only facts are reported, the author's feelings are not expressed anywhere, his individual style is not manifested. They are also brought together by conciseness, compactness of presentation, the use of words only in their direct meaning, and a simple syntactic structure. But text 4 is distinguished by a greater accuracy of the message - by giving specific names, digital data. It uses words and expressions characteristic of the official business style (significant material damage has been caused, village property, calculated according to preliminary data, has taken place, major repairs, a significant area, a special commission, measures taken), verbal nouns (restoration, clarification, provision ), official names (district administration), cliché expressions (we bring to your attention, will be reported immediately).

Well, the storm passed over us today! Believe me, I am not a timid man, and even then I was scared to death.

At first everything was quiet, normal, I was about to go to bed, when suddenly a blinding lightning flashed and thunder boomed, but with such force that our whole house trembled. I already wondered if the sky above us had broken into pieces that were about to fall on my unfortunate head. And then the abyss of heaven opened up, in addition to everything, our harmless rivulet swelled up, swelled up and filled everything around with its muddy water. And very close, as they say - at hand, our school blazed. Both old and young - everyone poured out of the huts, pushing, yelling, cattle roaring - these are the passions! It's great that I was frightened at that hour, yes, thank God, everything was over soon (from a private letter).

This text has clear signs of a conversational style. It contains colloquial vocabulary and phraseology (a man of not timid ten - “brave”, bang - “make a strong, sharp sound”, just about - “now”, the abyss of heaven opened up - about heavy rain, at hand - “very close ", and old and young - "everyone without distinction of age", jostle - "are in a crush", yelling - about people, these are the passions - "about something that causes fear, horror, I was really scared, thank God), and the words with evaluative suffixes (silishcha, house, small river, water), and colloquial verb form (poured out). The syntax of the text is characterized by the use of connecting unions and constructions (and then I got scared, but with such strength), the construction of sentences according to the model was going to be ... all of a sudden, the use of the infinitive in the function of the predicate (and well, fill it in), the use of an introductory combination (whether you believe it) . The text is very emotional, includes exclamatory sentences. It should be pointed out that in dialogic speech all these features are enhanced and complicated by other features of the conversational style.

On the example of texts, we see that each style of the Russian language has a number of differences due to the situation of speaking and the purpose of the text.

3. Language styles

3.1 Scientific style

The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. This style has a wide variety of speech genres, among them the main ones are a scientific monograph and a scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and methodological manuals), scientific and technical works (various instructions, safety rules), annotations, abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions.

As well as genres of scientific - popular literature.

One of the most important genres of scientific style is a scientific article, which can convey information of various nature and purpose, and is most often used as the main source of scientific and technical information: it is here that everything new that appears in a certain branch of science is recorded. The scientific style belongs to the book styles of the literary language, which are characterized by a number of general conditions for functioning and linguistic features: preliminary reflection on the statement, its monologue character, strict selection of language means, inclination towards normalized speech.

The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the evolution of various areas of scientific knowledge, diverse areas of human activity. At first, the style of scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration. Thus, the scientific works of Pythagoras, Plato and Lucretius were distinguished by a special emotional perception of phenomena. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic style occurred in the Alexandrian period, when in the Greek language, which extended its influence to the entire cultural world, scientific terminology began to be created. Subsequently, it was replenished with Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages.

In the Renaissance, scientists strove for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contrary to the abstract and logical reflection of nature. It is known that the too "artistic" nature of Galileo's exposition irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style of Galileo's scientific proofs was excessively "fictionalized". In the future, Newton's strictly logical imposition became a model of scientific language.

In Russia, the scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but the language of science finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century.

Scientific style has a number common features, which manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, and mathematics differ noticeably in the nature of their presentation from texts on philology, philosophy, or history. The scientific style has its own varieties (substyles): popular science, scientific and business, scientific and technical (industrial and technical), scientific and journalistic, educational and scientific.

The style of scientific works is determined, ultimately, by their content and the goals of scientific communication - to explain the facts of the surrounding reality as accurately and completely as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, etc. The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors for accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity of expression while maintaining the richness of the content.

It is often said about the language of scientists that it is distinguished by “dryness”, devoid of elements of emotionality and figurativeness.

This opinion is overly generalized: often in scientific papers, in particular polemical ones, emotional-expressive and figurative means of language are used, which, although being, however, an additional device, stand out noticeably against the background of a purely scientific presentation and give scientific prose more persuasiveness. Let's give two examples.

The famous Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov wrote in one of his scientific works:

Like a calligrapher who paints complex figures on paper with the same stroke of the pen, a skilled operator can give the cut the most varied shape, size and depth with the same stroke of the knife ... How soon did you bring this flap into close contact with the bloody edges of the skin , his life changes, he, like a plant transplanted to foreign soil, along with new nutritious juices, receives new properties.

He, like an alien plant, begins to live at the expense of another, on which he vegetates: he, like a newly grafted branch, demands that he be groomed and carefully guarded until he becomes related to the place that the surgeon assigns him to his permanent residence.

In modern work on radiophysics, the following figurative comparison is given: The power of the reflected signal during the radar of planets is negligible. Imagine that a kettle poured boiling water into the ocean, and somewhere thousands of kilometers away a glass of water was scooped out of the sea. In theory, poured boiling water “slightly” warmed the oceans. So, the excess thermal energy in an arbitrarily scooped glass of sea water is of the same order as the energy of the received signal reflected from Venus.

A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their saturation with terms, in particular international ones: on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work. Here are two examples of grammatical definitions from school textbooks:

Nouns are words that designate objects and answer the questions: who is this? or what is it? - in this definition, the term is only the phrase nouns, but its presence and the entire construction of the sentence give the text a coloring of the scientific style;

A verb is a part of speech that includes words denoting an action or state of an object - this sentence also has only one term (verb), but this sentence is also an example of scientific style.

The peculiarity of the style of scientific works is the use of abstract vocabulary in them. Here is an example from an article by Academician S.P. Obnorsky "Culture of the Russian language" ...

The Russian language is the great language of the great Russian people. Language is an essential component in the concept of a nation. It serves as the main instrument of culture, the main factor in the spiritual development of the nation, its creativity, national self-consciousness. It is in the language in the fullest way - and, moreover, in the comprehension of the people themselves - that all stages of the history of this people from the most remote times are imprinted, all the steps along which the movement of its culture was directed. Therefore, the rich past of the people, the intensive development of its culture is the key to the rich and powerful development of the very language of this people. Such is the Russian language. In its strength and wealth, the duration of the historical process passed by the people and the intensity of the cultural development of the Russian nation throughout the entire course of its history found their expression.

This text contains many abstract nouns: factor, development, creativity, self-awareness, comprehension, movement, expression, duration, intensity, flow, etc. The words are used in a direct (nominative) sense.

The scientific style has its own phraseology, which includes compound terms (angina pectoris, solar plexus, thyroid gland, right angle, intersection point, inclined plane, freezing point, boiling point, voiced consonants, participle turnover, complex sentence etc.), various kinds of clichés (consists of ..., consists in ..., represents ..., is used for ..., etc.).

The language of science and technology also has a number of grammatical features. In the field of morphology, this is the use of shorter variant forms, which corresponds to the principle of “saving” language means. So, from the options key - keys ("tip of the lever in various kinds of mechanisms"), cuff - cuffs ("ring for fastening the ends of pipes") in the technical literature, the second, i.e., shorter, masculine forms are preferred.

In scientific works, the singular form of nouns is often used in the plural sense:

Wolf - a predatory animal from the genus of dogs (a whole class of objects is called with an indication of their characteristic features);

Linden begins to bloom at the end of June (a specific noun is used in a collective, generalizing sense);

The shape of the ear, nose, eyes is studied (the word form is used instead of form, since it is in the same relation to subsequent nouns).

Real and abstract nouns are often used in the plural form:

Lubricating oils;

High quality steels;

Red and white clays;

Great depths;

Low temperatures;

Noises in the radio, annual and quarterly repairs.

When constructing sentences, the desire of the authors to use fewer verbs and more nouns is noticeable: in scientific literature definitions of concepts are more common, less often - the names of actions. In particular, this affects when choosing the form of the predicate: instead of a verb, a verb-nominal construction is used, consisting of a noun with the same root as the verb and another verb that has a weakened lexical meaning:

A new machine is being tested (cf.: a new machine is being tested);

Calculating devices are used (cf .: calculating devices are used);

There is an increase in temperature (cf .: temperature rises);

Growth occurs (cf. grows);

There is an increase (cf. increases);

Make calculations (cf. calculate).

Adjectives are widely used in scientific works, clarifying the concept by pointing to its various features and thereby performing a terminological function. For example, A.E. Fersman in his book "Entertaining Mineralogy" points out the many shades of green in which stones are painted: turquoise green, bottle green, bluish green, golden green, emerald green, olive green, grass green, apple green , also: pale green, dirty green, dense green, grayish green, bluish green, bright green, etc.

Of the syntactic features of the scientific style, it should be noted the tendency to complex constructions. Such structures are a convenient form of expressing a complex system scientific concepts, establishing relationships between them, such as generic concepts and species, cause and effect, evidence and conclusions, etc.

For this purpose, sentences with homogeneous members and a generalizing word are often used: a broader, generic concept is revealed with the help of narrower, specific concepts. For example, A.M. Peshkovsky in the book "Russian syntax in scientific coverage", building his classification of phrases on the basis of the concept of predicate, wrote:

On the basis of having or not having this meaning, we will divide all phrases into:

1) phrases that have a predicate in their composition, or pointing in their formal composition to the omitted predicate, or, finally, consisting of one predicate, we will call all such phrases sentences;

2) phrases that have two or more predicates or two or more phrases in their composition, indicating in their formal composition the omitted predicates or consisting of one predicate, we will call all such phrases complex integers ...;

3) phrases that do not have a predicate in their composition and are not themselves predicates.

It is quite natural that different types of complex sentences are common in the scientific literature. For example, in a study on aesthetics we read:

The special and unique originality of music among other types of art is determined by the fact that, striving, like every type of art, for the widest and most comprehensive coverage of reality and its aesthetic assessment, it does this by directly referring to the spiritual content of the world of human experiences, which it with extraordinary power activates in its listener.

In complex sentences used in scientific texts, compound subordinating conjunctions are often found, which are characteristic of book speech in general: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, in while, meanwhile, while, etc. They allow more accurately than simple causal, concessive, temporary unions to reveal the relationship between the parts of a complex sentence.

To unite parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other, words and their combinations are used that indicate this connection: therefore, at the same time, first, then, in conclusion, thus, so, therefore, etc.

The means of communication between parts of the text are also introductory words and combinations, firstly, secondly, finally, on the one hand, on the other hand, etc., indicating the sequence of presentation.

In general, syntactic structures in scientific prose are more complex and richer in lexical material than in fiction. For example, in the works of fiction of the 60s of the XIX century. (in the author's narration in the novels by I.A. Goncharov, I.S. Turgenev, N.G. Chernyshevsky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, F.M. Dostoevsky, N.S. Leskov and L.N. Tolstoy) complex sentences make up 50.7 percent of the total number of sentences, i.e., half, and in scientific works of the same period (the works of the chemist A.M. Butlerov, the physiologist I.M. Sechenov, the linguist A.A. Potebnya, the literary critic A.N. Veselovsky, See also "The Aesthetic Relationship of Art to Reality".

N.G. Chernyshevsky and the historical and philosophical "Epilogue" of "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy) - 73.8 percent, i.e., almost three quarters.

At the same time, the average size of a complex sentence in fiction is 23.9 words, and in scientific prose - 33.5 words (in simple sentences respectively - 10.2 and 15.9 words). The average size sentences (regardless of structure) in the author's narration in the same novels - 17.2 words, in scientific research- 28.5 words. In general, a sentence of a scientific text contains about one and a half times more words than a sentence of a literary text.

The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech. However, with the development of mass media, with the growing importance of science in modern society, the increase in various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposiums, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech increases.

The main features of the scientific style in both written and oral form are accuracy, abstractness, logicality and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into a system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in the works of the scientific style.

This style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and recently everything has been more space occupies international terminology (manager, quoting, realtor, etc.).

A feature of the use of vocabulary in a scientific style is that polysemantic lexically neutral words are used not in all their meanings, but only in one. For example, the verb count, which has four meanings, here mainly realizes the meaning: to make some conclusion, to recognize, to believe.

The use in one, becoming terminological meaning is characteristic of both nouns and adjectives, for example: body, strength, movement, sour, heavy, etc.

The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in less use of synonyms. The volume of text in a scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but due to the repetition of the same ones. An excerpt can serve as an example: “Transport links between workshops for the main types of raw materials and finished products, as well as the transfer of goods between production workshops and storage and transport facilities, for the most part, are provided by continuous transport (...) Motor transport finished products supplied to consumers located nearby, they also perform auxiliary loading and unloading operations.

In the scientific style, there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic or artistic, is characterized by evaluativeness. Estimates are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more understandable, accessible, to clarify the idea. Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistent presentation and objectivity of presentation. In the syntactic structures in the scientific style of speech, the detachment of the author is maximally demonstrated.

This is expressed in the use of generalized personal and impersonal constructions instead of the 1st person: there is reason to believe, it is considered, it is known, presumably, one can say, etc.

The desire for a logical presentation of the material leads to the active use of complex allied sentences, introductory words, participles and participle turns and so on. The most typical example is sentences with subordinate causes and conditions, for example: "If an enterprise or some of its divisions does not work well, then this means that not everything is in order with management."

Almost any scientific text may contain graphic information, this is one of the features of the scientific style of speech.

3.2 Formal business style

The main area in which it functions officially - business style is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes due to the nature of the content itself. But many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

A typical feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles templated turns often act as a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it. many kinds business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of the material. It is no coincidence that in business practice ready-made forms are used, which only need to be filled out. Even envelopes are written in a certain order (different in different countries, but established in each), and this has its own advantage for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it. Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc.

Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by a number of common features. These include:

1) conciseness, compactness of presentation, "economical" use of language tools;

2) the standard arrangement of the material, the often obligatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, money documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) the widespread use of terminology, nomenclature names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of special vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the inclusion of complex abbreviated words, in particular abbreviations, in the text;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, denominative prepositions (on the basis of, in relation to, in accordance with, in fact, by virtue of, for purposes, at the expense of, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.), as well as stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (in case ..., on the basis that ..., for the reason that. .., with the condition that ..., in such a way that ..., the circumstance that ..., the fact that ... etc.);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with enumeration;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the prevailing principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences, reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

The heterogeneity of the subject matter and the variety of genres make it possible to single out two varieties in the style under consideration: the official documentary style and the everyday business style. In turn, in the official documentary style, one can single out the language of legislative documents related to the activities of state bodies, and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations. In everyday business style, official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, differ in content, genres and the nature of the language means used.

The language of legislative documents includes the vocabulary and phraseology of state law, civil law, criminal law, Labor Code, Marriage and Family Code, etc.

It is joined by vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies, official activities of citizens, etc.:

Legislation, cassation, constitution, jurisdiction, legal capacity, sentence, prosecutor, legal proceedings, judicial system, evidence, jurisdiction;

Impose responsibility, in the abolition of the decision, in the development of the decision, until further notice, to enter into force, in order to facilitate, extract from the order, bring to the attention, take up a position, perform duties, travel certificate, authorities.