Technical information on the installation of automatic water fire extinguishing systems. "Scientific Innovation Center for Construction and Fire Safety Placement of the pumping unit of the pumping station

1. WATER AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent (OTS), it has a high specific heat and latent heat of vaporization, chemical inertness to most substances and materials, low cost and availability. The main disadvantages of water are high electrical conductivity, low wetting ability, insufficient adhesion to the extinguishing object. It should also take into account the damage to the protected object from the use of water.

The water supply in the form of a compact jet ensures its delivery over a long distance. However, the efficiency of using a compact jet is low, since the bulk of the water does not participate in the extinguishing process. In this case, the main extinguishing mechanism is the cooling of the fuel; in some cases, flameout is possible.

Spraying water significantly increases the efficiency of extinguishing, but the cost of obtaining water droplets and their delivery to the combustion source increases. In our country, a water jet, depending on the arithmetic mean droplet diameter, is divided into atomized (droplet diameter more than 150 microns) and finely atomized (less than 150 microns). The main extinguishing mechanism is fuel cooling, dilution of fuel vapors with water vapor. A finely atomized jet of water with a droplet diameter of less than 100 μm is also capable of effectively cooling the chemical reaction zone (flame).

The use of a water solution with wetting agents increases the penetrating (wetting) ability of water. Less commonly used additives:
- water-soluble polymers to increase adhesion to a burning object ("viscous water");
- polyoxyethylene to increase the throughput of pipelines ("slippery water", abroad " fast water");
- inorganic salts to increase the efficiency of extinguishing;
- antifreeze and salts to reduce the freezing point of water.

Water must not be used to extinguish substances that react intensively with it with the release of heat, as well as combustible, toxic or corrosive gases. Such substances include many metals, organometallic compounds, metal carbides and hydrides, hot coal and iron.
So, water-foam agents are not used to extinguish the following materials:
- organoaluminum compounds (explosive reaction);
- organolithium compounds; lead azide; alkali metal carbides; hydrides of a number of metals - aluminum, magnesium, zinc; calcium, aluminum, barium carbides (decomposition with the release of combustible gases);
- sodium hydrosulfite (spontaneous combustion);
- sulfuric acid, termites, titanium chloride (strong exothermic effect);
- bitumen, sodium peroxide, fats, oils, petrolatum (increased combustion as a result of ejection, splashing, boiling).

In addition, compact jets of water must not be used to extinguish dust in order to avoid the formation of an explosive atmosphere. It should be borne in mind that when extinguishing oil or oil products with water, ejection or splashing of burning products may occur.

2. SPRINKLER AND Drencher FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATIONS

2.1. Purpose and arrangement of installations

Installations of water, low expansion foam, as well as water fire extinguishing with a wetting agent are divided into sprinkler and deluge.
Sprinkler installations are designed for local fire extinguishing and / or cooling of building structures, deluge installations are designed to extinguish a fire over the entire settlement area, as well as to create water curtains.
These water fire extinguishing installations are most common and account for about half of the total number of fire extinguishers. They are used to protect various warehouses, department stores, production facilities for hot natural and synthetic resins, plastics, rubber technical products, cable channels, hotels, etc.
Sprinkler installations are preferably used to protect rooms in which a fire with intense heat release is expected to develop. Deluge installations irrigate the source of fire in the protected area of ​​​​the premises on command from the technical means of detecting a fire. This allows fires to be eliminated at an early stage and faster than sprinkler installations.
Modern terms and definitions in relation to water AFS are given in NPB 88-2001 and the manual.
To explain the design and operation of a sprinkler fire extinguishing installation, its simplified schematic diagram is shown in fig. one.

Rice. one. Schematic diagram of a sprinkler fire extinguishing installation.

The installation contains a water source 14 (external water supply), a main water feeder (working pump 15) and an automatic water feeder 16. The latter is a hydropneumatic tank (hydropneumatic tank), which is filled with water through a pipeline with a valve 11.
For example, the installation diagram contains two different sections: a water-filled section with a control unit (CU) 18 under the pressure of a water feeder 16 and an air section with a CU 7, the supply pipelines 2 and distribution 1 of which are filled with compressed air. Air is pumped by compressor 6 through check valve 5 and valve 4.
The sprinkler system is switched on automatically when the temperature in the protected room rises to a predetermined limit. The fire detector is a thermal lock of the sprinkler sprinkler (sprinkler). The presence of a lock ensures the sealing of the outlet of the sprinkler. Sprinklers located above the fire are fired first. In this case, the pressure drops in the distribution 1 and supply 2 pipelines, the corresponding control unit is activated, and water from the automatic water feeder 16 is supplied through the supply pipeline 9 for extinguishing through the opened sprinklers.
Manual activation of the sprinkler installation is not carried out.
The fire signal is generated by the alarm device 8 CU. The control device 12, upon receiving a signal, turns on the working pump 15, and when it fails, the backup pump 13. When the pump reaches the specified operating mode, the automatic water feeder 16 is turned off using the check valve 10.
The deluge plant (Fig. 2) contains additional fire detection devices, since deluge sprinklers do not contain a thermal lock.

Rice. 2 Schematic diagram of a deluge fire extinguishing installation

For automatic switching on, an incentive pipeline 16 is used, which is filled with water under pressure from the auxiliary water feeder 23 (compressed air is used instead of water for unheated premises). For example, in the first section, the pipeline 16 is connected to the start-up valves 6, which are initially closed with a cable with thermal locks 7. In the second section, distribution pipelines with sprinklers are connected to a similar pipeline 16.
The outlets of deluge sprinklers are open, so the supply 11 and distribution 9 pipelines are filled atmospheric air(dry pipes). The supply pipeline 17 is filled with water under pressure of the auxiliary water feeder 23, which is a hydraulic pneumatic tank filled with water and compressed air. The air pressure is controlled using an electrical contact pressure gauge 5. In this diagram, an open reservoir 21 is chosen as the water source of the installation, water is taken from which is carried out by pumps 22 or 19 through a pipeline with a filter 20.
The control unit 13 of the drencher installation contains a hydraulic drive, as well as a pressure indicator 14 of the SDU type.
The automatic switching on of the unit is carried out as a result of the operation of sprinklers 10 or the destruction of thermal locks 7, the pressure drops in the incentive pipeline 16 and the hydraulic drive assembly CU 13. The CU valve 13 opens under the pressure of water in the supply pipeline 17. Water flows to the deluge sprinklers and irrigates the protected room. installation section.
Manual start of the drencher installation is carried out using ball valve 15.
Unauthorized (false) operation of sprinkler and deluge installations can lead to water supply and damage to the protected object in the absence of a fire. On fig. Figure 3 shows a simplified schematic diagram of a sprinkler AFS, which makes it possible to practically eliminate the danger of such a water supply.

Rice. 3 Schematic diagram of a sprinkler fire extinguishing installation

The installation contains sprinklers on the distribution pipeline 1, which, under operating conditions, is filled with compressed air to a pressure of about 0.7 kgf / cm 2 using a compressor 3. The air pressure is controlled by an alarm 4, which is installed in front of the check valve 7 with a drain valve 10.
The control unit of the installation contains a valve 8 with a membrane-type shut-off body, a pressure or liquid flow indicator 9, and a valve 15. Under operating conditions, the valve 8 is closed by the pressure of water that enters the valve 8 starting pipeline from the water source 16 through the open valve 13 and the throttle 12. The starting pipeline is connected to the manual start valve 11 and to the drain valve 6, equipped with an electric drive. The installation also contains technical means (TS) of automatic fire alarm (APS) - fire detectors and a control panel 2, as well as a starting device 5.
The pipeline between valves 7 and 8 is filled with air at a pressure close to atmospheric, which ensures the operation of the shut-off valve 8 (main valve).
Violation of the tightness of the distribution pipeline of the installation, for example, due to mechanical damage to the pipeline or the thermal lock of the sprinkler, will not lead to water supply, since valve 8 is closed. When the pressure in the pipeline 1 drops to 0.35 kgf/cm 2 the signaling device 4 generates an alarm about a malfunction (depressurization) of the distribution pipeline 1 of the installation.
False activation of the APS will also not lead to the supply of water to the protected premises. The control signal from the APS with the help of an electric drive will open the drain valve 6 on the starting pipeline of the shut-off valve 8, as a result of which the latter will open. Water will enter the distribution pipeline 1, where it will stop in front of the closed thermal locks of the sprinklers.
When designing AUVP, APS TS are chosen so that they have less inertia than sprinklers. Therefore, in the event of a fire, the APS vehicles are the first to operate and open the shut-off valve 8. Water enters the pipeline 1 and fills it. Therefore, by the time the sprinkler opens due to a fire, water is in front of the sprinkler, i.e., the inertia of the adopted installation scheme corresponds to a water-filled sprinkler UVP.
It should be noted that the filing of the first alarm signal from the APS allows you to quickly eliminate small fires primary fire extinguishing means (manual fire extinguishers, etc.). At the same time, water supply will also not occur, which is an advantage of the adopted AUVP scheme.
Abroad, these schemes of sprinkler installations are used to protect computer rooms, valuables, libraries, archives, as well as rooms with air temperatures below 5 ° C. In our country they are used to protect the State Public Library in Moscow.

2.2. The composition of the technological part of sprinkler and deluge water fire extinguishing installations

2.2.1. Source of water supply
As a source of water supply for water fire extinguishing installations, open reservoirs, fire tanks or water pipes for various purposes are used.

2.2.2. Water feeders

In accordance with NPB 88-2001, the main water feeder ensures the operation of the fire extinguishing installation with the estimated flow rate and pressure of water (aqueous solution) for a specified time.
A water supply source can be used as the main water feeder if it is guaranteed to provide the estimated flow rate and pressure of water (aqueous solution) for a normalized time. With insufficient hydraulic parameters of the water supply source, a pumping unit is used, which is placed in pumping station.
The auxiliary water feeder automatically provides the pressure in the pipelines necessary for the operation of the control units, as well as the estimated flow and pressure of water (water solution) before the main water feeder enters the operating mode. Typically, hydropneumatic tanks (hydropneumatic tanks) are used, which are equipped with float valves (or controlled valves or gates), safety valves, pressure gauges, visual level gauges, level sensors, pipelines for filling them with water and releasing it when extinguishing fires, as well as devices for creating the required pressure air.
The automatic water feeder automatically provides the pressure in the pipelines necessary for the operation of the control units. As an automatic water feeder, water pipes for various purposes with the necessary guaranteed pressure, a feed pump (jockey pump) or a hydraulic pneumatic tank can be used.

2.2.3. Control unit (CU) - this is a set of shut-off and signaling devices with accelerators (retarders) of their operation, pipeline fittings and measuring instruments located between the supply and supply pipelines of water (foam) fire extinguishing installations and intended for their start-up and performance monitoring.

Control nodes provide:
- supply of water (foam solutions) for extinguishing fires;
- filling supply and distribution pipelines with water;
- draining water from supply and distribution pipelines;
- compensation of leaks from the hydraulic system of the AUP;
- checking the signaling of their operation;
- signaling when the alarm valve is triggered;
- measurement of pressure before and after the control unit.

According to GOST R 51052-97, valves of control units are divided into sprinkler, deluge and sprinkler-drencher valves.
Max pressure working environment is not less than 1.2 MPa, the minimum is not more than 0.14 MPa.
The response time of pressure and liquid flow alarms does not exceed 2 s.

2.2.4. Pipelines

The pipelines of the installation are divided into supply (from the main water feeder to the CU), supply (from the CU to the distribution pipeline) and distribution (pipeline with sprinklers within the protected premises). Predominantly used pipelines made of steel. Subject to a number of restrictions, it is possible to use a pipeline made of plastic pipes.

2.2.5. Sprinklers

2.2.5.1. Sprinkler - is a device designed to extinguish, localize or block a fire by spraying or spraying water or aqueous solutions.
A detailed classification of sprinklers is given in the work. The division of sprinklers according to the presence of a locking device into sprinkler and deluge is important for practical application.
In domestic practice, a deluge sprinkler consists of a body and a special element (most often a socket) that forms the necessary direction and structure of the water flow. The outlet of the deluge sprinkler is open.
The sprinkler sprinkler contains an additional locking device that hermetically closes the outlet and opens when the thermal lock is triggered. The latter consists of a temperature-sensitive element and a shut-off valve.
Combined sprinkler sprinklers are being developed, which additionally contain a controlled drive - its operation from a control (usually electric) pulse leads to the opening of a thermal lock.
Fire blocking is often performed using sprinklers that form water curtains. Such curtains prevent the spread of fire through window, door and technological openings, through pneumatic and mass pipelines, outside the protected equipment, zones or premises, and also provide acceptable conditions for evacuating people from burning buildings.

2.2.5.2. thermal lock sprinkler is triggered when the temperature reaches the nominal response temperature of the temperature-sensitive element.
As a temperature-sensitive element, along with fusible elements, discontinuous elements are increasingly used - glass thermoflasks (Fig. 4). Thermal locks with an elastic element, the so-called "shape memory" element, are being developed.

Rice. 4. The design of the sprinkler with a thermoflask S.D. Bogoslovsky:
1 - fitting; 2 - arches; 3 - socket; 4 - clamping screw; 5 - cap; 6 - thermoflask; 7 - diaphragm

A thermal lock with a fusible temperature-sensitive element is a lever system, which is in equilibrium with the help of two metal plates overlapped with low-melting solder. At the response temperature, the solder loses its strength, while the lever system, under the influence of pressure in the sprinkler, goes out of balance and releases the valve (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Sprinkler activation

The disadvantage of a fusible temperature-sensitive element is the susceptibility of the solder to corrosion, which leads to a change (increase) in the response temperature. In this case, the solder becomes brittle and brittle (especially under vibration conditions), as a result of which arbitrary opening of the sprinkler is possible.
Irrigators with thermoflasks are more resistant to external influences, aesthetically pleasing and technologically advanced in manufacturing. Modern thermoflasks are glass thin-walled hermetically sealed ampoules filled with a special thermosensitive liquid, for example, methyl carbitol with a high temperature coefficient of expansion. When heated, due to the vigorous expansion of the liquid, the pressure in the thermoflask increases, and when the limit value is reached, the thermoflask collapses into small particles.
The opening of the thermoflask occurs with an explosive effect, therefore, even possible deposits on the thermoflask during its operation cannot prevent its destruction.
The reliability of thermoflasks does not depend on how long and how often they were exposed to temperatures close to the nominal response temperature.
Irrigators with thermoflasks are easy to control the integrity of the thermal lock: since the liquid filling the thermoflask does not stain glass walls, then if there are cracks in the thermoflask and fluid leakage, such a sprinkler is easily identified as a faulty one.
The high mechanical strength of the thermoflasks makes the impact of vibrations or sudden pressure fluctuations in the water supply network not critical for sprinklers.
At present, as temperature-sensitive elements of thermal locks of sprinklers with discontinuous elements wide application found thermoflasks of "Job GmbH" type G8, G5, F5, F4, F3, F 2.5 and F1.5, firm "Day-Impex Lim" type DI 817, DI 933, DI 937, DI 950, DI 984 and DI 941 , Geissler type G and Norbert Job type Norbulb. There is information about the development of the production of thermoflasks in Russia and the firm "Grinnell" (USA).
Depending on the thermal inertia of response, foreign manufacturers conditionally divide thermoflasks into three zones.
Zone I are thermoflasks of the type Job G8 and Job G5 for work in normal conditions.
Zone II- these are thermoflasks of type F5 and F4 for sprinklers placed in niches or discreetly.
Zone III- these are thermoflasks of type F3 for sprinkler sprinklers in residential premises, as well as in sprinklers with an increased irrigation area; thermoflasks F2.5; F2 and F1.5 - for sprinklers, the response time of which should be minimal according to the conditions of use (for example, in sprinklers with fine atomization, with an increased irrigation area and sprinklers intended for use in explosion prevention installations). Such sprinklers are usually marked with the letters FR (Fast Response).
Note: the number after the letter F usually corresponds to the diameter of the thermoflask in mm.

2.2.5.3. The main legal documents governing the use technical requirements and test methods for sprinklers are GOST R 51043-97, NPB 87-2000, NPB 88-2001 and NPB 68-98, as well as in the NTD.
The designation structure and marking of sprinklers in accordance with GOST R 51043-97 is given below.
Note: For deluge sprinklers pos. 6 and 7 do not indicate.

The main hydraulic parameters of sprinklers include the flow rate, productivity factor, irrigation intensity or specific flow rate, as well as the irrigation area (or the width of the protected zone - the length of the curtain), within which the declared irrigation intensity (or specific flow rate) and irrigation uniformity are provided.
The main requirements of GOST R 51043-97 and NPB 87-2000, which general-purpose sprinklers must satisfy, are presented in Table. one.

Table 1. Main technical parameters of general purpose sprinklers

Sprinkler type	Nominal outlet diameter, mm	External connection thread R	Minimum operating pressure in front of the sprinkler, MPa	Protected area, m 2 , not less than	Average irrigation intensity, l / (s m 2 ), not less than
					0,020 (>0,028)
					0,04 (>0,056)
					0,05 (>0,070)

Notes:
(text) - edition of the GOST R draft.
1. The indicated parameters (protected area, average irrigation intensity) are given when sprinklers are installed at a height of 2.5 m from the floor level.
2. For sprinklers of installation location V, N, U, the area protected by one sprinkler must have the shape of a circle, and for the location G, G c, G n, G y - the shape of a rectangle with a size of at least 4x3 m.
3. For sprinklers with an outlet, the shape of which differs from the shape of a circle, and a maximum linear size exceeding 15 mm, as well as for sprinklers intended for pneumatic and mass pipelines, and sprinklers for special purposes, the size of the external connecting thread is not regulated.

The protected area of ​​irrigation here means the area, the average intensity (or specific consumption) and uniformity of irrigation of which is not less than the normative or established in the TD.
The presence of a thermal lock leads to additional requirements for the sprinkler in terms of response time and temperature. Distinguish:

nominal response temperature - response temperature specified in the standard or in the technical documentation for this type of product and on the sprinkler;
nominal operating time - the value of the response time of a sprinkler sprinkler or a sprinkler with a controlled drive, specified in the technical documentation for this type of product;
conditional response time - time from the moment the sprinkler is placed in a thermostat with a temperature exceeding the nominal response temperature by 30 °C, until the thermal lock of the sprinkler is triggered.

Rated temperature, conditional response time and color marking of sprinklers according to GOST R 51043-97, NPB 87-2000 and planned GOST R are presented in Table. 2.

Table 2. Rated temperature, conditional response time and color coding of sprinklers

Temperature, °C		Conditional response time, s, no more	Marking color of the liquid in a glass thermoflask (breakable thermosensitive element) or sprinkler arches (with a fusible and elastic thermosensitive element)
rated trip	limit deviation
			Orange
			Violet
			Violet

Notes:
1. At the nominal operating temperature of the thermal lock from 57 to 72 °C, it is allowed not to paint the sprinkler arches.
2. When used as a temperature-sensitive element of a thermoflask, the sprinkler arms may not be painted.
3. "*" - only for sprinklers with a fusible temperature-sensitive element.
4. "#" - sprinklers with both a fusible and a discontinuous thermosensitive element (thermal flask).
5. Values ​​of the nominal response temperature not marked with "*" and "#" - the thermosensitive element is a thermobulb.
6. In GOST R 51043-97 there are no temperature ratings of 74* and 100* °C.

2.2.5.4. To create water curtains use sprinklers of general purpose or special sprinklers. Most often, deluge sprinklers are used, i.e., sprinkler designs without a thermal lock.
In domestic practice, the basic requirements for sprinklers that form volumetric and contact curtains are set out in NPB 87-2000.
In chapter 9.4. The veils are contained general information about the features of the design and installation of installations for water curtains. This issue is discussed in more detail in the manual.

2.2.5.5. For extinguishing fires with high intensity heat generation, for example, in large and high-rise warehouses of plastic materials, the efficiency of conventional sprinklers turned out to be insufficient, because. relatively small drops of water are carried away by powerful convective fire currents. To extinguish such fires in the 1960s abroad, a 17/32" orifice sprinkler was used; after the 1980s, extra large orifice (ELO), ESFR and "large drops" sprinklers were used. They produce water droplets that are able to penetrate through a strong upward convective flow generated during a serious fire in a warehouse.Abroad, "big droplet" sprinklers are used to protect packaged plastic or foamed plastic at a height of about 6 m (except for flammable aerosols).The use of additional in-shelf sprinklers can significantly increase the specified height of storage of combustible materials.
An additional advantage of the "ELO" type sprinkler is that its performance is ensured at more low pressures water. For many water sources, such pressure can be obtained without the use of a booster pump, which significantly reduces the cost of AUP.
The ESFR type sprinkler is designed to quickly react to the development of a fire and spray the source of the fire with an intense stream of water. Foreign studies show that a smaller number of ESFR-type sprinklers are required to extinguish a model fire, so the total amount of water supplied and, consequently, the possible damage from it, are reduced. Foreign authors recommend using an ESFR sprinkler to protect any product, including packaged in cardboard or unpackaged non-foamed plastic materials stored at a height of up to 10.7 m in rooms with a height of 12.2 m. They are able to protect foamed plastic packed in cardboard at a height of up to 7 .6 m in rooms up to 12.2 m high.

2.2.5.6. Modern interiors of office and cultural-entertainment buildings and structures are often drawn up. By type of installation, such sprinklers are divided into:
in-depth - sprinklers, in which the body or arms are partially located in the recess of the false ceiling or wall panel;
secret - sprinklers, in which the body, the arms and partially the temperature-sensitive element are located in the recess of the suspended ceiling or wall panel;
hidden - hidden sprinklers hidden by a decorative cover.

Both thermal flasks and fusible elements are used as a thermal lock. An example of the design and operation of such a sprinkler is shown in fig. 6. After the cover has been actuated, the sprinkler socket under its own weight and the influence of the water jet from the sprinkler along two guides goes down to such a distance that the recess in the ceiling in which the sprinkler is mounted does not affect the nature of the water spray.

Rice. 6. Sprinklers for installation in suspended ceilings.

The melting temperature of the decorative cover junction is, as a rule, lower than the triggering temperature of the sprinkler itself by one discharge.
This condition is necessary in order not to significantly overestimate the response time of the AFS. Indeed, in case of false operation of the decorative cover, the water supply from the sprinkler is excluded. However, in real fire conditions, the decorative cover will work in advance and will not interfere with the flow of heat to the thermal lock of the sprinkler.

2.3. Design of sprinkler and deluge water fire extinguishing installations

The issues of designing water-foam AUPs are discussed in detail in the training manual. The manual shows the design features of both traditional sprinkler and deluge water-foam AFS, and fire extinguishing installations with atomized (sprayed) water, AFS for the protection of stationary high-rise rack warehouses, modular and robotic installations. The rules of hydraulic calculation of AUP are shown, examples are given.
The main provisions of the current national scientific and technical documentation in this area are considered in detail. Particular attention is paid to the presentation of the rules for the development of technical specifications for design, the main provisions for the coordination and approval of this assignment are formulated.
The content and procedure for issuing a working draft, including an explanatory note, are also discussed in detail in the manual.
Simplified design algorithm traditional water fire extinguishing installation, compiled on the basis of manual data, is given below.

1. According to NPB 88-2001, a group of premises (production or technological process) is established depending on its functional purpose and fire load of combustible materials.
An fire extinguisher is chosen, for which the effectiveness of extinguishing combustible materials concentrated in protected objects is established with water, water or foam solution according to NPB 88-2001 (ch. 4), as well as. They check the compatibility of materials in the protected room with the selected OTV - the absence of possible chemical reactions with the OTV, accompanied by an explosion, a strong exothermic effect, spontaneous combustion, etc.

2. Taking into account the fire hazard (flame propagation speed), choose the type of fire extinguishing installation - sprinkler, deluge or AUP with finely atomized (sprayed) water.
Automatic activation of drencher installations is carried out according to signals from fire alarm installations, an incentive system with thermal locks or sprinkled sprinklers, as well as from sensors of process equipment. The drive of deluge installations can be electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical or combined.

3. For sprinkler AFS, depending on the operating temperature, the type of installation is set - water-filled (5 ° C and above) or air. It should be noted that NPB 88-2001 does not provide for the use of water-air AFS.

4. According to Chap. 4 NPB 88-2001 take the intensity of irrigation and the area protected by one sprinkler, the area for calculating the water flow and the estimated operating time of the installation.
If water is used with the addition of a wetting agent based on a general purpose foaming agent, then the intensity of irrigation is taken 1.5 times less than for water AFS.

5. According to the passport data of the sprinkler, taking into account the efficiency of the consumed water, the pressure is set, which must be provided at the "dictating" sprinkler (the most remote or highly located), and the distance between the sprinklers (taking into account Chapter 4 NPB 88-2001).

6. Estimated water consumption in sprinkler installations is determined from the condition of simultaneous operation of all sprinkler sprinklers in the protected area (see Table 1, Chapter 4 of NPB 88-2001, ), taking into account the efficiency of the consumed water and the fact that the consumption of sprinklers, installed along distribution pipes, increases with distance from the "dictating" sprinkler.
Water consumption for deluge installations is calculated from the condition of simultaneous operation of all deluge sprinklers in the protected warehouse (5th, 6th and 7th groups of the protected object). The area of ​​​​the premises of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups for determining the water consumption and the number of simultaneously operating sections is found depending on the technological data, and in their absence - according to the data.

7. For warehouse premises (groups 5, 6 and 7 of the object of protection according to NPB 88-2001), the intensity of irrigation depends on the height of the storage of materials.
For the zone of acceptance, packaging and dispatch of goods in warehouses with a height of 10 to 20 m with high-altitude rack storage, the intensity and protected area values ​​\u200b\u200bfor calculating the consumption of water, foam concentrate solution for groups 5, 6 and 7, given in NPB 88-2001 and , increase at the rate of 10% for every 2 m of height.
The total water consumption for internal fire extinguishing of high-rise rack warehouses is taken according to the highest total consumption in the rack storage area or in the area of ​​acceptance, packaging, picking and dispatch of goods.
At the same time, it is taken into account that the space-planning and design solutions of warehouses must comply with SNiP 2.09.02-85 and SNiP 2.11.01-85, racks are equipped with horizontal screens, etc.

8. Based on the estimated water consumption and the duration of the fire extinguishing, calculate the estimated amount of water. The capacity of fire tanks (reservoirs) is determined, while taking into account the possibility of automatic replenishment with water during the entire time the fire is extinguished.
The estimated amount of water is stored in tanks for various purposes, if devices are provided that do not allow the consumption of the specified volume of water for other needs.
The number of fire tanks (reservoirs) must be at least two. At the same time, 50% of the volume of fire extinguishing water is stored in each of them, and water is supplied to any point of the fire from two adjacent reservoirs (reservoirs).
With an estimated volume of water up to 1000 m 3, it is allowed to store water in one tank.
To fire reservoirs, reservoirs and through wells provide free passage of fire trucks with a lightweight improved road surface. The locations of fire tanks (reservoirs) are marked with signs in accordance with GOST 12.4.009-83.

9. In accordance with the selected type of sprinkler, its flow rate, irrigation intensity and the area protected by it, plans for the placement of sprinklers and a variant for tracing the pipeline network are developed. For clarity, an axonometric diagram of the pipeline network is depicted (not necessarily to scale).
This takes into account the following:
9.1. Within the limits of one protected room, sprinklers of the same type with the same diameter of the outlet are installed.
The distance between sprinklers or thermal locks in the incentive system is determined by NPB 88-2001. Depending on the group of the room, it is 3 or 4 m. The exception is sprinklers under the beam ceiling with protruding parts of more than 0.32 m (with a fire hazard class of the ceiling (covering) K0 and K1) or 0.2 m (in other cases). In these cases, sprinklers are installed between the protruding elements of the floor, taking into account the uniform irrigation of the floor.
In addition, additional sprinklers or deluge sprinklers with an incentive system should be installed under barriers (technological platforms, ducts, etc.) with a width or diameter of more than 0.75 m, located at a height of more than 0.7 m from the floor.
The best results in response speed are obtained when the area of ​​the sprinkler arms is perpendicular to the air flow; with a different placement of the sprinkler due to the shielding of the thermoflask from the air flow by the arms, the response time increases.
Sprinklers are placed so that the water flow of the triggered sprinkler does not directly affect adjacent sprinklers. The minimum distance between sprinklers under a smooth ceiling is 1.5 m.
The distance between sprinklers and walls (partitions) should not exceed half the distance between sprinklers and depends on the slope of the coating, as well as the fire hazard class of the wall or coating.
The distance from the floor (cover) plane to the sprinkler outlet or the thermal lock of the cable incentive system should be 0.08 ... 0.4 m, and to the sprinkler reflector installed horizontally relative to its type axis - 0.07 ... 0.15 m.
Placement of sprinklers for suspended ceilings - in accordance with the TD for this type of sprinkler.
Deluge sprinklers are placed taking into account their technical characteristics and irrigation maps to ensure uniform irrigation of the protected area.
Sprinkler sprinklers in water-filled installations are installed with sockets up or down, in air installations - sockets only up. Sprinklers with a horizontal reflector are used in any type of sprinkler installation.
In case of danger of mechanical damage, sprinklers are protected by casings. The design of the casing is chosen so as to exclude a decrease in the area and intensity of irrigation below the standard values.
Features of the placement of sprinklers to obtain water curtains are described in detail in manuals.
9.2. Pipelines are designed from steel pipes: according to GOST 10704-91 - with welded and flanged joints, according to GOST 3262-75 - with welded, flanged, threaded connections, and also according to GOST R 51737-2001 - with detachable pipeline couplings only for water-filled sprinkler installations for pipes with a diameter of not more than 200 mm.
It is allowed to design supply pipelines as dead ends if the installation contains up to three control units and the length of the external dead end water supply does not exceed 200 m. In other cases, the supply pipelines must be annular and divided into sections by valves at the rate of no more than three control units per section.
Supply pipelines are designed as ring or dead-end, depending on the configuration of the room, the shape of the floor (cover), the presence of columns and skylights, and other factors.
Dead-end and ring supply pipelines are equipped with flush valves, gates or taps with a nominal diameter of at least 50 mm. Such locking devices are provided with plugs and installed at the end of a dead-end pipeline or in the place most remote from the control unit - for ring pipelines.
Gate valves or gates mounted on ring pipelines must pass water in both directions. The presence and purpose of shut-off valves on supply and distribution pipelines is regulated by NPB 88-2001.
On one branch of the distribution pipeline of installations, as a rule, no more than six sprinklers with an outlet diameter of up to 12 mm inclusive and no more than four sprinklers with an outlet diameter of more than 12 mm should be installed.
In deluge AFSs, it is allowed to fill the supply and distribution pipelines with water or an aqueous solution up to the mark of the lowest-lying sprinkler in this section. If there are special caps or plugs on deluge sprinklers, the pipelines can be completely filled. Such caps (plugs) must release the outlet of the sprinklers under the pressure of water (water solution) when the AFS is activated.
Thermal insulation should be provided for water-filled pipelines laid in places where they can freeze, for example, above gates or doorways. If necessary, provide additional devices for draining water.
In some cases, it is allowed to connect internal fire hydrants with manual barrels and deluge sprinklers with an incentive switching system to the supply pipelines, and deluge curtains for irrigating door and technological openings to the supply and distribution pipelines.
According to the design of pipelines from plastic pipes has a number of features. Such pipelines are designed only for water-filled AUP according to the specifications developed for a specific facility and agreed with the GUGPS EMERCOM of Russia. Pipes are preliminarily tested at FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia.
As an example, the manual shows pipes and fittings made of polypropylene "Random copolymer" (trade name PPRC) for a nominal pressure of 2 MPa.
Choose plastic pipelines with a service life in fire extinguishing installations of at least 20 years. Pipes are used only in rooms of categories C, D and D, and their use is prohibited in outdoor fire extinguishing installations. The wiring of plastic pipes is provided both open and hidden (in the space of false ceilings). Pipes are laid in rooms with a temperature range of 5 to 50 ° C, the distances from pipelines to heat sources are limited. Intra-workshop pipelines on the walls of buildings are located 0.5 m above or below window openings.
It is forbidden to lay intrashop pipelines made of plastic pipes in transit through administrative, amenity and utility rooms, switchgears, electrical installation rooms, control and automation system panels, ventilation chambers, heating points, stairwells, corridors, etc.
Sprinkler sprinklers with a response temperature of not more than 68 ° C are used on the branches of distribution plastic pipelines. At the same time, in rooms of categories B1 and B2, the diameter of bursting flasks of sprinklers does not exceed 3 mm, for rooms of categories B3 and B4 - 5 mm.
With open installation of sprinklers, the distance between them does not exceed 3 m (or 2.5 m for wall-mounted sprinklers).
At hidden installation sprinkler sprinklers, plastic pipelines are covered with ceiling panels (with a fire resistance of at least EI 15).
The working pressure of a pipeline made of plastic pipes must be at least 1.0 MPa.
9.3. Divide the pipeline network into sections. According to the fire extinguishing section, this is a set of supply and distribution pipelines with sprinklers placed on them, connected to one common control unit (CU).
The number of sprinklers of all types in one section of the sprinkler installation should not exceed 800, and the total capacity of pipelines (only for air sprinkler installation) - 3.0 m 3. The capacity of the pipeline can be increased up to 4.0 m 3 when using the AC with an accelerator or an exhauster.
To eliminate false alarms, a delay chamber is used in front of the pressure indicator of the sprinkler installation.
When protecting several rooms or floors of a building with one sprinkler section, to issue a signal specifying the ignition address, as well as to turn on warning and smoke exhaust systems, it is allowed to install liquid flow detectors on supply pipelines, excluding ring ones. A shut-off valve is installed in front of the liquid flow indicator, specified in NPB 88-2001.
A liquid flow switch can be used as an alarm valve in a water-filled sprinkler installation if a non-return valve is installed behind it.
A sprinkler section with 12 or more fire hydrants must have two entries.

10. Carry out a hydraulic calculation.
The hydraulic calculation of the AUP fire water pipeline is reduced to solving three main tasks:
a) determination of the pressure at the inlet to the fire-fighting water supply (on the axis of the outlet pipe of the pump or other water feeder), if the estimated water flow, the pipeline routing scheme, their length and diameter, as well as the type of fittings are specified. V this case the calculation begins with the determination of pressure losses during the movement of water (at a given estimated flow rate) and ends with the choice of the pump brand (or other type of water feeder).
b) determination of water flow at a given pressure at the beginning of the fire pipeline. The calculation begins with the determination of the hydraulic resistance of all elements of the pipeline and ends with the establishment of the estimated water flow depending on the specified pressure at the beginning of the fire water pipeline.
c) determination of the diameters of pipelines and other elements of the fire-fighting pipeline according to the estimated water flow and pressure at the beginning of the fire-fighting pipeline. The diameters of the fire-fighting water supply fittings are selected based on the given water flow and pressure losses along the length of the pipeline and on the fittings used.

The reason for inefficient fire extinguishing is often the incorrect calculation of the distribution networks of AFS (insufficient water consumption). The main task of such a calculation is to determine the flow through each sprinkler and the diameter of various sections of the pipeline. The latter are selected based on the calculated value of the flow rate and pressure loss along the length of the pipeline. At the same time, the normative intensity of irrigation of each protected area should be ensured.
The manuals consider options for determining the required pressure at the sprinkler for a given intensity of irrigation. This takes into account that when the pressure in front of the sprinkler changes, the irrigation area may remain unchanged, increase or decrease.
In general, the required pressure at the beginning of the installation (after the fire pump) consists of the following components (Fig. 7):

where R g- pressure loss on the horizontal section of the AB pipeline;
R in- pressure loss in the vertical section of the BD pipeline;
R m- pressure loss in local resistances (fittings B and D);
Руу - local resistances in the control unit (alarm valve, valves, gates);
R o- pressure at the "dictating" sprinkler;
Z- the geometric height of the "dictating" sprinkler above the axis of the pump.

Rice. 7. Calculation diagram of the water fire extinguishing installation:
1 - water feeder;
2 – sprinkler;
3 - control units;
4 - supply pipeline;
Pg - pressure loss in the horizontal section of the AB pipeline;
Pv - pressure loss in the vertical section of the BD pipeline;
R m - pressure loss in local resistances (shaped parts B and D);
Руу - local resistances in the control unit (alarm valve, valves, gates);
P o - pressure at the "dictating" sprinkler;
Z is the geometric height of the “dictating” sprinkler above the pump axis

The maximum pressure in the pipelines of water and foam fire extinguishing- no more than 1.0 MPa.
Hydraulic pressure loss P in pipelines is determined by the formula:

where l- pipeline length, m; k- pressure loss per unit length of the pipeline (hydraulic slope), Q- water consumption, l/s.
The hydraulic slope is determined from the expression:

where A- resistivity, depending on the diameter and roughness of the walls, x 10 6 m 6 / s 2; Km- specific characteristic of the pipeline, m 6 / s 2.
As operating experience shows, the nature of the change in the roughness of pipes depends on the composition of water, air dissolved in it, operating mode, service life, etc.
The value of resistivity and the specific hydraulic characteristic of pipelines for pipes of various diameters are given in.
Estimated water consumption (foaming agent solution) q, l/s, through sprinkler (foam generator):

where K- performance coefficient of the sprinkler (foam generator) in accordance with the TD for the product; R- pressure in front of the sprinkler (foam generator), MPa.
performance factor TO(in foreign literature, a synonym for the performance factor is "K-factor") is a cumulative complex that depends on the flow rate and the area of ​​the outlet:

where K- consumption coefficient; F- area of ​​the outlet; q- acceleration of gravity.
In the practice of hydraulic design of water and foam AFS, the calculation of the performance factor is usually carried out from the expression:

where Q- flow rate of water or solution through the sprinkler; R- pressure in front of the sprinkler.
Dependencies between performance factors are expressed by the following approximate expression:

Therefore, in hydraulic calculations according to NPB 88-2001, the value of the performance coefficient in accordance with international and national standards must be taken equal to:

or

However, it must be taken into account that not all dispersed water enters directly into the protected area.

Rice. 8. Scheme characterizing the distribution of irrigation intensity from a sprinkler with a vertical supply of fire extinguishing agent

On fig. Figure 8 shows a diagram of irrigation of the protected area with a sprinkler. On the area of ​​a circle with a radius Ri the required or normative value of irrigation intensity is provided, and on the area of ​​a circle with a radius R is good all the fire extinguishing agent dispersed by the sprinkler is distributed.
The mutual arrangement of sprinklers can be represented by two schemes: in a checkerboard or square order (Fig. 9).
Sprinklers must be placed in such a way as to provide the most efficient irrigation of the protected area.

Rice. 9. Ways of mutual arrangement of sprinklers:
a - chess; b - square

Ways of mutual arrangement of sprinklers

If the linear dimensions of the protected area are a multiple of the radius Ri or remainder greater than 0.5 Ri, and almost the entire sprinkler flow falls on the protected area, then with an equal number of sprinklers and with the same protected area, it is most advantageous to place the sprinklers in rows in checkerboard pattern.
In this case, the configuration of the calculated area is a hexagon inscribed in a circle, closest in shape to the circle area irrigated by sprinklers. In this case, a more intensive irrigation of the sides is achieved. However, with a square arrangement of sprinklers, the zone of mutual action of sprinklers increases.
According to NPB 88-2001, the distance between sprinklers depends on the groups of protected premises and is no more than 4 m for some groups, and no more than 3 m for others.
Consider the simultaneous supply of OTV by all the same type of traditional rosette sprinklers mounted within the considered distribution pipeline. At the same time, the intensity of irrigation is uneven, and, as a rule, at sprinklers on the periphery of the pipeline, the intensity of irrigation is minimal.
In practice, there are three layouts of sprinklers on the distribution pipeline: symmetrical, symmetrical loopback and asymmetrical (Fig. 10). On fig. 10, a shows a symmetrical arrangement of sprinklers on the distribution pipeline - section A.
In the technical literature, a distribution pipeline is called a row (for example, a CD pipeline), and a distribution pipeline starting from the supply pipeline to the final sprinkler is called a branch.
For each fire extinguishing section, the most remote or high-lying protected zone is determined, and the hydraulic calculation is carried out precisely for this zone. Pressure R 1 the "dictating" sprinkler 1, located farther and higher than the others, must have at least:

where q- flow through the sprinkler; TO- productivity factor; R min slave- minimum allowable pressure for of this type sprinkler.

The flow rate of the first sprinkler 1 is the calculated value Q 1-2 Location on l 1-2 between the first and second sprinkler. Pressure loss R 1-2 Location on l 1-2 determined by the formula:

where K t- specific characteristic of the pipeline.

Rice. 10. Calculation scheme of the sprinkler or deluge fire extinguishing section:
A - section with a symmetrical arrangement of sprinklers;
B - section with asymmetric arrangement of sprinklers;
B - section with a looped supply pipeline;
I, II, III - rows of distribution pipeline;
a, b…јn, m – nodal design points

Therefore, the pressure at sprinkler 2:

Sprinkler 2 consumption will be

The estimated flow rate in the area between the second sprinkler and point "a", i.e., in the area "2-a" will be equal to

Pipeline diameter d, m, is determined by the formula:

where Q- water consumption, m 3 / s; ?? - speed of water movement, m/s.

The speed of water movement in pipelines of water and foam AUP should not exceed 10 m/s.
The diameter of the pipeline is expressed in millimeters and increased to the nearest value specified in ND [(13 - 15].
By water consumption Q 2-a determine the pressure loss in the section "2-a":

The pressure at point "a" is equal to Thus, for the left branch of the I row of section A, it is necessary to ensure the flow rate Q 2-a at pressure P a. The right branch of the row is symmetrical to the left, so the flow rate for this branch will also be equal to Q 2-a, therefore, the pressure at point "a" will be equal to P a.

As a result, for the first row we have a pressure equal to P a, and water consumption:

The right side of section B (Fig. 5, b) is not symmetrical to the left, so the left branch is calculated separately and P a and Q’ 3-a are determined for it.
If we consider the right side of the "3-a" row (one sprinkler) separately from the left "1-a" (two sprinklers), then the pressure in the right side of P'a should seem to be less than the pressure of Ra in the left side. Since there cannot be two different pressures at one point, a larger value of pressure Pa is taken and the corrected flow rate is determined for the right branch Q 3-a:

Total water consumption from row I:

The pressure loss in the section "a-b" is found by the formula:

The pressure at point "b" is

Row II is calculated according to the hydraulic characteristic:

where l is the length of the calculated section of the pipeline, m.
Since the hydraulic characteristics of the rows, made structurally the same, are equal, the characteristic of the row II is determined by the generalized characteristic of the calculated section of the pipeline:

Water consumption from row II is determined by the formula:

The calculation of all subsequent rows until the estimated water flow is obtained is carried out similarly to the calculation of row II.
The total flow rate is calculated from the condition of arranging the required number of sprinklers to protect the calculated area, including if it is necessary to install sprinklers under process equipment, platforms or ventilation ducts, if they prevent irrigation of the protected surface.
The estimated area is taken depending on the group of premises according to NPB 88-2001.
Since the pressure at each sprinkler is different (the lowest pressure is at the most remote or upstream sprinkler), it is necessary to take into account the different flow rate from each sprinkler with the corresponding water efficiency.
Therefore, the estimated flow rate of the AUP should be determined by the formula:

where Q AUP- estimated consumption of AUP, l/s; q n- consumption of the n-th sprinkler, l/s; f n- consumption utilization factor at design pressure at the n-th sprinkler; i n- average intensity of irrigation by the n-th sprinkler (not less than the normalized intensity of irrigation; S n- normative area of ​​irrigation by each sprinkler with normalized intensity.
The ring network (Fig. 10) is calculated similarly to the dead-end network, but at 50% of the calculated water flow for each half-ring.
From the point "m" to the water feeders, the pressure losses in the pipes are calculated along the length and taking into account local resistances, including in control units (alarm valves, gate valves, gates).
In approximate calculations, local resistances are taken equal to 20% of the resistance of the pipeline network.
Pressure losses in the control units of installations R yy(m) is determined by the formula:

where yY is the coefficient of pressure loss in the control unit (accepted according to the TD for the control unit as a whole or for each alarm valve, shutter or gate valve individually); Q- estimated flow rate of water or foam concentrate solution through the control unit.
The calculation is carried out in such a way that the pressure at the control unit does not exceed 1 MPa.
Approximately the diameters of the distribution rows can be selected according to the number of sprinklers installed on the pipeline. In table. Figure 3 shows the relationship between the most commonly used distribution row pipe diameters, pressure, and the number of sprinklers installed.

Table 3
The relationship between the most commonly used pipe diameters of distribution rows,
pressure and number of installed sprinklers

Nominal pipe diameter, mm	20	25	32	40	50	70	80	100	125	150
Number of sprinklers at high pressure	1	3	5	9	18	28	46	80	150	Over 150
Number of sprinklers at low pressure	-	2	3	5	10	20	36	75	140	Over 140

The most common mistake in the hydraulic calculation of distribution and supply pipelines is the determination of the flow Q according to the formula:

where i and F op- respectively, the intensity and area of ​​​​irrigation for calculating the flow rate, taken according to NPB 88-2001.

In installations with a large number of sprinklers, with their simultaneous action, significant pressure losses occur in the piping system. Therefore, the flow rate, and, accordingly, the irrigation intensity of each sprinkler is different. As a result, a sprinkler installed closer to the supply pipeline has a higher pressure and a correspondingly higher flow rate. The indicated unevenness of irrigation is illustrated by the hydraulic calculation of rows, which consist of successively located sprinklers (Table 4, Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Calculation scheme of an asymmetric fire extinguishing section with seven sprinklers in a row:
d—diameter, mm; l is the length of the pipeline, m; 1-14 - serial numbers of sprinklers

Table 4. Row flow and pressure values

Row calculation scheme number

Section pipe diameter, mm

Pressure, m

Sprinkler flow l/s

q 6 / q 1

Total row consumption, l/s

Q f 6 / Q p 6

Uniform irrigation Q p 6 \u003d 6q 1

Uneven irrigation Q f 6 = q ns

Notes:
1. The first calculation scheme consists of sprinklers with holes 12 mm in diameter with specific characteristic 0.141 m 6 / s 2; distance between sprinklers 2.5 m.
2. Calculation schemes of rows 2-5 are rows of sprinklers with holes with a diameter of 12.7 mm with a specific characteristic of 0.154 m 6 /s 2; distance between sprinklers 3 m.
3. P 1 denotes the calculated pressure in front of the sprinkler, and through
P 7 - design pressure in a row.

For the first design scheme, the water consumption q 6 from the sixth sprinkler (located near the supply pipeline) 1.75 times more than the water flow q 1 from the final sprinkler. If all sprinklers worked evenly, then the total water flow Q p 6 could be found by multiplying the water flow of the sprinkler by the number of sprinklers in a row: Q p 6= 0.65 6 = 3.9 l/s.
With uneven water supply from sprinklers, the total water consumption Q f 6, according to the approximate tabular calculation method, is found by sequential summation of costs; it is 5.5 l / s, which is 40% higher Q p 6. In the second calculation scheme q 6 3.14 times more q 1, a Q f 6 more than double the Q p 6.
An unjustified increase in the flow rate of those sprinklers in front of which there is a higher pressure leads to an additional increase in pressure losses in the supply pipelines of the section and, thereby, to an even greater increase in irrigation unevenness.
Section pipeline diameters have a significant impact not only on the pressure drop in the network, but also on the calculated water flow. An increase in the flow rate of the water feeder with uneven operation of the sprinklers leads to a significant increase in the construction costs for the water feeder, which, as a rule, are decisive in determining the cost of the installation.
Uniform flow from sprinklers, and hence uniform irrigation of the protected surface at pressures that vary along the length of the pipelines, can be achieved different ways, for example, the device of diaphragms, the use of sprinklers with outlets that vary along the length of the pipeline, etc.
However, the existing norms (NPB 88-2001) do not allow the use of sprinklers with different outlets within the same protected room (to be more precise, only sprinklers of the same type should be installed).
The use of diaphragms is not regulated by any regulatory document. Since when using diaphragms, each sprinkler and row have a constant flow rate, the calculation of supply pipelines, on the diameters of which pressure losses depend, is carried out regardless of pressure, the number of sprinklers in a row and the distances between them. This circumstance greatly simplifies the hydraulic calculation of the fire extinguishing section.
The calculation is reduced to determining the dependence of the pressure drop in sections of the section on the diameters of the pipes. When choosing the diameters of pipelines of individual sections, one should adhere to the condition under which the pressure loss per unit length differs little from the average hydraulic slope:

where k- average hydraulic slope; ? R- pressure loss in the line from the water feeder to the "dictating" sprinkler, MPa; l- length of calculated sections of pipelines, m.
Calculations show that the installed power of pumping units, which is required to overcome pressure losses in the section when using sprinklers with the same flow rate, can be reduced by 4.7 times, and the volume of the emergency water supply in the hydropneumatic tank of the auxiliary water feeder can be reduced by 2.1 times. In this case, the reduction in the metal consumption of pipelines will be 28%.
However, in the textbook, it is recognized as inappropriate to use diaphragms of different diameters in front of the sprinklers, which provide the same flow rate from the sprinklers. The reason is that during the operation of the AFS, the possibility of rearranging the diaphragms is not ruled out, which will significantly disrupt the uniformity of irrigation.
For separate fire-fighting water pipelines (internal fire-fighting according to SNiP 2.04.01-85 * and automatic fire extinguishing installations according to NPB 88-2001), it is permissible to install one group of pumps, provided that this group provides a flow rate Q equal to the sum of the needs of each water supply:

where Q ERW Q AUP - the costs required, respectively, for the internal fire-fighting water supply and the AUP water supply.
If fire hydrants are connected to the supply pipelines, the total flow rate is determined by the formula:

where Q PC- allowable flow rate from fire hydrants (accepted according to SNiP 2.04.01-85*, Table 1-2).
The duration of operation of internal fire hydrants equipped with manual water or foam fire nozzles and connected to the supply pipes of the sprinkler installation should be taken equal to the operation time of the sprinkler installation.
To speed up and improve the accuracy of hydraulic calculations for sprinkler and deluge AFS, it is advisable to use computer technology.

11. Choose a pumping unit.
Pumping units act as the main water feeder and are designed to provide water (foam) automatic fire extinguishers with the necessary pressure and consumption of fire extinguishing agent.
According to their purpose, pumping units are divided into main and auxiliary.
Auxiliary pumping units are used during the time until a significant flow of OTV is required (for example, in sprinkler installations for a period until no more than 2-3 sprinklers are activated). In the event that a fire takes on rampant proportions, then the main pumping units are included in the work (in the NTD they are often referred to as the main fire pumps), providing the required flow rate. In deluge AUPs, as a rule, only the main fire pumping units are used.
Pumping units consist of pumping units, a control cabinet and a piping system with hydraulic and electromechanical equipment.
The pumping unit consists of a drive connected through a transfer clutch to a pump (or pump unit) and a foundation plate (or base). Depending on the required flow rate, one or more working pumping units can be used in the AUP. Regardless of the number of working units in the pumping unit, one standby pumping unit must be provided.
When using in AUP no more than three control units, pumping units can be designed with one input and one output, in other cases - with two inputs and two outputs.
A schematic diagram of a pumping unit with two pumps, one inlet and one outlet is shown in fig. 12; with two pumps, two inputs and two outputs - in fig. thirteen; with three pumps, two inputs and two outputs - in fig. 14.

Regardless of the number of pumping units, the scheme of the pumping unit must ensure the supply of water to the AUP supply pipeline from any input by switching the corresponding valves or gates:
- directly through the bypass line, bypassing the pump units;
- from any pump unit;
- from any combination of pumping units.

Valves (gates) are mounted before and after each pumping unit, which allows carrying out routine or repair work without violating the operability of the AUP. To prevent the reverse flow of water through the pumping units or the bypass line, check valves are installed at the outlet of the pumps and the bypass line, which can also be mounted behind the valve (gate). In this case, when dismantling the valve (gate) for its repair, there will be no need to drain water from the supply pipeline.
As a rule, centrifugal pumps are used in AUP.
A suitable pump type is selected according to the Q-H characteristics, which are given in the catalogs. In this case, the following data are taken into account: the required pressure and flow (according to the results of the hydraulic calculation of the network), the overall dimensions of the pump and the mutual orientation of the suction and pressure nozzles (this determines the layout conditions), the mass of the pump.
An example of choosing a pump for a sprinkler AFS is given in the manual.

12. Place the pumping unit of the pumping station.
12.1. Pumping stations are located in a separate room of buildings on the first, basement and basement floors, which have a separate exit to the outside or to a stairwell with access to the outside. It is allowed to place pumping stations in separate buildings (extensions), as well as in the premises of an industrial building, which is separated from other premises by fire partitions and ceilings with a fire resistance limit of REI 45 according to SNiP 21-01-97 *.
In the room of the pumping station, the air temperature is maintained from 5 to 35 °C and the relative humidity is not more than 80% at 25 °C. The specified room is equipped with working and emergency lighting according to SNiP 23-05-95 and telephone communication with the fire station room, a light panel "Pumping station" is placed at the entrance.
12.2. The pumping station should be classified as:
- according to the degree of water supply - to the 1st category according to SNiP 2.04.02-84*. The number of suction lines to the pumping station, regardless of the number and groups of installed pumps, must be at least two. Each suction line must be sized to carry the full design flow of water;
- in terms of reliability of power supply - to the 1st category according to the PUE (powered by two independent sources of power supply). If it is impossible to fulfill this requirement, it is allowed to install (except for basements) standby pumps driven by internal combustion engines.

Pumping stations are designed, as a rule, with control without permanent staff. With automatic or remote (telemechanical) control, local control is mandatory.
Simultaneously with the inclusion of fire pumps, all pumps for other purposes, powered by this main and not included in the AUP, should be automatically turned off.
12.3. The dimensions of the machine room of the pumping station should be determined taking into account the requirements of SNiP 2.04.02-84* (section 12). Take into account the requirements for the width of the aisles.
To reduce the dimensions of the station in the plan, it is allowed to install pumps with the right and left rotation of the shaft, while Working wheel should only rotate in one direction.
12.4. The mark of the axis of the pumps is determined, as a rule, based on the conditions for installing the pump housing under the bay:
- in the tank (from the upper water level (determined from the bottom) of the fire volume in case of one fire, medium (in case of two or more fires;
- in a water well - from the dynamic level of groundwater at maximum water withdrawal;
- in a watercourse or reservoir - from the minimum water level in them: at the maximum provision of the calculated water levels in surface sources - 1%, at the minimum - 97%.

At the same time, the allowable vacuum suction height (from the calculated minimum water level) or the necessary backwater required by the manufacturer from the suction side, as well as pressure losses (pressure) in the suction pipeline, temperature conditions and barometric pressure are taken into account.
To take water from a reserve tank, they also provide for the installation of pumps "under the bay". In this case, in the case of pumps located above the water level in the reservoir, pump priming devices or self-priming pumps are used.
12.5. When using in AUP no more than three control units, pumping units are designed with one input and one output, in other cases - with two inputs and two outputs.
Suction and pressure manifolds with shut-off valves are located in the pumping station, if this does not cause an increase in the span of the machine room.
Pipelines in pumping stations are usually made of welded steel pipes. Provide for a continuous rise of the suction pipeline to the pump with a slope of at least 0.005.
The diameter of pipes, fittings and fittings is taken on the basis of a technical and economic calculation, based on the recommended water flow rates indicated in Table. 5.

Pipe diameter, mm	Water movement speed, m/s, in pipelines of pumping stations
	suction	pressure
St. 250 to 800

On the pressure line, each pump is provided with a check valve, a valve and a pressure gauge, and on the suction line - a valve and a pressure gauge. When the pump is operating without back pressure on the suction line, it is not necessary to install a valve and a pressure gauge on it.
If the pressure in outdoor network water supply system is less than 0.05 MPa, then a receiving tank is placed in front of the pumping unit, the capacity of which is indicated in section 13 of SNiP 2.04.01-85 *.
12.6. At emergency shutdown working pumping unit must be provided automatic switch on standby unit fed into this line.
The time for the fire pumps to enter the operating mode (with automatic or manual activation) should not exceed 10 minutes.
12.7. To connect the fire extinguishing installation to mobile fire fighting equipment, pipelines with nozzles equipped with connecting heads are brought out (based on connecting at least two fire trucks at the same time). The capacity of the pipeline should provide the highest design flow in the "dictating" section of the fire extinguishing installation.
12.8. In buried and semi-buried pumping stations, measures are provided against possible flooding of units in the event of an accident within the machine room at the largest pump in terms of productivity (or at shutoff valves, pipelines) by:
- location of pump motors at a height of at least 0.5 m from the floor of the machine room;
- gravity discharge of an emergency amount of water into the sewer or onto the surface of the earth with the installation of a valve or gate valve;
- pumping water from the pit with special or main pumps for industrial purposes.

To drain water, the floors and channels of the machine room are made with a slope to the prefabricated pit. On the foundations for pumps, bumpers, grooves and pipes for water drainage are provided; if gravity drainage of water from the pit is not possible, drainage pumps should be provided.
12.9. Pumping stations with a machine room size of 6 × 9 m or more are equipped with an internal fire-fighting water supply with a water flow rate of 2.5 l / s, as well as other primary fire extinguishing equipment.

13. Choose an auxiliary or automatic water feeder.
13.1. In sprinkler and deluge installations, an automatic water feeder is used, as a rule, a vessel (vessels) filled with water (at least 0.5 m 3) and compressed air. In sprinkler installations with connected fire hydrants for buildings over 30 m high, the volume of water or foam concentrate solution is increased to 1 m 3 or more.
A water pipeline (for various purposes) used as an automatic water feeder must provide a guaranteed pressure equal to or higher than the calculated one, sufficient to trigger the control units.
You can use a feed pump (jockey pump), which is equipped with a non-redundant intermediate tank, usually a membrane one, with a water volume of at least 40 liters.
13.2. The volume of water of the auxiliary water feeder is calculated from the condition of ensuring the flow required for the deluge installation (total number of sprinklers) and / or sprinkler installation (for five sprinklers).
All installations with fire pumps switched on manually must have an auxiliary water feeder that ensures the operation of the installation at the design pressure and flow rate of water (foaming agent solution) for at least 10 minutes.
13.3. Used hydraulic, pneumatic and hydropneumatic tanks (vessels, tanks, etc.) are selected taking into account the requirements of PB 03-576-03.
These vessels are placed in rooms with a fire resistance of at least REI 45, where the distance from the top of the tanks to the ceiling and walls, as well as between the tanks, must be at least 0.6 m. The rooms are not allowed to be located directly next to, above or below the rooms, where possible simultaneous stay of a large number of people - 50 people. and more (auditorium, stage, dressing room, etc.).
Hydropneumatic tanks are located on technical floors, and pneumatic tanks - in unheated rooms.
In buildings with a height of more than 30 m, it is recommended to place an auxiliary water feeder on the upper technical floors.
The automatic and auxiliary water feeders must be switched off when the main pumps are turned on.
The training manual discusses in detail the procedure for developing a design assignment (Chapter 2), the procedure for developing a project (Chapter 3), the coordination and general principles for the examination of AUP projects (Chapter 5). Based on this manual, the following appendices have been compiled:

Literature

1. NPB 88-2001*. Fire extinguishing and signaling installations. Design norms and rules.
2. Design of water and foam automatic fire extinguishing installations / L.M. Meshman, S.G. Tsarichenko, V.A. Bylinkin, V.V. Aleshin, R.Yu. Gubin; Under total ed. N.P. Kopylova.-M.: VNIIPO, 2002.-413p.
3. Moiseenko V.M., Molkov V.V. etc. Modern means of fire extinguishing. // Fire and explosion safety, No. 2, 1996, - p. 24-48.
4. Means of fire automatics. Scope. Type selection. Recommendations. M.: VNIIPO, 2004. 96 p.
5. GOST R 51052-97 Automatic water and foam fire extinguishing installations. Control nodes. General technical requirements. Test methods.
6. Sprinklers of water and foam automatic fire extinguishing installations / L.M. Meshman, S.G. Tsarichenko, V.A. Bylinkin, V.V. Aleshin, R.Yu. Gubin; Under total ed. N.P. Kopylova.-M.: VNIIPO, 2002.-315s.
7. ISO 9001-96. Quality system. A quality assurance model for design, development, production, installation and service.
8. GOST R 51043-97. Automatic water and foam fire extinguishing installations. Sprinkler and deluge sprinklers. General technical requirements. Test methods.
9. NPB 87-2000. Automatic water and foam fire extinguishing installations. Sprinklers. General technical requirements. Test methods.
10. NPB 68-98. Sprinkler sprinklers for suspended ceilings. Fire tests.
11. GOST R 51043-2002. Automatic water and foam fire extinguishing installations. Sprinklers. General technical requirements. Test methods (draft).
12. Sprinklers for general purpose water AUPs. part 1 / L.M. Meshman, S.G. Tsarichenko, V.A. Bylinkin and others / Fire and explosion safety.-2001.-No. 1.- p.18-35.
13. GOST 10704-91*. Pipes are steel electrowelded straight-line-seam. Assortment.
14. GOST 3262-75. Pipes steel water and gas. Specifications.
15. GOST R 51737-2001. Detachable pipeline couplings.
16. Bubyr N.F., Baburov V.P., Mangasarov V.I. Fire automatics. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1984. - 209 p.
17. Ivanov E.N. Fire water supply. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1986. - 316 p.
18. Baratov A.N., Ivanov E.N. Fire extinguishing at the enterprises of the chemical and oil refining industries. - M.: Chemistry, 1979. - 368 p.
19. VSN 394-78. Departmental building codes. Installation instructions for compressors and pumps.
20. Grinnell sales distribution. Prospect of the firm "Grinnell", 8с.
21. PB 03-576-03. Rules for the design and safe operation of pressure vessels. Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia, M., 1996.
22. GOST R 50680-94. Automatic water fire extinguishing installations. General technical requirements. Test methods.
23. N.V. Smirnov, S.G. Tsarichenko "Regulatory and technical documentation on the design, installation and operation of automatic fire extinguishing installations", 2000, 171 p.
24. NPB 80-99. Automatic fire extinguishing installations with water mist. General technical requirements and test methods.
25. SNiP 2.04.01-85. Internal plumbing and sewerage of buildings.
26. GOST 12.4.009-83. SSBT. Fire equipment for the protection of objects. Main types. Accommodation and service.
27. SNiP 2.04.02-84. Water supply. External networks and structures.
28. Baratov A.N., Pchelintsev V.F. Fire safety. Textbook, M.: DIA publishing house, 1997.-176 p.
29. NPB 151-96 Fire cabinet. General technical requirements. Test methods.
30. NPB 152-96 Pressure fire hoses. General technical requirements and test methods.
31. NPB 153-96 Connecting heads for fire fighting equipment. General technical requirements and test methods.
32. NPB 154-96 Valves for fire hydrants. General technical requirements and test methods.

Sprinkler installations of water and foam fire extinguishing, depending on the air temperature in the premises, should be designed as water-filled or air-filled.
Sprinkler installations should be designed for rooms with a height of no more than 20 m, with the exception of installations designed to protect the structural elements of the coatings of buildings and structures; to protect the structural elements of the coatings of buildings and structures, the parameters of installations for rooms with a height of more than 20 m should be taken for the 1st group of rooms.
For one section of the sprinkler installation, no more than 800 sprinklers of all types should be accepted. The number of sprinklers can be increased to 1200 when using liquid flow switches or condition-monitored sprinklers.
The time from the moment of operation of the sprinkler sprinkler installed on the air pipeline to the start of water supply from it should not exceed 180 s.
If the estimated response time of the air AFS is more than 180 s, then it is necessary to use an accelerator or exhausters.
The maximum operating pneumatic pressure in the system of supply and distribution pipelines of the air sprinkler and air sprinkler-drencher AFS must be selected from the condition of ensuring the inertia of the installation is not more than 180 s.
The duration of filling the sprinkler air section or the sprinkler-drencher air section of the AFS with air to the working pneumatic pressure should be no more than 1 hour.
Calculation of the diameter of the air compensator should be made from the condition of compensating for air leakage from the piping system of the sprinkler air or sprinkler-drencher air section of the AFS with a flow rate 2-3 times less than the compressed air flow rate when the dictating sprinkler is activated with the corresponding performance factor.
In sprinkler air AFS, the signal to turn off the compressor must be given when the accelerator is activated or the pneumatic pressure in the piping system drops below the minimum operating pressure by 0.01 MPa.
For liquid flow detectors designed to identify the ignition address, it is not required to provide for a delay in the issuance of a control signal, while only one contact group can be included in the DLS.
In buildings with beam ceilings (coverings) of fire hazard class K0 and K1 with protruding parts more than 0.3 m high, and in other cases - more than 0.2 m, sprinklers should be placed between beams, ribs of slabs and other protruding floor elements (coverings ) taking into account ensuring the uniformity of irrigation of the floor.
The distance from the center of the temperature-sensitive element of the thermal lock of the sprinkler sprinkler to the floor (cover) plane should be within (0.08 to 0.30) m; in exceptional cases, due to the design of the coatings (for example, the presence of protrusions), it is allowed to increase this distance to 0.40 m.
The distance from the axis of the temperature-sensitive element of the thermal lock of the wall-mounted sprinkler to the floor plane should be within 0.07 - 0.15 m.
The design of a distribution network with sprinklers for suspended ceilings must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the technical documentation for this type of sprinklers.
When installing fire extinguishing installations in rooms with technological equipment and platforms, horizontally or obliquely installed ventilation ducts with a width or diameter of more than 0.75 m, located at a height of at least 0.7 m from the floor plane, if they prevent irrigation of the protected surface, one should in addition, install sprinkler sprinklers or sprayers under these platforms, equipment and boxes.
In buildings with single-pitched and double-pitched roofs with a slope of more than 1/3, the horizontal distance from sprinklers or nozzles to walls and from sprinklers or nozzles to the roof ridge should be:

Not more than 1.5 m - for coatings with fire hazard class K0;
- no more than 0.8 m - in other cases.

The nominal response temperature of sprinklers or sprayers should be selected in accordance with GOST R 51043 depending on the ambient temperature in the area of ​​​​their location (table 5.4).

Table 5.4

The maximum permissible operating temperature of the environment in the area where sprinklers are located is taken according to the maximum temperature value in one of the following cases:

According to the maximum temperature that may occur according to the technological regulations, or as a result of an emergency;
- due to heating of the coating of the protected premises under the influence of solar thermal radiation.

With a fire load of at least 1400 MJ / m² for warehouses, for rooms with a height of more than 10 m and for rooms in which the main combustible product is flammable liquid and combustible liquid, the thermal inertia coefficient of sprinklers should be less than 80 (m s) 0.5 .
Sprinklers or nozzles for water-filled installations can be installed vertically with rosettes up or down, or horizontally; in air installations - only vertically with rosettes up or horizontally. In places where there is a danger of mechanical damage to sprinklers, they must be protected by special fencing devices that do not impair the intensity and uniformity of irrigation. The distance between sprinklers and walls (partitions) with fire hazard class K0 and K1 should not exceed half the distance between sprinklers specified in Table 5.1. The distance between sprinklers and walls (partitions) with fire hazard class K2, K3 and non-standardized fire hazard class should not exceed 1.2 m. The distance between sprinklers of water fire extinguishing installations should be at least 1.5 m (horizontally).

The distance between sprinkler nozzles and walls (partitions) with fire hazard class K0 and K1, between sprinkler nozzles and walls (partition walls) with fire hazard class K2, K3 and non-standardized fire hazard class should be taken according to the regulatory and technical documentation of the manufacturer of sprayers or modular installations.

In sprinkler AUPs on supply and distribution pipelines with a diameter of DN 65 or more, it is allowed to install fire hydrants in accordance with GOST R 51049, GOST R 51115, GOST R 51844, GOST R 53278, GOST R 53279 and GOST R 53331, and primary fire extinguishing devices - according to special technical conditions.

The pressure of the fire extinguishing agent (OTV) at open fire hydrants should not exceed 0.4 MPa; if it is necessary to limit the pressure at open fire hydrants to 0.4 MPa, diaphragms can be used.
The calculation of the aperture diameter of the diaphragm is made according to; for multi-storey buildings, it is allowed to install one standard size of diaphragms for 3 - 4 floors.
A sprinkler section with more than 12 fire hydrants must have two entries. For sprinkler installations with two or more sections, the second entry with a valve may be made from an adjacent section. In this case, it is necessary to provide a valve with a manual drive above the control nodes and install a separating valve between these control nodes, and the supply pipeline must be looped.
Connection of production, sanitary equipment to the supply pipelines of fire extinguishing installations is not allowed.

At all times, the health and safety of human life were in the foreground. To achieve this, a large number of special tools and systems have been invented today that allow each person to feel completely protected. However, there is an enemy that is the most dangerous. Moreover, it is capable of taking the lives of a large number of people in an instant. What is this enemy?

It's about fire. Every year, millions of people are killed or seriously injured by fires. In this regard, many systems have been invented that allow you to protect people from fire as much as possible. One of such modern and effective means is sprinkler fire extinguishing. What makes it so effective? What is the principle of its work? You can get answers to these and other questions in this article.

Action efficiency

Unlike most conventional fire extinguishing systems, sprinkler systems differ significantly in the composition of parts. Moreover, its productivity and reliability are also included in a long service life. To extinguish the fire, mainly water is used, the supply of which is carried out from the water supply.

To maintain a constant pressure in the installation at a given level, a special check valve system has been developed. Therefore, if there is no pressure in the system even for a short time, then the installation will work, since sufficient pressure will be present in it itself.

The undeniable advantages of sprinkler fire extinguishing:

This system works effectively within 12 m 2 of the serviced premises. Long-term operation of the sprinkler system is ensured by the fact that, if necessary, one or more devices are triggered, thereby maintaining a stable pressure.

But, despite all the advantages, such an installation also has disadvantages:

• it depends on the general air temperature;
• dependent on the water supply system;
• unsuitable for extinguishing electrical networks;
• response inertia.

However, despite the disadvantages, such a system works without human intervention, completely in automatic mode. Moreover, it extinguishes not only the source of fire, but also wets the surrounding objects. For this reason, sprinkler fire extinguishing is the most effective today.

Principle of operation

The sprinkler system works according to the following principle: the source of the flame is localized by means of a high pressure water spray. One of its main elements are sprinklers. A sprinkler is a head that is mounted directly into the fire extinguishing system. In most cases, it is mounted on the ceiling.

To monitor the situation in a particular room, sensors are additionally installed. Their purpose: to determine the level of temperature, as well as the level of smoke. In the event that there is a risk of fire, these sensors quickly detect a violation of the norm, fix the degree of temperature rise and smoke.

After that, the signal is immediately transmitted to the main control unit. Sprinklers are then activated, which eliminate the fire by means of sprayers with thin jets of water.

Over the past few years, the operation of the household sprinkler system has undergone a large number of improvements. For example, today's system uses a plastic pipe.

It helps to reduce the cost of installation work, which greatly simplifies the process. At the same time, the efficiency and high quality of work does not deteriorate, but, on the contrary, improves.

Some of these systems are designed in such a way that during operation they cause minimal damage to property that is inside the premises. Even those items that are made of wood, cardboard or paper!

Today you can buy sprinklers of various standards. Manufacturers understand this well: after all, every user would like to have a system that will cause minimal harm to the overall interior.

General scheme of functioning of the sprinkler fire extinguishing system.

Many people have a misconception about how this system works. They believe that when an extinguishing signal is given, all sprinklers are automatically turned on, and this, of course, causes damage to property. Therefore, the fire extinguishing system was developed so that only those sprayers that are as close as possible to the source of ignition would work.

Therefore, all speculation about its inefficient work can be completely discarded. After all, if you extinguish a fire with a hose, the damage to property will certainly be more than from a stationary sprinkler fire extinguishing installation, the principle of which is spraying water.

System requirements

It should be noted that all installation work, as well as the choice of equipment, must fully comply with the standards set forth in SNIP. For example, some systems operate at 79°C, 93°C, 141°C and 182°C. The sprinkler response time at 79 °C and at 93 °C is allowed up to 300 seconds, and at 141 °C and at 182 °C - up to 600 seconds.

Therefore, for the stable and correct operation of the installation, it is extremely necessary to carry out its regular maintenance. Moreover, even if the system works properly, it is not allowed to operate it longer than ten years from the date of manufacture.

With regard to the application of the sprinkler system, it is used mainly in commercial, administrative and industrial buildings. However, in some cases it is also installed in residential buildings, but this is done solely at the request of the owners.

Directly during the design of the system, engineers, in accordance with SNIP, decide which vertical and interfloor ceilings will serve as a fire barrier.

That is, the whole house is divided into compartments, within which the localization of the fire will be carried out. Such calculations will make the installation the most useful.

When designing and installing the system, the distance between the heads is carefully maintained. So, the range of one is two meters. According to SNIP in residential premises, sprinklers are installed at a distance of no more than 4 meters from each other.

Another norm for the use of a sprinkler system in accordance with SNIP is installation in a building with an area of ​​​​75 m 2 or more (for example, a 25-story building).

To prevent the penetration of fire through the cavity, the developers must adhere to SNIP 21-01-97, namely: to mount automatic devices in the form of couplings and sleeves in those places where the fire barrier pipeline crosses. Their installation is carried out in ceilings or in other places of the pipeline, which consist of several layers.

At the moment when the temperature rises due to ignition, one of the layers expands and fills the void that has formed as a result of the plastic pipe.

So, subject to all the norms and requirements of SNIP, you can create an excellent and efficient sprinkler system that will be effective and short time eliminate fire.

Features of installation work

Installation of this system is carried out on rubber clamps, which are fixed to the ceiling every one and a half meters. After that, all pipes and fittings are welded, which are mounted according to the calculations of the drafted project. In order for water to enter the fire extinguishing system, pumping equipment is used. In order to improve, an additional pump (so-called backup) is installed.

A water tank with a capacity of 8 thousand liters should also be installed. This volume of water is enough for continuous operation of the system for 30 minutes. After that, the installation of the main automatic sprinkler system, namely its assembly, is carried out. This node has a fairly simple principle of operation.

The system uses a special flow switch. When the sprinkler fires, water begins to spray under pressure. Accordingly, the pressure drops in the pipeline, after which this flow switch is activated, which turns on the pumping equipment. At the end of the work, sprinklers are installed.

Sprinklers or drenchers?

In addition to sprinkler, today there are several other types of fire extinguishing installations, for example,. Unlike its counterpart, the deluge is equipped with a sprayer that has open inlets. There is no need for a thermal lock. The system starts working at the moment when the fire alarm goes off. This is done automatically or using manual remote settings.

Sprinkler fire extinguishing works on a slightly different principle. As mentioned above, this is a piping system that is filled with water at the appropriate pressure. It is also equipped with sprinkler heads. The hole in the sprinkler head is closed with a thermal lock. Its soldering is carried out as soon as the temperature exceeds a predetermined limit. As a result, fire is localized.

Automatic water and foam fire extinguishing installations

IRRIGATIONS

General technical requirements.

Test Methods

GOST R 51043-2002

Automatic water and foam fire fighting systems. Sprinklers, spray nozzles and water mist nozzles. general technical requirements. Test methods

Introduction date 2003–07–01

Official edition

UDC 614.844.2:006.354 OKS13.220.30 G88 OKSTU4854

Keywords: water and foam sprinklers, thermal lock, temperature-sensitive element, response temperature, response time, irrigation intensity, general technical requirements, test methods

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 274 “Fire Safety”

3 INSTEAD OF GOST R 51043-97

1 area of ​​use.

3 Definitions and abbreviations.

4 Classification and designation.

5 General technical requirements. .

6 Safety requirements.

7 Acceptance rules.

8 Test methods.

9 Transportation and storage.

Annex A Method for determining the indicators of thermal inertia of sprinklers

Appendix B Bibliography.

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to water and foam sprinklers designed for spraying or spraying water and aqueous solutions and used in automatic fire extinguishing installations to extinguish and block a fire.

This standard specifies the general technical requirements for sprinklers and methods for testing them.

Requirements 5.1.1.3; 5.1.1.6; 5.1.1.8–5.1.1.10; 5.1.3.2; 5.1.3.5; 5.1.3.6; 5.1.4.1; 5.1.4.3-5.1.4.8; 5.2.3;

5.3.1–5.3.3; 6.1; 6.2 are mandatory, the rest are recommended.

GOST 2.601–95 Unified system for design documentation. Operating documents

GOST 12.2.003–91 Occupational safety standards system. Production equipment. General safety requirements

GOST 27.410–87 Reliability in engineering. Methods for monitoring reliability indicators and plans for control tests for reliability

GOST 6211–81 Basic norms of interchangeability. Conical pipe thread

GOST 6357–81 Basic norms of interchangeability. Cylindrical pipe thread

GOST 6424–73 Zev (hole), key end and turnkey size

GOST 13682–80 Places for wrenches. Dimensions

GOST 15150–69 Machinery, instruments and other technical products. Versions for different climatic regions. Categories, conditions of operation, storage and transportation in terms of the impact of environmental climatic factors

GOST 16093–81 Basic norms of interchangeability. The thread is metric. Tolerances. Landings with clearance

3 Definitions and abbreviations

3.1 In this standard, the following terms apply with their respective definitions:

3.1.1 sprinkler: A device designed to extinguish, contain or block a fire by spraying or spraying water and/or aqueous solutions.

3.1.2 sprinkler: Fill with an outlet lock that opens when the thermal lock is activated.

3.1.3 deluge sprinkler: Sprinkler with open outlet.

3.1.4 controlled sprinkler: Sprinkler with a locking device for the outlet, which opens when an external control action is applied (electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, pyrotechnic or combined).

3.1.5 sprinkler for suspended ceilings and wall panels : General purpose fill embedded in false ceilings or wall panels.

3.1.6 in-depth sprinkler: False ceiling and wall panel fill whose body or arms are partly embedded in a recess in the ceiling or wall.

3.1.7 hidden sprinkler: False ceiling and wall panel fill with body, arms and part of the temperature sensing element in a recess in the ceiling or wall.

3.1.8 hidden sprinkler: False ceiling and wall panel fill mounted flush with the false ceiling or wall, concealed by a heat-sensitive decorative cover.

3.1.9 general purpose sprinkler: Rosette sprinkler of a traditional design, installed under the ceiling or on the wall and designed to extinguish or localize a fire in buildings and premises for various purposes.

3.1.10 special purpose sprinkler: A sprinkler designed to perform the specific task of extinguishing, containing or blocking the spread of a fire.

3.1.11 water curtain sprinkler: A sprinkler designed to block a fire by creating water curtains.

3.1.12 shelving sprinkler: Sprinkler designed to extinguish fires in the space inside the rack.

3.1.13 sprinkler for pneumatic and mass pipelines: Sprinkler designed to prevent the spread of fire through pneumatic and mass communications.

3.1.14 sprinkler to prevent explosions: Sprinkler designed to prevent the occurrence of an explosion.

3.1.15 sprinkler for residential buildings: Sprinkler designed to extinguish fires in the residential sector.

3.1.16 sprinkler: Sprinkler designed for spraying water or aqueous solutions (average droplet diameter in the spray stream is more than 150 microns).

3.1.17 spray: Sprinkler designed to spray water or aqueous solutions (average droplet diameter in the spray stream 150 µm or less)

3.1.18 thermal lock: A device consisting of a temperature sensing element that holds the shut-off element of the sprinkler, and is triggered when a temperature equal to the response temperature of the temperature sensing element is reached.

3.1.19 temperature sensitive element: A device that collapses or changes its original shape at a given temperature.

3.1.20 curtain width: Frontal extent of the protected area, within which the specified value of the specific flow rate is provided.

3.1.21 curtain depth: Perpendicular to the width of the curtain, the length of the protected area, within which the specified specific flow rate is provided.

3.1.22 water curtain: The flow of water or its solutions that prevents the spread of fire through it and / or helps prevent the heating of process equipment to the maximum allowable temperatures.

3.1.23 protected area: The area, the average intensity and uniformity of irrigation of which is not less than the normative or installation value in the TD.

3.1.24 nominal response temperature: The specified temperature of the sprinkler at which its temperature sensing element must operate.

3.1.25 conditional response time (conditional static sprinkler response time): Time from the moment the sprinkler is placed in the thermostat at a temperature 30 °C higher than the nominal response temperature until the sprinkler's thermal lock is activated.

3.1.26 conditional dynamic response time of the sprinkler sprinkler: The time from the moment the sprinkler is placed in the channel with the flow of pumped air at a set temperature that exceeds the nominal response temperature until the thermal lock of the sprinkler is triggered.

3.1.27 nominal operating time: The standard response time of a sprinkler sprinkler and a sprinkler with an external drive, specified in this standard or in the TD for this type of product.

3.1.28 performance factor: Relative value that characterizes the capacity of the sprinkler for the supply of fire extinguishing agents (OTV).

3.1.29 specific flow rate of the water curtain: Consumption per one running meter curtain width per unit of time.

3.1.30 irrigation intensity: Consumption per unit area per unit time. 3.2 The following abbreviations are adopted in this standard:

Р – pressure, MPa;

S - protected area, m 2;

Н – installation height of the sprinkler from the upper edges of the measuring jars to the sprinkler rosette, m;

L is the width of the protected zone, m;

B is the depth of the protected zone, m;

d y - conditional diameter of the outlet, mm.

4 Classification and designation

4.1 Sprinklers are divided into:

4.1.1 By the presence of a thermal lock or actuator for actuation on:

Sprinkler (C);

Deluge (D);

With a controlled drive: electric (E), hydraulic (G), pneumatic (P), pyrotechnic (V);

Combined (K).

4.1.2 Assigned to:

General purpose (O), including those intended for suspended ceilings and wall panels: recessed (U), hidden (P), hidden (K);

Designed for curtains (3);

Designed for rack warehouses (C);

Designed for pneumatic and mass pipelines (M);

Designed to prevent explosions (B);

Intended for residential buildings (F);

Special Purpose (S).

4.1.3 According to the design for:

Socket (P);

Centrifugal (involute) (C);

Diaphragm (cascade) (D);

Screw (B);

Slotted (Sch);

Inkjet (C);

Spatula (L);

Other designs (P).

Note - In acoustic spraying, a subscript “a” is added to the letter denoting the design.

4.1.4 According to the type of fire extinguishing agent used (OTV):

On water (B);

For aqueous solutions (P), including foam (P);

On universal (U).

4.1.5 According to the shape and direction of the flow of fire extinguishing agent to:

Symmetrical: concentric, ellipsoid (0);

Non-concentric one-way orientation (1);

Non-concentric bilateral orientation (2);

Others (3).

4.1.6 According to the drop structure of the OTV flow to:

Sprinklers;

Sprayers.

4.1.7 By type of thermal lock:

With a fusible temperature-sensitive element (P);

With a bursting temperature-sensitive element (P);

With an elastic temperature-sensitive element (U);

With combined thermal lock (K).

4.1.8 According to the mounting location on the installed:

Vertically, the flow of OTV from the body is directed upwards (B);

Vertically, the flow of OTV from the body is directed downwards (H);

Vertically, the flow of OTV from the housing is directed upwards or downwards (universal) (U);

Horizontally, the OTV flow is directed along the atomizer axis (G);

Vertically, the flow of fuel from the body is directed upwards, and then to the side (along the guide vane or generatrix of the sprinkler body) (Г В);

Vertically, the flow of fuel from the housing is directed downwards, and then to the side (along the guide vane or generatrix of the sprinkler housing) (ГН);

Vertically, the flow of fuel from the body is directed up or down, and then to the side (along the guide vane or generatrix of the sprinkler body) (universal) (GU);

In any spatial position (P).

4.1.9 By type of hull coating:

Uncoated (oh);

With a decorative coating (d);

With anti-corrosion coating (a)

4.1.10 According to the method of creating a dispersed flow, sprinklers are divided into:

Straight jet;

Impact action;

swirled.

4.2 Designation of sprinklers should have the following structure:

Notes

1 In the designation of deluge sprinklers, the type of thermal lock and the nominal response temperature are not given

2 A corrosive working environment is given if the sprinklers are intended for use in a corrosive environment: ammonia (NH 3), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), salt spray (C). If it is possible to use the sprinkler in several corrosive environments, these environments are listed separated by commas. In the designation of the sprinkler, in which there are no parameters of the working corrosive medium, the working corrosive medium is not given.

3 Before the structural designation of the sprayer, instead of the word “Sprinkler”, indicate “Sprinkler”

4.3 Symbol examples:

sprinkler water sprinkler for special purposes with a concentric flow of FEA, diaphragm, installed vertically, the flow of FFA is directed upwards, with an anti-corrosion coating, a performance factor of 1.26, connection size G 1 1 / 2 , thermal lock in the form of a bursting element (thermal flask), nominal response temperature 68 o C, climatic version O, placement category 4, type according to TD - “ROZA”:

Sprinkler CBSO-DVA 1.26 – G 1 l / 2 / P68.04 – “ROSE”

deluge water sprayer for general purpose, designed for spraying OTV, with a one-way flow of OTV, slot-type design, installed in any position in space, uncoated, performance factor equal to 0.45, connection size R 1 / 2, climatic version O, category placement 2, type according to TD - "Fog":

Atomizer DV01-SCHP 0.45 - R 1 / 02 - "Fog"

5 General technical requirements

5.1 Characteristics

5.1.1 Destination requirements

5.1.1.1 Sprinklers must comply with the requirements of this standard and TD for a specific type of sprinkler approved in the prescribed manner.

5.1.1.2 Productivity factor - according to TD.

5.1.1.3 The value of the intensity of irrigation or the specific consumption of OTS should correspond to those given in Table 1.

Table 1

Name and characteristics of the indicator	Water sprinklers				General purpose foam sprinklers
	general purpose, including false ceilings, wall panels and residential buildings	for curtains	for shelving warehouses	for pneumatic and mass pipelines, explosion prevention and special purposes
1 Irrigation intensity, dm 3 /mH s), not less, at: S= 12 m 2 ; H = 2.5m; P = 0.1(P=0.3) MPa; d y, mm:
8 to 10	0,028 (0,045)	–	–	–	–
” 10 ” 12	0,056 (0,090)	–	–	–	–
” 12 ” 15	0,070(0,115)	–	–	–	–
” 15 ” 20	0,12 (0,20)	–	–	–	–
20 or more	0,24 (0,40)	–	–	–	–
S \u003d 12 m 2; H = 2.5 m; Р= 0.15 (Р = 0.30) MPa; d y, mm:
8 to 10	–	–	–	–	0,040 (0,056)
” 10 ” 15	–	–	–	–	0,070 (0,098)
15 or more	–	–	–	–	0,160 (0,224)
S \u003d 3 m 2; N according to TD; P = 0.1 MPa; d y, mm:
10	–	–	0,2	–	–
12	–	–	0,3	–	–
15	–	–	0,4	–	–
Р, S, Н according to TD	–	–	–	According to TD	–
2 Specific consumption at P, L, V, H - according to TD, dm 3 / (mH s)		According to TD
Notes 1 For general-purpose sprinklers and suspended ceilings of mounting location B, H and U, the surface protected by one sprinkler must have the shape of a circle with an area of ​​at least 12 m not less than 4x3 m. 2 The form of the protected area, within which the specified intensity of irrigation is provided for the intrashelf space of rack warehouses, according to TD. 3 Pressure, sprinkler installation height, shape and size of the protected area, within which the specified irrigation intensity is provided by sprinklers for pneumatic and mass pipelines and for special purposes, - according to TD. 4 For foam sprinklers, the foam ratio must be at least 5.

5.1.1.4 The maximum operating pressure of sprinklers is not less than 1 MPa.

5.1.1.5 Irrigation uniformity coefficient of sprinklers – no more than 0.5 (for sprinklers designed for pneumatic and mass pipelines, explosion prevention and special purpose, the uniformity coefficient is not regulated).

5.1.1.6 The nominal response temperature of sprinklers, the maximum deviation of the nominal response temperature, the nominal response time and the marking color of the sprinkler color should correspond to the values ​​given in Table 2.

table 2

Nominal sprinkler actuation temperature, o С	Maximum deviation of the nominal temperature of the sprinkler operation, o C	Rated response time, s, no more	Marking color of the liquid in a glass thermoflask (breakable thermosensitive element) or sprinkler arches (in a fusible and elastic thermosensitive element)
57	±3	300	Orange
68	±3	300	Red
72	±3	330	Also
74	±3	330	”
79	±3	330	Yellow
93	±3	380	Green
100	±3	380	Also
121	±5	600	Blue
141	±5	600	Also
163	±5	600	Violet
182	±5	600	Also
204	±7	600	Black
227	±7	600	Also
240	±7	600	”
260	±7	600	”
343	±7	600	”
Notes 1 At a nominal temperature of operation of the thermal lock from 57 to 74 ° C inclusive, the arches of the sprinklers are not painted. 2 When using a glass thermoflask as a discontinuous thermosensitive element, it is allowed not to paint the arms of the sprinkler. 3 The conditional response time of sprinklers for false ceilings should not exceed 231 s (for sprinklers with a response temperature of up to 79 ° C) and 189 s (for sprinklers with a response temperature of 79 ° C and above).

5.1.1.7 The maximum allowable operating temperature of sprinkler sprinklers must not be less than that specified in Table 3. The maximum allowable operating temperature of deluge sprinklers is according to the TD for this product.

Table 3

		Rated response temperature, o C	Maximum allowable operating temperature, o C
57	Up to 38 incl.	141 2)	71 to 100
68	” 50 ”	163 1)	” 101 ” 120
72")	” 52 ”	182^	” 101 ” 140
74 1)	” 52 ”	204°	” 141 ” 162
79	51 to 58	227^	” 141 ” 185
93 2)	” 53 ” 70	240^	” 186 ” 200
100;;	” 71 ” 77	260	” 201 ” 220
121st	” 78 ” 86	343	” 221 ” 300
1) Only for sprinklers with fusible temperature sensing element. 2) For sprinklers with both a fusible and a discontinuous thermosensitive element (thermal flask). Note - For sprinklers, the nominal response temperature of which is 57, 68, 79, 260 and 343 ° C, the thermosensitive element is a thermobulb.

5.1.1.8 When the thermal lock of the sprinkler sprinkler is actuated by a heat source, jamming and hanging of the parts of the thermal lock are not allowed.

5.1.1.9 Outlet sprinklers with a nominal diameter of 8 mm or more must be designed in such a way that a sphere with a diameter of 6 mm can freely pass through the passage channel in the nozzle and the outlet.

5.1.1.10 The average droplet diameter in the water jet formed by the atomizer shall not exceed 150 µm.

5.1.1.11 Hydraulic parameters of the atomizer - according to the TD for this product.

5.1.2 Reliability requirements

5.1.2.1 Probability of non-failure operation of sprinklers in standby mode - not less than 0.99 for a period of not less than 2000 hours.

5.1.2.2 The assigned service life is at least 10 years. 5.1.3 Requirements for resistance to external influences

5.1.3.1 The sprinkler should not have mechanical damage after exposure to sinusoidal vibration at a frequency of 5 to 40 Hz and a displacement amplitude of 1 mm.

5.1.3.2 A general-purpose sprinkler should not show signs of deformation after a steel load with a mass equal to the sprinkler's mass falls onto it from a height of 1 m.

5.1.3.3 The sprinkler must not leak and have mechanical damage to the housing and locking device after exposure to hydraulic shock - a cyclic pressure varying from 0.4 to 2.5 MPa at a rate of 10 MPa/s.

5.1.3.4 The socket, arms and/or body of the sprinkler shall not show any signs of deformation or damage after splashing or spraying water at a pressure of 1.25 R working max, 1.25 MPa.

5.1.3.5 Sprinklers must withstand a test hydraulic pressure of 3 MPa.

5.1.3.6 Sprinklers shall be sealed at hydraulic pressure of 1.5 MPa and pneumatic pressure of 0.6 MPa.

5.1.3.7 Sprinkler sprinklers with a discontinuous thermosensitive element (thermal bulb) must withstand a vacuum pressure of 15 kPa abs.

5.1.3.9 When heating a sprinkler with a discontinuous temperature sensitive element (thermal bulb) in one liquid to a temperature of 10 °C below the nominal response temperature, and then when it is cooled in another liquid with a temperature equal to 10 °C, there should be no damage to the thermal lock.

5.1.3.10 When heating sprinklers with a discontinuous thermosensitive element (thermal bulb) to a temperature that is 5 °C lower than the lower limit value of the nominal response temperature specified in Table 2, the thermosensitive element (thermal bulb) should not be damaged.

5.1.3.11 The body of the sprinkler must withstand temperatures from minus 60 to plus 800 ° C.

5.1.3.12 After exposure of the sprinkler for 10 days to an aqueous solution of ammonia at a temperature of 34 °C, there should be no destruction of parts, slagging of the passage channel and the outlet of the sprinkler.

5.1.3.13 After exposure to the sprinkler for 16 days of sulfur dioxide at a temperature of 45 °C, there should be no destruction of parts, slagging of the passage channel and the outlet of the sprinkler.

5.1.3.14 After exposure of the sprinkler for 10 days to a foggy environment of salt spray at a temperature of 35 °C, there should be no destruction of parts, slagging of the passage channel and the outlet of the sprinkler.

5.1.4 Design requirements

5.1.4.1 Connecting threaded dimensions of sprinklers are given in Table 4.

Table 4

5.1.4.2 The nominal diameter and external connecting thread of sprinklers for pneumatic and mass pipelines, as well as sprinklers for special purposes, must comply with the TD for the products.

5.1.4.3 Sprinklers must have the size of the connecting thread in accordance with GOST 6211, GOST 6357, GOST 16093.

5.1.4.4 Sprinklers must have turnkey dimensions in accordance with GOST 6424 and GOST 13682 or under the “special key” included in the delivery set of the sprinkler batch.

5.1.4.5 The design of sprinklers should exclude the possibility of their adjustment, disassembly and reassembly during operation.

5.1.4.6 The nozzle outlets must be protected from the effects of environmental contaminants.

5.1.4.7 Protective devices (decorative cases, caps) should not reduce the effectiveness of sprinklers when spraying or spraying.

5.1.4.8 All sprinklers with an outlet with a nominal diameter (or one of the linear dimensions) less than 8 mm must be equipped with structurally built-in filters made of corrosion-resistant material. The minimum size of the cells (holes) of the filter must be no more than 80% of the minimum size of the outlet to be protected.

5.2 Completeness

5.2.1 The delivery set together with sprinklers includes:

Technical description, installation and operation instructions;

Passport (or passport combined with a technical description and operating instructions in accordance with GOST 2.601);

A set of tools and accessories required for installation and maintenance.

5.2.2 The documentation must be presented in Russian in the form in which it will be supplied to domestic consumers.

5.2.3 In the passport for sprinklers, in addition to the requirements set forth in 5.1, the following must be indicated:

For general-purpose sprinklers and sprinklers for false ceilings - the pressure at which the normative irrigation intensity of the protected area is ensured, as well as diagrams of the irrigation intensity from a height of 2.5 m at a pressure of 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4 MPa;

For sprinklers for water curtains - pressure, sprinkler installation height, shape and size of the water curtain (protected area), within which the standard specific flow rate or specific flow rate according to TD is provided, as well as specific flow diagrams from a fixed distance at a pressure of 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4 MPa.

5.3 Marking

5.3.1 The sprinkler must be marked with:

Trademark of the manufacturer;

Rated operating temperature of the sprinkler sprinkler;

performance factor;

The presence of a thermal lock or a controlled drive: C - sprinkler (it is allowed not to apply), D - deluge (it is allowed not to apply); with a controlled drive: E - electric, G - hydraulic, P - pneumatic, V - pyrotechnic, K - combined;

Purpose: O - general purpose; for suspended ceilings and wall panels: U - recessed, P - secret, K - hidden; 3 - for curtains; C - for rack warehouses; M - for pneumatic and mass pipelines; B - to prevent explosions; Zh - for residential buildings; S - special purpose;

OTV symbol (for water it is allowed not to apply): V - water, R - for aqueous solutions, P - foamy, U - universal;

Mounting location: В – installed vertically, the flow of FA from the housing is directed upwards; H - installed vertically, the flow of the fuel from the housing is directed downwards; U - installed vertically, the flow of FA from the body is directed upwards or downwards (universal); G - installed horizontally, the flow of the fuel is directed along the guide vane; Г в - installed vertically, the flow of FA from the body is directed upwards, and then to the side (along the guide vane or generatrix of the sprinkler body); Гн - installed vertically, the flow of FA from the body is directed downwards, and then to the side (along the guide vane or generatrix of the sprinkler body); Gu - installed vertically, the flow of the fuel from the body is directed up or down, and then to the side (along the guide vane or generatrix of the sprinkler body) (universal); P - installed in any spatial position;

Connecting size of the sprinkler: alphanumeric designation, for example M20 - metric thread with a diameter of 20 mm, G1 - cylindrical pipe thread with a diameter of 1 inch, R2 - conical pipe thread with a diameter of 2 inches (for sprinklers with R3 / 8, 1/2, 3 /4 the connecting dimension may not be put down);

Year of issue;

5.3.2 The marking of the symbol of the sprinkler is affixed in the letter designation:

the first letter reflects the presence of a thermal lock or a controlled drive, the second - the purpose, the third - the OTV symbol, the fourth letter indicates the installation position - put through a dash, the fifth character - the connecting size of the sprinkler (it is allowed to put it separately).

Marking example: “VMP-VM20>-> or “VMP-V> and “M20” – sprinkler sprinkler with a pyrotechnic drive, designed for pneumatic and mass pipelines, the fire extinguishing agent is a foam solution installed vertically, the flow of OTV from the housing is directed up, metric thread with a diameter of 20 mm.

The performance factor is put down separately.

The nominal response temperature of the sprinkler is affixed with the unit of measurement (°C), as well as a color code depending on the nominal response temperature in accordance with Table 2.

The year of manufacture is affixed with a numerical designation, for example “02”.

Marking of the symbol of the sprinkler, performance coefficient, nominal temperature, year of manufacture is affixed anywhere in the body or outlet of the sprinkler.

5.3.3 Marking should be carried out in any way that ensures its legibility and safety during the entire service life of the sprinkler.

5.4 Packaging

5.4.1 Packaging should exclude the free movement of sprinklers.

5.4.2 Each container must be accompanied by a passport and a packing list containing:

Name, type and main parameters of sprinklers;

Number of sprinklers;

Batch number;

Packing date.

6 Safety requirements

6.1 Safety requirements - according to GOST 12.2.003.

7 Acceptance rules

7.1 Sprinklers should be tested:

Acceptance;

periodic;

Typical;

Certification.

7.2 The nomenclature of acceptance and periodic tests shall comply with Table 5.

Tests for tightness and vacuum during acceptance tests are subjected to the entire batch of sprinklers.

Table 5

Type of tests and checks	Item number		The need for testing
	technical requirements	test methods	acceptance	periodical	certification
1 Checking the availability of technical indicators for sprinklers	5.1.1.2-5.1.1.7, 5.1.1.11, 5.2.3	8.1	+	+	+
2 Visual inspection, check of completeness of delivery and compliance of sprinklers with design requirements	5.1.4.1-5.1.4.8, 5.2.1, 5.2.2	8.1	+	+	+
3 Marking check	5.3.1-5.3.3	8.1	+	+	+
4 Instrumental verification of dimensions for compliance with technical documentation	5.1.4.1-5.1.4.4	8.1	+	+	+
5 Climate test	5.1.3.8	8.2	–	+	–
6 Vibration test 1)	5.1.3.1	8.3	–	+	–
7 Ammonia resistance test 2)	5.1.3.12	8.4	–	+	–
8 Sulfur dioxide resistance test 2)	5.1.3.13	8.5	–	+	–
9 Salt spray test 2)	5.1.3.14	8.6	–	+	–
10 Impact test	5.1.3.2	8.7	–	+	+
11 Temperature resistance test	5.1.3.9	8.8	–	+	–
12 Heat resistance test	5.1.3.10	8.9	–	+	–
13 Water hammer test	5.1.3.3	8.10	+	+	–
14 Vacuum test	5.1.3.7	8.11	+	+	–
15 Hydraulic pressure test	5.1.3.5	8.12	+	+	+
16 Leak test with hydraulic and pneumatic pressure	5.1.3.6	8.13	+	+	+
17 Thermal lock test	5.1.1.8	8.18	–	+	+
18 Checking the response temperature	5.1.1.6	8.14	+	+	+
19 Checking the conditional tripping time	5.1.1.6	8.15-8.17	–	+	+
20 Checking the temperature resistance of the housing 3)	5.1.3.11	8.19	–	+	–
21 Checking the through channel	5.1.1.9	8.20	–	+	+
22 Strength test of socket, shackles and/or body	5.1.3.4	8.21	–	+	–
23 Performance factor test	5.1.1.2	8.22	–	+	+
24 Checking the protected area. uniformity and intensity of irrigation (for general purpose sprinklers and sprinklers for suspended ceilings)	5.1.1.3, 5.1.1.5	8.23		+	+
25 Checking the protected area, uniformity and intensity of irrigation (for sprinklers designed for rack warehouses)	5,1.1.3, 5.1.1.5	8.24		+	+
26 Checking the protected area, irrigation intensity (for sprinklers designed for pneumatic and mass pipelines and for special purposes) 2)	5.1.1.3	8.41		+	+
27 Checking the uniformity of irrigation, specific flow rate, shape and size of the water curtain (protected area)	5.1.1.3, 5.1.1 5	8.27-8.39	–	+	+
28 Checking the foam ratio, protected area, uniformity and intensity of irrigation (for foam sprinklers)	5.1.1.3, 5.1.1.5	8.40	–	+	+
29 Checking the protected area, uniformity and intensity of irrigation (for sprayers)	5.1.1.3, 5.1.1.5, 5.1.1.11	8.25	–	+	+
30 Checking the average droplet diameter of atomizers	5.1.1.10	8.26	–	+	+
31 Checking the parameters of the controlled drive (operating voltage, current, insulation resistance or pressure of the working fluid)	6.2	8.42	-	+	+
1) Tests are not carried out if the design of the sprinkler is made monolithic without components. 2) Tests are carried out in the presence of the relevant parameters in the TD. 3) Tests for thermal stability are subjected to designs of sprinklers with an external drive according to the method set forth in the TD or developed by the testing laboratory. During certification tests, an additional scope of tests for this sprinkler is determined by the testing laboratory. Note - The sign “+” means that the tests are carried out, the sign “–” means that the tests are not carried out.

7.3 Periodic tests are carried out at least once a year on at least 25 sprinklers. The algorithm for conducting periodic testing of sprinklers is shown in Figure 1.

Note -

- the figure in the square indicates the number of the test (item of table 5);

- the number above the arrow indicates the number of sprinklers subjected to this type of test;

Figure 1 - Algorithm for periodic testing of sprinklers

7.4 Type tests are carried out with a change in technology, design, material replacement and other changes in the full scope of periodic tests.

7.5 Tests for the probability of failure-free operation (for reliability) of sprinklers should be carried out at least once every three years. Tests are subjected to sprinklers that have passed the tests in paragraphs 1–4 and 16 of Table 5.

7.6 Certification tests are carried out on at least 28 sprinklers. The algorithm for carrying out certification tests of sprinklers is shown in Figure 2.

Note:

The number in the square indicates the test number (table item 5);

The number above the arrow indicates the number of sprinklers subjected to this type of test; the sign “*” means that these sprinklers are not further tested.

Figure 2 - Algorithm for carrying out certification tests of sprinklers

7.7 The procedure for conducting the tests specified in Table 5 (items 2–3, 7–9, 11–12, 17–19 and 29–30) is not regulated among themselves.

7.8 Each fill sample is subjected to one test of each type, unless otherwise specified in this standard.

7.9 To test the sprinklers for actuation of the locking device, the response temperature, response time, resistance to hydraulic shock, to the action of an aqueous solution of ammonia, five sprinklers are selected; to check the foam ratio, productivity coefficient, uniformity and intensity of irrigation - six; resistance to sulfur dioxide and salt spray - ten each; Fifteen sprinklers are subjected to other types of tests.

7.10 If it is necessary to carry out a limited range of tests, their sequence is preserved according to the algorithm shown in Figure 1 (with the exception of checks that are not required).

7.11 If there is no need to test according to paragraphs 7-9, then fifteen samples that have passed the tests according to paragraph 6 are selected for testing according to paragraph 10, and any six sprinklers that have passed the tests according to paragraph 22 are selected for testing according to paragraphs 23-30.

7.12 If the tests were carried out only according to one of the tests of paragraphs 7-9, then for the test in accordance with paragraph 10, five samples are taken that have passed the tests of paragraphs 7, 8 or paragraph 9, respectively, and the remaining ten samples that have passed the tests of paragraph 6, and for tests in accordance with paragraphs 23 to 30, five samples shall be taken that have passed the tests of paragraphs 7, 8 or 9, respectively, and one other sample that has passed the tests of paragraph 22.

7.13 If the tests were carried out according to any of the two types of tests in paragraphs 7–9, then for testing in accordance with paragraph 10, five samples are selected that have passed the tests in paragraphs 7 and 8, 8 and 9 or 7 and 9, respectively, and the remaining five samples that have passed tests according to paragraph b, and for tests according to paragraphs 23–30, three samples are selected, which have passed, respectively, two types of tests according to paragraphs 7 and 8, 8 and 9 or 7 and 9.

7.14 Depending on the type of sprinkler, one of the tests according to paragraphs 24-29 is carried out for its intended purpose.

7.15 If the sprinkler is equipped with a thermal lock and a controlled drive, then the check of its parameters (operating voltage and current or pressure of the working fluid) is carried out simultaneously with checking the temperature and response time and testing the shut-off device.

7.16 If the sprinkler is only equipped with a controlled drive, then it is allowed to check its parameters (operating voltage and current or pressure of the working fluid) on six samples simultaneously with checking the response time.

7.17 Deluge sprinklers are not tested according to paragraphs 11–19.

7.18 If, according to the TD, there are additional design requirements, then tests according to this nomenclature are carried out according to a method specially developed and approved in the prescribed manner. It is allowed to carry out these tests according to the manufacturer's methodology set forth in the TD. The decision on the choice of certification testing methodology is made by the testing organization.

7.19 The test results are considered satisfactory if the tested sprinklers meet the requirements of this standard. If one of the samples does not comply with at least one requirement of this standard, repeated tests should be carried out on a double number of sprinklers. The results of repeated tests are considered final.

7.20 Measurement of parameters is carried out:

pressure - manometric instruments of accuracy class not lower than 0.6;

specific consumption of OTV - by flow meters, counters or volumetric method with an error of not more than 5% of the upper limit of measurement;

time - stopwatches and chronometers with a scale division value of not more than 0.1 s when measuring time intervals up to 60 s and not more than 1 s when measuring time intervals from 60 s or more;

temperature - thermometers with a division value of 0.1 "C when measuring temperatures up to 200" C and with a division value of 0.5 "C when measuring temperatures of 200 ° C and more or other contact temperature transducers with an error of ± 2%;

linear value - with calipers with a division value of at least 0.1 mm;

weights - by scales with a weighing accuracy of ± 5%;

water volume - measuring cylinders with a capacity of 0.5; 1 and 2 dm 3 with a division value, respectively, not more than 5, 10 and 20 cm 3;

electrical resistance, voltage, current and power - megohmmeters, voltmeters, ammeters and wattmeters with a measurement error of 1.5%.

7.21 The tolerance for the initial values ​​of physical and electrical quantities, unless otherwise specified, is taken equal to no more than ± 5%.

7.22 All tests should be carried out under normal climatic conditions in accordance with GOST 15150.

8 Test methods

8.1 All sprinklers to be tested are preliminarily inspected for obvious defects, the completeness of the delivery (5.2.1–5.2.3), the compliance of sprinklers with design requirements (5.1.4.1–5.1.4.8), and the marking (5.3.1–5.3. 3), compliance of indicators according to 5.1.1.2–5.1.1.7, 5.1.1.11 according to TD for sprinklers. Checking the diameter or area of ​​the outlet is carried out at the narrowest point of the sprinkler through channel. The dimensions of the fill, spanner, outlet and filter cells (5.1.4.1 to 5.1.4.4) are determined using appropriate measuring instruments.

8.2 When testing the sprinkler for resistance to climatic influences (5.1.3.8), check:

Cold resistance at a temperature of minus (50 ± 5) "C;

Heat resistance at maximum temperature according to the TD for a specific type of sprinkler (taking into account the tolerance of ± 2 °С), but not less than 50 °С.

The sprinkler is kept at the indicated temperatures for at least 3 hours. After this time, the sprinkler is kept in air at a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C for at least 3 hours, after which an external inspection of the sprinkler is carried out. The presence of mechanical damage is not allowed.

8.3 The test of the sprinkler for vibration resistance (5.1.3.1) is carried out on a vibration stand, while the sprinkler (sprinklers) is attached to the platform of the stand with the fitting down. When testing, a sinusoidal vibration is applied along the axis of the threaded fitting. It is necessary to continuously monitor the vibration frequency from (5 ± 1) to (40 ± 1) Hz at a rate of not more than 5 min / octave and an amplitude of 1 mm (± 15)%. When resonant points are detected, the sprinkler must be subjected to vibration at each resonant frequency for at least 12 hours. 15% for at least 12 hours.

After the test, an external inspection of the sprinkler is carried out. The presence of mechanical damage is not allowed.

8.4 The test of the sprinkler for resistance to the action of an aqueous solution of ammonia (5.1.3.12) is carried out in a wet mixture of ammonia vapor and air for (240 ± 2) hours. The capacity of the working tank is (20.0 ± 0.2) dm3. The working temperature of the steam-air environment inside the working tank is (34 ± 2) o C; the volume of an aqueous solution of ammonia - (200 ± 2) cm 3; the density of an aqueous solution of ammonia is (0.94 ± 0.01) kg / dm 3 at a temperature of (15 ± 2) ° С. The distance between the liquid level and sprinklers is at least 40 mm. The sprinkler should be hung in the normal mounting position.

The pressure inside the container must correspond to atmospheric pressure. To avoid pressure build-up in the working vessel, it must be vented through a capillary tube. Sprinklers must be protected from dripping condensate. The test temperature is recorded continuously.

After (240 ± 2) hours, the sprinklers are removed from the working tank, washed in distilled water and dried for 7 days at a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C and a relative humidity of not more than 70%.

8.5 The test of the sprinkler for resistance to sulfur dioxide (5.1.3.13) is carried out in a wet mixture of vapors of an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate Na 2 S 2 O 3 H 5H 2 O and air for (384 ± 4) h at a temperature of (45 ± 3) °C. The capacity of the working tank is (10.00 ± 0.25) dm 3. The pressure inside the working container must correspond to atmospheric pressure. The volume of an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate in a container is (1000 ± 25) cm 3 (40 g of crystalline sodium sulphate is dissolved in 1000 cm 3 of distilled water). Every two days, 40 cm 3 of a sulfuric acid solution is added to the container with the solution, which is prepared by mixing 156 cm 3 of H 2 S0 4 acid with a molar concentration of 0.5 mol / dm 3 and 844 cm 3 of distilled water. The sprinkler in the tank must be hung in the normal mounting position. The test should consist of two periods, the duration of each (192 ± 2) hours. After the first period, the sprinkler is removed from the container, the solution is drained, the container is washed and the newly prepared solution is poured into it. The test temperature is recorded continuously.

After the second period, the sprinkler is removed from the working tank, washed in distilled water and dried for 7 days at a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C and a relative humidity of not more than 70%.

At the end of the test, there should be no signs of destruction of the parts of the sprinkler, slagging of the passage channel and the outlet of the sprinkler.

8.6 The sprinkler is tested for resistance to salt spray mist (5.1.3.14) in a wet mixture of sodium chloride vapor and air for (240 ± 2) hours. The operating temperature is (35 ± 2) °C. The density of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride is from 1.126 to 1.157 kg / dm 3 inclusive at a temperature of 20 ° C; pH indicator - from 6.5 to 7.2 inclusive; capacity of the working chamber - (0.40 ± 0.03) m 3. The sprinkler should be hung in the normal mounting position. The brine is fed from the tank through the atomizer by recirculation. The fog should be such that from every 80 cm 3 of the area it was possible to collect from 1 to 2 cm 3 of the solution in an hour. Samples are taken at any two locations in the chamber. Sampling is carried out at least once a day. The brine dripping from the test specimens shall not be returned to the recirculation tank. The test temperature is recorded continuously.

After (240 ± 2) h, the sprinkler is removed from the chamber, washed in distilled water, and dried for 7 days. at a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C and a relative humidity of not more than 70%.

At the end of the test, there should be no signs of destruction of the parts of the sprinkler, slagging of the passage channel and the outlet of the sprinkler.

8.7 The test of the sprinkler for impact resistance (5.1.3.2) is carried out as follows. From a height of (1.00 ± 0.05) m, a steel load, having the shape of a cylinder with a diameter of (12.7 ± 0.3) mm and a mass equivalent to the mass of the sprinkler, ± 5%, falls onto the rosette or onto the end output plane of the sprinkler. The weight is placed coaxially in a seamless tube with an internal diameter of (14 ± 1) mm, which serves as a guide for the weight. The sprinkler is mounted on a steel support with a diameter of (200 ±1) mm and a height of (30 ±1) mm. The displacement of the axis of the pipe relative to the axis of the end plane or the outlet of the sprinkler is not more than 2 mm, and relative to the vertical plane - not more than 3°.

The presence of mechanical damage, ruptures, deformation or other defects on the sprinkler after the fall of the load is not allowed.

8.8 Testing a sprinkler with a discontinuous temperature sensitive element (ter-/-.mokolboy) for resistance to temperature changes (thermal shock) (5.1.3.9) is carried out by holding it at a temperature of (20 ± 5) ° С for at least 30 minutes . Then the sprinkler is immersed in a container with a liquid with a capacity of at least 3 dm 3 dm 3 and temperature (10 ± 1) °С for at least 1 min. The orientation of the sprinklers is vertically with the choke down.

The presence of signs of damage to the thermoflask is not allowed.

8.9 Testing the sprinkler for heat resistance (exposure to elevated temperature) (5.1.3.10) is carried out by heating it in a bath with a working fluid with a volume of at least 3 dm 3 for each sprinkler from a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C to a temperature of (11 ± 1 ) o C below the nominal response temperature at a speed of not more than 20 o C / min. Then the temperature is increased at a rate of not more than 1 °C / min to a temperature that is 5 °C below the lower limit value of the nominal response temperature indicated in Table 2. After that, the sprinkler is cooled in air at a temperature of (20 ± 5) ° C for at least 10 min.

The presence of signs of damage to the thermal lock is not allowed.

8.10 The test of the sprinkler for strength under hydraulic shock (5.1.3.3) is carried out by increasing the pressure from (0.4 ± 0.1) to (2.50 ± 0.25) MPa at a rate of (10 ± 1) MPa/s. The total number of cycles must be at least 3000.

The presence of leakage, mechanical damage, residual deformation of the elements of the sprinkler and the destruction of the thermal lock are not allowed.

8.11 Vacuum testing of a sprinkler with a discontinuous thermosensitive element (thermoflask) (5.1.3.7) is carried out by placing the sprinkler for at least 1 min in an evacuated container under pressure (15 ± 2) kPa abs.

The presence of cracks in the thermoflask and leakage of liquid from it is not allowed.

8.12 The sprinkler strength test (5.1.3.5) is carried out for at least 3 min when the hydraulic pressure reaches (3.00 ± 0.05) MPa. The pressure rise time is at least 15 s. Then the pressure is dropped to zero and increased for at least 5 s to (0.05 ± 0.01) MPa.

The sprinkler is maintained at this pressure for at least 15 s, after which the pressure is increased to (1.00 ± 0.05) MPa for at least 5 s, and the sprinkler is maintained at this pressure for at least 15 s.

The presence of leakage and mechanical damage, residual deformations of the body and destruction of the thermal lock are not allowed.

8.13 The sprinkler is tested for tightness (5.1.3.6) at hydraulic pressure (1.50 ± 0.05) MPa and at pneumatic pressure (0.60 ± 0.03) MPa.

Each test is carried out for at least 3 min. The rate of pressure increase is not more than 0.1 MPa/s.

Leakage of air through the seal of the locking device is not allowed.

8.14 Checking the response temperature (5.1.1.6) is carried out by heating sprinklers in a liquid bath with a working fluid with a volume of at least 3 dm 3 for each sprinkler from a temperature of (20 ± 5) ° C to a temperature (20 ± 2) ° C below the nominal temperature actuation at a speed of not more than 20 ° C / min. The sprinkler is maintained at this temperature for at least 10 minutes, and then the temperature is increased at a constant rate of not more than 1 ° C / min until the thermal lock is destroyed.

The ratio of the dimensions of the volume filled with liquid (length x width x height), respectively (1:1:1) ± 20% or (diameter x height), respectively (1:1) ± 20%.

The response temperature must correspond to the values ​​specified in table 2. As the working fluid, use liquids with a boiling point

greater than the sprinkler's rated response temperature (e.g. water, glycerin, mineral or synthetic oils).

8.15 Checking the response time of the sprinkler sprinkler (5.1.1.6) is carried out by placing the sprinkler, which is at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °С, into a thermostat with an ambient temperature of (30 ± 2) °С above the nominal response temperature.

The sprinkler response time from the moment it is placed in the thermostat should not exceed the values ​​specified in Table 2.

8.16 The response time of a sprinkler with a controlled drive (5.1.1.6) is determined from the moment an external control action is applied until the flow section is fully opened.

8.17 Checking the response time of sprinklers for suspended ceilings (5.1.1.6) is carried out according to NPB 68–98.

8.18 The operation of the sprinkler thermal lock (5.1.1.8) is checked at the minimum working pressure P working min ± 0.01 MPa and the maximum working pressure P working min ± 0.05 MPa. Flame or flameless heating devices are used as a heat source. Five sprinklers are checked at the minimum working pressure and five at the maximum working pressure, but not less than 1 MPa.

When the sprinkler is triggered, jamming or hanging of the thermal lock parts is not allowed.

8.19 The test of the sprinkler for heat resistance (5.1.3.11) is carried out as follows: the sprinkler body is placed in the working position or on the end of the nozzle in the heat (cold) chamber at a temperature of plus (800 ± 20) °С minus (60 ± 5) °С, respectively, for time not less than 15 min. After that, the body is removed from the heat (cold) chamber and lowered into a water bath with a volume of at least 3 dm 3 for each sprinkler with a temperature of (20 ± 5) ° C for at least 1 minute, while the body should not be deformed or destroyed.

8.20 Checking the passage channel of rosette sprinklers (5.1.1.9) is carried out as follows: a metal ball with a diameter of 6.0 -0.1 mm is lowered into the fitting channel, the ball must pass freely through the sprinkler passage channel.

8.21 The strength test of the rosette, shackles and/or body (5.1.3.4) of general purpose sprinklers is carried out by spraying or spraying water under pressure equal to 1.25 R + 5% working min, but not less than 1.25, for not less than 1.5 min.

Presence of mechanical damages, residual deformations and destructions is not allowed.

8.22 Sprinkler performance coefficient K, dm 3 /s, (5.1.1.2) is determined at a pressure equal to 0.300 MPa ± 5%, according to the formula

where Q is the flow rate of water or aqueous solution through the sprinkler, dm3/s;

P is the pressure in front of the sprinkler, MPa.

The performance coefficient of a sprayer with a maximum working pressure of more than 1.5 MPa is determined at the pressure specified in the TD for this product.

The sprinkler is installed in the working position in an elbow mounted at the end of the supply pipeline with an internal diameter of at least 40 mm. The pressure gauge is installed at a distance of (250 ± 10) mm in front of the sprinkler. The length of the straight section of the supply pipeline to the place where the pressure gauge is installed is at least 1600 mm.

The performance coefficient of the sprinkler should not differ by more than 5% specified in the TD.

8.23 Checking the uniformity, intensity of irrigation and the protected area (5.1.1.3, 5.1.1.5) for general-purpose water sprinklers of the installation location of types B, H or U and sprinklers for suspended ceilings is carried out as follows. Measuring jars with a size of (250 ± 1) x (250 ± 1) mm and a height of at least 150 mm are set in a checkerboard pattern (Figure 3), the interval between the axes of the jars is (0.50 ± 0.01) m.

Figure 3 - Diagram of the location of measuring jars when testing water sprinklers of types B, H, U

When testing water sprinklers of installation arrangement of types G, Fg, Hz and Gu, measuring banks are placed in a checkerboard pattern on the area of ​​a rectangle bounded by the flow direction semi-axis (L side) and the semi-axis perpendicular to the flow direction (B side) (Figure 4). The area of ​​the rectangle should be 6 m 2 and the aspect ratio L:B is 4:1.5.

The first row on side B is set at a distance S in the direction of flow from the extreme point of the projection of the end of the sprinkler outlet (distance S is taken according to the TD for the sprinkler).

The sprinkler is installed at a height of (2.50 ± 0.05) m from the upper cut of the measuring jars (the distance is measured from the sprinkler outlet).

The plane of the arches of rosette sprinklers of types B, H, U is oriented along the diagonal of the square on which the measuring jars are installed (Figure 3). The orientation of other types of sprinklers of types B, H, U is carried out according to the TD. Sprinklers G, Gr, Hz and Gu are oriented in such a way that the plane of the direction of the flow of the FTV flow is parallel to the plane passing along the area on which the measuring cans are placed.

When testing location type B fills, which form a water flow above the fill, a suspended ceiling located at a height of (0.25 ± 0.05) m from the sprinkler socket should be used. The dimensions of the suspended ceiling are at least (2.5 x 2.5) m. The suspended ceiling must overlap the imaginary coordinate lines R, m, shown in Figure 3, by (0.25 ± 0.05) m.

Water is supplied from the pipeline at a pressure of 0.1 MPa ± 5% and 0.3 MPa ± 5%. The duration of water supply is at least 160 s or equal to the time of filling one of the measuring jars.

- current direction,

- sprinkler;

- measuring jars

Figure 4 - Diagram of the location of measuring jars when testing water sprinklers of types G, Tg, Hz and Gu

The average irrigation intensity of the water sprinkler I, dm s / (m 2 s), is calculated by the formula

where i i - irrigation intensity in the i-th dimensional bank, dm 3 / (m 3 H s);

n is the number of measuring jars installed on the protected area. Irrigation intensity in the i-th dimensional bank i i dm 3 / (m 3 H s), is calculated by the formula

where V i is the volume of water (aqueous solution) collected in the i-th measuring bank, dm 3;

t is the duration of irrigation, s.

Irrigation uniformity, characterized by the value of the standard deviation S, dm 3 / (m 2 H s), is calculated by the formula

Irrigation uniformity coefficient R is calculated by the formula

Sprinklers are considered to have passed the test if the average irrigation intensity is not lower than the standard value with an irrigation uniformity coefficient of not more than 0.5 and the number of measuring cans with an irrigation intensity of less than 50% of the standard intensity does not exceed: two - for sprinklers of types B, H, U and four – for sprinklers of types Г, ГВ, ГН and ГУ.

The uniformity coefficient is not taken into account if the intensity of irrigation in the measuring banks is less than the standard value in the following cases: in four measuring banks - for sprinklers of types B, N, U and six - for sprinklers of types G, G V, G N and G U.

8.24 Tests of sprinklers for rack warehouses for intensity, uniformity of irrigation and protected area (5.1.1.3, 5.1.1.5) are carried out as follows.

Measuring jars with a size of (250 ± 1) x (250 ± 1) mm and a height of at least 150 mm are placed within one quadrant of the protected area specified in the TD for a specific sprinkler, close to each other.

The height of location and orientation of the sprinkler relative to the protected area - according to the TD for a specific type of sprinkler.

The procedure for determining the intensity, uniformity of irrigation and the protected area of ​​​​irrigators is similar to the procedure set out in 8.23.

The sprinkler is considered to have passed the test if the average irrigation intensity is not lower than the standard value with an irrigation uniformity coefficient of not more than 0.5 and the number of measured cans with an irrigation intensity of less than 50% of the standard intensity does not exceed 15% of the total number of measured cans.

The coefficient of uniformity is not taken into account if the intensity of irrigation is less than the standard value in 25% of the measured banks of their total number.

8.25 Checking the protected area, uniformity and intensity of irrigation with sprayers (5.1.1.3, 5.1.1.5) is carried out according to the methods approved in the prescribed manner. The hydraulic parameters of the nozzles (5.1.1.11) are checked according to the methods given in 8.22.

8.26 Determination of the dispersity of a sprayed water jet (5.1.1.10) is carried out by trapping water drops on a mixture consisting of 1/4 weight part of technical vaseline and 3/4 parts of vaseline oil. The plates with a layer of this mixture applied to it (weighing at least 3 g, a capture area of ​​at least 7 cm 2 each) are placed in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the atomizer, at a distance equal to half the effective range of the jets, evenly from the center to the maximum radius of the torch jets. The bowls are covered with a cutter, which is removed after the atomizer enters the operating mode for the time necessary to fix at least 100 drops in the bowl, and at the same time there remains free space between drops. The supply pressure must match the minimum operating pressure. Then the plates are photographed. The arithmetic mean droplet diameter d K µm, in a separate bowl is calculated by the formula

where d i is the droplet diameter in a given size range, µm;

n i , is the number of drops with diameter d i .

The average droplet diameter is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the droplet diameters in all the plates.

8.27 Checking the uniformity of irrigation, specific water consumption, shape and size of the water curtain (protected area) of sprinklers for water curtains that form the vertical direction of the water flow (5.1.1.3, 5.1.1.5) is carried out as follows.

8.27.1 Measuring jars measuring (250 ± 1) x (250 ± 1) mm and not less than 150 mm high are placed close to each other or in a checkerboard pattern on a rectangular area corresponding to the shape of the protected area specified in the TD. Installation of the sprinkler on the stand (height above the edge of the measuring jars, location of the sprinkler and orientation of the sprinkler relative to the protected area) is carried out in accordance with the TD for a specific sprinkler.

With concentric irrigation relative to the axis of the sprinkler, measuring banks are installed close to each other or in a checkerboard pattern within 1/4 of the irrigation area (Figure 5), the distance R is taken according to TD.

Figure 5 - Diagram of the location of measuring jars when testing sprinklers that form concentric irrigation

8.27.2 If the depth of the water curtain (protected area) is equal to or less than the width of the measuring jar, i.e. 250 mm or less, then the measuring jars are installed evenly and coaxially with the protected zone, and the location of the outermost measuring jars must coincide with the boundaries of the protected area along its width (Figure 6a).

8.27.3 If the depth of the water curtain (protected area) is 251–500 mm inclusive, then measuring jars are installed evenly in two rows in an overlap, and their location must coincide with the contour of the protected area (Figure 6b).

8.27.4 If the width and/or depth of the water curtain (protected area) is more than 500 mm, then measuring jars (the estimated number of measuring jars is less than 32 pieces) are placed evenly within the protected area, and the peripheral rows of measuring jars must coincide with the contour of the protected area (Figure 6c).

8.28 The number of measuring jars and the center distance between them, taking into account the conditions set forth in 8.27.2–8.27.4, are calculated as follows.

L is the width of the protected area, B is the depth of the protected area; D L, D L W - center distance between adjacent measuring banks in a row along the width of the curtain, D В Г - center distance between adjacent measuring banks in a row along the depth of the curtain.

Note - The spatial position of the sprinklers in relation to the protected area - according to the TD for a specific product

Figure 6 - Scheme of the location of measuring jars during testing of sprinklers that form the vertical direction of the flow of OTV.

8.28.1 The number of measuring jars n r in one row according to the depth of the curtain is calculated by the formula (an integer without taking into account the fractional remainder)

where B is the depth of the water curtain (protected zone), mm.

8.28.2 Center distance between measuring banks D B r , mm, in a row according to curtain depth B is calculated by the formula

where R is the numerator of the fractional balance according to formula (7), mm.

8.28.3 The number of measuring jars n Ш in a row along the width of the curtain L is calculated by the formula (an integer without taking into account the fractional remainder)

8.28.4 Center distance between adjacent measuring banks D L W, mm, in a row along the width of the curtain L, I calculate r using the formula

where r is the numerator of the fractional balance according to formula (9), mm.

8.29 If the depth of the water curtain is 250 mm or less and the width of the protected zone is more than 3000 mm, it is allowed to place measuring cans through one relative to their location described in 8.27.2 (see Figure 6a).

8.30 If the estimated number of measuring jars is more than 32 pcs. it is allowed to place measuring jars according to Figure 6d. In this case, one should be guided by the condition that the number of measuring jars for this option should be at least 32 pcs. Measuring jars are installed evenly, without going beyond the contour of the protected area, the location of the peripheral measuring jars must coincide with the contour of the protected area.

8.31 Center distance in a row between measuring jars D L W, mm, and between rows of measuring jars D V D, mm, when the jars are located according to Figure 6d, is calculated by the formulas:

8.32 If, according to the TD, the difference in the range of permissible heights for the location of the sprinkler relative to the floor is more than 0.5 m, then the tests of each sprinkler are carried out at two maximum heights.

8.33 If the sprinkler is intended for floor mounting, then the plane passing along the upper edges of the measuring jars is taken as the equivalent of the floor surface. If at the same time the projection of the sprinkler, in accordance with the technical requirements, is in the protected area (i.e., in the area where the measuring jars are located), then the measuring jar is removed at the place where the sprinkler is installed.

8.34 Water is supplied from the pipeline at a nominal operating pressure of ± 5%. The duration of water supply is at least 160 s or equal to the time of filling one of the measuring jars.

8.35 Specific water consumption q l dm 3 / (m H s), one row of measuring jars along the depth of the curtain is calculated by the formula

where q i is the specific consumption in the i-th dimensional bank, dm 3 / mH s).

Specific consumption q i, dm 3 / m H s), calculated by the formula

where V i is the volume of water collected in the i-th measuring bank, dm 3;

t – irrigation time, s.

The average specific consumption Q, dm 3 /mH s), per 1 m of the curtain width, reduced to the entire width of the curtain, is calculated by the formula

where n l is the number of rows along the protected area (along the width of the curtain).

8.36 Irrigation uniformity is characterized by the value of the standard deviation S, which is calculated by the formula

8.37 The coefficient of uniformity of irrigation R is calculated by the formula

8.38 Sprinklers are considered to have passed the test at a specific flow rate for rows of measuring cans along the depth of the curtain ql equal to or more than 50% of the standard specific flow rate, with an irrigation uniformity coefficient of not more than 0.5 and a specific flow rate, reduced to the entire width of the curtain, not less than the standard value (allowed 10% of the rows along the width of the curtain with an intensity of less than 50% of the standard specific consumption). If at least 75% of the rows along the depth of the curtain have a specific flow rate equal to or more than the standard value, and the specific flow rate, reduced to the entire width of the curtain, is not less than the specified value, then the uniformity coefficient is not taken into account.

8.39 Checking the uniformity of irrigation, specific water consumption, width and depth of the water curtain (protected area) for sprinklers that form a horizontal direction of the water flow (5.1.1.3) is carried out as follows.

8.39.1 The sprinkler is installed on the test stand (Figure 7) according to the scheme similar to the mounting layout of the sprinkler with respect to the imaginary protected opening given in the TD for this sprinkler. Measuring jars measuring (250 ± 1) x (250 ± 1) mm and not less than 150 mm high are placed in such a way that water or an aqueous solution flowing down from a vertical surface is completely collected in measuring jars adjacent to the wall. Placement of the sprinkler relative to the protected vertical plane must comply with the requirements of the TD for a particular type of sprinkler.

1 - sprinkler; 2 - an imaginary opening; 3 - measured banks; 4 - lines of an imaginary opening; h, H, Z are the distances, respectively, from the sprinkler socket to the ceiling, to the lower plane of the imaginary opening and to the wall, specified in the TD for a specific type of sprinkler; X - opening width; U - opening height

Figure 7 - Scheme of placement of sprinklers and measuring cans when testing sprinklers that form a horizontal direction of the flow of FTA

8.39.2 The number of measuring jars z in each row according to the depth of the curtain with the direction of the flow of water or aqueous solution perpendicular to the wall is calculated by the formula (an integer without taking into account the fractional remainder)

where Z is the distance from the wall to the sprinkler, mm.

8.39.3 The number of measuring jars x in each row along the width of the curtain is calculated by the formula (whole number without fractional balance)

where X is the opening width, mm.

8.39.4 When the estimated number of cans is more than 32 pcs. it is allowed to install cans at an equal distance from each other in rows along the width and depth of the curtain so that the total number of measured cans is at least 32 pcs.

8.39.5 Water is supplied from the pipeline at a minimum operating pressure of ±5%. The duration of water supply is at least 160 s or equal to the time of filling one of the measuring jars.

The parameters of the supply pipeline are similar to the parameters of the pipeline during the performance factor test (8.22).

8.39.6 Specific water consumption across the width of the falling curtain is determined by formulas (13)-(15).

8.39.7 Irrigation uniformity is calculated using formula (16).

8.39.8 Irrigation uniformity coefficient is calculated using formula (17).

8.39.9 Sprinklers are considered to have passed the tests at a specific flow rate for rows of measuring cans along the depth of the curtain q;, equal to or more than 50% of the standard specific flow rate with an irrigation uniformity coefficient of not more than 0.5 and a specific flow rate, reduced to the entire width of the curtain, not less than the standard values ​​(10% of the rows along the width of the curtain are allowed with an intensity of less than 50% of the standard specific flow rate). If at least 75% of the rows along the depth of the curtain have a specific flow rate equal to or more than the standard value, and the specific flow rate, reduced to the entire width of the curtain, is not less than the standard value, then the uniformity coefficient is not taken into account.

8.40 Checking the foam ratio, protected area, uniformity and intensity of irrigation with foam sprinklers (5.1.1.3, 5.1.1.5) is carried out as follows.

8.40.1 Measuring jars measuring (500 ± 2) x (500 ± 2) mm and not less than 200 mm high are placed close to each other (Figure 8). The sprinkler is installed at a height of (2.50 ± 0.05) m from the upper cut of the measuring jars (the distance is measured from the outlet). The orientation of the sprinkler arches relative to the area on which the measuring cans are installed is similar to that indicated in 8.23.

Figure 8 - Diagram of the location of measuring jars when testing foam sprinklers

8.40.2 The type of foam concentrate and its concentration - according to the TD for foam sprinklers (during certification tests, one of the foam concentrates specified in the TD is used). The foam solution is supplied at a minimum operating pressure of ±5%. The test is terminated at the moment of filling one of the measured jars with foam, fixing the time of its filling.

8.40.3 The average irrigation intensity of foam sprinkler I is determined by formula (2). Irrigation intensity in the i-th dimensional bank i i, dm 3 / s H m 2), is calculated by the formula

where Vip is the volume of the liquid phase of the foaming agent solution collected in the i-th measuring jar, dm 3;

t p - the time of supply of the foaming agent solution, s.

8.40.4 The uniformity of irrigation with a foam sprinkler is determined by formula (4), the coefficient of uniformity of irrigation - by formula (5).

8.40.5 Irrigators are considered to have passed the test if, with an irrigation uniformity coefficient of not more than 0.5, the number of measuring cans with an irrigation intensity of less than 50% of the standard intensity is not more than two; at the same time, the average irrigation intensity should not be less than the normative one. Sprinklers are also considered to have passed the test if the intensity of irrigation of measured cans (except for four measured cans) is more than standard; in this case, the coefficient of uniformity is not taken into account.

8.40.6 The foam ratio is defined as the ratio of the volume of foam in a measuring jar to the volume of foam concentrate solution deposited in this jar.

The foam ratio is measured in three measuring jars located along the line of the sprinkler arches. The average value of the foam expansion k is calculated by the formula

where k i is the foam expansion in the i-th measuring jar.

Criteria for a positive assessment of the test results: the average value of the foam expansion is at least five and the foam expansion in each measuring jar is at least four.

8.41 Checking the uniformity and intensity of irrigation of the protected area by sprinklers designed for pneumatic and mass pipelines, and special-purpose sprinklers (5.1.1.3) is carried out according to special methods approved in the prescribed manner, or according to the methods set forth in the Technical Specifications or in the TD for a specific sprinkler. The decision on the choice of certification testing methodology is made by the testing laboratory.

8.42 Tests of the control drive of sprinklers (6.2) are carried out according to special methods approved in the prescribed manner, or according to the methods set forth in the Technical Specifications or in the TD for a specific sprinkler. The decision on the choice of certification testing methodology is made by the testing laboratory.

8.43 Tests for the probability of failure-free operation of sprinklers (for reliability) (5.1.2.1) are carried out in accordance with GOST 27.410 by a single-stage method at the maximum permissible operating temperature in accordance with Table 3. The acceptance level of the probability of operation is assumed to be 0.996, the rejection level of reliability is 0.97 . The manufacturer's risk is taken equal to 0.1, the consumer's risk is 0.2. The sample size is 53 sprinklers. The acceptance number of failures is 0. The test duration is at least 2000 hours at hydraulic pressure (1.25 ± 0.10) MPa or pneumatic pressure (0.6 ± 0.03) MPa. It is allowed to provide a similar load on the locking device by pneumatic pressure or mechanically.

As a failure criterion, a violation of the tightness of at least one of the sprinklers is taken.

8.44 The control of the assigned service life (5.1.2.2) is carried out in accordance with RD 50-690.

8.45 Presentation of test results

The results of tests for compliance with the requirements of this standard are drawn up in the form of protocols. The test reports must contain the conditions, modes and results of the tests, as well as information about the date and place of the tests, the designation of the samples and their brief description.

9 Transport and storage

9.1 Transportation of sprinklers in packaging should be carried out in covered vehicles of any type in accordance with the rules applicable to this type of transport.

9.2 During loading and unloading, shocks and other careless mechanical impacts on the container should be avoided.

9.3 Storage of sprinklers - according to GOST 15150.

1. WATER AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

No one will doubt that water is the most famous substance for extinguishing fire. The element resisting fire has a number of advantages, such as high specific heat capacity, latent heat of vaporization, chemical inertness to most substances and materials, availability and low cost.

However, along with the advantages of water, its disadvantages should also be taken into account, namely, low wetting ability, high electrical conductivity, insufficient adhesion to the extinguishing object, and, importantly, causing significant damage to the building.

Extinguishing a fire with a fire hose with a direct jet is not the best way in the fight against fire, since the main volume of water does not participate in the process, only the fuel is cooled, sometimes it is possible to achieve a flameout. It is possible to increase the efficiency of extinguishing a flame by spraying water, however, this will increase the cost of obtaining water dust and its delivery to the source of ignition. In our country, a water jet, depending on the arithmetic mean droplet diameter, is divided into atomized (droplet diameter more than 150 microns) and finely atomized (less than 150 microns).

Why is water spray so effective? With this method of extinguishing, the fuel is cooled by diluting the gases with water vapor, in addition, a finely atomized jet with a droplet diameter of less than 100 microns is capable of cooling the chemical reaction zone itself.

To increase the penetrating power of water, so-called water solutions with wetting agents are used. Additives are also used:
- water-soluble polymers to increase adhesion to a burning object ("viscous water");
- polyoxyethylene to increase the capacity of pipelines ("slippery water", abroad "fast water");
- inorganic salts to increase the efficiency of extinguishing;
- antifreeze and salts to reduce the freezing point of water.

Do not use water to extinguish substances that enter into chemical reactions with it, as well as toxic, combustible and corrosive gases. Such substances are many metals, organometallic compounds, metal carbides and hydrides, hot coal and iron. Thus, in no case do not use water, as well as aqueous solutions with such materials:
- organoaluminum compounds (explosive reaction);
- organolithium compounds; lead azide; alkali metal carbides; hydrides of a number of metals - aluminum, magnesium, zinc; calcium, aluminum, barium carbides (decomposition with the release of combustible gases);
- sodium hydrosulfite (spontaneous combustion);
- sulfuric acid, termites, titanium chloride (strong exothermic effect);
- bitumen, sodium peroxide, fats, oils, petrolatum (increased combustion as a result of ejection, splashing, boiling).

Also, jets should not be used to extinguish dust in order to avoid the formation of an explosive atmosphere. Also, when extinguishing oil products, spreading, splashing of a burning substance can occur.

2. SPRINKLER AND Drencher FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATIONS

2.1. Purpose and arrangement of installations

Installations of water, low expansion foam, as well as water fire extinguishing with a wetting agent are divided into:

- sprinkler installations are used for local fire extinguishing and cooling of building structures. They are usually used in rooms where a fire can develop with the release of a large amount of heat.

- Deluge installations designed to extinguish a fire over the entire given area, as well as create a water curtain. They irrigate the source of fire in the protected area, receiving a signal from the fire detection devices, which allows you to eliminate the cause of the fire in the early stages, faster than sprinkler systems.

These fire extinguishing installations are the most common. They are used to protect warehouses, shopping centers, premises for the production of hot natural and synthetic resins, plastics, rubber products, cable ropes, etc. Modern terms and definitions in relation to water AFS are given in NPB 88-2001.

The installation contains a water source 14 (external water supply), a main water feeder (working pump 15) and an automatic water feeder 16. The latter is a hydropneumatic tank (hydropneumatic tank), which is filled with water through a pipeline with a valve 11.
For example, the installation diagram contains two different sections: a water-filled section with a control unit (CU) 18 under the pressure of a water feeder 16 and an air section with a CU 7, the supply pipelines 2 and distribution 1 of which are filled with compressed air. Air is pumped by compressor 6 through check valve 5 and valve 4.

The sprinkler system is activated automatically when the room temperature rises to the set level. The fire detector is a thermal lock of the sprinkler sprinkler (sprinkler). The presence of a lock ensures the sealing of the outlet of the sprinkler. At the beginning, the sprinklers located above the source of fire are turned on, as a result of which the pressure in the distribution 1 and supply 2 wires drops, the corresponding control unit is activated, and water from the automatic water feeder 16 through the supply pipeline 9 is supplied to extinguish through the opened sprinklers. The fire signal is generated by the alarm device 8 CU. The control device 12, upon receiving a signal, turns on the working pump 15, and when it fails, the backup pump 13. When the pump reaches the specified operating mode, the automatic water feeder 16 is turned off using the check valve 10.

Let us consider in more detail the features of the drencher installation:

It does not contain a thermal lock like a sprinkler, so it is equipped with additional fire detection devices.

Automatic switching on is provided by the incentive pipeline 16, which is filled with water under the pressure of the auxiliary water feeder 23 (compressed air is used instead of water for unheated premises). For example, in the first section, the pipeline 16 is connected to the start-up valves 6, which are initially closed with a cable with thermal locks 7. In the second section, distribution pipelines with sprinklers are connected to a similar pipeline 16.

The outlets of deluge sprinklers are open, so the supply 11 and distribution 9 pipelines are filled with atmospheric air (dry pipes). The supply pipeline 17 is filled with water under pressure of the auxiliary water feeder 23, which is a hydraulic pneumatic tank filled with water and compressed air. The air pressure is controlled using an electrical contact pressure gauge 5. In this image, an open reservoir 21 is selected as the source of water for the installation, water is taken from which is carried out by pumps 22 or 19 through a pipeline with a filter 20.

The control unit 13 of the drencher installation contains a hydraulic drive, as well as a pressure indicator 14 of the SDU type.

The automatic switching on of the unit is carried out as a result of the operation of sprinklers 10 or the destruction of thermal locks 7, the pressure drops in the incentive pipeline 16 and the hydraulic drive assembly CU 13. The CU valve 13 opens under the pressure of water in the supply pipeline 17. Water flows to the deluge sprinklers and irrigates the protected room. installation section.

Manual start-up of the drencher installation is carried out using ball valve 15. The sprinkler installation cannot be turned on automatically, because. unauthorized water supply from fire extinguishing systems will cause great damage to the protected premises in the absence of a fire. Consider a sprinkler installation scheme that eliminates such false alarms:

The installation contains sprinklers on the distribution pipeline 1, which, under operating conditions, is filled with compressed air to a pressure of about 0.7 kgf / cm2 using a compressor 3. The air pressure is controlled by an alarm 4, which is installed in front of the check valve 7 with a drain valve 10.

The control unit of the installation contains a valve 8 with a membrane-type shut-off body, a pressure or liquid flow indicator 9, and a valve 15. Under operating conditions, the valve 8 is closed by the pressure of water that enters the valve 8 starting pipeline from the water source 16 through the open valve 13 and the throttle 12. The starting pipeline is connected to the manual start valve 11 and to the drain valve 6, equipped with an electric drive. The installation also contains technical means (TS) of automatic fire alarm (APS) - fire detectors and a control panel 2, as well as a starting device 5.

The pipeline between valves 7 and 8 is filled with air at a pressure close to atmospheric, which ensures the operation of the shut-off valve 8 (main valve).

Mechanical damage that could cause a leak in the distribution pipe of the installation or the thermal lock will not cause water supply, because. valve 8 is closed. When the pressure in pipeline 1 drops to 0.35 kgf/cm2, the signaling device 4 generates an alarm signal about a malfunction (depressurization) of the distribution pipeline 1 of the installation.

A false alarm will also not trigger the system. The control signal from the APS with the help of an electric drive will open the drain valve 6 on the starting pipeline of the shut-off valve 8, as a result of which the latter will open. Water will enter the distribution pipeline 1, where it will stop in front of the closed thermal locks of the sprinklers.

When designing AUVP, TS APS are selected so that the inertia of sprinklers is higher. This is done for that. So that in the event of a fire in the vehicle, the APS will work earlier and open the shut-off valve 8. Next, water will enter the pipeline 1 and fill it. This means that by the time the sprinkler operates, the water is already in front of it.

It is important to clarify that the filing of the first alarm signal from the APS allows you to quickly extinguish small fires with primary fire extinguishing means (such as fire extinguishers).

2.2. The composition of the technological part of sprinkler and deluge water fire extinguishing installations

2.2.1. Source of water supply

The source of water supply for the system is a water pipe, a fire tank or a reservoir.

2.2.2. Water feeders
In accordance with NPB 88-2001, the main water feeder ensures the operation of the fire extinguishing installation with a given pressure and flow rate of water or aqueous solution during the estimated time.

A water supply source (water supply, reservoir, etc.) can be used as the main water supply if it can provide the estimated flow and pressure of water for the required time. Before the main water feeder enters the operating mode, the pressure in the pipeline is automatically provided auxiliary water feeder. As a rule, this is a hydropneumatic tank (hydropneumatic tank), which is equipped with float and safety valves, level sensors, visual level gauges, pipelines for releasing water when extinguishing a fire, and devices for creating the necessary air pressure.

The automatic water feeder provides the pressure in the pipeline necessary for the operation of the control units. Such a water feeder can be water pipes with the necessary guaranteed pressure, a hydropneumatic tank, a jockey pump.

2.2.3. Control unit (CU)- this is a combination of pipeline fittings with shut-off and signaling devices and measuring instruments. They are meant to run fire fighting installation and control over its performance, are located between the supply and supply pipelines of the installations.
Control nodes provide:
- supply of water (foam solutions) for extinguishing fires;
- filling supply and distribution pipelines with water;
- draining water from supply and distribution pipelines;
- compensation of leaks from the hydraulic system of the AUP;
- checking the signaling of their operation;
- signaling when the alarm valve is triggered;
- measurement of pressure before and after the control unit.

thermal lock as part of a sprinkler sprinkler, it is triggered when the temperature in the room rises to a predetermined level.
The temperature-sensitive element here are fusible or explosive elements, such as glass flasks. Locks with an elastic element of "shape memory" are also being developed.

The principle of operation of the lock using a fusible element consists in the use of two metal plates soldered with low-melting solder, which loses strength with increasing temperature, as a result of which the lever system is out of balance and opens the sprinkler valve.

But the use of a fusible element has a number of disadvantages, such as the susceptibility of a fusible element to corrosion, as a result of which it becomes brittle, and this may lead to spontaneous operation of the mechanism (especially under vibration conditions).

Therefore, sprinklers using glass flasks are increasingly being used now. They are manufacturable, resistant to external influences, prolonged exposure to temperatures close to the nominal ones does not affect their reliability in any way, resistant to vibration or sudden pressure fluctuations in the water supply network.

Below is a diagram of the design of a sprinkler with an explosive element - a flask of S.D. Bogoslovsky:

1 - fitting; 2 - arches; 3 - socket; 4 - clamping screw; 5 - cap; 6 - thermoflask; 7 - diaphragm

A thermoflask is nothing more than a thin-walled hermetically sealed ampoule, inside of which there is a thermosensitive liquid, for example, methyl carbitol. This substance under the action of high temperatures expands vigorously, increasing the pressure in the flask, which leads to its explosion.

These days, thermoflasks are the most popular heat-sensitive sprinkler element. The most common thermoflasks of the firms "Job GmbH" type G8, G5, F5, F4, F3, F 2.5 and F1.5, "Day-Impex Lim" type DI 817, DI 933, DI 937, DI 950, DI 984 and DI 941, Geissler type G and "Norbert Job" type Norbulb. There is information about the development of the production of thermoflasks in Russia and the firm "Grinnell" (USA).

Zone I are thermoflasks of the type Job G8 and Job G5 for work in normal conditions.
Zone II- these are thermoflasks of type F5 and F4 for sprinklers placed in niches or discreetly.
Zone III- these are thermoflasks of type F3 for sprinkler sprinklers in residential premises, as well as in sprinklers with an increased irrigation area; thermoflasks F2.5; F2 and F1.5 - for sprinklers, the response time of which should be minimal according to the conditions of use (for example, in sprinklers with fine atomization, with an increased irrigation area and sprinklers intended for use in explosion prevention installations). Such sprinklers are usually marked with the letters FR (Fast Response).

Note: the number after the letter F usually corresponds to the diameter of the thermoflask in mm.

List of documents that regulate the requirements, application and test methods for sprinklers
GOST R 51043-97
NPB 87-2000
NPB 88-2001
NPB 68-98
The designation structure and marking of sprinklers in accordance with GOST R 51043-97 is given below.

Note: For deluge sprinklers pos. 6 and 7 do not indicate.

Main technical parameters of general purpose sprinklers

Sprinkler type	Nominal outlet diameter, mm	External connection thread R	Minimum operating pressure in front of the sprinkler, MPa	Protected area, m2, not less than	Average irrigation intensity, l/(s m2), not less than
					0,020 (>0,028)
					0,04 (>0,056)
					0,05 (>0,070)

Notes:
(text) - edition of the GOST R draft.
1. The indicated parameters (protected area, average irrigation intensity) are given when sprinklers are installed at a height of 2.5 m from the floor level.
2. For sprinklers of installation location V, N, U, the area protected by one sprinkler must have the shape of a circle, and for the location of G, Gv, Hn, Gu - the shape of a rectangle with a size of at least 4x3 m.
3. The size of the external connecting thread is not limited for sprinklers with an outlet, the shape of which differs from the shape of a circle, and a maximum linear size exceeding 15 mm, as well as for sprinklers designed for pneumatic and mass pipelines, and sprinklers for special purposes.

The protected area of ​​irrigation is assumed to be equal to the area, the specific consumption and uniformity of irrigation of which is not lower than the established or standard.

The presence of a thermal lock imposes some restrictions on the time and maximum response temperature on sprinkler sprinklers.

The following requirements are established for sprinklers:
Rated response temperature- the temperature at which the thermal lock reacts, water is supplied. Installed and specified in the standard or technical documentation for this product
Rated operating time- the time of operation of the sprinkler sprinkler specified in the technical documentation
Conditional response time- time from the moment the sprinkler is exposed to a temperature exceeding the nominal temperature by 30 °C, until the activation of the thermal lock.

Rated temperature, conditional response time and color marking of sprinklers according to GOST R 51043-97, NPB 87-2000 and the planned GOST R are presented in the table:

Nominal temperature, conditional response time and color coding of sprinklers

Temperature, °C		Conditional response time, s, no more	Marking color of the liquid in a glass thermoflask (breakable thermosensitive element) or sprinkler arches (with a fusible and elastic thermosensitive element)
rated trip	limit deviation
			Orange
			Violet
			Violet

Notes:
1. At the nominal operating temperature of the thermal lock from 57 to 72 °C, it is allowed not to paint the sprinkler arches.
2. When used as a temperature-sensitive element of a thermoflask, the sprinkler arms may not be painted.
3. "*" - only for sprinklers with a fusible temperature-sensitive element.
4. "#" - sprinklers with both a fusible and a discontinuous thermosensitive element (thermal flask).
5. Values ​​of the nominal response temperature not marked with "*" and "#" - the thermosensitive element is a thermobulb.
6. In GOST R 51043-97 there are no temperature ratings of 74* and 100* °C.

Elimination of fires with high intensity of heat release. It turned out that ordinary sprinklers installed in large warehouses, for example, plastic materials can not cope due to the fact that the powerful heat flows of the fire carry away small drops of water. From the 60s to the 80s of the last century in Europe, 17/32” orifice sprinklers were used to extinguish such fires, and after the 80s they switched to the use of extra large orifice (ELO), ESFR and "big drops" sprinklers. Such sprinklers are capable of producing water droplets that penetrate the convective flow that occurs in a warehouse during a powerful fire. Outside our country, ELO-type sprinkler carriers are used to protect plastics packed in cardboard at a height of about 6 m (except for flammable aerosols).

Another quality of the ELO sprinkler is that it is able to function at low water pressure in the pipeline. Sufficient pressure can be provided in many water sources without the use of pumps, which affects the cost of sprinklers.

ESFR type fills are recommended for the protection of various products, including non-foamed plastic materials packed in cardboard, stored at a height of up to 10.7 m in a room height of up to 12.2 m. System qualities such as a quick response to fire development and high flow water, allows the use of fewer sprinklers, which has a positive effect on reducing water wasted and damage.

For rooms where technical constructions violate the interior of the room, the following types of sprinklers were developed:
in-depth- sprinklers, the body or arms of which are partially hidden in the recesses of the suspended ceiling or wall panel;
Hidden- sprinklers, in which the body of the shackle and partially the temperature-sensitive element are located in the recess of the false ceiling or wall panel;
Hidden- sprinklers closed with a decorative cover

The principle of operation of such sprinklers is shown below. After the cover has been actuated, the sprinkler outlet under its own weight and the influence of a water jet from the sprinkler along two guides goes down to such a distance that the recess in the ceiling in which the sprinkler is mounted does not affect the nature of the water distribution.

In order not to increase the response time of the AFS, the melting temperature of the solder of the decorative cover is set below the response temperature of the sprinkler system, therefore, in fire conditions decorative element will not interfere with the flow of heat to the thermal lock of the sprinkler.

Design of sprinkler and deluge water fire extinguishing installations.

Detailed features of the design of water-foam AUP are described in the training manual. In it you will find the features of the creation of sprinkler and deluge water-foam AFS, fire extinguishing installations with mist water, AFS for maintaining high-rise rack warehouses, rules for calculating AFS, examples.

The manual also outlines the main provisions of modern scientific and technical documentation for each region of Russia. A detailed review is given to the statement of the rules for the development of technical specifications for design, the formulation of the main provisions for the coordination and approval of this assignment.

The training manual also discusses the content and rules for the design of a working draft, including an explanatory note.

To simplify your task, we present a design algorithm classical installation water fire extinguishing in a simplified form:

1. According to NPB 88-2001, it is necessary to establish a group of premises (production or technological process) depending on its functional purpose and fire load of combustible materials.

An extinguishing agent is chosen, for which the effectiveness of extinguishing combustible materials concentrated in protected objects is established with water, water or foam solution according to NPB 88-2001 (ch. 4). They check the compatibility of materials in the protected room with the selected OTV - the absence of possible chemical reactions with the OTV, accompanied by an explosion, a strong exothermic effect, spontaneous combustion, etc.

2. Taking into account the fire hazard (flame propagation speed), choose the type of fire extinguishing installation - sprinkler, deluge or AUP with finely atomized (sprayed) water.
Automatic activation of drencher installations is carried out according to signals from fire alarm installations, an incentive system with thermal locks or sprinkled sprinklers, as well as from sensors of process equipment. The drive of deluge installations can be electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical or combined.

3. For sprinkler AFS, depending on the operating temperature, the type of installation is set - water-filled (5 ° C and above) or air. Note that NPB 88-2001 does not provide for the use of water-air AUPs.

4. According to Chap. 4 NPB 88-2001 take the intensity of irrigation and the area protected by one sprinkler, the area for calculating the water flow and the estimated operating time of the installation.
If water is used with the addition of a wetting agent based on a general purpose foaming agent, then the intensity of irrigation is taken 1.5 times less than for water AFS.

5. According to the passport data of the sprinkler, taking into account the efficiency of the consumed water, the pressure is set, which must be provided at the "dictating" sprinkler (the most remote or highly located), and the distance between the sprinklers (taking into account Chapter 4 NPB 88-2001).

6. The estimated water flow rate for sprinkler systems is determined from the condition of simultaneous operation of all sprinkler sprinklers in the protected area (see Table 1, Chapter 4 of NPB 88-2001, ), taking into account the efficiency of the water used and the fact that the flow rate of sprinklers installed along distribution pipes, increases as the distance from the "dictating" sprinkler.
Water consumption for deluge installations is calculated from the condition of simultaneous operation of all deluge sprinklers in the protected warehouse (5th, 6th and 7th groups of the protected object). The area of ​​the premises of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups for determining the water consumption and the number of simultaneously operating sections is found depending on the technological data.

7. For warehouse(5th, 6th and 7th groups of the object of protection according to NPB 88-2001) irrigation intensity depends on the height of storage of materials.
For the zone of reception, packaging and dispatch of goods in warehouses with a height of 10 to 20 m with high-rise rack storage, the intensity and protected area values ​​\u200b\u200bfor calculating the consumption of water, foam concentrate solution for groups 5, 6 and 7, given in NPB 88-2001, increase from calculation of 10% for every 2 m of height.
The total water consumption for internal fire extinguishing of high-rise rack warehouses is taken according to the highest total consumption in the rack storage area or in the area for receiving, packing, picking and dispatching goods.
At the same time, it is certainly taken into account that the space-planning and design solutions of warehouses must also comply with SNiP 2.11.01-85, for example, racks are equipped with horizontal screens, etc.

8. Based on the estimated water consumption and the duration of the fire extinguishing, calculate the estimated amount of water. The capacity of fire tanks (reservoirs) is determined, while taking into account the possibility of automatic replenishment with water during the entire time the fire is extinguished.
The estimated amount of water is stored in tanks for various purposes, if devices are installed that prevent the consumption of the specified volume of water for other needs.
At least two fire tanks must be installed. At the same time, it should be taken into account that at least 50% of the volume of fire extinguishing water should be stored in each of them, and water supply to any point of the fire is provided from two adjacent reservoirs (reservoirs).
With a calculated volume of water up to 1000 m3, it is permissible to store water in one tank.
To fire tanks, reservoirs and opening wells, a free access for fire trucks with a lightweight improved road surface should be created. You will find the locations of fire tanks (reservoirs) in GOST 12.4.009-83.

9. In accordance with the selected type of sprinkler, its flow rate, irrigation intensity and the area protected by it, plans for the placement of sprinklers and a variant for tracing the pipeline network are developed. For clarity, an axonometric diagram of the pipeline network is depicted (not necessarily to scale).
It is important to take into account the following:

9.1. Within the same protected room, sprinklers of the same type with the same diameter of the outlet should be placed.
The distance between sprinklers or thermal locks in the incentive system is determined by NPB 88-2001. Depending on the group of the premises, it is 3 or 4 m. The only exceptions are sprinklers under beam ceilings with protruding parts of more than 0.32 m (with a fire hazard class of the ceiling (covering) K0 and K1) or 0.2 m (in other cases) . In such situations, sprinklers are installed between the protruding parts of the floor, taking into account the uniform irrigation of the floor.

In addition, it is necessary to install additional sprinklers or deluge sprinklers with an incentive system under barriers (technological platforms, ducts, etc.) with a width or diameter of more than 0.75 m, located at a height of more than 0.7 m from the floor.

The best performance in terms of the speed of action was obtained when the area of ​​the sprinkler arches was placed perpendicular to the air flow; with a different placement of the sprinkler due to the shielding of the thermoflask with the arms from the air flow, the response time increases.

Sprinklers are installed in such a way that water from one sprinkler does not touch the neighboring ones. The minimum distance between adjacent sprinklers under a smooth ceiling should not exceed 1.5 m.

The distance between sprinklers and walls (partitions) should not be more than half the distance between sprinklers and depends on the slope of the coating, as well as the fire hazard class of the wall or coating.
The distance from the floor (cover) plane to the sprinkler outlet or the thermal lock of the cable incentive system should be 0.08 ... 0.4 m, and to the sprinkler reflector installed horizontally relative to its type axis - 0.07 ... 0.15 m.
Placement of sprinklers for suspended ceilings - in accordance with the TD for this type of sprinkler.

Deluge sprinklers are located taking into account their technical characteristics and irrigation maps to ensure uniform irrigation of the protected area.
Sprinkler sprinklers in water-filled installations are installed with sockets up or down, in air installations - sockets only up. Horizontal reflector fills are used in any sprinkler installation configuration.

If there is a danger of mechanical damage, sprinklers are protected by casings. The design of the casing is chosen so as to exclude a decrease in the area and intensity of irrigation below the standard values.
Features of the placement of sprinklers to obtain water curtains are described in detail in the manuals.

9.2. Pipelines are designed from steel pipes: according to GOST 10704-91 - with welded and flanged joints, according to GOST 3262-75 - with welded, flanged, threaded connections, and also according to GOST R 51737-2001 - with detachable pipeline couplings only for water-filled sprinkler installations for pipes with a diameter of not more than 200 mm.

It is allowed to design supply pipelines as dead ends only if the design contains no more than three control units and the length of the external dead end wire is not more than 200 m. In other cases, the supply pipelines are formed as annular and divided into sections by valves at the rate of up to 3 controls in the section.

Dead-end and ring supply pipelines are equipped with flush valves, gates or taps with a nominal diameter of at least 50 mm. Such locking devices are provided with plugs and installed at the end of a dead-end pipeline or in the place most remote from the control unit - for ring pipelines.

Gate valves or gates mounted on ring pipelines must pass water in both directions. The presence and purpose of shut-off valves on supply and distribution pipelines is regulated by NPB 88-2001.

On one branch of the distribution pipeline of installations, as a rule, no more than six sprinklers with an outlet diameter of up to 12 mm inclusive and no more than four sprinklers with an outlet diameter of more than 12 mm should be installed.

In deluge AFSs, it is allowed to fill the supply and distribution pipelines with water or an aqueous solution up to the mark of the lowest-lying sprinkler in this section. If there are special caps or plugs on deluge sprinklers, the pipelines can be completely filled. Such caps (plugs) must release the outlet of the sprinklers under the pressure of water (water solution) when the AFS is activated.

It is necessary to provide thermal insulation for water-filled pipelines laid in places where they are likely to freeze, for example, above gates or doorways. If necessary, provide additional devices for draining water.

In some cases, it is possible to connect internal fire hydrants with manual barrels and deluge sprinklers with an incentive switching system to the supply pipelines, and deluge curtains for irrigating door and technological openings to the supply and distribution pipelines.
As mentioned earlier, the design of pipelines from plastic pipes has a number of features. Such pipelines are designed only for water-filled AUP according to the specifications developed for a specific facility and agreed with the GUGPS EMERCOM of Russia. Pipes must be tested at FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia.

The average service life in fire extinguishing installations of a plastic pipeline should be at least 20 years. Pipes are installed only in rooms of categories C, D and D, and their use is prohibited in outdoor fire extinguishing installations. The installation of plastic pipes is provided both open and hidden (in the space of false ceilings). Pipes are laid in rooms with a temperature range of 5 to 50 ° C, the distances from pipelines to heat sources are limited. Intra-workshop pipelines on the walls of buildings are located 0.5 m above or below window openings.
It is forbidden to lay intrashop pipelines made of plastic pipes in transit through premises that perform administrative, domestic and economic functions, switchgear, electrical installation rooms, control and automation system panels, ventilation chambers, heating points, stairwells, corridors, etc.

Sprinkler sprinklers with a response temperature of not more than 68 ° C are used on the branches of distribution plastic pipelines. At the same time, in rooms of categories B1 and B2, the diameter of bursting flasks of sprinklers does not exceed 3 mm, for rooms of categories B3 and B4 - 5 mm.

When sprinkler sprinklers are placed open, the distance between them should not exceed 3 m; for wall-mounted sprinklers, the allowable distance is 2.5 m.

When the system is concealed, the plastic piping is hidden by ceiling panels, the fire resistance of which is EL 15.
The working pressure in the plastic pipeline must be at least 1.0 MPa.

9.3 The pipeline network should be divided into fire extinguishing sections - a set of supply and separation pipelines, on which sprinklers are located, connected to a common control unit (CU).

The number of sprinklers of all types in one section of the sprinkler installation should not exceed 800, and the total capacity of pipelines (only for air sprinkler installation) - 3.0 m3. The capacity of the pipeline can be increased up to 4.0 m3 when using the AC with an accelerator or an exhauster.

To eliminate false alarms, a delay chamber is used in front of the pressure indicator of the sprinkler installation.

To protect several rooms or floors with one section of the sprinkler system, it is possible to install liquid flow detectors on the supply pipelines, with the exception of the ring ones. In this case, shut-off valves must be installed, information about which you will find in NPB 88-2001. This is done to issue a signal specifying the location of the fire and turn on the warning and smoke exhaust systems.

A liquid flow indicator can be used as an alarm valve in a water-filled sprinkler installation if a non-return valve is installed behind it.
A sprinkler section with 12 or more fire hydrants must have two entries.

10. Drawing up a hydraulic calculation.

The main task here is to determine the water flow for each sprinkler and the diameter various parts fire pipeline. Incorrect calculation of the AFS distribution network (insufficient water flow) often causes inefficient fire extinguishing.

In hydraulic calculation, it is necessary to solve 3 tasks:

a) determine the pressure at the inlet to the opposite water supply (on the axis of the outlet pipe of the pump or other water feeder), if the estimated water flow, the pipeline routing scheme, their length and diameter, as well as the type of fittings are given. The first step is to determine the pressure loss during the movement of water through the pipeline for a given design stroke, and then determine the brand of the pump (or other type of water supply source) that can provide the necessary pressure.

b) determine the water flow rate at a given pressure at the beginning of the pipeline. In this case, the calculation should begin with determining the hydraulic resistance of each element of the pipeline, as a result, set the estimated water flow depending on the pressure obtained at the beginning of the pipeline.

c) determine the diameter of the pipeline and other elements of the pipeline protection system based on the calculated water flow and pressure losses along the length of the pipeline.

In the manuals NPB 59-97, NPB 67-98, methods for calculating the required pressure in a sprinkler with a set irrigation intensity are discussed in detail. At the same time, it should be taken into account that when the pressure in front of the sprinkler changes, the irrigation area can either increase, decrease or remain unchanged.

The formula for calculating the required pressure at the beginning of the pipeline after the pump for the general case is as follows:

where Pg - pressure loss in the horizontal section of the AB pipeline;
Pb - pressure loss in the vertical section of the DU pipeline;


Ro - pressure at the "dictating" sprinkler;
Z is the geometric height of the "dictating" sprinkler above the pump axis.

1 - water feeder;
2 - sprinkler;
3 - control nodes;
4 - supply pipeline;
Pg - pressure loss in the horizontal section of the AB pipeline;
Pv - pressure loss in the vertical section of the BD pipeline;
Pm - pressure loss in local resistances (shaped parts B and D);
Ruu - local resistances in the control unit (alarm valve, valves, gates);
Ro - pressure at the "dictating" sprinkler;
Z - geometric height of the “dictating” sprinkler above the pump axis

The maximum pressure in the pipelines of water and foam fire extinguishing installations is no more than 1.0 MPa.
Hydraulic pressure loss P in pipelines is determined by the formula:

where l is the length of the pipeline, m; k - pressure loss per unit length of the pipeline (hydraulic slope), Q - water flow, l / s.

The hydraulic slope is determined from the expression:

where A - specific resistance, depending on the diameter and roughness of the walls, x 106 m6 / s2; Km - specific characteristic of the pipeline, m6/s2.

As operating experience shows, the nature of the change in the roughness of pipes depends on the composition of water, air dissolved in it, operating mode, service life, etc.

The specific resistance value and the specific hydraulic characteristic of pipelines for pipes of various diameters are given in NPB 67-98.

Estimated flow rate of water (foaming agent solution) q, l/s, through the sprinkler (foam generator):

where K is the performance coefficient of the sprinkler (foam generator) in accordance with the TD for the product; P - pressure in front of the sprinkler (foam generator), MPa.

The performance factor K (in foreign literature, a synonym for the performance factor - "K-factor") is a cumulative complex that depends on the flow rate and the area of ​​the outlet:

where K is the flow rate; F is the area of ​​the outlet; q - free fall acceleration.

In the practice of hydraulic design of water and foam AFS, the calculation of the performance factor is usually carried out from the expression:

where Q is the flow rate of water or solution through the sprinkler; Р - pressure in front of the sprinkler.
Dependencies between performance factors are expressed by the following approximate expression:

Therefore, in hydraulic calculations according to NPB 88-2001, the value of the performance coefficient in accordance with international and national standards must be taken equal to:

However, it must be taken into account that not all dispersed water enters directly into the protected area.

The figure shows a diagram of the area of ​​the room affected by the sprinkler. On the area of ​​a circle with radius Ri the required or normative value of irrigation intensity is provided, and on the area of ​​a circle with a radius Rorosh all the fire extinguishing agent dispersed by the sprinkler is distributed.
The mutual arrangement of sprinklers can be represented by two schemes: in a checkerboard or square order

a - chess; b - square

Placing sprinklers in a checkerboard pattern is beneficial in cases where the linear dimensions of the controlled area are a multiple of the radius Ri or the remainder is not more than 0.5 Ri, and almost all water flow falls on the protected area.

In this case, the configuration of the calculated area has the form of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle, the shape of which tends to the circle area irrigated by the system. With this arrangement, the most intensive irrigation of the sides is created. BUT with a square arrangement of sprinklers, the zone of their interaction increases.

According to NPB 88-2001, the distance between sprinklers depends on the groups of protected premises and is no more than 4 m for some groups, and no more than 3 m for others.

Only 3 ways of placing sprinklers on the distribution pipeline are real:

Symmetric (A)

Symmetrical loopback (B)

Asymmetrical (B)

The figure shows diagrams of three ways of arranging sprinklers, we will consider them in more detail:

A - section with a symmetrical arrangement of sprinklers;
B - section with asymmetric arrangement of sprinklers;
B - section with a looped supply pipeline;
I, II, III - rows of distribution pipeline;
a, b…јn, m - nodal design points

For each fire extinguishing section, we find the most remote and highly located protected zone, the hydraulic calculation will be carried out precisely for this zone. The pressure P1 at the "dictating" sprinkler 1, located further and above the other sprinklers of the system, should not be lower than:

where q is the flow rate through the sprinkler; K - performance coefficient; Rmin slave - the minimum allowable pressure for this type of sprinkler.

The flow rate of the first sprinkler 1 is the calculated value of Q1-2 in the area l1-2 between the first and second sprinkler. The pressure loss P1-2 in the area l1-2 is determined by the formula:

where Kt is the specific characteristic of the pipeline.

Therefore, the pressure at sprinkler 2:

Sprinkler 2 consumption will be:

The estimated flow rate in the area between the second sprinkler and point "a", i.e., in the area "2-a" will be equal to:

Pipeline diameter d, m, is determined by the formula:

where Q is water consumption, m3/s; ϑ is the speed of water movement, m/s.

The speed of water movement in pipelines of water and foam AUP should not exceed 10 m/s.
The diameter of the pipeline is expressed in millimeters and increased to the nearest value specified in the ND.

According to the water flow Q2-a, the pressure loss in the section "2-a" is determined:

The pressure at point "a" is equal to

From here we get: for the left branch of the 1st row of section A, it is necessary to ensure the flow rate of Q2-a at a pressure of Pa. The right branch of the row is symmetrical to the left, so the flow rate for this branch will also be equal to Q2-a, therefore, the pressure at point "a" will be equal to Pa.

As a result, for 1 row we have a pressure equal to Pa, and water consumption:

Row 2 is calculated according to the hydraulic characteristic:

where l is the length of the calculated section of the pipeline, m.

Since the hydraulic characteristics of the rows, made structurally the same, are equal, the characteristic of the row II is determined by the generalized characteristic of the calculated section of the pipeline:

Water consumption from row 2 is determined by the formula:

All subsequent rows are calculated similarly to the calculation of the second until the result of the estimated water flow is obtained. Then the total flow is calculated from the condition of arranging the required number of sprinklers necessary to protect the calculated area, including if it is necessary to install sprinklers under process equipment, ventilation ducts or platforms that prevent irrigation of the protected area.

The estimated area is taken depending on the group of premises according to NPB 88-2001.

Due to the fact that the pressure in each sprinkler is different (the most distant sprinkler has a minimum pressure), it is also necessary to take into account the different water flow from each sprinkler with the corresponding water efficiency.

Therefore, the estimated flow rate of the AUP should be determined by the formula:

where QAUP- estimated consumption of AUP, l/s; qn- consumption of the n-th sprinkler, l/s; fn- consumption utilization factor at design pressure at the n-th sprinkler; in- average intensity of irrigation by the n-th sprinkler (not less than the normalized intensity of irrigation; sn- normative area of ​​irrigation by each sprinkler with normalized intensity.

The ring network is calculated similarly to the dead-end network, but at 50% of the estimated water flow for each half-ring.
From the point "m" to the water feeders, the pressure losses in the pipes are calculated along the length and taking into account local resistances, including in control units (alarm valves, gate valves, gates).

With approximate calculations, all local resistances are taken equal to 20% of the resistance of the pipeline network.

Head loss in CU installations Ruu(m) is determined by the formula:

where yY is the coefficient of pressure loss in the control unit (accepted according to the TD for the control unit as a whole or for each alarm valve, shutter or gate valve individually); Q- estimated flow rate of water or foam concentrate solution through the control unit.

The calculation is made so that the pressure in the CD is not more than 1 MPa.

Approximately the diameters of the distribution rows can be determined by the number of installed sprinklers. The table below shows the relationship between the most common distribution row pipe diameters, pressure, and the number of sprinklers installed.

The most common mistake in the hydraulic calculation of distribution and supply pipelines is the determination of the flow Q according to the formula:

where i and For- respectively, the intensity and area of ​​​​irrigation for calculating the flow rate, taken according to NPB 88-2001.

This formula cannot be applied because, as already mentioned above, the intensity in each sprinkler differs from the others. It turns out this is due to the fact that in any installations with a large number of sprinklers, with their simultaneous operation, pressure losses occur in the piping system. Because of this, both the flow rate and the intensity of irrigation of each part of the system are different. As a result, the sprinkler, located closer to the supply pipeline, has a higher pressure, and consequently a higher water flow. The indicated unevenness of irrigation is illustrated by the hydraulic calculation of rows, which consist of successively arranged sprinklers.

d - diameter, mm; l is the length of the pipeline, m; 1-14 - serial numbers of sprinklers

Row flow and pressure values

Row calculation scheme number

Section pipe diameter, mm

Pressure, m

Sprinkler flow l/s

Total row consumption, l/s

Uniform irrigation Qp6= 6q1

Uneven irrigation Qf6 = qns

Notes:
1. The first calculation scheme consists of sprinklers with holes 12 mm in diameter with a specific characteristic of 0.141 m6/s2; distance between sprinklers 2.5 m.
2. Calculation schemes for rows 2-5 are rows of sprinklers with holes 12.7 mm in diameter with a specific characteristic of 0.154 m6/s2; distance between sprinklers 3 m.
3. P1 denotes the calculated pressure in front of the sprinkler, and through
P7 - design pressure in a row.

For the design scheme No. 1, the water consumption q6 from the sixth sprinkler (located near the supply pipeline) 1.75 times more than the water flow q1 from the final sprinkler. If the condition of uniform operation of all sprinklers of the system were satisfied, then the total water flow Qp6 would be found by multiplying the water flow of the sprinkler by the number of sprinklers in a row: Qp6= 0.65 6 = 3.9 l/s.

If the water supply from the sprinklers were uneven, the total water flow Qf6, according to the approximate tabular calculation method, would be calculated by sequential addition of costs; it is 5.5 l / s, which is 40% higher Qp6. In the second calculation scheme q6 3.14 times more q1, a Qf6 more than double the Qp6.

An unreasonable increase in water consumption for sprinklers, the pressure in front of which is higher than in the others, will only lead to an increase in pressure losses in the supply pipeline and, as a result, to an increase in uneven irrigation.

The diameter of the pipeline has a positive effect both on reducing the pressure drop in the network and on the calculated water flow. If you maximize the water consumption of the water feeder with uneven operation of the sprinklers, the cost of construction work for the water feeder will greatly increase. this factor is decisive in determining the cost of work.

How can one achieve a uniform flow of water, and, as a result, a uniform irrigation of the protected premises at pressures that vary along the length of the pipeline? There are several available options: the device of diaphragms, the use of sprinklers with outlets that vary along the length of the pipeline, etc.

However, no one has canceled the existing norms (NPB 88-2001), which do not allow the placement of sprinklers with different outlets within the same protected room.

The use of diaphragms is not regulated by documents, since when they are installed, each sprinkler and row have a constant flow rate, the calculation of supply pipelines, the diameter of which determines the pressure loss, the number of sprinklers in a row, the distance between them. This fact greatly simplifies the hydraulic calculation of the fire extinguishing section.

Due to this, the calculation is reduced to determining the dependences of the pressure drop in sections of the section on the diameters of the pipes. When choosing pipeline diameters in individual sections, it is necessary to observe the condition under which the pressure loss per unit length differs little from the average hydraulic slope:

where k- average hydraulic slope; ∑ R- pressure loss in the line from the water feeder to the "dictating" sprinkler, MPa; l- length of calculated sections of pipelines, m.

This calculation will demonstrate that the installed power of pumping units, which is required to overcome pressure losses in the section when using sprinklers with the same flow rate, can be reduced by 4.7 times, and the volume of the emergency water supply in the hydropneumatic tank of the auxiliary water feeder can be reduced by 2.1 times. In this case, the reduction in the metal consumption of pipelines will be 28%.

However, the training manual stipulates that it is not advisable to install diaphragms of different diameters in front of the sprinklers. The reason for this is the fact that during the operation of the AFS, the possibility of rearranging the diaphragms is not ruled out, which significantly reduces the uniformity of irrigation.

For an internal fire-fighting separate water supply system according to SNiP 2.04.01-85 * and automatic fire extinguishing installations according to NPB 88-2001, it is allowed to install one group of pumps, provided that this group provides a flow rate Q equal to the sum of the needs of each water supply system:

where QVPV QAUP are the costs required, respectively, for the internal fire-fighting water supply and the AUP water supply.

If fire hydrants are connected to the supply pipelines, the total flow rate is determined by the formula:

where QPC- allowable flow rate from fire hydrants (accepted according to SNiP 2.04.01-85*, Table 1-2).

The duration of operation of internal fire hydrants, which incorporate manual water or foam fire nozzles and are connected to the supply pipelines of the sprinkler installation, is taken equal to the time of its operation.

To speed up and improve the accuracy of hydraulic calculations of sprinkler and deluge AFS, it is recommended to use computer technology.

11. Choose a pumping unit.

What are pumping units? In the irrigation system, they perform the function of the main water feeder and are intended to provide water (and water-foam) automatic fire extinguishers with the required pressure and consumption of fire extinguishing agent.

There are 2 types of pumping units: main and auxiliary.

Auxiliary ones are used in a permanent mode until large water consumption is required (for example, in sprinkler installations for a period until no more than 2-3 sprinklers are activated). If the fire takes on a larger scale, then the main pumping units are launched (in the NTD they are often referred to as the main fire pumps), which provide water flow for all sprinklers. In deluge AUPs, as a rule, only the main fire pumping units are used.
Pumping units consist of pumping units, a control cabinet and a piping system with hydraulic and electromechanical equipment.

The pumping unit consists of a drive connected through a transfer clutch to a pump (or pump unit) and a foundation plate (or base). Several operating pumping units can be installed in the AUP, which affects the required water flow. But regardless of the number of installed units in the pumping system, one backup must be provided.

When using in AUP no more than three control units, pumping units can be designed with one input and one output, in other cases - with two inputs and two outputs.
A schematic diagram of a pumping unit with two pumps, one inlet and one outlet is shown in fig. 12; with two pumps, two inputs and two outputs - in fig. thirteen; with three pumps, two inputs and two outputs - in fig. 14.

Regardless of the number of pumping units, the scheme of the pumping unit must ensure the supply of water to the AUP supply pipeline from any input by switching the corresponding valves or gates:

Directly through the bypass line, bypassing the pumping units;
- from any pump unit;
- from any combination of pumping units.

Valves are installed before and after each pumping unit. This makes it possible to carry out repair and maintenance work without disrupting the operability of the automatic control unit. To prevent the reverse flow of water through the pumping units or the bypass line, check valves are installed at the outlet of the pumps, which can also be installed behind the valve. In this case, when reinstalling the valve for repair, it will not be necessary to drain the water from the conductive pipeline.

As a rule, centrifugal pumps are used in AUP.
A suitable pump type is selected according to the Q-H characteristics, which are given in the catalogs. In this case, the following data are taken into account: the required pressure and flow (according to the results of the hydraulic calculation of the network), the overall dimensions of the pump and the mutual orientation of the suction and pressure nozzles (this determines the layout conditions), the mass of the pump.

12. Placement of the pumping unit of the pumping station.

12.1. Pumping stations are located in separate rooms with fireproof partitions and ceilings with a fire resistance limit of REI 45 according to SNiP 21-01-97 on the first, basement or basement floors, or in a separate extension to the building. It is necessary to ensure a constant air temperature from 5 to 35 °C and a relative humidity of not more than 80% at 25 °C. The specified room is equipped with working and emergency lighting according to SNiP 23-05-95 and telephone communication with the fire station room, a light panel "Pumping station" is placed at the entrance.

12.2. The pumping station should be classified as:

According to the degree of water supply - to the 1st category according to SNiP 2.04.02-84*. The number of suction lines to the pumping station, regardless of the number and groups of installed pumps, must be at least two. Each suction line must be sized to carry the full design flow of water;
- in terms of reliability of power supply - to the 1st category according to the PUE (powered by two independent sources of power supply). If it is impossible to fulfill this requirement, it is allowed to install (except for basements) standby pumps driven by internal combustion engines.

Typically, pumping stations are designed with control without permanent staff. Local control must be taken into account if automatic or remote control is available.

Simultaneously with the inclusion of fire pumps, all pumps for other purposes, powered by this main and not included in the AUP, should be automatically turned off.

12.3. The dimensions of the machine room of the pumping station should be determined taking into account the requirements of SNiP 2.04.02-84* (section 12). Take into account the requirements for the width of the aisles.

In order to reduce the size of the pumping station in plan, it is possible to install pumps with right and left shaft rotation, and the impeller must rotate in only one direction.

12.4. The mark of the axis of the pumps is determined, as a rule, based on the conditions for installing the pump housing under the bay:

In the tank (from the upper water level (determined from the bottom) of the fire volume in case of one fire, medium (in case of two or more fires;
- in a water well - from the dynamic level of groundwater at maximum water withdrawal;
- in a watercourse or reservoir - from the minimum water level in them: at the maximum provision of the calculated water levels in surface sources - 1%, at the minimum - 97%.

In this case, it is necessary to take into account the permissible vacuum suction height (from the calculated minimum water level) or the necessary back pressure required by the manufacturer on the suction side, as well as pressure losses (pressure) in the suction pipeline, temperature conditions and barometric pressure.

In order to receive water from a reserve tank, it is necessary to install pumps “under the bay”. With this installation of pumps above the water level in the tank, pump priming devices or self-priming pumps are used.

12.5. When using in AUP no more than three control units, pumping units are designed with one input and one output, in other cases - with two inputs and two outputs.

In the pumping station, it is possible to place suction and pressure manifolds, if this does not entail an increase in the span of the turbine hall.

Pipelines in pumping stations are usually made of welded steel pipes. Provide for a continuous rise of the suction pipeline to the pump with a slope of at least 0.005.

The diameters of pipes, fittings fittings are taken on the basis of a technical and economic calculation, based on the recommended water flow rates indicated in the table below:

Pipe diameter, mm	Water movement speed, m/s, in pipelines of pumping stations
	suction	pressure
St. 250 to 800

On the pressure line, each pump needs a check valve, a valve and a pressure gauge, on the suction line, a check valve is not needed, and when the pump is running without backwater on the suction line, a valve with a pressure gauge is dispensed with. If the pressure in the external water supply network is less than 0.05 MPa, then a receiving tank is placed in front of the pumping unit, the capacity of which is indicated in section 13 of SNiP 2.04.01-85 *.

12.6. In the event of an emergency shutdown of the working pumping unit, automatic switching on of the backup unit powered by this line should be provided.

The start time of fire pumps should not be more than 10 minutes.

12.7. To connect the fire extinguishing installation to mobile fire fighting equipment, pipelines with branch pipes are brought out, which are equipped with connecting heads (if at least two fire trucks are connected at the same time). The throughput of the pipeline should provide the highest design flow in the "dictating" section of the fire extinguishing installation.

12.8. In buried and semi-buried pumping stations, measures must be taken against possible flooding of the units in the event of an accident within the machine room at the largest pump in terms of productivity (or at shutoff valves, pipelines) in the following ways:
- location of pump motors at a height of at least 0.5 m from the floor of the machine room;
- gravity discharge of an emergency amount of water into the sewer or onto the surface of the earth with the installation of a valve or gate valve;
- pumping water from the pit with special or main pumps for industrial purposes.

It is also necessary to take measures to remove excess water from the machine room. To do this, the floors and channels in the hall are mounted with a slope to the prefabricated pit. On the foundations for pumps, bumpers, grooves and pipes for water drainage are provided; if gravity drainage of water from the pit is not possible, drainage pumps should be provided.

12.9. Pumping stations with a machine room size of 6-9 m or more are equipped with an internal fire-fighting water supply with a water flow rate of 2.5 l / s, as well as other primary fire extinguishing equipment.

13. Choose an auxiliary or automatic water feeder.

13.1. In sprinkler and deluge installations, it uses an automatic water feeder, as a rule, a vessel (vessels) filled with water (at least 0.5 m3) and compressed air. In sprinkler installations with connected fire hydrants for buildings higher than 30 m, the volume of water or foam concentrate solution is increased to 1 m3 or more.

The main task of a water supply system installed as an automatic water feeder is to provide a guaranteed pressure that is numerically equal to or greater than the calculated one, sufficient to trigger the control units.

You can also use a booster pump (jockey pump), which includes a non-reserved intermediate tank, usually membrane, with a water volume of more than 40 liters.

13.2. The volume of water of the auxiliary water feeder is calculated from the condition of ensuring the flow required for the deluge installation (total number of sprinklers) and / or sprinkler installation (for five sprinklers).

It is necessary to provide an auxiliary water feeder for each installation with a manually started fire pump, which will ensure the operation of the installation at the design pressure and flow rate of water (foaming agent solution) for 10 minutes or more.

13.3. Hydraulic, pneumatic and hydropneumatic tanks (vessels, containers, etc.) are selected taking into account the requirements of PB 03-576-03.

Tanks should be installed in rooms with walls, the fire resistance of which is at least REI 45, and the distance from the top of the tanks to the ceiling and walls, as well as between adjacent tanks, should be from 0.6 m. Pumping stations should not be placed adjacent to areas where a large crowd of people is possible, such as concert halls, stage, cloakroom, etc.

Hydropneumatic tanks are located on technical floors, and pneumatic tanks - in unheated rooms.

In buildings whose height exceeds 30 m, an auxiliary water feeder is placed on the upper floors of a technical purpose. Automatic and auxiliary water feeders must be switched off when the main pumps are turned on.

The training manual discusses in detail the procedure for developing a design assignment (Chapter 2), the procedure for developing a project (Chapter 3), the coordination and general principles for the examination of AUP projects (Chapter 5). Based on this manual, the following appendices have been compiled:

Annex 1. List of documentation submitted by the developer organization to the customer organization. The composition of the design and estimate documentation.
Annex 2. An example of a working design for an automatic water sprinkler installation.

2.4. INSTALLATION, ADJUSTMENT AND TESTING OF WATER FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATIONS

When performing installation work, observe General requirements given in Chap. 12.

2.4.1. Installation of pumps and compressors produced in accordance with the working documentation and VSN 394-78

First of all, it is necessary to carry out an input control and draw up an act. Then remove excess grease from the units, prepare the foundation, mark and level the area for the plates for the adjusting screws. When aligning and fastening, it is necessary to ensure that the axes of the equipment are aligned with the axes of the foundation.

Pumps are aligned with adjusting screws provided in their bearing parts. Compressor alignment can be done with adjusting screws, inventory mounting jacks, mounting nuts on foundation bolts, or metal shim packs.

Attention! Until the screws are finally tightened, no work may be carried out that could change the adjusted position of the equipment.

Compressors and pumping units that do not have a common foundation plate are mounted in series. Installation begins with a gearbox or a machine of greater mass. The axles are centered along the coupling halves, the oil pipelines are connected and, after alignment and final fixing of the unit, the pipelines.

The placement of shut-off valves on all suction and pressure pipelines should provide the possibility of replacing or repairing any of the pumps, check valves and main shut-off valves, as well as checking the characteristics of the pumps.

2.4.2. The control units are delivered to the installation area in the assembled state in accordance with the piping scheme adopted in the project (drawings).

For control units, a functional diagram of the piping is provided, and in each direction - a plate indicating the operating pressures, the name and category of the explosion and fire hazard of the protected premises, the type and number of sprinklers in each section of the installation, the position (state) of the locking elements in standby mode.

2.4.3. Installation and fastening of pipelines and equipment during their installation is carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.05.04-84, SNiP 3.05.05-84, VSN 25.09.66-85 and VSN 2661-01-91.

Pipelines are attached to the wall with holders, but they cannot be used as supports for other structures. The distance between the pipe attachment points is up to 4 m, with the exception of pipes with a nominal bore of more than 50 mm, for which the step can be increased to 6 m, if there are two independent attachment points built into the building structure. And also pr laying the pipeline through the sleeves and grooves.

If risers and branches on distribution pipelines exceed 1 m in length, then they are fixed with additional holders. The distance from the holder to the sprinkler on the riser (outlet) is at least 0.15 m.

The distance from the holder to the last sprinkler on the distribution pipeline for pipes with a nominal diameter of 25 mm or less does not exceed 0.9 m, with a diameter of more than 25 mm - 1.2 m.

For air sprinkler installations, supply and distribution pipelines are provided with a slope towards the control unit or downcomers: 0.01 - for pipes with an outer diameter of less than 57 mm; 0.005 - for pipes with an outer diameter of 57 mm or more.

If the pipeline is made of plastic pipes, then it must pass the positive temperature test 16 hours after the last joint has been welded.

Do not install industrial and sanitary equipment to the supply pipeline of the fire extinguishing installation!

2.4.4. Installation of sprinklers on protected objects carried out in accordance with the project, NPB 88-2001 and TD for a specific type of sprinkler.

Glass thermoflasks are very fragile, so they require a delicate attitude. Damaged thermoflasks can no longer be used, as they cannot fulfill their direct duty.

When installing sprinklers, it is recommended to orient the planes of the sprinkler arches sequentially along the distribution pipeline and then perpendicular to its direction. On adjacent rows, it is recommended to orient the planes of the arches perpendicular to each other: if on one row the plane of the arches is oriented along the pipeline, then on the next one - across its direction. Guided by this rule, you can increase the uniformity of irrigation in the protected area.

For accelerated and high-quality installation of sprinklers on the pipeline, various devices are used: adapters, tees, pipe clamps, etc.

When fixing the piping in place with clamps, it is necessary to drill a few holes in the desired locations of the distribution piping to which the unit will be centered. The pipeline is fixed with a bracket or two bolts. The sprinkler is screwed into the outlet of the device. If it is necessary to use tees, then in this case you will need to prepare pipes of a given length, the ends of which will be connected by tees, then tightly fasten the tee to the pipes with a bolt. In this case, the sprinkler is installed in the branch of the tee. If you opted for plastic pipes, then special clamp hangers are required for such pipes:

1 - cylindrical adapter; 2, 3 - clamp adapters; 4 - tee

Let us consider in more detail the clamps, as well as the features of fastening pipelines. To prevent mechanical damage to the sprinkler, it is usually covered with protective casings. BUT! Keep in mind that the shroud can interfere with the uniformity of the irrigation due to the fact that it can distort the distribution of the dispersed liquid over the protected area. In order to avoid this, always ask the seller for certificates of conformity of this sprinkler with the enclosed casing design.

a - a clamp for hanging a metal pipeline;
b - clamp for hanging a plastic pipeline

Protective guards for sprinklers

2.4.5. If the height of the equipment control devices, electric drives and flywheels of valves (gates) is more than 1.4 m from the floor, additional platforms and blind areas are installed. But the height from the platform to the control devices should not be more than 1m. It is possible to widen the foundation of the equipment.

The location of equipment and fittings under the installation site (or maintenance platforms) with a height from the floor (or bridge) to the bottom of the protruding structures of at least 1.8 m is not excluded.
AFS start-up devices must be protected from accidental operation.

These measures are necessary in order to protect the AFS start-up devices from unintentional operation as much as possible.

2.4.6. After installation, individual tests are carried out elements of the fire extinguishing installation: pumping units, compressors, tanks (automatic and auxiliary water feeders), etc.

Before testing the CD, air is removed from all elements of the installation, then they are filled with water. In sprinkler installations, a combined valve is opened (in air and water-air installations - a valve), it is necessary to make sure that the alarm device is activated. In deluge installations, the valve is closed above the control point, the manual start valve is opened on the incentive pipeline (the button for starting the valve with an electric drive is turned on). The operation of the CU (electrically operated gate valves) and the signaling device are recorded. During the test, the operation of pressure gauges is checked.

Hydraulic tests of containers operating under compressed air pressure are carried out in accordance with the TD for containers and PB 03-576-03.

Running-in of pumps and compressors is carried out in accordance with TD and VSN 394-78.

Methods for testing the installation when it is accepted into operation are given in GOST R 50680-94.

Now, according to NPB 88-2001 (clause 4.39), it is possible to use plug valves at the upper points of the piping network of sprinkler installations as air release devices, as well as a valve under a pressure gauge to control the sprinkler with a minimum pressure.

It is useful to prescribe such devices in the project for the installation and use it when testing the control unit.

1 - fitting; 2 - body; 3 - switch; 4 - cover; 5 - lever; 6 - plunger; 7 - membrane

2.5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATIONS

The serviceability of the water fire extinguishing installation is monitored by round-the-clock security of the building territory. Access to the pumping station should be limited to unauthorized persons, sets of keys are issued to operational and maintenance personnel.

DO NOT paint sprinklers, it is necessary to protect them from paint ingress during cosmetic repairs.

Such external influences as vibration, pressure in the pipeline, and as a result of the impact of sporadic water hammer due to the operation of fire pumps, seriously affect the operating time of sprinklers. The consequence may be a weakening of the thermal lock of the sprinkler, as well as their loss if the installation conditions were violated.

Often the temperature of the water in the pipeline is above average, this is especially true for rooms where elevated temperatures are due to the nature of the activity. This may cause the locking device in the sprinkler to stick due to precipitation in the water. That is why, even if the device looks undamaged from the outside, it is necessary to inspect the equipment for corrosion, sticking, so that there are no false positives and tragic situations when the system fails during a fire.

When activating the sprinkler, it is very important that all parts of the thermal lock fly out without delay after the destruction. This function is controlled by a membrane diaphragm and levers. If the technology was violated during installation, or the quality of the materials leaves much to be desired, over time, the properties of the spring-plate membrane may weaken. Where it leads? The thermal lock will partially remain in the sprinkler and will not allow the valve to fully open, the water will only ooze in a small stream, which will prevent the device from fully irrigating the area it protects. To avoid such situations, an arcuate spring is provided in the sprinkler, whose force is directed perpendicular to the plane of the arms. This guarantees the complete ejection of the thermal lock.

Also, when using, it is necessary to exclude the impact of lighting fixtures on sprinklers when it is moved during repairs. Eliminate the gaps that appear between the pipeline and the electrical wiring.

When determining the progress of maintenance and preventive maintenance work, one should:

Conduct a daily visual inspection of the installation components and monitor the water level in the tank,

Perform a weekly trial run of pumps with electric or diesel drive for 10-30 minutes from remote start devices without water supply,

Once every 6 months, drain the sediment from the tank, and also make sure that the drainage devices that ensure the flow of water from the protected room (if any) are in good condition.

Check the flow characteristics of the pumps annually,

Turn the drain valves annually,

Annually change the water in the tank and pipelines of the installation, clean the tank, flush and clean the pipelines.

Timely conduct hydraulic tests of pipelines and hydropneumatic tank.

The main routine maintenance that is carried out abroad in accordance with NFPA 25 provides for a detailed annual inspection of the elements of the UVP:
- sprinklers (absence of plugs, type and orientation of the sprinkler in accordance with the project, absence of mechanical damage, corrosion, clogging of the outlet holes of deluge sprinklers, etc.);
- pipelines and fittings (lack of mechanical damage, cracks in fittings, violations paintwork, changes in the slope angle of pipelines, serviceability of drainage devices, sealing gaskets must be tightened in clamping units);
- brackets (lack of mechanical damage, corrosion, reliable fastening of pipelines to brackets (attachment points) and brackets to building structures);
- control units (position of valves and gate valves in accordance with the project and operating manual, operability of signaling devices, gaskets must be tightened);
- non-return valves (correct connection).

3. WATER MIST FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATIONS

HISTORY REFERENCE.

International studies have proven that when the water droplets are reduced, the efficiency of the water mist increases sharply.

Finely atomized water (TRW) refers to jets of droplets with a diameter of less than 0.15 mm.

Let's note that TRV and its foreign name "water mist" are not equivalent concepts. According to NFPA 750, water mist is divided into 3 classes according to the degree of dispersion. The "thinnest" water mist belongs to class 1 and contains drops ~0.1…0.2 mm in diameter. Class 2 combines water jets with a droplet diameter of mainly 0.2 ... 0.4 mm, class 3 - up to 1 mm. using conventional sprinklers with a small outlet diameter with a slight increase in water pressure.

Thus, in order to obtain a first-class water mist, a high water pressure is required, or the installation of special sprinklers, while obtaining a third-class dispersion is achieved using conventional sprinklers with a small outlet diameter with a slight increase in water pressure.

Water mist was first installed and applied on passenger ferries in the 1940s. Now interest in it has increased due to recent studies that have proven that water mist does an excellent job of providing fire safety in those premises where halon or carbon dioxide fire extinguishing installations were previously used.

In Russia, fire extinguishing installations with superheated water were the first to appear. They were developed by VNIIPO in the early 1990s. The superheated steam jet quickly evaporated and turned into a steam jet with a temperature of about 70 °C, which carried a stream of condensed fine droplets over a considerable distance.

Now, water mist fire extinguishing modules and special sprayers have been developed, the principle of operation of which is similar to the previous ones, but without the use of superheated water. Delivery of water droplets to the fire seat is usually carried out by a propellant from the module.

3.1. Purpose and arrangement of installations

According to NPB 88-2001, water mist fire extinguishing installations (UPTRV) are used for surface and local extinguishing of class A and C fires. retail and warehouse premises, that is, in cases where it is important not to harm material values ​​​​with fire retardant solutions. Typically, such installations are modular structures.

For extinguishing both conventional solid materials (plastics, wood, textiles, etc.) and more hazardous materials such as foam rubber;

Combustible and flammable liquids (in the latter case, a thin spray of water is used);
- electrical equipment, such as transformers, electrical switches, rotating rotor motors, etc.;

Fires of gas jets.

We have already mentioned that the use of water mist significantly increases the chances of saving people from a flammable room, and simplifies evacuation. The use of water fog is very effective in extinguishing the spill of aviation fuel, because. it significantly reduces heat flow.

The general requirements applicable in the United States to these fire suppression installations are given in NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems.

3.2. To obtain finely atomized water use special sprinklers, which are called sprayers.

Spray- sprinkler designed for spraying water and aqueous solutions, the average droplet diameter of which in the flow is less than 150 microns, but does not exceed 250 microns.

Spray sprinklers are installed in the installation at a relatively low pressure in the pipeline. If the pressure exceeds 1 MPa, then a simple rosette atomizer can be used as atomizers.

If the diameter of the atomizer outlet is larger than the outlet, then the outlet is mounted outside the arms, if the diameter is small, then between the arms. The fragmentation of the jet can also be carried out on the ball. To protect against contamination, the outlet of the deluge sprayers is closed with a protective cap. When water is supplied, the cap is thrown off, but its loss is prevented by a flexible connection with the body (wire or chain).

Atomizer designs: a - AM 4 type atomizer; b - spray type AM 25;
1 - body; 2 - arches; 3 - socket; 4 - fairing; 5 - filter; 6 - outlet calibrated hole (nozzle); 7 - protective cap; 8 - centering cap; 9 - elastic membrane; 10 - thermoflask; 11 - adjusting screw.

3.3. As a rule, UPTRV are modular designs. Modules for UPTRV are subject to mandatory certification for compliance with the requirements of NPB 80-99.

The propellant used in the modular sprinkler is air or other inert gases (for example, carbon dioxide or nitrogen), as well as pyrotechnic gas generating elements recommended for use in fire fighting equipment. No parts of gas generating elements should get into the fire extinguishing agent; this should be provided for by the design of the installation.

In this case, the propellant gas can be contained both in one cylinder with OTV (injection type modules), and in a separate cylinder with an individual shut-off and starting device (ZPU).

The principle of operation of the modular UPTV.

As soon as an extreme temperature is detected in the room by the fire alarm system, a control pulse is generated. It enters the gas generator or squib of the LSD cylinder, the latter contains a propellant or OTV (for injection-type modules). A gas-liquid flow is formed in a cylinder with OTV. Through a network of pipelines, it is transported to sprayers, through which it is dispersed in the form of a finely dispersed droplet medium into the protected room. The unit can be manually activated from a trigger element (handles, buttons). Typically, the modules are equipped with a pressure signaling device, which is designed to transmit a signal about the operation of the installation.

For clarity, we present you several modules of UPTRV:

General view of the module for the installation of fire extinguishing water mist MUPTV "Typhoon" (NPO "Flame")

Module for fire extinguishing with water mist MPV (CJSC "Moscow Experimental Plant "Spetsavtomatika"):
a - general form; b - locking and starting device

The main technical characteristics of domestic modular UPTRV are given in the tables below:

Technical characteristics of modular water mist fire extinguishing installations MUPTV "Typhoon".

Indicators	Indicator value
	MUPTV 60GV	MUPTV 60GVD
Fire extinguishing capacity, m2, not more than: class A fire fire class B flammable liquidsflash point vapors up to 40 °С fire class B flammable liquidsflash point vapors 40 °C and above
Duration of action, s
Average consumption of fire extinguishing agent, kg/s
Weight, kg, and type of fire extinguisher: Drinking water according to GOST 2874 water with additives
Propellant mass (liquid carbon dioxide according to GOST 8050), kg
Volume in the cylinder for propellant gas, l
Module capacity, l
Working pressure, MPa

Technical characteristics of modular fire extinguishing systems with water mist MUPTV NPF "Safety"

Technical characteristics of modular water mist fire extinguishing installations MPV

Much attention of regulatory documents is paid to ways to reduce foreign impurities in water. For this reason, filters are installed in front of the atomizers, and anti-corrosion measures are taken for the modules, pipelines and atomizers of the UPTRV (pipelines are made of galvanized or of stainless steel). These measures are extremely important, because flow sections of UPTRV sprayers are small.

When using water with additives that precipitate or form a phase separation during long-term storage, devices for mixing them are provided in the installations.

All methods for checking the irrigated area are detailed in the TS and TD for each product.

In accordance with NPB 80-99, the fire extinguishing efficiency of using modules with a set of sprayers is checked during fire tests, where model fires are used:
- class B, cylindrical baking sheets with an inner diameter of 180 mm and a height of 70 mm, flammable liquid - n-heptane or A-76 gasoline in an amount of 630 ml. Free burning time flammable liquid 1 minute;

- class A, stacks of five rows of bars, folded in the form of a well, forming a square in a horizontal section and fastened together. Three bars are placed in each row, having a square of 39 mm in cross section and a length of 150 mm. The middle bar is laid in the center parallel to the side faces. The stack is placed on two steel angles mounted on concrete blocks or rigid metal supports so that the distance from the base of the stack to the floor is 100 mm. A metal pan measuring (150x150) mm is placed under the stack with gasoline to set fire to wood. Free burning time about 6 minutes.

3.4. Design of UPTRV perform in accordance with Chapter 6 of NPB 88-2001. According to rev. No. 1 to NPB 88-2001 "calculation and design of installations is carried out on the basis of the regulatory and technical documentation of the installation manufacturer, agreed in the prescribed manner."
The execution of the UPTRV must comply with the requirements of NPB 80-99. Placement of nozzles, the scheme of their connection to the piping, the maximum length and diameter of the conditional passage of the pipeline, the height of its location, the fire class and the area to be protected, and other necessary information is usually indicated in the manufacturer's technical specification.

3.5. Installation of UPTRV is carried out in accordance with the project and wiring diagrams of the manufacturer.

Observe the spatial orientation specified in the project and TD during the installation of sprayers. Schemes for mounting sprayers AM 4 and AM 25 on the pipeline are presented below:

In order for the product to serve for a long time, it is necessary to carry out the necessary repair work and T.O. given in the manufacturer's TD. You should especially carefully follow the schedule of measures to protect sprayers from clogging, both external (dirt, intense dust, construction debris during repairs, etc.) and internal (rust, mounting sealing elements, sediment particles from water during storage, etc.). .) elements.

4. INTERNAL FIRE WATER PIPE

The ERW is used to deliver water to the building's fire hydrant and is usually included in the building's internal plumbing system.

Requirements for ERW are defined by SNiP 2.04.01-85 and GOST 12.4.009-83. The design of pipelines laid outside buildings for supplying water for external fire extinguishing should be carried out in accordance with SNiP 2.04.02-84. Requirements for ERW are defined by SNiP 2.04.01-85 and GOST 12.4.009-83. The design of pipelines laid outside buildings for supplying water for external fire extinguishing should be carried out in accordance with SNiP 2.04.02-84. General issues of the use of ERW are considered in the work.

The list of residential, public, auxiliary, industrial and storage buildings that are equipped with ERW is presented in SNiP 2.04.01-85. The minimum required water consumption for fire extinguishing and the number of simultaneously operating jets are determined. The consumption is affected by the height of the building and the fire resistance of building structures.

If the ERW cannot provide the necessary water pressure, it is necessary to install pumps that increase pressure, and a pump start button is installed near the fire hydrant.

The minimum diameter of the supply pipeline of the sprinkler installation to which the fire hydrant can be connected is 65mm. Place cranes according to SNiP 2.04.01-85. Internal fire hydrants do not need a remote start button for fire pumps.

The method of hydraulic calculation of ERW is given in SNiP 2.04.01-85. At the same time, water consumption for using showers and watering the territory is not taken into account, the speed of water movement in pipelines should not exceed 3 m / s (except for water fire extinguishing installations, where a water speed of 10 m / s is allowed).

Water consumption, l/s	Water movement speed, m/s, with pipe diameter, mm

The hydrostatic head must not exceed:

In the system of the integrated economic and fire-fighting water supply at the level of the lowest location of the sanitary appliance - 60 m;
- in the separate fire water supply system at the level of the lowest located fire hydrant - 90 m.

If the pressure in front of the fire hydrant exceeds 40 m of water. Art., then a diaphragm is installed between the tap and the connecting head, which reduces the excess pressure. The pressure in the fire hydrant must be sufficient to create a jet that affects the most remote and highest parts of the room at any time of the day. The radius and height of the jets are also regulated.

The operating time of fire hydrants should be taken as 3 hours, when water is supplied from the building's water tanks - 10 minutes.

Internal fire hydrants are installed, as a rule, at the entrance, on the landings of staircases, in the corridor. The main thing is that the place should be accessible, and the crane should not interfere with the evacuation of people in case of fire.

Fire hydrants are placed in wall boxes at a height of 1.35. Openings are provided in the locker for ventilation and inspection of the contents without opening.

Each crane must be equipped with a fire hose of the same diameter with a length of 10, 15 or 20 m and a fire nozzle. The sleeve must be laid in a double roll or "accordion" and attached to the tap. The procedure for maintaining and servicing fire hoses must comply with the "Instructions for the operation and repair of fire hoses" approved by the GUPO of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

Inspection of fire hydrants and their performance check by starting water are carried out at least 1 time in 6 months. The results of the check are recorded in the journal.

The exterior design of fire cabinets should include a red signal color. Cabinets must be sealed.