Resource potential of Eastern Siberia. Natural conditions and resources of Eastern Siberia

Determine the distance separating the European center from Eastern Siberia, evaluate the transport conditions, the distribution of the population, and evaluate the physical and economic-geographical position of Eastern Siberia.

Moscow is separated from Krasnoyarsk by 3375 km, the western borders of the East Siberian economic region from the eastern borders Central Russia- 3100 km. By railway from Samara to Krasnoyarsk - also about 3000 km.

These distances can be determined from a geographic zoning map or a transport map of Russia by measuring the distance in centimeters with a ruler, and then using a scale.

The economic and geographical position of Eastern Siberia is considered one of the most disadvantageous. The territory is remote from almost all possible consumers of raw materials and products, and in addition, Western Siberia and the Far East, which have approximately the same resources, lie on the way to these consumers. It is more profitable to develop the resources of these regions. Involvement of the region in the intra-Russian division of labor is hindered by low transport development. Only in the south are the main automobile and railway routes, and the central parts of the region and the north are oriented towards water transport.

Among the huge, but still unclaimed resources of Eastern Siberia, the world's largest Tunguska coal basin, small, but very important (due to the favorable location in the developed areas) Minusinsk and Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basins. A lot of low-cost coal is mined at KATEK. The region is rich in copper-nickel-cobalt, iron, polymetallic ores, as well as gold, ores of other precious metals, and uranium ores. Deposits of aluminum raw materials (bauxites and non-phelins) have been explored.

natural conditions territories allow the development of agriculture only in southern parts area, where the agro-climatic potential is quite large. In the north, conditions are favorable for the development of reindeer herding.

The hydropower potential of Eastern Siberia is great. On the Yenisei and its tributaries, it is possible to build power plants with a total potential of more than 60 million kW. The largest reservoir of the purest fresh water is Lake Baikal.

However, many of the riches of Eastern Siberia have not yet been developed, and this is hindered by both remoteness and lack of demand.

"The Yenisei Valley is the boundary of natural features between Western and Eastern Siberia." Using atlas maps, provide evidence for this statement.

Indeed, the Yenisei valley separates the West Siberian lowland and the Central Siberian plateau; a young plate with a thick cover of sedimentary rocks and ancient platform with traps and shields. Along the Yenisei, the border of permafrost descends to the south. Behind the Yenisei begins the kingdom of larch - the only tree species, which carries permafrost in the soil.

What climatic features of the region make it difficult economic activity and people's lives?

Especially difficult economic activity and life of the population are cold winters and harsh winds, especially on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Unfavorable for life and permafrost.

Siberian rivers are characterized by their special regime. Do they lose their originality as a result of the construction of hydroelectric power stations? What kind environmental problems arise from this?

The construction of a hydroelectric power station to a large extent regulates the flow, making it smoother and calmer. In mountainous areas, the area of ​​flooding is small. However, there are other troubles in Siberia. A specific local climate is created around large reservoirs. For example, in the Krasnoyarsk reservoir, water does not freeze even in the coldest winters (at temperatures down to -40 ° C), which significantly worsens the ecological situation. material from the site

In Eastern Siberia, which extends in the same latitudes as the East European Plain and Western Siberia, there is no pronounced latitudinal zonality of soil-vegetation zones. Why?

This is due to the elevation of the territory and the widespread distribution of permafrost.

In your opinion, is it right to single out the Far North region from the entire territory of Western and Eastern Siberia? How would you draw its southern border? What are the distinctive features of nature and population named?

The Far North naturally stands out from the entire territory of Western and Eastern Siberia.

The natural boundary of this territory could be drawn along the southern border of the forest-tundra. In administrative terms, it would include the Yamalo-Nenets and Taimyr Autonomous Regions. home distinguishing feature the region of the Far North - the dominance of the tundra and forest-tundra, the "focal" distribution of the population, the inaccessibility of territories.

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On this page, material on the topics:

• evaluation of conditions Eastern Siberia
• Give an assessment of the natural resources of the North of Eastern Siberia.
• give an assessment of the economic and geographical position of Eastern Siberia
• assessment of the nature features of North-Eastern Siberia from the standpoint of human living conditions
• determine the distance separating the European center from Eastern Siberia

Type of natural resources: mineral

bauxite ores in the Eastern Sayan mountains, iron ores in the Abakan and Korshunovo regions, nickel and copper ores in Norilsk, copper ores in Transbaikalia, lead and zinc in Buryatia, hard and brown coal in Yakutia and Tyva, diamonds in Yakutia, gold and oil in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The reserves are rich and valuable. Coal deposits are especially rich - this is the majority of coal reserves in all of Russia.

Development problems: there are no special problems, the reserves are safely mined

Type of natural resources: water

Main areas of distribution:Krasnoyarsk region, Yakutia, Irkutsk region

Assessment of the natural conditions of the regions: Colossal and invaluable reserves of fresh water of world importance. This, including major rivers Russia - Yenisei and Lena. Also the largest and deepest freshwater lake in the world is Baikal.

Development problems: navigation on the rivers of the north is difficult due to the harsh winter and many months of freezing. Lake Baikal suffers from pollution from chemicals and poisons from the surrounding industry.

Type of natural resources: forest

Main areas of distribution: the whole of Eastern Siberia, excluding the strip of the north and the strip of the south. Mostly Krasnoyarsk Territory, Transbaikalia, Irkutsk Region, Yakutia.

Assessment of the natural conditions of the regions: half of all forest resources in Russia. Mostly valuable breeds coniferous trees: cedar, pine, spruce, larch, fir.

Development problems: the difficulty of reforestation after deforestation. Due to the cold weather, the forest in the north recovers extremely slowly.

Type of natural resources: biological

Main areas of distribution: all regions of Eastern Siberia

Assessment of the natural conditions of the regions: Of particular value are fur-bearing animals (sable, bear, marten, ermine, otter, red and silver foxes, wolverine), ungulates (musk deer, deer, elk). Fish stocks of rivers and lakes are also rich (omul, taimen, grayling). There is a snow leopard in Tuva (it is strictly forbidden to hunt it)

Development problems: extermination of animals valuable breeds makes them take care of their conservation and limit hunting. Water pollution spoils the picture of fish stocks.

Type of natural resources: soil

Main areas of distribution: Transbaikalia

Assessment of the natural conditions of the regions: fragments of chernozem fertile soils.

Development problems: there are no continuous fertile territories. Basically, the soils of Eastern Siberia are infertile taiga

Type of natural resources: climatic

Main areas of distribution: areas of favorable climate are mainly concentrated only in the south Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the south of Buryatia, in Tyva.

Assessment of the natural conditions of the regions: The climate of Eastern Siberia is generally extremely harsh and unfavorable for Agriculture. But there are few swamps, which is favorable.

Development problems: permafrost soils (buildings and roads collapse), severe frosts and snowstorms in winter, making it difficult to move.

Type of natural resources: recreational

Main areas of distribution: coast of Lake Baikal, Khakassia, Buryatia, Tyva

Assessment of the natural conditions of the regions: useful mineral water, mud, healing forest air, salt caves. Great resorts for summer.

Development problems: difficulties with transport in mountainous and forested areas, too severe frosts for the existence of resorts in winter.

Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, Chita Region, Taimyr, Evenk, Aginsky Buryat and Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrugs, Republics of Buryatia, Tyva and Khakassia.

Economic and geographical position

Eastern Siberia is located far from the most developed regions of the country, between the Western Siberian and Far Eastern economic regions. Only in the south are the railways (Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur) and along the Yenisei in a short navigation a connection with the Northern Sea Route is provided.

Natural conditions and resources

Thousand-kilometer high-water rivers, endless taiga, mountains and plateaus, low-lying tundra plains - such is the nature of Eastern Siberia. Territory - 5.9 million km 2.

The most significant plain is the East Siberian Plateau. The upper tier of the Siberian platform located here is represented by sedimentary rocks. The formation of the largest coal basin in Siberia, the Tunguska, is connected with them. TO sedimentary rocks troughs on the outskirts of the platform are associated with brown coal reserves of the Kansk-Achinsk and Lena basins. And with the Precambrian rocks of the lower tier of the Siberian platform, the formation of the Angara-Ilimsky and other large deposits iron ore and gold. The plains of Eastern Siberia in the south and east are bordered by mountains (the Yenisei Ridge, the Sayans, the Baikal mountain country).

The climate is sharply continental, with large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations (very cold winters and hot summers). Almost a quarter of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle. natural areas change in the latitudinal direction: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga ( most of territory), in the south - there are areas of forest-steppes and steppes. In terms of forest reserves, the region ranks first in the country.

Eastern Siberia has huge reserves of various minerals (coal, copper-nickel, polymetallic ores, gold, mica, graphite). The conditions for their development are extremely difficult due to the harsh climate and permafrost, the thickness of which in places exceeds 1000 m, and which is spread over almost the entire region. Lake Baikal - a unique natural object - contains about 1/5 of the world's fresh water reserves.

The hydropower resources of Eastern Siberia are enormous. The most full-flowing river is the Yenisei. The largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia are built on this river and its tributary, the Angara.

Population

Eastern Siberia is one of the most sparsely populated regions of Russia (9.3 million people, average density - 2 people per 1 km 2, in the Evenki and Taimyr Autonomous Okrugs - 0.003-0.006 people). The population lives in the south, mainly in the strip adjacent to the Siberian railway, BAM and near Lake Baikal. The population of Cisbaikalia is higher than that of Transbaikalia. In the vast expanses of the tundra and taiga, the population is rare, it lives in "foci" along the river valleys and intermountain basins.

The majority of the population is Russian. In addition to Russians, there are Buryats, Tuvans, Khakasses, in the north - Nenets and Evenks. The urban population prevails (72%).

economy

Branches of specialization of Eastern Siberia- electric power industry, metallurgy, chemical and timber industry.

The core of the modern economy is the electric power industry. The most powerful thermal power plants in the region are Nazarovskaya, Chitinskaya, Gusinoozerskaya GRES, Norilsk and Irkutsk thermal power plants. A number of the largest state district power stations are planned to be built on the coals of the Kansk-Achinsk basin (Berezovsky and others), which stretches for 800 km along the Trans-Siberian Mainline, starting west of Achinsk. A hundred-meter layer of brown coal lies close to the surface here, mining is carried out in large quarries open way. These are energy coals, which are more profitable to burn in the furnaces of large power plants than to transport them over long distances (KA-TEK - Kansk-Achinsk Fuel and Energy Complex).

Eastern Siberia is distinguished by the largest hydroelectric power plants in the country: on the Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushensk with a capacity of over 6 million kW); on the Angara (Bratskaya, Ust-Ilimskaya, Boguchanskaya, Irkutsk hydroelectric power stations). The power plants of the district are united by power lines and connected to the power grid Western Siberia.

Generating cheap electricity and having a variety of raw materials, the region develops energy-intensive industries. This is, firstly, aluminum smelting (Shelekhovo, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk). The raw material is local nepheline. Their complex processing with the associated production of cement and soda makes aluminum production in Eastern Siberia the cheapest.

Further, the extraction of gold, silver, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, lead-zinc ore was developed. In some areas, factories are being created at the place of extraction - for example, the Norilsk Copper-Nickel Plant, where chemical products and building materials are produced along with the smelting of metals. (The city has a very difficult ecological situation).

Oil refining and chemical industry represented by enterprises in the cities: Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoe and Zima. Oil refining (an oil pipeline from Western Siberia), the production of synthetic ammonia, nitric acid, saltpeter, alcohols, resins, soda, plastics, etc. have been developed there. The Krasnoyarsk complex specializes in the chemical processing of wood, the production of synthetic rubber and fibers, tires, polymers and mineral fertilizers. Thus, chemical plants operate on the waste of the pulp and paper industry, on the basis of oil refining, on local coal resources, on cheap electricity, and water is provided by the rivers of Eastern Siberia.

Large forest reserves contribute to the development of the timber and pulp and paper industries. Logging is carried out in the Yenisei and Angara basins. The timber is transported along the Yenisei to the ocean and further along the Northern Sea Route, and to the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Mainlines for shipment to other regions. The port of Igarka with a sawmill was built beyond the Arctic Circle. The main timber industry enterprises are located in Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk. A large Selenginsky pulp and paper plant was built (on the Selenga River, which flows into Baikal). It should be noted that these enterprises cause damage to the ecological state of the Baikal region, polluting the environment with production waste.

The major enterprises in mechanical engineering are the factories in Krasnoyarsk (Sibtyazhmash, a combine harvester and a plant for heavy excavators); in Irkutsk (heavy engineering plant), car assembly in Chita, etc.

Agro-industrial complex. Agriculture is developed mainly in the south of the region and specializes in the production of meat and wool, since two-thirds of the agricultural land is hayfields and pastures. Beef cattle breeding and meat and wool sheep breeding are developed in the Chita region, Buryatia and Tuva. The leading place in agriculture belongs to grain crops. Spring wheat, oats, and barley are cultivated, fodder crops are sizable, and potato and vegetable growing are being developed.

Deer are bred in the tundra. In the taiga - hunting.

Fuel and energy complex. The electric power industry is the region's area of ​​specialization. The region has the country's largest hydroelectric power plants, state district power plants and thermal power plants using local resources. The Norilsk CHPP used to run on coal, but now it runs on natural gas from Western Siberia (via a gas pipeline from a field 150 km from Dudinka).

Transport. The development of natural resources, the development of industry is constrained by an underdeveloped transport network. The provision of transport is the lowest in the country. In the south of the East Siberian region passes the Trans-Siberian Railway, laid at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. (Krasnoyarsk - Irkutsk - Ulan-Ude - Chita). The construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (total length over 3,000 km) somewhat softened the situation. The highway originates from Ust-Kut (in the upper reaches of the Lena), approaches the northern tip of Lake Baikal (Severobaikalsk), overcomes the mountain ranges of Transbaikalia through tunnels cut into the rocks and ends in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Far East). The highway, together with the previously constructed western (Taishet-Bratsk-Ust-Kut) and eastern sections (Komsomolsk-on-Amur-Vanino), forms a second, shorter than the Trans-Siberian, route to the Pacific Ocean.

Norilsk is connected by an electrified railway with Dudinka. The largest transport artery is the Yenisei. To the west of the mouth of the Yenisei, navigation along the Northern Sea Route is carried out even in winter. In summer, with the help of icebreakers, ships are also guided east of the Yenisei. Igarka and Dudinka are loess export ports.

Eastern Siberia occupies a vast territory from the Yenisei to Pacific Ocean. She's famous big amount natural resources and minerals. The features of the relief and this region made it so valuable in terms of raw materials. Mineral resources of Eastern Siberia are not only oil, coal and iron ore. A significant part of Russia's gold and diamonds, as well as valuable metals, is mined here. In addition, almost half of the country's forest resources are located in this region.

Eastern Siberia

Minerals are not the only feature of this region. Eastern Siberia covers an area of ​​more than 7 million square kilometers, which is about a quarter of the whole of Russia. It stretches from the valley of the Yenisei River to the most mountain ranges on the Pacific coast. The region borders the Arctic Ocean to the north and Mongolia and China to the south.

There are not so many regions in Eastern Siberia and settlements, as in the European part of Russia, because this area is considered sparsely populated. Here are the country's largest Chita and Irkutsk regions, as well as Krasnoyarsk and Zabaykalsky Krai. In addition, the autonomous republics of Yakutia, Tuva and Buryatia belong to Eastern Siberia.

Eastern Siberia: relief and minerals

Diversity geological structure of this region explains such a wealth of its raw materials. Because of them huge amount many deposits have not even been explored. What minerals are Eastern Siberia rich in? It is not only coal, oil and iron ores. The subsoil of the region contains rich reserves of nickel, lead, tin, aluminum and other metals, as well as sedimentary rocks necessary for industry. In addition, Eastern Siberia is the main supplier of gold and diamonds.

This can be explained by the features of the relief and geological structure of this region. Eastern Siberia is located on the ancient Siberian platform. And most of the territory of the region is occupied by the Central Siberian Plateau, elevated above sea level from 500 to 1700 m. The foundation of this platform is the oldest crystalline rocks, which are up to 4 million years old. The next layer is sedimentary. It alternates with igneous rocks formed as a result of volcanic eruptions. Therefore, the relief of Eastern Siberia is folded, stepped. It contains many mountain ranges, plateaus, terraces, deep river valleys.

Such a variety of geological processes, tectonic shifts, deposits of sedimentary and igneous rocks led to the wealth of minerals in Eastern Siberia. The table allows you to find out that more resources are mined here than in neighboring regions.

Coal reserves

Thanks to geological processes Since the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, the largest in Russia coal deposits of minerals in Western and Eastern Siberia have been located in the lowlands of the region. These are the Lena and Tunguska basins. There are also a lot of smaller deposits. And although there is less coal in them, they are also promising. These are the Kama-Achinsk and Kolyma-Indigirsk basins, the Irkutsk, Minusinsk, South Yakut deposits.

Hard coal reserves in Eastern Siberia account for 80% of all coal mined in Russia. But many places of its occurrence are very difficult to develop due to severe climatic conditions region and landforms.

Iron and copper ores

The main minerals of Eastern Siberia are metals. Their deposits are found in the most ancient rocks, even the Precambrian period. Most of all in the region are hematites and magnetites. Their deposits are located in the south of the Yakutsk region, in the basin on and also on the Angara, in Khakassia, Tuva and Transbaikalia.

The largest ore deposits are Korshunovskoye and Abakanskoye. There are also many of them in the Angara-Pitsky district. 10% of all Russian reserves are concentrated here iron ore. In Transbaikalia and in the north of the region there are also large deposits of tin and valuable metals.

The environs of Norilsk are famous for large deposits of copper-nickel ores. Almost 40% of Russian copper and about 80% of nickel are mined here. In addition, there is a lot of cobalt, there are also platinum, silver, tellurium, selenium and other elements. In other places, copper, mercury, manganese, antimony are mined. There are large deposits of bauxite.

Non-metallic minerals

Our country is the world's largest supplier natural gas, a lot of oil is produced here. And the first supplier of these minerals is the deposits of Eastern Siberia. In addition, geological processes have led to the emergence of rich deposits of sedimentary rocks.

Gold and diamonds of Eastern Siberia

Most valuable metal it has been mined here for almost the second century. The oldest deposit is Bodaibo in the Irkutsk region. There are rich placer and bedrock deposits of gold in the Aldan, Yan, Allah-Yun regions. Deposits have recently begun to be developed in the region of the Yenisei Ridge, near Minussinsk and in the east of Transbaikalia.

Thanks to the special geological processes that have been going on in this region since the Mesozoic era, many diamonds are now being mined here. The largest deposit in Russia is located in Western Yakutia. They are mined from the so-called diatremes filled with kimberlites. Each such "explosion tube" in which diamonds are found even got its own name. The most famous are "Udachnaya-Vostochnaya", "Mir" and "Aikhal".

Natural resources

The complex topography of the region, vast undeveloped territories covered with taiga forests provide a wealth of natural resources. Due to the fact that the most full-flowing rivers of Russia flow here, the region is provided with cheap and environmentally friendly hydroelectric power. The rivers are rich in fish, the surrounding forests are rich in fur-bearing animals, of which sable is especially valued. But due to the fact that man has become more and more actively interfering with nature, many species of plants and animals are dying out. Therefore, many reserves and national parks have recently been created in the region to preserve natural wealth.

The richest areas

Eastern Siberia occupies almost a quarter of the territory of Russia. But there are not many people living here. In some places, there are more than 100 square kilometers per person. But Eastern Siberia is very rich in minerals and natural resources. Although they are unevenly distributed throughout the region.

• richest in economic terms is the Yenisei basin. Krasnoyarsk is located here, in which more than half of the entire population of Eastern Siberia is concentrated. The richness of this area in minerals, natural and hydro resources led to the active development of industry.
• The wealth located in the upper reaches of the Angara River began to be used only in the 20th century. A very large polymetallic deposit has been discovered here. And the reserves of iron ore are simply huge. The best magnesites in Russia are mined here, as well as a lot of antimony, bauxites, nephelines, and slates. Deposits of clay, sand, talc and limestone are being developed.
• Evenkia has the richest resources. Here in the Tunguska basin there are such minerals of Eastern Siberia as stone and high-quality graphite is mined in the Noginsk deposit. Icelandic spar deposits are also being developed.
• Khakassia is another richest region. A quarter of East Siberian coal and all iron ore are mined here. After all, the Abakansky mine, located in Khakassia, is the largest and oldest in the region. There is gold, copper, a lot of building materials.
• One of the richest places in the country is Transbaikalia. Mostly metals are mined here. For example, it supplies copper ores, Ononskoye - tungsten, Sherlokogonskoye and Tarbaldzheyskoye - tin, and Shakhtaminskoye and Zhrikenskoye - molybdenum. In addition, a lot of gold is mined in Transbaikalia.
• Yakutia is a treasure trove of minerals in Eastern Siberia. Although it was only after the revolution that deposits began to be developed rock salt, coal and iron ore. There are rich deposits of non-ferrous metals, mica. In addition, it is in Yakutia that the richest reserves of gold and diamonds have been discovered.

Problems of development of minerals

Huge, often unexplored territories of the region lead to the fact that many of its natural resources are not developed. There is a very low population density here, therefore, promising mineral deposits of Eastern Siberia are mainly developed in populated areas. After all, the lack of roads over a large area and the huge distance from the center make the development of deposits in remote regions unprofitable. In addition, most of Eastern Siberia is located in the zone permafrost. A sharply continental climate hinders the development of natural resources in the rest of the territory.

Northeastern Siberia and the Far East

Due to the peculiarities of the relief and climatic conditions, minerals Northeast Siberia not so rich. There are few forests here, mainly tundra and arctic deserts. Most of the territory is dominated by permafrost and year-round low temperatures. Therefore, the minerals of North-Eastern Siberia are not very developed. Basically, coal is mined here, as well as metals - tungsten, cobalt, tin, mercury, molybdenum and gold.

most eastern and northern regions Siberia belongs to the Far East. This area is also rich, but also more populated due to its proximity to the ocean and milder climate. Minerals of Eastern Siberia and Far East are largely similar. There are also many diamonds, gold, tungsten and other non-ferrous metals, mercury, sulfur, graphite, mica are mined. The region has rich deposits of oil, coal and natural gas.