What is the territory of the RT. Population of Tatarstan and its ethnic composition

Landscape design and layout 22.09.2019

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1. Republic of Tatarstan

2. Geographical location

3. Cities of Tatarstan

5. Attractions

7. State languages

8. Religion

1. Republic of Tatarstan

Republic of Tatarstan - Subject Russian Federation. One of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The capital is the city of Kazan.

The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the largest and economic potential of the regions of Russia in the population and economic potential. Thanks to its geographical location, rich history and unique natural resources, the republic is ideal for tourism, and not only for Russian, but also for the world. Modern Tatarstan seeks to take a worthy place in the global community. And for this there are all the necessary prerequisites.

2. Geographical location

Tatarstan has a very favorable geographical position, which is favorably reflected in the life and economy of the republic, as it is located in the heart of the Russian Federation at the intersection of large railway lines and highways for making agriculture and full internal supply of all necessary food products: flat territory in forestry and The forest-steppe zone, a moderately continental climate with the average temperature of January -14c, and July + 19c, a sufficient amount of water resources (the largest rivers are Volga, Kama and two inflows of Kama - White and Vyatka, and there are reservoirs - Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamskoe), 32 % of the entire area occupy fertile black earth soils.

Among other things, Tatarstan is rich in minerals, the main of which is oil. In addition to oil, mining of associated gas, gypsum, peat, construction stone, limestone and dolomites are carried out. Accordingly, the main industries are chemical and petrochemical, fuel, as well as mechanical engineering, electric power, food.

As you can see, the economy of the republic is quite self-sufficient and even largely works for exports.

All of these conditions cannot not have a positive impact on the development of tourism in Tatarstan. And if you still remember the rich history of this area, it becomes completely, the uniqueness of this region of Russia is obvious.

3. Cities of Tatarstan

tatarstan Geographical Climate Economic

In Tatarstan, there are still many cities that have important cultural, historical and economic significance not only for the republic, but also for the whole of Russia as a whole. For example, Naberezhnye Chelny received worldwide fame thanks to the KAMAZ plant; Almetyevsk and Bugulma are the largest centers of the Petroleum industry of the Tataria; In the Chistopolsky district, the remains of the Goldenordsk city of Juteau (X-XI centuries) were preserved, and the ancient capital of Volzhsko-Kama Bulgaria (X-XIV centuries) is located to the south of the modern city of Bulgaria (X-XIV centuries).

The capital of Tatarstan Kazan is one of the 13 million cities of Russia. For his millennial history Kazan experienced a lot important events and changes that naturally left their mark on the appearance of the city. In Kazan, more than 1600 monuments of various types of arts and history periods were revealed. The main of them is the Kazan Kremlin - a unique complex of archaeological, historical and architectural monuments that have arisen and functioning from the foundation of the city and to the present day. At the same time, Kazan is never inferior to other modern cities: besides all others, there are such types of entertainment as 2 water park and one of three in Russia IMAX cinemas with a giant screen, new modern hotels and entertainment centers.

No less interesting to tourists and the city of Bilar, where the famous Biillest settlement is located (X V.-1236), in which the remnants of a large two-zone complex of the Cathedral Mosque are preserved. It was the economic, political and cultural center of Volzhsko-Kama Bulgaria, one of the largest cities in Eastern Europe. In Bilyar, trading pathways from Central Asia and Iran, Russia and Baltic States, the Caucasus and Byzantium, as well as from the north. There is another important landmark - holy key "Hujalar Tabava" ("Mountain Lord"): This is the pagan sanctuary, known from the IX-X centuries, which is revered by people of different nationalities and is the place of pilgrimage of pagans, Muslims and Christians.

The State Historical and Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve has been created in Elabuga, who united several interesting things to visit places: Museum-estate of the legendary Amazon, Cavalist-devits N.A. Durov - participants of Napoleonic wars, the heroine of the Patriotic War of 1812, the first Russian woman officer and one of the talented writers of his time; Memorial House of Memory M.I. Tsvetaeva, where she spent her the last days, as well as a literary museum M.I. Tsvetaeva, the exposition of which talks about the life and work of the poetess.

And in the house where the famous artist I.I. Shishkin held his children's and youthful years, there was a single museum of the founder of a realistic landscape school in the world. Near Elabugi remained the remnants of the fortified settlement on the banks of the Toyma River - Elabuga (Damovo) fortification. It was originally a generic shelter of one of the local tribes, inhabited in the area in the 2nd half of the 1st thousand n. e.

Tatarstan has something to offer tourists: it is great natural conditions, historical places, and ancient architecture and at the same time modern hotels and entertainment centers, water parks, dolphinariums and ski and sports complexes, and much more.

The presence of a huge number of unique resources, the rich history of Tatarstan made it possible to create a republican tourist route "Pearl Necklace of Tatarstan", which became business card Tatarstan tourism. The route consists of a small and large rings.

The small ring with a radius of 60-80 km surrounds Kazan and passes through the territories of municipal regions adjacent to Kazan: Zeyshodolsky, Vernevylonian, Laishevsky, Prestchinsky and Arsky. Each of these areas has some kind of highlight. For example, the Arskiy district is the ethnic core of the Tatar nation: here they are preserved almost in the original formation, traditions and customs of the Tatar people. Laishevsky district - Motherland G.R. Derzhavin, - on the contrary, is known for many monuments of Russian culture and is the center of the old national holiday "Kararavon" ("Horovod") in the village of Russian Nikolskoye. Verkhneuslonian district, stretching along the Volga, was long chosen by Kazan for recreation, especially now, when the modern ski complex "Kazan" was built here. In the Prestchinsky district there are numerous villages of Kryashen (baptized Tatars), especially popular among tourists Lenino-Kokushkino village. Raifsky monastery and miracle hail Sviyazisk on the island of Buyan from Pushkin's fairy tales are tourist objects of international importance as centers of cultural and educational and pilgrimage tourism.

The Big Ring of the "Pearl Necklaces of Tatarstan" combines such tourist centers such as Kazan, Bulgarian, Bilyarsk, Chistopol, Elabuga. The state historical and architectural museums of the Kazan Kremlin, Bulgarians, Bilyarsk, Elabuga, excavations of the ancient settlements of Juteau, Bilar, Suvava, the historical core of the city building, Elabugi, as well as the unique natural territories of the Volga-Kama Reserve, Spassky Reserve, Pure meadows.

Everyone who wants to relax on the Tatar land is waiting for a warm welcome, the eastern abundance and a lot of unforgettable impressions.

About 7 thousand facilities representing cultural value were revealed in the republic. Cultural and educational tourism exists like independent view and can serve as an excursion tourism add-on to other types: healing, cruise, etc. It is represented by various types of historical monuments, memorial places, museums, which in Tatarstan more than 120, and other show objects, which allows the development of year-round cultural tourism, the "highlight" of which is the image of Kazan, as "West Places of Vendor and East". In addition, in the republic more than 300 Muslim and Orthodox monuments of history and culture, which reached our time. These are churches and monasteries of various religions: Orthodox temples, Catholic cathedrals, Muslim mosques, etc.

There are 82 objects of ecological tourism in the republic. They include reserves, national and natural parks, reserves and nature monuments. The state reserves include Volzhsko-Kamsky and lawsu-Kazan, to parks - Lower Kama National Park, Sviyazhsky's natural historical park, historical and architectural and natural park, Long Polyana.

Especially attracting the attention of active recreation lovers Blue lake, which is located near Kazan. It is not very large - in diameter of 30 meters, the depth is about 17 meters. Unusually, it is the fact that at the bottom it is the lakes there is a powerful source, which serves two cubic meters of water every minute. Therefore, the water is very transparent, but cold. The lake is a state reserve, so the passage on the vehicle is closed. This place especially attracts lovers of night diving, because only there you can watch the stellar sky through the thickness of the water, and in the light of the lanterns, the flow of water outgoing from sources is well visible.

The "visiting card" of Tatarstan tourism is river cruises. River cruises on the heights along the Volga and Kame, with an approach of Kazan and the city of the republic, are all-Russian routes. Cruise tourism gets its development not only in Kazan, but also in other cities of the republic. Along with standard packages of services, in many heat shots there is a "floating boarding house" system, where health services are offered (therapy, physiotherapy, manual therapy, phototherapy, health care), as well as children's programs.

According to the State Statistics Committee for 2005, in the Republic of Tatarstan there are 242 places of accommodation in 27737 places, incl. 96 hotels on 6271 place, 3 motels, 8 hostels for visitors, other accommodation facilities - 109. Total placed citizens - 638224.

The base of the recreation includes a network of organizations of sanatorium and recruiting institutions of the republic, which has 52 organizations at 9159 places, incl. 7 Sanatoriums, 11 Children's Sanatoriums, 34 Sanatorium-Pretealth.

5. Attractions

Kazan Kremlin

One of the visual examples of state cultural policy in the field of preservation and popularization of heritage is the Kazan Kremlin. The uniqueness of the Kazan Kremlin was confirmed on November 30, 2000 at the session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee in Australia, the inclusion of it in the list of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

Street Bauman

Pedestrian street in the central part of the city. Leads to the Kazan Kremlin. Old architecture Roads with the designated design of urban streets of Europe. Business Center Kazan and the place of concentration of entertainment and entertainment institutions. The main attraction of the oldest Kazan Street is the bell tower of the Epiphany Church (1756). Opposite the bell tower in 1999, a monument was established the great native of Kazan Fedor Shalyapin, who was baptized in the Epiphany Church.

In the center of one of the sections of the Volga-Kama State Reserve, one of the pearls of Russian architecture of the XVII century is located - Raifsky Bogoroditsky Male Monastery. The deserts under the Rafiem Lake and the Bag River are based on the Childgy Hieromonach Filaret. In 1928, the monastery was closed. Since 1992, he is reborn. In the monastery 5 temples. Miraculous Georgian icon God's Mother He is his main shrine.

Grand Island Sviyazhsk

The unique city-fortress is based on the decree of King Ivan Grozny in 1551. As a unique holistic historical and cultural territorial complex of 16-20 centuries in 1990, Sviyazisk is included in new list historical cities and towns of the Russian Federation; In 1996, it was included in the preliminary list of UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Six Nominations: History, Town Plant, Architecture, Icons and Frescoes, Archeology, Natural and Anthropogenic Landscape. On the island registered 21 Poamnik federal significance.

At 215 km from Kazan on the Kama River, one of Tatarstan - Elabuga is located one of the most poetry and intelligent cities. N.A. lived here and worked. Durov, I.I. Shishkin, M.I. Tsvetaeva. Memorial place near Elabugi - "Cherto" Site - the remnants of the fortified settlement of the tribes of the second floor. I millennium N.E. 5 km from the city on the Toyama River there is a world-famous monument of the I millennium BC, Ananyan burial ground, which gave the name of the whole culture of the era of iron.

At 140 km from Kazan on the left bank of the Volga from afar, silhouettes of white-named ruins are visible. These are the remnants of the Great Bulgarians - one of the largest cities of the once strong state of Volga Bulgaria. Today, in this place is the village of Bulgaria and an extensive settlement - a monument of architecture of the X-XV centuries. it historical Motherland Volga Tatars, known in the Muslim world as "Northern Mecca" - the place of pilgrimage of believers.

150 km from Kazan is the capital of the ancient state of the Volga Bulgaria - Bilar. In the vicinity of Bilyar there is an extraordinary place located in a picturesque forest at the foot of the mountain "Hujalar Table". From near the mountain, the spring of crystal clear water is knocked out, turned into a place of worship and called "Holy Key". it spiritual Centerwhere the beliefs and customs of the three religions are coexist: paganism, Muslim and Christianity.

Petropavlovsky Cathedral

In 1726, I am a merchant Mihlyaev in memory of the visit to Kazan Peter I. The complex includes a bell tower and the Cathedral building. The cathedral is built under the influence of the style of the style, known as Moscow Baroque. The extraordinarily saturated architectural, sculptural and picturesque decor does not violate, but emphasizes the structural scheme of the building. Here is the preserved, skillfully decorated wooden carved gilded iconostasis (first floor. XVIII century).

The climate is moderate and continental, it has a warm summer and moderately cold winter. Sometimes drought happen. average temperature January (the coldest month)? 16 ° C, July (the warmer month) +25 ° C.

7. State languages

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Tatar and Russian are recognized as equitable throughout the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan.

8. Religion

More than a thousand religious associations were registered on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Two religions received the greatest distribution in the Republic of Tatarstan: Islam and orthodox Christianity.

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Geography

Tatarstan is located in the center on the Eastern European Plain, in the confluence of two rivers - Volga and Kama. It is east of 800 km away (on roads) / 720 km (in line).

Total area of \u200b\u200bTatarstan - 67,836 km². The length of the territory of the Republic is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from the west to the East.

The highest point of Tatarstan is the elevation of Chatyr-Tau.

The territory of the republic is a plain in the forest and forest-steppe zone with small elevations on the Right Bank of the Volga and the Southeast of the Republic. 90% of the territory lies at an altitude of no more than 200 meters above sea level.

More than 18% of the territory of the republic is covered, deciduous rocks (oak, linden, birch, aspen), coniferous breeds Presents pine, fir and fir. Local fauna is represented by 430 species and invertebrate species.

Climate

The climate is moderate and continental, it has a warm summer and moderately cold winter. The warm month of the year - July (+ 19 ... + 21 ° C), the coldest - January (-13 ... -14 ° C). The absolute minimum temperature is -44 ... -48 ° C (in Kazan -46.8 ° C in 1942). Maximum temperatures Reach + 37 ... + 42 ° C. Absolute annual amplitude reaches 80-90 ° C.

The average precipitation from 460 to 520 mm. The growing season is about 170 days.

Climatic differences within Tatarstan are small. The number of solar shine watches during the year ranges from 1763 (Bugulma) to 2066 (Menzelinsk). The most sunny period - from April to August. The total solar radiation for the year is approximately 3900 mJ / sq. M.

The average annual temperature is approximately 2-3.1 ° C.

A steady transition of the average daily temperature in 0 ° C occurs in early April and at the end of October. The duration of the period with a temperature above 0 ° C - 198-209 days, below 0 ° C - 156-157 days.

The average annual precipitation is 460-540 mm. In a warm period (above 0 ° C), 65-75% of the annual precipitation amount falls. The maximum of precipitation falls for July (51-65 mm), at least for February (21-27 mm). The most moistened by the precipitates of the ancestor and the forever, the least is the west of the order.

Snowproof is formed after mid-November, his melting occurs in the first half of April. The duration of snow cover is 140-150 days a year, the average height is 35-45 cm.

Timezone

Soil

Soils are distinguished by a large variety - from gray forest and podzolic in the north and west to various types of black mills in the south of the republic (32% of the area). In the region there are especially fertile powerful black soils, and gray forest and leached black earth soils prevail.

Three soil areas are distinguished on the territory of Tatarstan:

North (Ancestand) - the most common light gray forests (29%) and turf-podzolic (21%), which are mainly on the waterproof plateau and upper parts slopes. 18.3% percent occupy gray and dark gray forest soil. On the hills and hills there are turf soils. 22.5% occupy washed soils, floodplain - 6-7%, swamp - about 2%. In a number of districts (Baltasinsky, Kukmsky, Mamadyshsky), erosion is strong, which is prone to 40% of the territory.
Western (Previval) - Summer soils predominate in the northern part (51.7%), gray and dark gray (32.7%). Significant area is occupied by apodoline and leached blacklooms. High sections of the area are occupied by light gray and ferrous-podzolic soils (12%). Pointed soils occupy 6.5%, swamp - 1.2%. In the south-west district, chernozema is common (leached).
Southeast (Zakamye) - To the west of Sheshma, leached and ordinary black soils, the right bank of the Small Chereman is occupied by dark gray soils. To the east of the Sheshma, gray forest and black earth soils predominate, in the northern part of the area - leached blacklooms. The elevations are occupied by forest-steppe soils, lowlands - black mills.

Minerals

Oil

Main article: Tatneft

The main resource of the depth of the republic is oil. The republic has 800 million tons of extracted oil; The size of the predicted reserves is over 1 billion tons.

In Tatarstan, 127 deposits are explored, including more than 3000 oil deposits. Here is the second largest deposit in Russia and one of the largest world - Romaskinsky, located in the Leninogorsk district of Tatarstan. Among the major deposits, Novoelkhovskoye and Sausbash, as well as the average Bavlin deposit. Along with oil, associated gas is mined - about 40 m³ per 1 ton of oil. There are several minor fields of natural gas and gas condensate.

Coal

In Tatarstan, 108 coal deposits were revealed. At the same time, only coal deposits tied to the South Tatar, Meleks and North-Tatar areas of the Kama coal basin can be used on an industrial scale. The depth of coal is from 900 to 1400 m.

Other minerals

In the depths of the country there are also industrial reserves of limestone, dolomites, construction sand, clay for the production of bricks, construction stone, gypsum, sandy-gravel mixture, peat, as well as promising reserves of petrochetum, brown and stone coal, combustible shale, zeolites, copper, bauxite . The greatest value Comely-containing rocks (about half of the nonmetallic reserves of the republic), carbonate rocks (about 20%), clay rocks (also about 30%), sand-gravel mixture (7.7%), sands (5.4%), gypsum (1 , 7%). 0.1% occupy phosphorites, iron oxide pigments and bitumenting rocks.

Water resources

The largest rivers - Volga (177 km through the territory of the republic) and Kama (380 km), as well as two inflows of Kama - Vyatka (60 km) and white (50 km), provide overall stock 234 billion m³ / year (97.5% of the total Stream of all rivers). In addition to them, about 500 small rivers do not less than 10 km long and numerous streams flow around the territory of the republic. Large reserves of water resources are concentrated in the two largest reservoirs - Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamsky. There are also more than 8 thousand small lakes and ponds in the republic.

Hydropheneergopotency of rivers is implemented on p. Kama undergraded by Nizhnekamskaya HPP producing about 1.8 billion kWh / year (on the project - 2.7 billion kWh / year). In the depths of the republic contain significant reserves underground water - from strongly mineralized to weakly trampled and fresh.

The largest water bodies of Tatarstan - 4 reservoirs, providing the republic with water resources for various purposes.

Kuibyshevskoye - Created in 1955, the largest not only in Tatarstan, but also in Europe, ensures seasonal regulation of the settlement of the average Volga.
Nizhnekamskoye - Created in 1978 and provides daily and weekly redistribution to the hydrode.
Zainskoe - Created in 1963, serves for technical support of GRES.
Karabash - Created in 1957, serves to water supply oil and industrial enterprises.

There are 731 technical construction in the republic, 550 ponds, 115 sewage treatment plants, 11 protective dams.

The groundwater

As of 2005, 29 Underground Freshwater deposits with reserves of approximately 1 million cubic meters / day were explored in Tatarstan, about a third of the reserves were prepared for industrial development.

Great and reserves of mineral groundwater. As of 2004, the total reserves of mineral groundwater are 3,293 thousand cubic meters per day.

Protected natural areas

On the territory of Tatarstan there are more than 150 specially protected natural territories A total area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 150 thousand hectares (2% of the total area of \u200b\u200bTatarstan). The OPT includes:

Volzhsko-Kamsky ReserveCreated in 1960, located on the territory of Zelenodolsky and Laishevsky districts. It has great biodiversity, there are more than 70 types of vascular plants and 68 species of vertebrate animals.
National Park "Lower Kama", Created in 1991 on the territory of the Elabuz and Tukayevsky districts, here includes various forest arrays.

Ecological state

Generally ecological state Satisfactory. The forestry of Tatarstan is 16.2% (the Russian Federation as a whole is 45.4%). The trend of the deterioration of the environment has emerged after 2000. By 2009, the condition of atmospheric air was particularly worse.

Since 2000, it is included in the priority list of cities with the highest level of air pollution. Cities and in 2007 from this list were excluded, however, air pollution in these cities is characterized as high. 59.5% of the amount of pollutants departing from all stationary sources of allocation are caught and neutralized. solid substances - 92.3%, Los - 60%.

The largest sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere: OJSC TATNEFT - 79.8 thousand tons; PJSC Nizhnekamskneftekhim, G. - 39.8 thousand tons; OJSC Tatenergo - 29.2 thousand tons.

In 2007, 5,216.14 million m³ of water were used in the systems of turnover and re-sequential water supply, saving fresh water - 93%. Water loss during transportation amounted to 107.64 million m³ (about 14% of the total water intake in the republic). The volume of reset to surface water areas of wastewater in 2007 amounted to 598.52 million m³, including 493.45 million m³ of polluted wastewater (82%), there are no normatively purified wastewater.

In 2007, the construction of a drinking water purification station was completed in Nizhnekamsk, which spent 164.5 million rubles; PJSC "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" - continued work on the reconstruction of sewage networks and structures (costs - 54.6 million rubles); OJSC "Nizhnekamskshina" - work on the reconstruction of sewage networks and structures (costs - 25.9 million rubles).

During 2007, 17 cases of emergency environmental situations were recorded in the territory of the republic, including:

12 cases of pollution of land resources, of which 6 cases of pollution by petroleum products due to the impulse of oil pipelines, oil spills during work, tipping tanks with diesel fuel, 4 cases of pollution by sewer and industrial wastewater, 1 case of contamination by dung drain due to breakthrough, 1 case of spill with sulfuric acid due to the supply of tank wagons with rails;
4 cases of pollution of water resources, including 3 cases of pollution by wastewater, 1 - petroleum products (as a result of the dicer tightness disorders);
1 The case of air pollution as a result of a gas pipe supply with subsequent fire.

At the beginning of 2007, 1.5 million tons of production and consumption waste was available on the balance of enterprises of the republic; It was formed for the year 3.7 million tons of waste, of which 54% were used and neutralized. Taking into account the transfer of waste for use, disposal, disposal, placement at the end of 2007, 1,35 million tons of waste remained on the balance of enterprises. The following places of organized disposal of waste are available in the republic: Polygons of MOS - 50 pcs. (48 comply with current standards) on the area of \u200b\u200b321.9 hectares, authorized landfills for Municipalities - 1322 pcs. Square 913.4 hectares, industrial waste polygons - 3 pcs. (All correspond to current standards) on an area of \u200b\u200b64.7 hectares.

Basic sources of waste education: KAMAZ OJSC - 991 thousand tons; OJSC Zainsky Sugar - 513 thousand tons; JSC Buinsky Sugar Plant - 302 thousand tons.

History

The history of human settlements on this territory dates back to the VIII century BC. e. Later on the same territory there was a medieval state of the Volga Bulgar. In the XIII century, Bulgaria was conquered by Mongols and, after the section of the Empire of Genghis Khan, included in Golden Horde's Ulus.

At the beginning of the XV century, Khan Ulu-Mohammed announced the creation of the Kazan Khanate after the decay of the Golden Horde. The new state began to independently build relations with other countries, including the Moscow State. In the middle of the XVI century, during the reign of Ivan IV Grozny, in 1552 Kazan was conquered by Moscow and was included in the Moscow state.

As part of Russia, Kazan Khanate was called first by the Kazan kingdom, after the reforms of Peter I - Kazan province (formed by the merger of the Astrakhan and Kazan kingdoms and the subsequent release of other formations from it, with a decrease in the subject to the size of modern Tatarstan). The territory did not have self-government: the head of the province was the governor appointed directly by the emperor. Until 1920, the territory of the current Republic of Tatarstan, neither officially nor informally named neither "Tataria" nor Tatarstan. After the revolution, at the initiative of V. I. Lenin, on May 27, 1920, a decree was signed on the formation of the Tatar ASSR in the territories of the Kazan and Ufa province as part of the RSFSR. From August 30, 1990, the official name of the Republic is the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic (as well as the Republic of Tatarstan), and from February 7, 1992 - the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan). On April 21, 1992, renaming was approved by the Russian authorities.

Population

The population of the Republic, according to Rosstat, is 3 894 284 person. (2018). Population density - 57,40 person / km (2018). Urban population - 76,79 % (2018).

Population density in RT

Representatives of 115 nationalities live in the Republic of Tatarstan. The number of economically active population in the Republic of Tatarstan as of January 1, 2008 amounted to 1790.1 thousand people, or 47.0% of the total population of the republic.

In 1999, Tatars amounted to 85% of migration growth, Russians - 6.5%. The Tatar fertility was 1.4 times higher than among Russians (in the village - 1.3 times, in the city - by 1.5 times). At the same time, mortality among the Tatars is lower than that of the Russians (1.13 times), the natural growth of the Tatars is higher than that of the Russians. Therefore, in 2000, the share of Tatars in the republic exceeded 50%. The Tatar fertility is higher than that of Russians - respectively, 13.9 ppm and 9.8 (1997). The proportion of young age groups of Tatars is also higher. Tatar mortality is lower than that of Russians (9.9 ppm from the Tatars and 11.2 among the Russians). As a result, the natural increase in the Tatar population of the republic is higher (4.0%) than Russian (-1.4%). In 2005, the migration increase in Tatars compared with 2004 increased by 29.4%.

Fertility (the number of people born per 1000 people)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
15,2	↗ 16,5	↘ 15,8	↗ 18,2	↘ 15,3	↘ 10,4	↘ 10,1	↘ 9,9	↘ 9,8

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 9,3	↗ 9,4	↗ 9,5	↗ 10,2	→ 10,2	↗ 10,3	↘ 9,8	↗ 9,9	↗ 10,9

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ 11,8	↗ 12,4	↗ 12,9	↗ 13,4	↗ 14,5	↗ 14,8	→ 14,8

Mortality (the number of died per 1000 people of the population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
8,1	↗ 8,9	↗ 9,5	↗ 9,8	↗ 9,9	↗ 12,9	↘ 12,2	↗ 12,3	↘ 12,0

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↗ 12,4	↗ 13,2	↗ 13,3	↗ 13,7	↗ 13,8	↘ 13,6	↗ 13,8	↘ 13,1	↘ 13,0

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ 13,0	↘ 12,7	↗ 13,1	↘ 12,4	↘ 12,2	↘ 12,1	↗ 12,2

Natural population growth (per 1000 people of the population, sign (-) means natural loss of the population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
7,1	↗ 7,6	↘ 6,3	↗ 8,4	↘ 5,4	↘ -2,5	↗ -2,1	↘ -2,4	↗ -2,2	↘ -3,1

2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
↘ -3,8	→ -3,8	↗ -3,5	↘ -3,6	↗ -3,3	↘ -4,0	↗ -3,2	↗ -2,1	↗ -1,2	↗ -0,3

2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ -0,2	↗ 1,0	↗ 2,3	↗ 2,7	↘ 2,6

Life expectancy at birth (number of years)
1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
70,9	↘ 70,6	↘ 69,8	↘ 68,0	↘ 66,7	→ 66,7	↗ 68,0	↗ 68,2	↗ 68,9

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 68,5	↘ 67,6	↘ 67,5	→ 67,5	↗ 67,6	↗ 67,7	↗ 68,0	↗ 69,0	↗ 69,4

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
↗ 70,1	↗ 70,8	↘ 70,4	↗ 71,3	↗ 71,8	↗ 72,1

National composition:

People	1920 year thousand people	1926 year thousand people	1939 year thousand people	1959 thousand people	1970 thousand people	1979 year thousand people	1989 thousand people	2002. thousand people	2010 year thousand people
Tatara	1306,2 (44,7 %)	1263,4 (48,7 %)	1421,5 (48,8 %)	1345,2 (47,2 %)	1536,4 (49,1 %)	1641,6 (47,6 %)	1765,4 (48,5 %)	2000,1 (52,9 %)	2012,6 (53,2 %)
including quicken	-	99,0 (3,8 %)	-	-	-	-	-	18,8	30,0
Russians	1205,3 (41,2 %)	1118,8 (43,1 %)	1250,7 (42,9 %)	1252,4 (43,9 %)	1328,7 (42,4 %)	1516,0 (44,0 %)	1575,4 (43,3 %)	1492,6 (39,5 %)	1501,4 (39,7 %)
Chuvashi	173,9 (5,9 %)	127,3 (4,9 %)	138,9 (4,8 %)	143,6 (5,0 %)	153,5 (4,9 %)	147,1 (4,3 %)	143,2 (3,7 %)	126,5 (3,3 %)	116,3 (3,1 %)
Udmurt	19,0	23,9	25,9	22,7	24,5	25,3	24,8	24,2	23,5
Mordva	40,2 (1,4 %)	35,1 (1,4 %)	35,8 (1,2 %)	32,9 (1,2 %)	31,0	29,9	28,9	23,7	19,2
Mariyza	22,5	13,1	14,0	13,5	15,6	16,8	19,4	18,8	18,8
Ukrainians	3,2	3,1	13,1	16,1	16,9	28,6	32,8	24,2	18,2
Bashkira	139,9 (4,8 %)	1,8	0,9	2,1	2,9	9,3	19,1	14,9	13,7
Azerbaijanis	0	0,01	0,1	0,3	0,4	1,3	3,9	10,0	9,5
Uzbeks	0	0,01	0,2	0,5	0,5	1,2	2,7	4,9	8,9
Armenians	0,001	0,1	0,4	0,6	0,5	1,2	1,8	5,9	6,0
Tajiks	0	0	0,02	0	0,1	0,2	0,7	3,6	5,9

Listed peoples with a number of more than 5 thousand people.

The population and share (among those indicating the nationality) of the most numerous nationalities on the city districts and municipal regions of the Republic of Tatarstan according to the 2010 All-Russian Census of the 2010 population.

District/ City District	tatara		russians		chuvashi		udmurt		mordva		mariyza		ukrainians		bashkira
District/ City District	numerical nosta	%	numerical nosta	%	numerical nosta	%	numerical nosta	%	numerical nosta	%	numerical nosta	%	numerical nosta	%	numerical nosta	%
city District Kazan	542182	47,55	554517	48,63	8956	0,79	1410	0,12	996	0,09	3698	0,32	4808	0,42	1780	0,16
city District Naberezhnye Chelny	242302	47,42	229270	44,87	9961	1,95	2017	0,39	1979	0,39	3408	0,67	6715	1,31	5904	1,16
Agryzsky	21284	58,12	9228	25,20	74	0,20	2358	6,44	25	0,07	2931	8,00	140	0,38	132	0,36
Aznakaevsky	55578	86,10	7206	11,16	339	0,53	20	0,03	193	0,30	101	0,16	193	0,30	249	0,39
Aksubaevsky	12398	38,55	5398	16,78	14149	43,99	20	0,06	22	0,07	16	0,05	43	0,13	14	0,04
Aktansky	30989	96,93	209	0,65	11	0,03	7	0,02	2	0,01	526	1,65	6	0,02	108	0,34
Alekseevsky	7997	30,48	15365	58,56	1645	6,27	8	0,03	784	2,99	19	0,07	58	0,22	25	0,10
Alkeevsky	12829	64,17	3143	15,72	3829	19,15	4	0,02	8	0,04	10	0,05	14	0,07	7	0,04
Almetyevsky	108988	55,20	73229	37,09	5533	2,80	150	0,08	2749	1,39	142	0,07	851	0,43	709	0,36
Apastovsky	19659	90,90	1019	4,71	791	3,66	2	0,01	3	0,01	4	0,02	24	0,11	8	0,04
Arsky	47921	92,75	3065	5,93	30	0,06	39	0,08	6	0,01	286	0,55	33	0,06	21	0,04
Athnician	13457	98,59	93	0,68	3	0,02	3	0,02	-	-	44	0,32	-	-	10	0,07
Bavlinsky	23414	64,55	7346	20,25	2060	5,68	2031	5,60	383	1,06	16	0,04	123	0,34	208	0,57
Baltashinsky	28780	84,96	588	1,74	8	0,02	4029	11,89	3	0,01	319	0,94	7	0,02	25	0,07
Bugulminsky	39499	35,46	63079	56,63	2750	2,47	126	0,11	2533	2,27	99	0,09	667	0,60	436	0,39
Buinsky	29970	65,94	6055	13,32	9063	19,94	8	0,02	76	0,17	13	0,03	41	0,09	28	0,06
Vernevylonian	4148	24,93	10952	65,81	1032	6,20	15	0,09	27	0,16	37	0,22	49	0,29	11	0,07
High-Ukrainian	29041	67,23	13123	30,38	220	0,51	24	0,06	22	0,05	99	0,23	72	0,17	43	0,10
Yezhzhanhanovsky	14812	57,52	282	1,10	10594	41,14	3	0,01	8	0,03	2	0,01	4	0,02	6	0,02
Elabuga	34750	42,58	42233	51,75	824	1,01	692	0,85	187	0,23	958	1,17	402	0,49	517	0,63
Zainsky	33387	57,52	22738	39,17	800	1,38	43	0,07	53	0,09	78	0,13	223	0,38	124	0,21
Zelenodolsky	63981	40,38	89069	56,21	1931	1,22	104	0,07	145	0,09	880	0,56	547	0,35	154	0,10
Kaybitsky	10092	67,74	3902	26,19	789	5,30	4	0,03	4	0,03	12	0,08	6	0,04	9	0,06
Kamsko-Ustinsky	9143	54,09	7228	42,76	154	0,91	5	0,03	101	0,60	13	0,08	41	0,24	12	0,07
Kukmormsky	40907	78,64	2779	5,34	23	0,04	7278	13,99	2	0,00	754	1,45	40	0,08	43	0,08
Laishevsky	15355	42,05	20130	55,13	381	1,04	20	0,05	45	0,12	42	0,12	76	0,21	45	0,12
Leninogorsky	44696	51,48	32144	37,02	3924	4,52	45	0,05	4006	4,61	59	0,07	443	0,51	262	0,30
Mamadyshsky	34317	76,25	9035	20,08	44	0,10	565	1,26	8	0,02	621	1,38	36	0,08	44	0,10
Mendeleevsky	16033	52,78	10811	35,59	195	0,64	1332	4,38	31	0,10	1227	4,04	125	0,41	168	0,55
Menzelinsky	17646	60,10	10403	35,43	132	0,45	31	0,11	15	0,05	795	2,71	67	0,23	50	0,17
Muslyumovsky	19675	89,91	1388	6,34	10	0,05	6	0,03	5	0,02	598	2,73	12	0,05	38	0,17
Nizhnekamsky	136520	50,21	119402	43,91	6749	2,48	637	0,23	824	0,30	762	0,28	1544	0,57	1769	0,65
Novosheshminsky	6147	43,35	7219	50,91	593	4,18	7	0,05	10	0,07	9	0,06	18	0,13	12	0,08
Nurlatsky	31114	51,75	12979	21,59	15186	25,26	8	0,01	138	0,23	15	0,02	97	0,16	49	0,08
Pestrechinsky	16550	57,02	11666	40,20	113	0,39	26	0,09	17	0,06	17	0,06	81	0,28	28	0,10
Fish-Slobodsky	21896	79,25	5470	19,80	38	0,14	17	0,06	5	0,02	12	0,04	25	0,09	20	0,07
Sabinsky	29606	95,39	996	3,21	18	0,06	219	0,71	2	0,01	12	0,04	23	0,07	44	0,14
Sarmanovsky	33320	90,84	2859	7,79	56	0,15	12	0,03	35	0,10	27	0,07	30	0,08	103	0,28
Spassky	6072	29,54	13889	67,57	338	1,64	7	0,03	38	0,18	6	0,03	40	0,19	10	0,05
Tetyushsky	8136	32,71	8874	35,67	5207	20,93	8	0,03	2399	9,64	21	0,08	41	0,16	30	0,12
Tukaevsky	25983	71,07	8869	24,26	540	1,48	67	0,18	45	0,12	118	0,32	175	0,48	206	0,56
Tulachinsky	12727	89,17	1440	10,09	6	0,04	4	0,03	2	0,01	10	0,07	9	0,06	4	0,03
Cheremshansky	11022	54,13	3624	17,80	4640	22,79	5	0,02	853	4,19	2	0,01	15	0,07	18	0,09
Chistopolsky	32134	40,08	44451	55,45	2405	3,00	17	0,02	322	0,40	13	0,02	168	0,21	51	0,06
Yutazin	16114	74,55	4604	21,30	108	0,50	21	0,10	45	0,21	17	0,08	109	0,50	192	0,89
Tatarstan Total:	2012571	53,24	1501369	39,71	116252	3,08	23454	0,62	19156	0,51	18848	0,50	18241	0,48	13726	0,36

Economy

Tatarstan is 6th in terms of production and one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. In 2013, the VRP of the Republic amounted to 1.52 trillion rubles. The share of the Republic of Tatarstan in the All-Russian production is (in%): polyethylene - 51.9; Synthetic rubbers - 41.9; tires - 33.6; Cargo cars - 30.5; Synthetic detergents - 12.1; Oil production - 6.6; Cardboard - 4.5.

An important role in the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan is played by the agricultural sector. The Republic is included in the top three among other regions of Russia in terms of agricultural products.

According to the concept of the territorial economic policy of the Republic of Tatarstan, 6 economic zones are distinguished on its territory (territorial production complexes (TPK)). On the territory of the Nizhne-Kama Economic Zone there is a special economic zone of Alabuga, as well as Nizhnekamsky petrochemical and embankment of automotive clusters.

Transport

The geographical position of Tatarstan determines its key role in the transport links of the Eastern and European parts of Russia, as well as in communications with other countries. In Tatarstan, all types of transport are presented. but weak Party The road network of the republic is its insufficient connection due to the peculiarities of the geographic location: large rivers Present a serious obstacle to the organization of ground transport links.

Car roads Presented by the main roads M7 (Volga) "Moscow - Kazan - Ufa", M7 "Elabuga - Perm", M5 (Urals) "Moscow - Samara - Chelyabinsk", R239 "Kazan - Orenburg", R241 "Kazan - Ulyanovsk", A295 Kazan - Yoshkar-Ola ", A151" Cheboksary - Ulyanovsk ", 16A-0003" Nab. Chelny - Almetyevsk. "

Railways Available in 22 districts, as well as in urban districts Kazan and Nab. Chelny. Maintenance railways In the republic - this is the latitudinal lines of Moscow - Kazan - Ekaterinburg and Moscow - Ulyanovsk - Ufa. The combining role between them is played by the Meridional Lines of Agryz - Bugulma and Zelenodolsk - Ulyanovsk.

Water transport Available on major rivers: Volga, Kama, Vyatka and white. The republic occupies a nodal place between the basins of these four rivers.

Air Transport In the republic, it is presented with three acting airports: these are the international airports of the Federal Airports "Kazan" and "Begashevo" (Nizhnekamsk / Nab. Chelny), as well as the Bugulma Regional Airport.

Metropolitan. In Kazan has one line 15.8 km long and 10 stations.

Tram Enjoy both passenger transport in Kazan, Nab. Chelny, Nizhnekamsk (incl. N. Red key).

Trolleybussystems operate in Kazan, Almetyevsk (incl. PGT Lower Maktam).

Tatarstan - the largest center in Eastern Europe pipeline transport. The main pipelines runs from the Almetyevskaya-Bugulmina industrial assembly and Nizhnekamsk to neighboring regions. In the oil pipeline "Friendship" Tatarstan oil is transported to Europe.

State languages

According to 8 article of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, state languages \u200b\u200bin the Republic of Tatarstan are equal Tatar and Russian languages.

Religion

Tatarstan according to the Constitution - a secular state.

Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal to the law.

1428 mosques and 319 churches were registered on the territory of the republic. Two religions were the greatest distribution in the Republic of Tatarstan: Islam and Orthodox Christianity.

Islam Sunniki was adopted as an official religion in the Volga Bulgaria in 922. And in 1313, Khan Uzbek made Islam by the state religion of the Golden Horde. Currently, it is a significant part of the Tatars. Muslim leadership is carried out by the spiritual administration of Muslims of the Republic of Tatarstan. Judaism, Buddhism and Krishnaism are insignificantly distributed.

Christianity (Orthodoxy) appeared in the middle of the XVI century after the accession of Kazan Khanate to the Russian state as a result of the conquest of Ivan Grozny. The followers of this religion are Russian, Chuvashi, Mari, Mordva, Udmurts and quicken. There are communities and other directions of Christianity: Old Believers, Catholics, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutherans, Baptists, Seventh Day Adventists, Evangelical Christians, Christians of the Evangelsk and others.

Culture

Historical and geographical factors led to the location of Tatarstan at the junction of two major civilizations: East and Western, which largely explains the diversity of its cultural wealth.

On the territory of the republic there are two World Heritage Monuments included by UNESCO in the list of world cultural and natural heritage.

One of the visual examples of state cultural policy in the field of preservation and popularization of heritage is the Kazan Kremlin. So, during the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of Kazan, thousands of residents of the republic and guests from the near and far abroad witnessed the grandeur of the renovated Annunciation Cathedral and shortly before this rebuilt mosque Kul Sharif, symbolizing the peaceful coexistence of the two main religions of the Republic - Christian and Muslim.

The uniqueness of the Kazan Kremlin as an exceptional testimony of historical continuity and cultural diversity for a long period of time was confirmed on November 30, 2000 at the session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee in Australia, the inclusion of it in the list of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. In September 2005, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan issued a decree on creating the museum of archeology in the territory of the State Historical and Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve "Kazan Kremlin".

In 2014, the ancient Bulgarian capital of the ancient Bulgarian Khanate (Volzhskoy Bulgaria) was also included in the list of world cultural and natural heritage.

825 newspapers and magazines come out in Tatarstan, including district newspapers in Russian, Tatar, Udmurt and Chuvash.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Tatarstan

The Republic of Tatarstan is a region with high potential for tourism and recreation. Among key factors that determine its high competitiveness on Russian, as well as international tourism markets, highlight a significant amount of natural attractions, historical and cultural facilities, as well as the development of sports tourism. There are 3 facilities in Tatarstan World Heritage UNESCO - Kazan Kremlin, Bulgarian State Museum-Reserve and Assumption Monastery on Sviyazisk Island.

The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation in the field of tourism, shows the sustainable positive trend on the main indicators of the industry. The annual growth rate of the tourist flow to the republic is 13.5%, the growth rate of the volume of services in the field of tourism is 17.0%. The positive trend of the growth dynamics of the main indicators is noted according to the interim data 2016.

The number of foreign citizens who arrived in the Republic of Tatarstan increased by 6.7% compared with the 2015 indicator and amounted to 250,506 people.

The Republic of Tatarstan is considered one of the leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the number of entrepreneurial activities of the tourist industry and the objects of the tourist infrastructure. At the end of 2016, 104 tour operators were registered on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, of which in the field of domestic tourism - 32, in the field of internal and inbound tourism - 65, in the field of internal, inbound and outbound tourism - 6, in the field of internal and outbound tourism - 1.

As of January 1, 2017, 404 collective facilities of accommodation are functioning in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, 379 CERs are subject to classification (183 in the city of Kazan, 196 in other municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan). A certificate of assignment category received 334 collective means of accommodation, which is 88.1% of the total number of functioning.

Special attention in 2016 was paid to the development of tourist centers of the Republic of Tatarstan - Kazan, the Great Bulgarian, Islands-hail Sviyazhsk, Elabugi, Chistopol, Tetyush. The growth of tourist flow in the main tourist centers of the republic compared with the figure of 2015 amounted to an average of 45.9%.

Currently, a resort rest is developing a rapid pace in Tatarstan. On the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan there are 46 sanatorium-resort institutions. The capacity of the objects of the Sanatorium-resort complex of Tatarstan is 8847 Koyomsta, in servicing those employed more than 4,300 specialists. In 2016, more than 160 thousand people rested in the sanatoriums of the Republic of Tatarstan. 22 Sanatorium-resort institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan are included in the Association of Sanatorium-Resort Institutions "Sanatoriums of Tatarstan", including 11 PAO Sanatoriums Tatneft.

In 2016, with the support of the State Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan on Tourism for the development of the tourism industry, the official tourist brand Visit Tatarstan was created in the republic, which began to function a special tourist resource, which includes information on the main attractions and rest in Tatarstan.

Education and science

The main building of the Academy of Sciences

Tatarstan is a region with powerful educational and scientific potential. In the field of education employed 170,000 people. Average 9-year education is mandatory and free. In total, in the republic 2434, general education schools in which about 600,000 schoolchildren learn. More than 90% of children who have received the educational minimum established by the legislation continue to study at school for 2 years or in secondary special educational institutions.

Tatarstan is known for the high level of development of academic, university and industrial science. More than 200 years is one of the leading scientific centers of Eastern Europe. The world-famous schools of mathematicians, chemists, astronomers, physicists, orientalists, linguists and physiologists appeared here. Names N. I. Lobachevsky, N. N. Zinina, A. M. Butlerova, A. E. Arbuzova, E. K. Zavysky, V. V. Radlova, K. Fuchs, Sh. Mardzhani and K. Nasyri entered The history of world science.

During the Great Patriotic War, Kazan scientific schools have made a huge contribution to the work of strengthening the country's defense capability, closely interacting with the USSR Academy evacuated to Kazan.

By decree of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan on September 30, 1991, the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (ANT) was established. Since the creation of ANT, the process of replenishing its ranks is constantly underway, the organizational structure is improved. Currently, ANT unites 32 actual members, 52 corresponding member and 10 honorary members. As part of the Academy - seven branches uniting biologists, doctors, lawyers, mathematicians, physicists, energy, chemists. The range of their research is very wide and aims to solve the relevant scientific and technical, socio-economic, humanitarian and cultural problems facing the republic at the present stage of development. Many developments of academies are carried out at the level newest achievements World science and technology and recognized as a wide scientific publicity. Most of the studies are practical.

Good tradition was to strengthen the ties of the Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan with scientific institutions of Russia, CIS countries and far abroad. The Academy works closely with the Russian Academy of Sciences (first of all through Kazan science Center), the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Bashkortostan, Chuvashia, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Tajikistan, the research centers of Turkey, France and other countries with which 21 agreements are concluded and 5 scientific cooperation agreements. The Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan was established and annually awarded the State Prize of the Republic of Tatarstan on Science and Technology, five names of the premiums (named Sh. Mardzhani, X. Mushtar, Kama, V. Engelhardta, A. Tegulov) and two international prizes: Physics - name E. K. Zavskogosky (together with the Kazan Physical and Technological Institute of the KNS RAS and KSU) and in Chemistry - named A. E. and B. A. Arbuzov (together with the Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry KNC RAS).

Higher education

Kazan is one of the oldest educational centers in Russia. In Tatarstan there are more than 30 higher educational institutions (including 16 state), most of which focused in Kazan. Four Kazan universities (Kazan State Finance and Economic Institute, Kazan (Volga) Federal University, Kazan State Technological University, Kazan State Technical University. Tupolev) are among the 50 best universities in Russia.

Secondary education

In the republic as of 2012, schools with the Tatar language of study numbered 997, schools with the Russian language learning there are 823, mixed (Russian-Tatar and Tatar-Russian) 387 schools. According to the number of students with the Russian language, they are dominated by 133,758 students, in schools with the Tatar language learning there are 76,142 students, in a mixed 16 874. 46.13% of students of Tatars are studying at Tatar. Also in the republic there are 118 schools with the Chuvash ethnocultural component (7193 student), 20 - Mary (803 student), 37 Udmurt (1677 students), 5 Mordovsky (122 students), at one school with Bashkir (11 students), Jewish ( 270 students) and Turkish (98 students) .. There are 30 Sunday schools, in which languages \u200b\u200b28 peoples are being studied: Mariy, Chuvash, Ukrainian, Udmurt, Bashkir, Mordovsky, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Ossetian, Tajik, Assyrian, Afghan, Greek, and others .

Language question

On July 21, 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin at a meeting of the Council on Ethnic Relations stated that to force a person to teach a non-standard language, regardless of the status of the language itself, it is unacceptable, which caused numerous discussions in the educational sphere and among the inhabitants of many regions, including Tatarstan. Further, the president gave instructions to the Prosecutor General of Russia, Yury Seak until November 30, conduct an inspection on the voluntaryness of the study of national languages \u200b\u200bin schools. The outcome of the inspections were numerous warnings of Tatarstan school directors demanding to withdraw the Tatar language from the mandatory curriculum In connection with his absence in the federal standard. The President of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov, who did not agree that the state language of the republic could be voluntarily voiced by the problem.

On November 29, 2017, the Parliament of Tatarstan, who had previously held the preservation of the equal status of Russian and Tatar languages \u200b\u200bin the republic,, including in the educational sphere, unanimously voted for the voluntary study of the Tatar language in schools. And the prosecutor of Tatarstan Ildus Nafikov, speaking with the report, noted that the Tatar language can only be taught on a voluntary basis with the written consent of the parents to the maximum of two hours a week. As a result, Tatar language as a mandatory subject was removed from the education system of the republic.

Many experts expressed concerns that the exclusion of state languages \u200b\u200bof the republics from the mandatory school program Put them on the edge of disappearance. Opinions were expressed that there are political motives in the actions of the federal center on the linguistic matter.

Administrative-territorial division

Areas of Tatarstan

According to section III of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, its territory includes administrative-territorial units: 43 district, 14 republican cities.

Within the framework of the municipal device of the republic, 956 municipalities were formed within the borders of the administrative-territorial units of Tatarstan:

2 urban districts,
43 municipal district
- 39 urban settlements
- 872 rural settlements.

Settlements

The largest settlement of Tatarstan is the metropolitan city millionth. In addition to him, there are also 21 in the republic, 20 urban-type villages and 897 rural councils.

The most populated area of \u200b\u200bTatarstan - Zelenodolsky (165,283 people with Zelenodolsky), the least populated - Elabuga (85,596 people with Elaboy).

Population facilities with a population of more than 10 thousand people

Tatarstan is the only region of the Russian Federation, in its composition more than one city agglomeration-millionnik - Kazan and polycentrician Naberezhninsky (Nizhne-Khaska). In the republic there is also almost half-million almetyevskaya (South Tatarstan) polycentric agglomeration.

In the Kazan agglomeration, the construction of satellite cities of 155-thousand Naukograd Innopolis and 100,000 Salavat Cooper began, and the creation of satellite cities of 40-thousand smart sit and 157-thousandth green dollars is planned.

Foreign economic relations

Like many other regions of the Russian Federation, Tatarstan has direct economic ties with many countries of the world, in some of which the republic has opened its foreign economic representative offices. In 2008, the volume of trade between Tatarstan and reached 3 billion dollars.

State device

Building Cabinet Ministers

Constitution

The main law of the republic is the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, adopted on November 30, 1992. According to the Constitution, Tatarstan is a democratic legal state. In the event of a contradiction between the Federal Law and the regulatory legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan, a regulatory legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan has been operating under the subjects of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The president

The highest official in the Republic of Tatarstan is the president of Tatarstan. On June 12, 1991, Mintimer Sharipovich Shaimiev became the first president of the Republic of Tatarstan. On March 25, 2005, Mintimer Sharipovich Shaimiev is endowed with the powers of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan for the new term by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan on the submission of the President of the Russian Federation. On January 22, 2010, Shaimiev asked President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev not to consider his candidacy for the new term of the presidency after March 25, 2010. On March 25, 2010, Rustam Minnikhanov joined the position of President of the Republic of Tatarstan, and Shaimiev was appointed to the position of state advisor to the Republic of Tatarstan.

Legislature

One-Paraded State Council (Parliament), which consists of 100 deputies, is the highest representative, legislative and control body of state power. On March 26, 2004, Farid Mukhametshin was elected Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Executive

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic is the executive and administrative authority of state power and is headed by the Prime Minister. On May 11, 2001, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan for the second time approved Rustam Minnikhanov. After the introduction of Minnikhanov, Ravil Muratov was appointed by the President of the Prime Minister, and from April 22, 2010, the Prime Minister is Ildar Shafkatovich Khalikov.

Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan within its competence:

approves the provisions on ministries, state committees and other executive authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan, establishes the structure and limiting number of employees of their devices;
appoints and dismisses the deputy heads of the executive authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan; Approves the compositions of the Boards of Ministries, State Committees and other bodies of the executive authority of the Republic of Tatarstan;
determines in accordance with this Law, the procedure for the creation and activities of the territorial bodies of the republican executive bodies, establishes the standards and the amount of allocations for their activities;

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan monitors the compliance of the regulatory legal acts taken by the republican executive authorities (departmental regulatory legal acts), federal legislation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, the legal acts of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan issues decrees and orders, provides and checks their execution. Acts that are regulatory in nature are published in the form of decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Acts on operational and other current issues that are not regulatory, are published in the form of orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan are obligatory for execution in the Republic of Tatarstan. Decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan, with the exception of the resolutions containing information that make up state secrets, or confidential information, are subject to official publication. The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan has the right to take appeals, statements and other acts that are not a legal nature.

Judicial branch

The judiciary in the republic is carried out by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, district courts and global judges.

Prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan and the subordinates of him prosecutors supervise compliance with laws. Since 2000, the prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan has been the prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan, who has resigned in September 2013. Since September 2013, the RT prosecutor is Heldus Saidovich Nafikov.

Notes

At the end of 2010, President Dmitry Medvedev signed the law approved by the State Duma and the Council of the Federation, prohibiting the heads of the subjects of the Russian Federation to be called presidents // Official Internet portal management, 12/28/2010
In February 2015, a law was adopted, providing for the extension of the deadlines of the names of the states by the presidents for a year - until January 1, 2016 // Official Internet portal management, 02/03/2015
From January 1, 2016, the Region's Constitution is in conflict with the federal legislation of Kommersant Gazeta, 12/24/2015
Gross regional product per capita in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. MS Excel Document
Gross regional product according to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. (Rus.) (XLS). Rosstat.
Gross regional product according to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. (Rus.) (XLS). Rosstat.
The population of the Russian Federation on municipalities on January 1, 2018. Checked July 25, 2018. Archived July 26, 2018.
.tatar: About us
Geographical names of Russia. Toponymic dictionary / Pospelov EM .. - Moscow: AST, Astrel, 2008. - P. 433. - 528 p. - 1500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-17-054966-5, 978-5-271-20728-0. - "Tatarstan, Republic of the Russian Federation"
Tatarstan / N. N. Kalutskova (Nature: physico-geographical essay), M. D. Goryachko (population, economy), Yu. B. Koryakov (population: ethnic composition), S. V. Kuzminy, I. O. Gavritukhin (historical essay: archeology; history up to 16 century), B. L. Hamidullin (historical essay), A. N. Prokinova (Health), A. F. Galimullina (Literature), P.S. Pavlinov (Architecture and Fine Arts: Architecture 16 - NCh. 20 centuries), M. G. Arslanov (Theater) // "Banquet Campaign" 1904 - Big IRGIS. - M.: Large Russian Encyclopedia, 2005. - (Large Russian Encyclopedia: [at 35 t.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov; 2004-2017, vol. 3). - ISBN 5-85270-331-1.
Geographical names of Russia. Toponymic dictionary / Pospelov EM .. - Moscow: AST, Astrel, 2008. - P. 432. - 528 p. - 1500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-17-054966-5, 978-5-271-20728-0. - "Only Tataria (Sovr. Tatarstan, Eastor, Bulgaria) and Tatar Strait are preserved from all this toponymic abundance.
Constitution of the Russian Federation. Art. 5, PP. 12
Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan dated November 6, 1992 / Chapter 1. State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. constitution.garant.ru. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Flags of Tatarstan. www.tatar-history.narod.ru. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. Checked on September 8, 2010. Archived August 22, 2011.
Republic of Tatarstan Geography. newtatarstan.narod.ru. Checked on December 21, 2017.
the federal law from 03.06.2011 N 107-FZ "On the calculation of time", Article 5 (June 3, 2011).
Natural resources: Republic of Tatarstan .. Archived on August 22, 2011.
State Report on Environmental State in 2007: 2008: 2008
Lenin V.I. Full Camp. cit. T. 40, p. 98.
The Law of the Republic of Tatarstan dated February 7, 1992 No. 1413-XII "On the change in the name of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic and making relevant amendments to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Tatar SSR." Archived on January 13, 2016.
Demographics of RT
Shigapova D. K. Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor Kazan (Volga) Federal University Russia E-mail: [Email Protected] Trends of migration processes in the Republic of Tatarstan
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
4.22. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
4.6. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Fertility rates, mortality, natural growth, marriages, divorces for January-December 2011
Fertility coefficients, mortality, natural growth, marriages, divorces for January-December 2012
Fertility rates, mortality, natural growth, marriages, divorces for January-December 2013
Fertility coefficients, mortality, natural growth, marriages, divorces for January-December 2014
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the regions of the Russian Federation
4.22. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
4.6. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Fertility rates, mortality, natural growth, marriages, divorces for January-December 2011
Fertility coefficients, mortality, natural growth, marriages, divorces for January-December 2012
Fertility rates, mortality, natural growth, marriages, divorces for January-December 2013
Fertility coefficients, mortality, natural growth, marriages, divorces for January-December 2014
Life expectancy at birth, years, year, the value of the indicator for the year, the entire population, both
Life expectancy at birth
Collection statistical information By the Union of the SSR 1918-1923
Demoscope Weekly - app. Directory statistical indicators
Demoscope Weekly - app. Directory of statistical indicators
Demoscope Weekly - app. Directory of statistical indicators
Demoscope Weekly - app. Directory of statistical indicators
Demoscope Weekly - app. Directory of statistical indicators
Demoscope Weekly - app. Directory of statistical indicators
Information materials about the final results of the All-Russian Census of 2010
In the 1926 census materials, they are grated as a separate nationality. In 1939-1989. Separate selection was not provided for the program of development of census materials - taken into account with the Tatars
The growth of VRP in Tatarstan amounted to 2% in 2013 (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, 1 Article 8
Article 5 of the Federal Constitution, Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Article 2 of the Treaty of 2007 "On the delimitation of objects of conducting and powers between state bodies of the Russian Federation and state bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan"
Vorzeigeregion Für Religiöse Toleranz (Him.)
IM Reich Der Tataren Spiegel Online, September 14, 2009 (Him.)
In Tatarstan, three historical objects are recognized by the world heritage // Kazan Vedomosti.
http://tourism.tatarstan.ru/rus/file/pub/pub_857409.pdf Data of the State Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan on tourism for 2016
State Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan on tourism (Rus.). Tourism.Tatarstan.ru. Checked on December 21, 2017.
The program "Rest in Tatarstan" will help the development of sanatorium resorts // RIA Novosti.
The development of the Visit Tatarstan program cost 2 million rubles (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked October 12, 2017.
The official tourist portal of the Republic of Tatarstan. Visit-tatarstan.com. Checked October 12, 2017.
Tatarstan universities entered the ranking of leading Russian universities. Tatars-Inform (June 18, 2009). Checked on June 29, 2009. Archived August 22, 2011.
Svetlana Kuzina. Where to go to learn? Rating fifty the best universities in Russia. Checked on June 29, 2009. Archived August 22, 2011.
University rating 2008/09 (DOC) (Inaccessible link - history) . Charitable Foundation V. Potanina. Checked on June 29, 2009. Archived on January 25, 2011.
http://static.iea.ras.ru//books/mezhetn_i_mezhkonf_privolzh_fo.pdf p. 90.
Putin: "Make a person to learn the language, which is not native for him, is unacceptable" (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Fattahov: "Putin did not mean Tatarstan, talking about the inadmissibility of forced learning languages" (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Maxim Shevchenko on the statement of Putin on national languages: "This is the message of Tatarstan" (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Chernobina, Alexey Brusnitsin, Elena. Personal people: Do we need a contract, post of President of Tatarstan and Tatar in schools? (rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Mintopheki RT: the study of the Tatar language will remain mandatory (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Putin instructed the seagull to check the voluntaryness of the study of national languages \u200b\u200b- the term until November 30 (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Does Tatar tongue live to Monday?
Chernobolovna, Elena. Rustam Minnikhanov: "How can there be a study of the state language voluntary?!" (rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
"Someone is deleted because of the stable development of Tatarstan": Deputies of the State Council on the situation with the Tatar language (RUS.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Vandyysheva, Natalia Goloburdova, Gulnaz Bolddin, Alfred Mohametrahimov, Elena Kolebakina-Usmanova, Olga. "Or is it made specifically done so that in Tatarstan was bad to Putin?" (rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
In Tatarstan, canceled the mandatory study of the Tatar language in schools (Rus.), Interfax.ru. (November 29, 2017). Checked on December 21, 2017.
The Parliament of Tatarstan voted for the voluntary study of the Tatar language in schools. TASS.ru. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Without language: Kazan refused the obligatory lessons of Tatar (English), BBC Russian service (December 1, 2017). Checked on December 21, 2017.
Goloburdova, Natalia.. "Not opening the debate and not asking questions": The State Council of the Republic of Tajikistan approved "Voluntary" Tatar (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
"The right to voluntary study will finally undermine the social positions of native languages \u200b\u200b..." (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Budetdin, Alfred Mohametrahimov, Gulnaz. Tatar is becoming a "Pandora Box" (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Ismagil Husnutdinov: "Under the slogan of volunteering, Tatar language is trying to expel from schools" (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Ravil Husnullin on the study of Tatar: "In the State Duma, this question is not discussed" (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan (as amended on June 22, 2012), the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan from November 6, 1992. docs.cntd.ru. Checked on December 21, 2017.
On the administrative-territorial device of the Republic of Tatarstan (as amended on: 07/02/2015), the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan dated December 7, 2005 No. 116-VTU. docs.cntd.ru. Checked on December 21, 2017.
On approval of the register of administrative-territorial units and settlements in the Republic of Tatarstan (as amended on: 05/11/2017), the order of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan dated February 4, 2014 No. 01-02 / 9. docs.cntd.ru. Checked on December 21, 2017.
The number of municipalities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on January 1, 2016. Rosstat (2016).
The population of the Russian Federation on municipalities on January 1, 2017 (July 31, 2017). Checked July 31, 2017. Archived July 31, 2017.
Tatar President's Asks Turkey and Tatarstan To SHOW FIRM COOPERATION Archival copy of December 5, 2014 on Wayback Machine February 15, 2009 (English)
After the resignation of Shaimiev will work for the state for free, GZT.RU (03/12/2010). Archived March 15, 2010. Checked March 14, 2010.
President RT Rustam Minnikhanov signed the first decrees. Tatarimform (March 25, 2010). Checked March 25, 2010. Archived August 22, 2011.
Km of the Republic of Tatarstan. Tatars 7.. Checked on December 21, 2017.
Disposal. Tatars 7.. Checked on December 21, 2017.

Literature

Fәhretdinov R. Tatars Hulka һә M Tatarstan Tarich (Tatar people and the history of Tatarstan) (Tatar.)
Kosach G. G. Tatarstan: Religion and nationality in the mass consciousness // New churches, old believers - old churches, new believers. Religion in the post-Soviet Russia / Kaariainen K., Furman D. E .. - M.: Institute of Europe RAS, Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, 2007. - 248 p. - ISBN 5-89740-046-6.
Kartashova L. B. Reserved places. - Kazan: Idek-Press, 2007. - 296 p. - ISBN 978-5-85247-181-91.
Taysina E. A., Schelknov M.D. Tatarstan philosophers at the World Congress // Bulletin of Economics, Right and Sociology. 2013. No. 3. P. 239-240.

Links

Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan
Official website of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan
Official news of the authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan
Official page of the Republic of Tatarstan in the social network "VKontakte"
State Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan on tourism
Business Center of the Republic of Tatarstan - Internet portal Tatcenter.ru
Information Agency "Tatar-Inform"
Map of Tatarstan
Navigation and ordinary cards of Tatarstan
Loose encyclopedia of Tatarstan

The history of Tatarstan (Republic of Tatarstan) is perhaps the best illustration of what is the spirit of Eurasia.
The first state is the Volga Bulgaria - formed at the end of the IX - early X century. Here it is necessary a small retreat from the history of Tatarstan itself: the context of this historical period is important. In 453, after the death of the leader of the Hunov Attila, his empire broke up. The ancient Bulgars, one of the Turkic tribes, fought in his army along with the Huns, formed in the 630s. State Great Bulgaria. By the middle of the VII century. It broke up. The most numerous part of the Bulgar went to the south, where it was assimilated with the South Slavic tribes and created the state of the Danube Bulgaria. In the middle of the IX century. Slavs in it took out more and more weight, part of the Bulgarians accepted Christianity. These are the ancestors of modern Bulgarians (in order to avoid confusion in the historiography of the Southern, asymalized with the Slavs, the Bulgarians are called Bulgarians, northern - Bulgarians). The other part of them, subdued by the Khazaras and named in the historical chronicles "Black Bulgars", is associated with modern balcishers and Karachay ("Chernolic"). The third group went to the Middle Volga region, where at the end of the VIII century. Together with other Turkic tribes, first also fell under the power of Khazar and was assimilated with them. And then moved further to the north, to the location of the merger - the Volga and River. Here they began to build the Volga Bulgaria with the capital, the city of Bulgar, went to a settling lifestyle and began to engage in agriculture and cattle breeding, smelting and metal processing, pottery production and jewelry, minted their own coins indicating the place of the chasing - "Bulgar Al-Jadid" , that is, a new Bulgar. Other cities arose, and among them bulk (beyria). Kazan at that time was the border fortress. The borders of the state in the north reached the interfold of Volga and Vyatka, and in the south - the River Samara. The population of Volzhskoy Bulgaria was a mixture of various Turkic, Finno-Ugric and Slavic tribes, with the dominance of the first. In 922, at the request of the ruler of the Volga Bulgaria, Almas Khan arrives the embassy from Baghdad and the state accepts Islam. External communications based on trade, Volzhskaya Bulgaria had with different states, were the most importantly connections with Rus.
In 1236, the Mongolian conquest of Eastern Europe begins. In 1238-1240s. Mongols conquer Russia. In 1243, at the site of the Volga Bulgaria, the Ulus Juchi Golden Horde is formed. In the XIV century, during the heyday of the Golden Horde, the ancient Bulgarian language, as well as the languages \u200b\u200bof other Turkic tribes, is absorbed by the languages \u200b\u200bof Kipchak and Chagatayev, while maintaining part of the vocabulary of Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200b(Holvnevsky, Mari, Mordovsky, Udmurt), as well as Arab, Persian and Russian languages. Ethnos, talking in this new language, from the end of the XIV century. In historical chronicles, it is called the Tatars. In the XV century The Golden Horde breaks into several states, one of them - the Kazan Khanate, which emerged in 1438 in 1487, as a result of the campaign of Russian troops on Kazan, his ruler Ali Khan was overthrown, and his brother, Mohammed Emin, became Vassal Prince Moscow Ivan III. In 1524, Safe Garya becomes Kazan Khanom, in which Kazan passes under the authority of the Turkish Sultan. In 1551, at the venue of Ivan IV of Grozny, the Sviyazisk fortress, and in 1552, Grozny, at the head of the army, will be built in 1552. Warriors conquered the city.
Starting with the conquest of Ivan the Terrible Kazan, the relationship between the Russian and Tatar peoples was generally calm, but not ordinary.
It is not known exactly who the author of the expression of the "Dream Russian - find Tatarina", most likely it is a somewhat paraphrased thesis from the composition A. De Kyustina "Russia 1839": "After all, they were a little more than a hundred years ago, they were real Tatars." In these words, which became the saying, no, in essence, nothing that infringes the national dignity of Russians or Tatars. After all, it means not genetics, but the interpenetration of cultures. Many Russian aristocrats were by the origin of the Tatars, and others by the Germans, and most of them were people of honor and debt, that's what is essential, and not the origin. L.N. Gumilev attributed the Tatar to the "Core East". Modern historians deny the concept of Soviet historiography " tatar-Mongol yoke" The progressive role of the Golden Horde in strengthening Russian state Proved, in Russian lives great amount Türkisoms, as well as russes and those who came through the Russian language borrowing from other languages \u200b\u200bin Tatar. We are indisputable and the fact that Peter I Russia had little in common with Western Europe. Just like Tatarstan was not liked and does not like Mongolia, much more in common with the states of Central Asia. But even more - with historical Russia. Discussions on the theme of the national Tatar identity and mentality sometimes reach a large heat, halftone will mark, but also Russia, and Tatarstan, it is thought, it is necessary to go through this stage of understanding their own, no matter how much a common past, in the Soviet period I have been interpreted very one-sided.

As part of Russia, the former Kazan Khanation began to be called first by the Kazan kingdom, then the Kazan province, which was governed by the governor appointed directly by the emperor of Russia. After the February Revolution of 1917, the project of the National State of Tatars and Bashkir The state of Idel-Ural arose, but his real incarnation was only the Zabouchard Republic in the Tatar part of Kazan, which existed from March 1 to March 28, 1918. In parallel, the project of the Tatar-Bashkir Republic was created in Moscow, The remaining only on paper. On May 27, 1920, the decree was signed on the formation of the Tatar ASSR as part of the RSFSR - so first enters the official turnover of the word "Tatar" ("Tatarstan") in relation to this land. On August 30, 1990, the Supreme Council of the TASSR adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of Tatars, converting it to the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic - the Republic of Tatarstan, "and after the collapse of the USSR, from February 7, 1992, this name is reduced to the" Republic of Tatarstan ". March 31, 1992 Tatarstan refuses to sign a federal contract. On November 30, 1992, a new Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan was adopted, announcing him by a sovereign state. In December 1993, when the All-Russian referendum was held on the new Constitution of Russia, Tatarstan's authorities declared a boycott. However, some of the residents of the Multinational Republic, despite this, took part in the voting. Most of them (74.84%) spoke for the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Since 2000, in accordance with the changes submitted to the Constitution of the Republic, Tatarstan became an "equal subject of the Russian Federation, determining Tatarstan as a subject of the Russian Federation."
Today Tatarstan is one of the most successful in economicly economical Regions of Russia, ranks 6th in terms of VRP. The foreign trade turnover of the republic for 2010 amounted to $ 16.9 billion (125.3% by 2009). The network of technology parks is actively developing. In 2005, the 1000th anniversary of Kazan was widely noted. To this date they were preparing very seriously, and the capital of the republic was noticeably transformed into best side. In 2013, the XXVII World Summer Universiade will be held in Kazan.

Tatarstan

general information

, the subject of the Russian Federation as part of the Volga Federal District, is part of the Volga Economic District.

Form of government: Presidential and Parliamentary Republic. Educated on May 27, 1920 as the autonomous Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic.

Administrative and territorial division: 43 district and 14 republican cities.

Capital: Kazan, 1 161 308 people. (2012).

Languages: Russian, Tatar.

Ethnic composition: Tatars - 53.2% (including quicken), Russians - 39.7%, Chuvashi - 3.1%, as well as Udmurt, Mordva, Mari, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Azerbaijanis, Belarusians, Armenians, Jews and others Representatives of 115 nationalities live in Tatarstan) - 4%.

Religions: Islam (Sunni - Sunny), Orthodoxy, small communities of Jews, Buddhists, Krishnaitov.

Largest cities: Kazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Zelenodolsk, Nizhnekamsk, Almetyevsk, Bugulma, Elabuga.

The largest rivers: Volga (177 km through the territory of the republic) and Kama (380 km).

The largest reservoirs: Kuibyshev, Nizhnekamskoe, Zainskoe, Karabash.

The most important airport: Kazan International Airport.

Numbers

Area: 67 847 km 2.

Population: 3 802 285 people. (2012).

Population density: 56 people / km 2.

The highest point: Chatyr-Tau (Shatter Mountain) - 367 m.

Distance from Kazan to Moscow: 797 km.

Climate and weather

Moderate continental.

The average temperature of January: -13 ° C.

The average temperature of July: + 19 ° C.

The average annual precipitation: 500 mm.

Economy

VRP: 1250 billion rubles. (2011).

VRP I am inflated by the population: 245.2 thousand rubles. (2010).
6 economic zones (territorial production complexes (TPK)). On the territory of the Nizhne-Kama Economic Zone there is a special economic zone of Alabuga (Elabuga), as well as Nizhnekamsky Petrochemical and Naberezhinsky automotive clusters.

Minerals: reserves of oil, gas, coal, gypsum, limestone, dolomites, mergels, gravel and clay. There are also deposits of combustible shale, brown and stone coal, bitumen, phosphorites, bauxite, peat and copper.
Industry: oil and natural gas, oil refining and petrochemical, chemical (production of polyethylene, pipes and parts of pipelines from thermoplastics, synthetic rubber, automotive tires, film films and magnetic tape, nitrogen and phosphate mineral fertilizers, inorganic chemistry products), Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking: Production of trucks (KAMAZ), ships, passenger airliners, helicopters, laser equipment, equipment for the oil and gas and oil refining industry.

Hydroenegics (largest hydroelectric station - Nizhnekamskaya). A significant part of electricity is supplied to the neighboring republic (Bashkiria, Chuvashia, Mari El).

Agriculture: Growing grain, potatoes, vegetables, forage herbs, meat-milk animal husbandry, horse breeding, pig breeding, sheep, poultry farming.
Field of services: Trade, tourism.

sights

■ Bulgarian and Bilar state historical and architectural and natural reserves (X-XIII centuries).
■ Raifsky Bogoroditsky Male Monastery (XVII century).
■ Kazan: Kazan Kremlin (UNESCO World Heritage Object): Fortress Wall with 8 Towers of the XVI century, Orthodox Annunciation Cathedral (XVI century), "Falling" Tower Syumubik (beginning of the XVIII century), Complex Building Complex Complex and Junker School (XIX .), Gubernatorial Palace (XIX century), Kul Sharif Mosque (XXI century) and other buildings; Silantov Monastery (1552), Petropavlovsky Cathedral (1726), Church of the Savior of the Savior (XIX century), the temple of all religions (1902); Old Tatar Sloboda, Pedestrian st. Bauman, Alexandrovsky Passage, Chernoyarovsky Passage, House Ushkova (now National Library); Museums: National, Fine Arts, Literary and Memorial Museums M. Gorky, E. A. Baratynsky, V. Aksenova, Museums M. Jalil and Sh. Kamala; Blue lake, the deepest (17 m) Lake of the Volga region; Millennium Park, Zoobotanic Garden.
■ Chistopol: Museum of the county city, Memorial Museum B.L. Pasternak.
■ Volzhsko-Kamsky Reserve, National Park "Lower Kama".
■ Elabuga: Ananinsky Moginal Summer (I Millennium BC. E.), Cherto Gorodishche (fortified settlement of the I millennium BC. E.), Museums M.I. Tsvetaeva, N.A. Durov, I.I. Shishkin, Cultural Center. M.I. Tsvetaeva, library of the silver century, museums: the stories of Elabugi, merchants, the history of county medicine. V.M. Bekhtereva, "Portoyomy", theater-museum "Tavern".
■ Sviyazh (Island-hail, entered in preview UNESCO World Heritage Site): The Virgin Mary of Assumption Many Monastery: Assumption Cathedral (1561), Bell Tower of the Nikolskaya Church (1556); Trinity-Sergiev Monastery: Wooden Trinity Church (1551); Konstantin and Elena Church (XVI-XVIII centuries); Sviyazhi John-Forerovansky Monastery: Sergiev Church (End XVI - beginning of the XVII century), Cathedral of Our Lady of Allorrow Joy (1898-1906); Monastery of the Makarev desert on another bank of the Volga.

Curious facts

■ In 1758, the first gymnasium in Kazan was founded in Kazan, and in 1804 he was opened by the decree of the emperor Alexander I fourth in Russia University (after Moscow, Tartu and Vilnius). Now he is the official name of Kazan (Volga) Federal University. Among his graduates Chemik N.N. Beketov, Botanist N.A. Bush, writers S.T. Aksakov, P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky, D.L. Mordovtsev, Dramaturgorg E.L. Schwartz, poet K.A. Cedar. Among those who studied at Kazan University, but did not finish the course, - L.N. Tolstoy, V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin), A.I. Rykov, V. Khlebnikov, M.A. Balakirev.
■ Crash - an ethnocon confessional group that adheres to Orthodoxy. IN soviet times They were considered unequivocally by Tatars, in official statistics of Tatarstan are considered to be now, although the Kryashensky intelligentsia since the early 1990s. It insists that this is a separate ethnic. This point of view supports the historian and theologian A.V. Zhuravsky. According to its version, they are mistakenly considered cured in the XVI century. Tatars, in fact, they are the descendants of other Turkic tribes of the Volga-Kama region, baptized no later than the XII century.
■ In October 2012, a moratorium on cutting down of trees was introduced in Kazan.

Tatarstan - One of the large and economically developed regions of Russia. Located in the top three leaders in the number of agricultural products, among other Russian cities. He is the oil republic. With many countries of Europe and Asia, direct trade of economic relations have been established, the result of which the discovery in other states of foreign economic representative offices is becoming.
Capital — kazan. Beautiful, modern city with a population of 1 million 206 thousand people. Center scientific, cultural, economic, industrial and political life Tatarstan.
A little about the title:
The republic under this title takes its beginning in 1920, when V. Lenin signs a decree on the formation of the TASSR, which is part of the RSFSR.
On August 30, 1990, the sovereignty of Tatarstan occurs and a new name appears - the Republic of Tatarstan.
Location:
Tatarstan - Central part of Russia, located at the junction of the merge of R. Volgi from R. Kama. In the West borders the rep. Chuvashia and Mariy Rep. In the north - Kirov region. and Udmurtia. In the east - with Bashkortostan and Orenburg region. In the south - with Ulyanovsk and Samara region.
Area
Territory of the Republic - 67,836 km². Length - vertically - about 290 km, horizontally - about 460 km.
Population:
According to 2015, the number of people living is 3 million855 thousand 258 people. Basically, these are the Tatars and Russians.
Tatarstan - One of the most multinational regions of the country. 115 nations live here: Chuvashi, Udmurts, Bashkirs, Mari, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Armenians, Jews, etc.
State flag:
Rectangle shape with three transverse stripes: green, white and red.
What do they symbolize?
· Green - Symbol of Spring, Renaissance
· White - clean
· Red - maturity, vital energy
There is another, no less interesting version:
· Green - Tatars
· Red-Russian population
· White - symbol of their friendship and consent
Territorial division:
Includes 43 districts and 22 cities.
The most famous cities
· Naberezhnye Chelny
· Zelenodolsk
· Elabuga
· Nizhnekamsk
· Almetyevsk
· Bugulma
· Chistopol
· Zainsk
· Leninogorsk
· Bavla
· Nurlat
· Aznakaevo

Briefly about the cities of the Republic of Tatarstan

Naberezhnye Chelny - the second largest and population population after Kazan. Located in Sev.-Vost. Parts of the Republic. Center - Tukayevsky district. The distance to Kazan is 225 km. The population is 524 thousand.
Zelenodolsk - Located in Sev.-Zap. Parts of the RT. Center for green.-Go r-on. 38 km from the capital. 98 thousand people live here.
Elabuga - To the Sev.-Vost. Tatarstan. Located next to Chelny and Nizhnekamsky. Center Elab.-Go r-on. 215 km from Kazan. The number of people is 72 thousand.
Nizhnekamsk - City on the left bank of Kama. Center Nizhnekamsky district. 236 km from the capital. Number of people living - 235 thousand
Almetyevsk - in south-east. Parts. Center of Almetyevsky district. 279 km from the capital. The number of people is 150 thousand people.
Bugulma - in the south-east. Center Bugul.-th r-on. Bugulma is located 333 km from Kazan. 87 thousand people live here.
Chistopol - Located in the middle of Tatarstan. Center of the Chistopol district. The distance from the capital is 144 km. 61 thousand people live in chistopol.
Zainsk - City on the merger of the Podna and Forest Rasse. Center Zainsky district. The population is 41 thousand people. Located in 287 km. from Kazan.
Leninogorsk - Southeast Tatarstan. Center of Lenin. The district. The distance to the capital is 322 km. 64 thousand people live in Leninogorsk.
Bavla - Southeast RT. Center of Bavlinsky district. Kazan - 369 km. The population is 22 thousand.
Nurlat - G. in southern part. Center of Nurlatsky district. 33 thousand people live in Nurlat. 200 km from the capital.
Aznakaevo - in south-east. Parts. Center of Aznak. The district. Kazan - 376 km. The number of people living - 35 thousand
Buinsk - Southwestern part. Center - Buinsky district. The number of people is 21 thousand people. Located at 137 km. from the capital.

Geography

Climate:
Moderately continental with comfortable summer and winter. July is the warmer month, T ° - from + 18 ° C to +20 ° C, cold - January, t ° from -13 ° C to -14 ° C. Climate change within the RT is insignificant!
Nature:
Tatarstan - predominantly plain with forests and forest-steppe zones. The Republic has a richest natural world. There are many rivers, lakes, ponds. Despite the numerous endless steppes, there are many territories occupied by a pine and deciduous forest in RT. A variety of minerals have found, among which the most significant are oil and coal. Also Tatarstan It has the largest reservoirs - Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamskoe.
Water resources:
Region has a lot of water objects: rivers - large and small, lakes that have their own unique features. A separate point is the presence in Tatarstan Huge warehouses of water performing strategically important functions.
Rivers and lakes:
Volga and Kama are the biggest rivers of Eastern Europe. The length of the republic is the first - 177 km, the second - 380 km, Vyatka - 60 km and white - 50 km, flowing into Kam. Famous rivers - Sviyaga, Mesh, Shoshma.
In addition to them, there are about 500 smaller rivers in the republic, but at the same time no less long (more than 10 km).
There are also about 8 thousand lakes and ponds that have small sizes.
Famous lakes:
· In Kazan - Kaban (medium, bottom, upper), Lebiazhye, blue
· In Laishevsk district - Kovalinsky, Tarlashinskoe
· In Zelenodolsky - Raifskoye, Ilyinskoe
· In Nizhnekamsky - selection and Viaty
Reservoirs:
There are large water reserves in the republic, concentrated in the following reservoirs:
· Kuibyshevsky - the largest in Europe, which ensures the regulation of waterproofs on the medium. Volga
· Nizhnekamskoe - a large water object that performs a constant distribution of streams on the hydraulic circulation
· Karabash - system of ensuring water of important industrial enterprises
· Zainskoe - the main function is to maintain GRES
Flora and fauna:
The fraction of the forest accounts for 18% of the entire territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Basically, oaks, birch, lindens, aspen, as well as pines and spruce grow here. Most often, the forest borders with the steppe, forming extensive and numerous forest-steppe zones. The Taiga Forest, represented by trees - larch and cheese.
Availability B. Tatarstan The forest-steppe allows you to feel comfortable to feel animals, accustomed to habitat, both in the steppe and in the forest. More than 400 species of animals are inhabited in the republic (hares, squirrels, moose, foxes, hedgehogs, cunits, wolves, bears ...). You can meet representatives of 270 types of various birds (Sapsans, Larks, Berkuts, Glukhary, Owls, Woodles, hawks and many others).
Fertile soils:
Tatarstan - Surprisingly fertile land, represented by a large number of black earth earth. The greatest content of humus (substance containing the most valuable pit. Broadcast) is observed in the southern regions of the republic.
Minerals:
Tatarstan It has a developed mineral resource base represented by various valuable fossils.
Oil:
Many know that the republic is famous for its oil. And indeed it is. After all, oil is its main wealth.
Per last year About 127 oil deposits were found, the main of which are:
· Romashkinsky - one of the largest in the world
· Novo-Elhovskoye
· Bavlinsky
· Bondyuzhskoye
· Pervomayskoye

Gas:

Along the way, natural gas is mining with oil. On average, by 1 t. Oil accounts for, approximately 40 cubic meters of passing gas.
Coal:
Along with oil, coal mining is widely developed. 108 carbohydrate deposits related, mainly with the areas of the Kamsk corner of the pool.
Other fossils:
No less significant is mining:
· Fuel shale
· Gypsum
· Phosphorites
· Medical
· Limestone
· Pefa
· Building stone, etc.
These rocks are a unique material used in various industries.

Transport connection in Tatarstan

All the cities of Tatarstan have peculiar features, and at the same time, there is a link that combines them. First of all, they are united by the fact that they are settlements of the unified republic with a distinctive culture. But what are the cities of the Republic of Tatarstan? List and population in these settlements, as well as other features, and will be the subject of our study.

General information about the Republic of Tatarstan

Before starting to study the individual cities of Tatarstan, let's find out brief information In general, about this republic.

Tatarstan is located on the Middle Volga region, and is part of the Volga Federal District. In the south, it borders on the Ulyanovsk, Samara and Orenburg regions, in the southeast with Bashkiria, in the northeast - with the Republic of Udmurtia, on Serya - with the Kirov region, in the West and North-West with the republics of Mari El and Chuvashia.

The republic is in moderate climatic zone With a moderately continental climate type. Total area of \u200b\u200bTatarstan 67.8 thousand square meters. km, and the population is 3868.7 thousand people. In the number of residents, this republic takes the seventh place among all the subjects of the Federation. The population density is 57.0 people / sq. km.

Tatarstan is Kazan city.

Predated territory of modern Tatarstan inhabited Finno-Ugric tribes. In the VII century, the Bulgarian tribes came here, and founded their own state, which was destroyed by Mongol-Tatars in the XIII century. After that, the land of Tatarstan was included in the Golden Horde, and as a result of the mixing of the Bulgarians with the promied Turkic peoples, modern Tatars were formed. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, there was an independent that was included in the Russian kingdom with Ivan Grozny in the XVI century. Since then, the region has become actively segmented by ethnic Russians. The Kazan province was formed here. In 1917, the province was transformed into the Tatar ASSR. After decay Soviet UnionIn 1992, the Republic of Tatarstan was formed.

List of cities in Tatarstan

Now let's list the city of Tatarstan. The list of population is provided below.

Kazan - 1217.0 thousand lives.
Naberezhnye Chelny - 526.8 thousand lives.
Almetyevsk - 152.6 thousand lives.
Zelenodolsk - 98.8 thousand lives.
Bugulma - 86.0 thousand lives.
Elabuga - 73.3 thousand lives.
Leninogorsk - 63.3 thousand lives.
Chistopol - 60.9 thousand lives.
Zainsk - 40.9 thousand lives.
Nizhnekamsk - 36.2 thousand lives.
Nurtala - 33.1 thousand lives.
Mendeleevsk - 22.1 thousand lives.
Bavla - 22.2 thousand lives.
Buinsk - 20.9 thousand lives.
Arsk - 20.0 thousand lives.
Agryz - 19.7 thousand lives.
Menzelinsk - 17.0 thousand lives.
Mamadysh - 15.6 thousand lives.
Tetyushi - 11.4 thousand lives.

We listed all the city of Tatarstan in terms of population. Now we will talk about the largest of them in more detail.

Kazan - Capital of the Republic

The cities of Tatarstan should begin to be represented from its capital - Kazan. Presumably this city was founded for about 1000 years, even during the existence of the Bulgarian kingdom. But the city reached a real heyday during the Golden Horde. And, especially after the separation of the land of the Middle Volga region into a separate Khanate, whose capital was Kazan. This state was called - Kazan Khanate. But even after joining these territories to the Russian kingdom, the city did not lose its importance, remaining one of the largest centers of Russia. After the formation of the USSR, he became the capital and after his decay it becomes the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, which is the subject of the Russian Federation.

The city is located on the territory of 425.3 square meters. km and has a population of 1.217 million live., whose density is 1915 people / 1 kV. km. Since 2002, the dynamics of changes in the number of living in Kazan has a constant tendency to increase. Among ethnic groups are dominated by Russian and Tatars, respectively, amounting to 48.6% and 47.6% of the total population. Representatives of other nationalities, among which the Chuvash, Ukrainians and Mari Marytsev should be highlighted, are much less. Their share in the total number does not reach even 1%.

Among religions, the most common is the Islam of Sunni and Orthodox Christianity.

The basis of the city's economy is the petrochemical and machine-building industry, but, as in any major center, many other production sectors are developed, as well as trade and services.

Kazan is the largest city in Tatarstan. The photo of this important center in the European part of Russia is located above. As you can see, this settlement has a modern appearance.

Naberezhnye Chelny - Mechanical Engineering Center

Speaking about other cities of Tatarstan, it is impossible not to mention the Naberezhnye Chelny. The first settlement here was founded by the Russians in 1626. Its initial name was Channish repair, but then the village was renamed to the seal chelny. In 1930, a new renaming occurred, as the city began to be called red chelny, which had an ideological color. In addition, the Nevdax was located the village of Berezhny Chelny, which in the same 1930 received the status of the city. From the merger of these two settlements and embankments of Chelny were formed.

The city has developed most intensively in the 1960-1970s, in the Brezhnev era. It was then that was built on the production of cargo cars KAMAZ. From a small town, Naberezhnye Chelny turned into the second largest settlement of the Tatar ASSR after Kazan. After the death of the Secretary-General of the CPSU, in 1982, the city was renamed in his honor in Brezhnev. But in 1988, the previous name was returned by Naberezhnye Chelny.

Naberezhnye Chelny - the second settlement in the number of residents and the occupied area in the region. It occupies an area of \u200b\u200b171 square meters. The KM, which accommodates the population of 526.8 thousand people. Its density is 3080.4 people. / 1 \u200b\u200bsquare. km. Since 2009, the population in the city is constantly growing.

Here also lives the Tatars and Russians - 47.4% and 44.9%, respectively. More than 1% of the total number - the Chuvash, Ukrainians and Bashkir. Slightly less than the Udmurt, Mari and Morder.

Nizhnekamsk - the youngest city of Tatarstan

Nizhnekamsk has the title of the youngest in the republic. Tatarstan regions do not boast the city, which was founded later by him. The construction of Nizhnekamsk was planned in 1958. The beginning of the construction itself refers to 1960.

Currently in Nizhnekamsk, placed on the area of \u200b\u200b63.5 square meters. KM, 236.2 thousand people live, which makes it the third in the population of the city of the region, after Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny. The density is 3719.6 people. / 1 \u200b\u200bkV. km.

Tatars and Russians have an approximately equal number and are 46.5% and 46.1%, respectively. The Chuvash in the city is 3%, 1% of Bashkir and Ukrainians.

The basis of the city's economy is the petrochemical industry.

Almetyevsk - one of the oldest cities in Tatarstan

But the first settlement on the territory of modern Almetyevsk, on the contrary, is laid on a long time ago. It was originally called Almetyevo, and its foundation belongs to the XVIII century. But the status of the city was obtained only in 1953.

The population of Almetyevo is 152.6 thousand people. It is located on the territorial area of \u200b\u200b115 square meters. km and has a density of 1327 people / 1 square. km.

The absolute majority make up Tatars - 55.2%. Russians a little less - 37.1%. Then the numbers go Choudas and Mordva.

Zelenodolsk - city on the Volga

The base of Zelenodolsk differs from the emergence of most other cities of Tatarstan in that it is not laid by Russian or Tatars, but Mari. His initial name is random, then it was replaced by Kabachishi and Pararty. In 1928 he received the name of Green Dol, and 1932, in connection with the transformation to the city, Zelenodolsk.

The population in the city is 98.8 thousand people. at the area of \u200b\u200b37.7 square meters. km and density - 2617.6 people / 1 square. km. Among nationalities are dominated by Russians (67%) and Tatars (29.1%).

Bugulma - District Center

The district center of the Bugulmin district is the city of Bugulma. The settlement in this place was founded in 1736, and the status of the city was obtained in 1781.

The population in Bugulma is 86.1 thousand lives. The territory of the city is 27.87 square meters. km. Density - 3088.8 people / 1 square. km. Russian and Tatars prevail in the national composition.

Total characteristics of Tatarstan cities

We studied in detail the largest cities of the Republic of Tatarstan. The largest of them is the capital of the republic Kazan, has a population of 1.217 million inhabitants. This is the only millionaire city in the republic. Another three settlements of the region have the number of living, exceeding 100 thousand people.

Most of the population of Tatarstan cities are Russian and Tatars. Among other peoples there are relatively many Ukrainians, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts and Bashkir. The prevailing religions is Orthodox Christianity and Islam. In addition, some other religions are common.

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