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Everything for the front, everything for the Victory!
From the very first days of the war, workers, collective farmers, and the intelligentsia faithfully fulfilled their duty, replenishing the ranks of the army in the field. 26 thousand Karachays went to the front. In the organizations of Osoaviakhim, 26,355 cavalrymen, 35,200 mountain shooters, 32,650 signalmen, 18,850 drivers and motorcyclists, and several hundred pilots received training and went to the front. Defense organizations trained 10,000 nurses, about 30,000 sanitary combatants for the front and rear.
Fighters and commanders, leaving for the front, swore to fulfill their sacred duty to the Motherland. And they kept their oath with honor.
They strengthened the defense power of the country, collected warm clothes for front-line soldiers, surrounded the families of front-line soldiers with care and attention, patronized hospitals.
World history knows no other example, when the population of the whole country, people different ages and professions own initiative, at the behest of their hearts, would take an active part in collecting and sending gifts and warm clothes to the front, in donating blood, in raising funds for the production of various weapons, in holding Sundays and actively subscribing to military loans, as was the case in the USSR during the years Great Patriotic War.
On May 17, 1943, the Krasny Karachay newspaper published a telegram to the secretary of the Malokarachaevsky district committee of the CPSU (b) Khadzhiev: “Give the collective farmers and workers of the Malokarachaevsky district, who collected one million rubles for the construction of combat aircraft Collective Farmer Karachay, fraternal greetings and gratitude to the Red Army . I. Stalin”.
The Great Patriotic War was still going on. Soviet troops, conducting offensive battles, advanced to the West. Deep in the rear, a thousand miles from the front, the special settlers worked for 12-14 hours without getting tired. The majority worked in collective farms, state farms and MTS. As party organs reported from the localities, there were quite a few leaders of production among the Karachays.
For outstanding achievements in the cultivation of sugar beets, young Karachays Nuzula Kubanova, Patia Shidakova, Tamara Abdullayeva were awarded the Order of Lenin with the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
Since the autumn of 1942, an active partisan movement has unfolded in the North Caucasus. In total, according to incomplete data, 250 partisan detachments and groups were created in the North Caucasus and the Stalingrad region, which included over 250 thousand people. The glorious daughter of the Karachai people, Zalikhat Erkenova, died defending her homeland by the death of the brave.
In November 1942, in the city of Kislovodsk, the German Gestapo shot the brave Karachai partisan Z. Erkenova, who was awarded four government awards. Before the execution, she managed to send home a letter containing the following lines: “Dear mother, I will be shot soon, but don’t cry, the Soviet Army will avenge me, and the Soviet government will raise my daughter.”
However, her daughter Zarema was sent to Central Asia, despite the fact that her mother gave her life for Soviet power, and her father, officer Yunus Urusov, fought heroically on the Leningrad front.
Karachays on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War
The envoys of the mountainous region, not sparing their lives, defended Moscow and Leningrad, fought at Stalingrad and Kursk, liberated Budapest, Warsaw and Prague from the enemy, participated in the storming of Berlin. 14 thousand Karachays were awarded high military awards, and 14 of them were awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union. In the fight against the fascist invaders, the son of Karachay Osman Kasaev immortalized his name. The partisan detachment under the command of Kasaev defeated 27 enemy garrisons, destroyed up to 4 thousand Nazis, and carried out more than 100 other major sabotage and operations. Osman Kasaev died on February 17, 1944. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
More than a thousand girls from Karachay and Balkaria took part in the battles with the Nazis. Komsomol member Zoya Dagova was a radio operator on the destroyer of the Black Sea Fleet, Khalimat Ebzeeva commanded cavalry reconnaissance, sisters of mercy were Fatima Chichkhanchieva, Sofia Chotchaeva, Zukhra Erkenova, Roza Urtenova, Fronza Khaunezheva and others.
The cavalry corps of Dovator, which bravely defended Moscow, consisted almost entirely of Karachays and Balkars.
Deportation of the Karachai people
At dawn on November 2, 1943, within two hours, the innocent and unsuspecting Karachay people - 69.267 people, of which 53.9 percent were children; 28.1 percent - women and only 18 percent - men - mostly old people and war invalids - at gunpoint, 60 thousand soldiers from the NKVD troops specially recruited for this, were hastily loaded into freight cars and sent into the unknown - to the east . The settlers were allowed to take with them only dry rations, designed for several days, and clothes. On average, up to 50 people were immersed in the “caravan”, in total 36 echelons were formed. For more than 20 days, the settlers suffocated from overcrowding and unsanitary conditions, froze and starved, died from diseases. At the stops, the doors of the veal wagons were slightly opened, the corpses were hastily unloaded and continued on their way. In total, 653 people died during the journey. (TsGA RF, f. 9479, op. 1, file 137, sheet 206).
The settlers were settled in small groups on a vast territory from Northern Kazakhstan to the foothills of the Pamirs, in more than 480 settlements. The purpose of such resettlement is obvious - the complete assimilation of the people, its disappearance as an ethnic group.
From the first days of resettlement, a special commandant regime was established, according to which the deportees, under pain of hard labor, were forbidden to move from one settlement to another or visit relatives without special passes. They had to report monthly to the special commandant's office.
The nutrition of the settlers in the generally accepted sense, especially at the beginning, was extremely limited. People ate the roots and leaves of herbs, cake, frozen potatoes, makukha, alfalfa, nettles, and the skin of worn shoes. As indicated in the memorandum of the head of the Gulag to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, more than 70% of Karachays arrived at the places of resettlement without food.
One can understand when, in the same 1944, Soviet people in soldier's overcoats died for their homeland in fierce battles with the Nazi invaders. One can understand, albeit with difficulty, the martyrdom of the Soviet people in the Nazi concentration camps. But how to understand the death of Soviet people in the rear of their native country from starvation?
The number of deported Karachais, taking into account those deported in the 20-30s, demobilized from the front, returned from the labor army, was 78,827 people (18,068 families). According to the 1959 census, the number of Karachais was 81,000 people.
The Karachay Autonomous Region was abolished and part of the territory was transferred to Georgia. The deportation was carried out when the overwhelming majority of the male population was at the front in the ranks of the Soviet Army. Khrushchev, in his report at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, not without malice, noted that the deportation of the Karachays, allegedly of a military-strategic nature, was actually carried out when the success of the Soviet Army was already a foregone conclusion.
From the report of Beria to Stalin: “... As of February 1, 1944, 12,342 families of special settlers-Karachays were settled on the territory of the Kazakh SSR with the presence of 45,500 people in them, of which in the South Kazakhstan region. - 6643 families in the amount of 25216 people, in the Dzhambul region. - 5699 families - 20285 people.
To serve the special settlers, 24 special commandant's offices were organized, incl. in the South Kazakhstan region - 13 and in the Dzhambul region - 11.
In all areas of settlement of the Kazakh and Kirghiz SSR, many applications are received by the district departments and commandant's offices of the NKVD regarding the search for family members and connection with them. Only in the Dzhambul region, more than 2,000 such applications were received. In some settlements, facts were registered by individuals and local population sympathy for the Karachais”. (TsGA RF, f. 5451, op. 12, file 212, sheet 283).
The trials that fell to their lot were facilitated only by the kind participation and help of their neighbors - Kazakhs, Russians, representatives of other nationalities who did not lose their humanity despite the hardships of the war. The process of rapprochement between the Karachai and Kazakh peoples was based on mutual goodwill and understanding. And the Kazakhs, who had recently survived the “Goloshchekino genocide,” could not fail to understand the Karachays, who were completely evicted from their inhabited lands.
President N.A. Nazarbayev, speaking at a meeting of the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan in January 1998 in Astana, said: “Everyone knows with what cordiality the Kazakhs met the IDPs. Bloodless from collectivization and the great jute, living from hand to mouth, they, nevertheless, gave a roof over their heads, warmed and shared the last piece of bread with people abandoned in the bare steppe. And they did it with dignity and completely disinterestedly. Those whom they helped to survive and survive are still grateful to them for their help.”
According to the latest population census, 1,500 Karachays live in Kazakhstan. Living in Kazakhstan, the Karachais have made their contribution to the development of the economy of the republic, and those who remain here continue to work for the benefit of an independent, sovereign Kazakhstan.
In Kazakhstan, the Karachais have all the conditions for the development of their culture and language. Having retained their originality, they initially have great respect for the culture and life of the Kazakhs, Russians and other ethnic groups. And if we look into the depths of centuries, we will find out that the Kazakh and Karachai peoples have common historical roots.
The Karachai-Balkar National Cultural Center "Mingi-Tau" is doing a great job of strengthening interethnic harmony, domestic political stability and consolidating society. Chairman of the center Lyudmila Khisaevna Khochieva. Kazakhstan became her homeland and destiny. Member of the Council of the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan L.Kh.Khochieva is known in all, even the smallest, villages. Lyudmila Khisaevna does a lot of social work. It is for this that she was awarded the “ISrmet” order.
The dark pages of our history must not be repeated. The lessons of history must be learned constantly, from generation to generation. No matter how difficult the legacy of totalitarianism may be, a multi-ethnic state can and should develop in a civilized, democratic way, in an atmosphere of trust and harmony, social partnership of representatives of all segments of the population, all nations and nationalities living in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
I got acquainted with the materials on the behavior of the Balkars during the offensive Nazi German troops in the Caucasus, and after their exile. During the period when the Germans broke through the front line near Rostov in 1942, anti-Soviet elements in Balkaria intensified their work in the rear of the Red Army and created rebel groups. The situation was also difficult during the retreat of units of the 37th Army, which retreated through the passes Caucasian ridge, through Balkaria. In the Cherek region, the Balkars disarmed a military unit, killed the commanders and captured one gun.
At the behest of the Germans and the emigrants Shokmanov and Kemmetov they brought with them, the Balkars agreed with the Karachays on the unification of Balkaria with Karachay.
Only during 1942-43. 2,227 people were arrested for anti-Soviet work and banditry, of which 186 were communists and Komsomol members. 362 people fled with the Germans from Balkaria.
In connection with the forthcoming final eviction of Chechens and Ingush, I would consider it right to use part of the liberated troops and Chekists to evict Balkars from North Caucasus, with the expectation to complete this operation on March 15-20 of the current year before the forests are covered with leaves.
There are 40,900 Balkars living in the overwhelming majority in four administrative regions located in the gorges of the Main Caucasian Range, with a total area of 503 thousand hectares, of which about 300 thousand are hayfields, pastures and forests.
If there is your consent, before returning to Moscow I would be able to organize on the spot the necessary measures related to the eviction of the Balkars. I ask for your instructions.
February 24, 1944 L. Beria”.
(“Communist”, 1989, No. 5, p. 21.)
On March 8, 1944, according to a previously developed plan, units of the NKVD troops were introduced into each settlement where the Balkars lived. Soldiers with machine guns entered the houses of residents, gave the stunned people twenty or thirty minutes to get ready. On the same day, they were brought to the Nalchik station and loaded into freight cars. The wagons were full.
“State Defense Committee Comrade Stalin I.V.
The NKVD reports that the operation to evict the Balkars from the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was completed on March 9. 37,103 Balkars were loaded into trains and sent to the places of new settlement in the Kazakh and Kirghiz SSR, in addition, 478 people were arrested. anti-Soviet element. 288 firearms were confiscated. There were no noteworthy incidents during the operations ...
To ensure order and security in the mountainous regions of Balkaria, operational-Chekist groups with small military teams were temporarily left. L. Beria. March 11, 1944.” (Ibid., p. 22.)
In Kazakhstan, 21,150 Balkars (4,660 families) died in 1944. As of October 1, 1946, there were 32,817 Balkars in the special settlement (men - 10,595, women - 16,860, children - 32,557).
Terrible living conditions, starvation rations, to which the special settlers were doomed, the lack of warm clothes for many, epidemic diseases, lack of medical care - all this led to the death of thousands and thousands of innocent people. In the Balkar families living in Kazakhstan, according to the information of the NKVD of the Kazakh SSR, only in 9 months of 1944, 66 children were born, and 1,592 people died. According to official data, from April 1, 1944 to September 1946, i.e. in two and a half years, 4,849 Balkars died in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. This is every eighth Balkar who was in exile.
On the distant Kazakh land on March 14, 1945 he died Kazim Mechiev, the founder of Balkar poetry. There was no obituary in any newspaper. And few people knew that in the village of Telman, Karatal district, Taldy-Kurgan region, an exiled poet lived his life, like all Balkars, classified as bandits, with the label of a special settler.
The envoys of the mountainous region, not sparing their lives, participated in the Great Patriotic War.
The legend of Soviet aviation, a thunderstorm for the Nazis, was a simple Balkar guy Alim Baisultanov. He died a heroic death on September 23, 1943 in an air battle near the Kaporskaya Bay in the Gulf of Finland. Hero of the Soviet Union A. Baisultanov was only 24 years old.
In Baysultanov's award list we read: “277 times he took his plane into the air to defeat the enemy, and wherever it appeared, either over Khanko and Tallinn, or over Leningrad, everywhere the Nazis feel on their backs the power of the merciless strike of the brave Stalinist falcon Baysultanov ... During the Great Patriotic War Comrade. Baysultanov in 45 air battles destroyed 19 enemy aircraft. 64 times flew to attack enemy troops and equipment, and after each attack he carried out, the enemy did not count a large number their soldiers and equipment. Taking off 27 times for reconnaissance, he always brought valuable information about the enemy ... "
Balkar Company Commander Mukhazhir Ummaev in the battles for Odessa on April 10, 1944, together with his fighters, having repelled three fierce counterattacks of the enemy, he was the first to break into the outskirts of the city. In this battle, Senior Lieutenant Ummaev personally destroyed 18 in hand-to-hand combat, and his company - 200 German soldiers and officers. Pursuing the retreating enemy, Ummayev's company destroyed more than a hundred invaders and was the first to break into the city center. The army newspaper told about this feat after the battles for Odessa. For courage and courage, Ummaev was presented for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, he was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky. This was the hero's last reward. He was demobilized, and he went to his exiled fellow countrymen in Kazakhstan, where he soon died of wounds received in the war. Forty-five years later, the President of the USSR, by Decree of May 5, 1990, posthumously awarded Mukhazhir Ummayev the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
You have to work to survive
Despite the difficult living conditions in exile, the hardships and suffering, the Balkars strove to endure and survive. In the rear, special settlers worked 12-14 hours a day. They mined ore in mines, erected houses, laid canals and roads.
Many Karachays and Balkars who worked in cotton growing, tobacco growing, and animal husbandry were presented with high government awards. Orders of Lenin were awarded to Marua Shakhmanova, Fatima Umarova, Balbu Erkenova, Patiya Aybazova, Karakyz Dzhatdoeva, Asiyat Laipanova, Mariyam Khapayeva and others. Hundreds of Balkars were awarded the Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, the Badge of Honor, and medals.
Many leaders in production - Balkars and Karachays - participated in the All-Union and Republican agricultural exhibitions, received high government awards.
Among Karachays and Balkars there were quite a few sportsmen-dischargers and masters of sports. Repeated boxing champions of the Kirghiz SSR were Muradin Semyonov and Osman Dzhaubaev. Zaur Laipanov was the champion of Kazakhstan in the barbell. Masters of Sports Shamil Barkhozov, Osman Dzhazaev, Nazir Bayramkulov, Akhmat Urusov were repeated champions of Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
During the years of forced life in Kazakhstan and Central Asia, the Balkars, Karachais, like other repressed peoples, in the most difficult conditions of exile under the watchful eye of special commandant's offices, enduring moral and physical suffering, worked to survive, tried to survive, supporting each other's spark of faith and hope to return home. They did not blame the Communist Party and socialism for their troubles, they believed that sooner or later justice would prevail. The trials that fell to their lot were facilitated only by the kind participation and help of their neighbors - Kazakhs, Russians, representatives of other nationalities who did not lose their humanity, despite the hardships of the war. The process of rapprochement of the Kazakh, Balkar peoples followed the path of mutual goodwill and understanding. And the Kazakhs, who had recently survived the “Goloshchekinsky genocide”, could not fail to understand the Balkars.
Speaking at a meeting of the peoples of Kazakhstan in January 1998 in Astana, President N.A. Nazarbayev said: “Everyone knows with what cordiality the Kazakhs met the forced migrants. Exhausted by collectivization and the great jute, living from hand to mouth, they, nevertheless, gave a roof over their heads, warmed and shared the last piece of bread with people abandoned in the bare steppe. And they did it with dignity and completely disinterestedly. Those whom they helped to survive and survive are still grateful to them for their help.
With all this I am familiar, as they say, not by hearsay. I remember I was six or seven years old when my father brought strangers into the house - a man, a woman and three children. They were ragged, not washed, and apparently hungry. There was despair in the eyes of the woman, the children were crying. As I later found out, they were Balkars - that year, for some reason, the military special commandant's office decided to “transfer” several families who had previously been expelled from Kabardino-Balkaria and then lived in one remote village, to our Chemolgan. They were hastily placed - some in sheds, some on a dairy farm. It is clear that the “competent authorities” were not going to create more or less tolerable living conditions for the “enemies”. But the locals decided otherwise and offered the settlers their shelter.
Our family lived from hand to mouth: when the cow gave milk, there was a holiday in the house, but usually we had to survive from bread to tea. We could not offer anything else to our new acquaintances. But even this modest dastarkhan, the hot stove, the warmth and attention of their parents helped them to survive, to save their children.
The father quickly became friends with Khazret, what was the name of the head of the family, helped him decide on a job, and after a month or two he was freely explaining himself to the Balkars on their mother tongue. In a word, our family, like other Chemolgans, has the best relations with the settlers. Years later, one of my distant relatives married a Balkar girl, and I still correspond with many of those who later returned to the Caucasus.
This is to the question of how the Kazakhs received people deported to the republic.”
There are still those who have experienced the inhuman hardships of forced deportation in their own lives. Not political hypocrisy, not crafty shifting of facts, but the true truth on this score will strengthen our mutual trust and mutual respect.
They say: there is no evil without good. The common tragedy united peoples, brought them closer, made them spiritually richer. “Tatulyє - tabylmas baєyt” - they say in the Kazakh people. Indeed it is. Friendship is a great happiness that must be cherished and cherished. Today, among the Balkars, Karachais and Kazakhs, there are many families who are connected by the best feelings. Hundreds and hundreds of thousands of people call themselves friends, brothers and sisters. And it's not just words. Friendship between the peoples of Kazakhstan, which originated in the most difficult pre-war, war and post-war years of the last century, withstood the test of strength, put down deep roots that cannot be torn out.
According to the latest population census, more than 2,000 Balkars live in Kazakhstan. Living in Kazakhstan, the Balkar diaspora made its contribution to the development of the economy of the republic, and those who remained here continue to work for the benefit of independent, sovereign Kazakhstan.
Professor Tleu Kulbaev
Pain and happiness of Karachay
Starting the implementation of the project dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the return of the Karachay people from deportation, we did not think that we would encounter such poignant spiritual stories. Although how could it be otherwise? Broken destinies, inhuman conditions of the way into the unknown and superhuman efforts to survive on the new earth. In every word spoken to us by witnesses and participants in those tragic events, there is a hard-won truth.
Suffered and watered with tears from humiliation, because the whole nation was "appointed" as a traitor, and from losses, since most of of the repressed died on the road and places of resettlement: out of almost 80 thousand people - more than 43 thousand, including 22 thousand children.
Memorial to the victims of the deportation of the Karachai people in 1943 - 1957, p. Uchkeken
In modern Karachay-Cherkessia, November 2 is considered the day of the deportation of the Karachay people. And May 3 is the Day of Revival in memory of the first echelon, which arrived in Cherkessk in 1957 with the Karachays who returned to their homeland.
Deportation of Karachays
This is a form of repression, which, along with other peoples of the North Caucasus, was subjected to ethnic Karachais, who mainly lived in the territory of the Karachaev Autonomous Region of the Stavropol Territory, in 1943. The Karachay people were falsely accused by the leadership of the USSR of betrayal during the Great Patriotic War, in particular, of joining the military detachments organized by the Germans, organizing the anti-Soviet insurrectionary movement.
However, this was not widespread. According to official data from the prosecutor's office of the KAO, 673 court cases were initiated throughout the region for treason and cooperation with the Nazis. Of these, 449 cases were brought to court. Only about 270 people were prosecuted for treason.
Background to the expulsion
According to the All-Union census of 1939, 75,763 Karachays lived on the territory of the Karachay Autonomous Okrug, which was part of the Ordzhonikidzevsky (Stavropol) Territory.
In the first months of the war, 15,600 people, practically the entire adult male population of the Karachay Autonomous District, were drafted into the Red Army. In addition, about 2 thousand women and men were mobilized for the construction of defensive lines.
From August 12, 1942 to January 18, 1943, the territory of the KAO was occupied by fascist troops. During this time, the Nazis destroyed and removed 150 thousand heads of cattle.
On April 15, 1943, the NKVD and the USSR Prosecutor's Office issued a joint directive, on the basis of which on August 9, 1943, 110 families (472 people) of Karachai "bandleaders" and "active bandits" were deported outside the region along with their families.
In September 1943, a plan was worked out in Moscow for the total deportation of Karachays to the Dzhambul and South Kazakhstan regions of Kazakhstan and the Frunze region of Kyrgyzstan. In October 1943, the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazakh SSR ordered the Dzhambul regional committee and the regional executive committee to prepare for the reception, accommodation and employment of special settlers from the North Caucasus.
Deportation
On October 12, 1943, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the liquidation of the Karachaev Autonomous Region and on the administrative structure of its territory" was signed. On October 14, 1943, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars was signed on the eviction of Karachays from the Karachaev Autonomous Region to the Kazakh and Kirghiz SSR.
Military formations with a total number of 53,327 people were involved in the force support for the deportation of the Karachays. The operation was carried out by the regiment commander, Colonel Kharkov, and his deputies, Lieutenant Colonel Kotlyar and Major Krinkin. The deportation plan was calculated for 62,842 people, of which only 37,429 were adults.
The deportation began on November 2, 1943, as a result, 69,267 people (15,980 families) were evicted; including 12,500 (18%) men, 19,444 women, 36,670 children (54%).
12,342 families, or 45,501 people, were brought to Kazakhstan, mainly to the South Kazakhstan and Dzhambul regions (25,212 and 20,285 people, respectively). 22,900 people were brought to Kyrgyzstan. In addition, small groups were deported to Tajikistan, the Irkutsk region and the Far East.
Subsequently, another 329 people were deported from the territory of the former Karachay Autonomous District, and 90 Karachays from other regions of the Caucasus. 2543 Karachais were demobilized from the Red Army, they also ended up in special commandant's offices.
Of all the deported Karachais, 24,569 people were employed in the system of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR (adults - 11,509), in the system of other people's commissariats - 16,133.
On November 6, 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the resolution "On the procedure for settling the areas of the former KAO of the Stavropol Territory." The territory of the region (9 thousand square kilometers) was divided between the Stavropol Territory (Zelenchuksky, Ust-Dzhegutinsky and Malo-Karachaevsky, later renamed Kislovodsky, districts, as well as part of the Mikoyanovsky and Pregradnensky districts), the Georgian SSR (Uchkulansky and part of the Mikoyanovsky districts) and Krasnodar Territory(part of the Pregradnensky district). Toponyms were renamed. So, Karachaevsk, the capital of the Karachaev Autonomous District, was named Kluhori.
In November 1948, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On criminal liability for escapes from places of mandatory and permanent settlement of persons evicted to remote areas of the Soviet Union during the Patriotic War” was issued, the essence of which was that the repressed peoples were deported forever , without the right to return to their ethnic homeland. By the same decree, the special settlement regime was tightened even more. The document provided for unauthorized departure from the places of settlement 20 years of hard labor.
In total, 79,000 people of Karachay nationality were deported during the prewar and wartime. Harsh living conditions in places of exile, lack of basic social and living conditions, mass starvation, frequent outbreaks infectious diseases, hard work resulted in mass mortality among the Karachays.
Standing (left):
Akbaev Magomet Osmanovich, Aliyev Rakai Taukanovich.
Seated (left):
Karaev Baskhanuk Adil-Gireevich, Tokaev Seit-Umar Biybolatovich, Ebzeev Asker Batdalovich.
On July 4, 1956, a delegation of representatives of Karachai visited the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU N. S. Khrushchev, who discussed with him the question of the future fate of the Karachai people. The conversation, as historians say, lasted about an hour and became decisive for future generations.
Second delegation
to Khrushchev.
July 4, 1956
Comrade were accepted in Moscow. Khrushchev N. S. representatives of Karachay on the Karachay issue in the following composition:
KUBANOV Nuzula Khochyaevna - Hero of Socialist Labor, Kazakh SSR, Art. Merke.
CHAGAROV Ibragim Jasharbekovich - 88-year-old collective farmer, Kirghiz SSR.
GADZHAEV Madzhir Ibragimovich - aircraft designer, participant in the Great Patriotic War, communist, Moscow.
BAYRAMUKOV Yusuf Mamurovich - partisan, communist, Art. Lugovaya.
KURJIEV Taubiy Khamzatovich - former officer of the Soviet Army, participant in the Great Patriotic War, communist, Kazakh SSR.
DZHAMMAEV Murat Iskhakovich - former secretary of the Malokarachaevsky district committee of the CPSU, former officer of the Soviet Army, participant in the Great Patriotic War, communist, Frunze.
URUSOV Umar Iskhakovich - employee, candidate member of the CPSU, Kazakh SSR, stud farm 97.
BAYRAMUKOV Ibragim Uzdenovich - collective farmer, participant in the Great Patriotic War, candidate member of the CPSU, Kazakh SSR.
Rehabilitation
Restrictions on special settlements were removed from Karachays on July 16, 1956, but they were not granted the right to return to their homeland.
On January 9, 1957, the Karachay Autonomous District was transformed into the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous District. She was returned the territory that had gone after the deportation to Krasnodar Territory and the Georgian SSR, and the Karachay toponyms were restored on the former Georgian territory.
On January 25, 1957, Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Tolstikov signed an order "On the permission of residence and residence permits for Kalmyks, Balkars, Karachais, Chechens, Ingush and members of their families evicted during the Great Patriotic War."
On November 14, 1989, by the Declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, all repressed peoples were rehabilitated, repressive acts against them at the state level were recognized as illegal and criminal in the form of a policy of slander, genocide, forced resettlement, the abolition of national-state formations, the establishment of a regime of terror and violence in places of special settlements.
In 1991, the Law of the RSFSR “On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples” was adopted, which defines the rehabilitation of peoples subjected to mass repressions in the USSR as the recognition and exercise of their right to restore the territorial integrity that existed before the forced redrawing of borders.
Dear residents of Karachay-Cherkessia and readers of Komsomolskaya Pravda!
The 20th century was marked by a large number of significant events that determined the course of the history of our country - from the most joyful, like Victory Day in the Great Patriotic War, to the tragic ones. The latter include the repressions that hundreds of thousands of people of different nationalities from different regions of our country were subjected to.
This year Karachay-Cherkessia, as well as the fraternal republics - Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Kalmykia, are celebrating the anniversary date - 60 years of the return of the repressed peoples to their historical homeland.
In November 1943, the Karachays were the first of the peoples of the North Caucasus who were forcibly resettled in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It is known that many of them did not endure the hard road, and those who survived faced great trials in a foreign land. Another proof of the cruelest injustice was the fact that at the time when the elderly, women and children were being evicted, men courageously fought for the freedom of their country on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.
For fourteen years, the Karachais lived in harsh conditions of exile, in the status of settlers, but they firmly believed in the triumph of justice, in a joyful and long-awaited return to their native land, to their beloved mountains and clear rivers ... The people were not broken by hardships or hardships. He rallied in the struggle for life, for the preservation of the language and culture, for the happy future of his children in his native land.
Only in 1957, the Karachays were allowed to return to their native land. All the fraternal peoples of Karachay-Cherkessia shared the joy of the return of the Karachays, provided comprehensive support to the families of the Karachays who returned from exile. And today, after 60 years, the day of the revival of the Karachay people is also celebrated by all the inhabitants of the republic. This date is especially important for our elders, who survived the years of deportation, they are an example of diligence, courage, and perseverance for us.
With all my heart I wish that in our republic, in our country there will always be peace and harmony. I sincerely wish all the multinational people of Karachay-Cherkessia and Russia good, prosperity, pride in their country, happiness and prosperity for centuries!
Rashid TEMREZOV, Head
Karachay-Cherkess Republic.
May 3 is a special date in the history of the Karachay people. On this day, exactly 60 years ago, the first echelons with Karachais returned home from deportation. For 14 years, adults and children, women and men, young people and the elderly have endured hardships, overcame hardships far from their native land. But no hardships, severe trials and injustice could not break the Karachay people, but only tempered them, rallied, strengthened their faith and spirit. Strong and noble, he returned to his native Caucasus to raise children in love and loyalty to traditions, cultivate the land, build villages and cities.
It is very important that the history of the Karachai people, in which there is a place for tragedy, valor, courage, and heroism, be known as best as possible. more people in the country and beyond. This story is a lesson for all of us! And may it never happen again.
With all my heart I wish you, dear countrymen, good health, long life, happiness, peace, kindness and prosperity!
Alexander IVANOV, Chairman of the People's Assembly (Parliament) of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic
This year we will celebrate the Day of Revival of the Karachai people for the sixtieth anniversary time. On May 3, 1957, the countdown of our new history. The proud and freedom-loving people humbly endured the sufferings and trials that fell to their lot, did not get angry, but became stronger, more spiritual and moral, and showed the world an example of courage and true patriotism. Indeed, in a distant foreign land, the Karachays not only survived, but performed real labor feats, making a huge contribution to the development of the economy of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
The deportation of the Karachay people is a tragic and at the same time heroic story of almost 16,000 families, 70,000 people. We must carefully preserve the memory of what they experienced and pass it on to future generations.
With all my heart I wish all the Karachay people, all the inhabitants of Karachay-Cherkessia and the North Caucasus a peaceful sky, success and prosperity!
Ruslan KHABOV, Deputy Chairman of the People's Assembly (Parliament) of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Chairman public organization"Karachai Alan Halk"
In the modern history of the Karachay people, May 3, 1957 occupies a special place - on this day 60 years ago, thousands of Karachay families, forcibly taken from their native land to Kazakhstan and Central Asia, began to return home. Having spent 14 long years in exile, full of suffering and pain, people not only did not lose heart, did not hold a grudge, they got stronger, tempered and rallied. The names of many glorious daughters and sons of Karachay are inscribed in golden letters in the labor and heroic annals of the country. Far from their homeland, they worked tirelessly, providing the war-bled country with food, restoring National economy. And having returned, the persistent and wise Karachai people with renewed vigor, with hope and faith in the future, began to revive their native land.
A deep bow to all those who with honor passed the ordeal! Blessed memory of the departed! Preserving it, preserving history for future generations is our task.
With all my heart I wish you, dear countrymen, good health, longevity, happiness and peace of mind! And to our beloved republic - peace and prosperity!
Eldar BAICHOROV,
1st Deputy Prime Minister of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Chairman of the Organizing Committee
Karachai women
It was they who took the brunt of the deportation when their husbands fought at the front. Protecting their children and other close relatives, grandmothers, mothers and sisters performed real feats, but did not think about fame. Time itself immortalized them.
Aubekir Uzdenov
Aubekir Uzdenov from Uchkeken, the administrative center of the Malokarachaevsky district, treats the memory of his ancestors, spiritual ancestral heritage and traditions with special awe and respect.
Somehow Uzdenov gathered together the representatives of the family - 864 people, and placed all of them on one large (the size of a decent picture) color photograph. He also held the “Forum of the youth of the Uzdenov family” and organized a family fund that gives grants to the most distinguished and talented representatives of the huge family. Powerful internal energy is combined in Aubekir Harunovich with great love to his people, he even has a magnificent museum at home. Probably, this energy was transferred to him from his mother, Dzhulduz Choshtaevna, who, according to the words of a grateful son, did something incredible in the name of children.
Uzdenov Harun Halinovich
The resettlement of the Karachay people affected several generations of the Uzdenov family. Aubekir's father, Harun Halinovich, was repressed in 1937 and arrested. But then he nevertheless returned and even became the chairman of the collective farm, in 1941 he went to the front. Well, in 1943 the whole family was deported. Aubekir remembers little, because he was only 4 years old. But on the other hand, the stories of parents and older sisters were forever etched in my memory. And most importantly - the feat of the mother, Dzhulduz Choshtaevna.
In Kazakhstan, she worked on peat harvesting, and it was truly hellish work, - says Aubekir Uzdenov. - In the summer, her dress lasted only one month: from salty sweat and sizzling heat, the clothes simply turned into dust. And my mother still managed to take care of the kids, sisters Zubar, Luaz and Saniyat, brother Abuyusuf ...
Aubekir Uzdenov with his mother, 1954
Her maiden name was Dudova, and this is a princely surname. When they left their native land in a hurry, she took with her a fox fur coat and gold items - she knew that this would be useful in a foreign land.
And so it happened: cutting a fur coat, sewing hats for the Kazakhs, exchanging hats for food, and the sold gold went to feed the children. And when her father was demobilized in 1946, Julduz met him with joy and pride for having managed to keep everyone alive and unharmed. Then five more boys were born. To this day, all nine children are healthy, and the youngest, Sultan, is 60 years old.
This little woman has invested all of herself in us without a trace, - Aubekir Uzdenov speaks of her mother with admiration and awe.
Dzhulduz Choshtaevna died in 1984, she was 70. And Harun Halinovich outlived his beloved wife for ten years.
The fate of the Karachay people in the forties was the same: severe adversity and deprivation. But still, each person has their own, unique. Here is what a resident of the village of Uchkeken, Bilyal Baichorov, told. His father, Mukhtar Khadzhimakhmudovich, was shot in Cherkessk in 1938. The cattle breeder was accused of anti-Soviet propaganda. And on November 2, 1943, when Bilal was 8 years old, his family was evicted: mother Nafisat Mussaevna, sisters Babukh and Gulya, brother Aslanbek. Almost a month later, the Baichorovs settled in Kyrgyzstan. The mother immediately fell ill, badly endured the move. They ate rare wheat spikelets from the field, at the risk of getting caught with the "booty" under the hot hand of evil guards, dug up frozen potatoes. Settled in an icy dugout. Slept all together - so warmer.
My younger sister and I lay down on one side of the wooden bunks to warm my mother's legs, - says Bilyal Mukhtarovich. She is on the left, I am on the right. The other siblings curled up around her on different sides. I woke up one morning and wondered why my mother's feet are terribly cold? They started shaking her, waking her up, but she didn't react at all. And we instantly realized the terrible truth - our dear, adored Nafisat is no longer in the world ...
Past the hell of deportation
With screams, the children jumped out of the dugout, ran to relatives huddled nearby, and told them the sad news. Adults also buried the elder Baichorova. In field.
I still do not know where her grave is, - Bilyal Mukhtarovich admits bitterly ... After that, the brothers and sisters were assigned to an orphanage in the village of Kalininsky, Chui region of Kyrgyzstan.
A historian by training, 83-year-old Gitche Khubiev from Uchkeken names the reasons for the deportation of the Karachai people. According to him, there is an official one (it is also false), but there is a true one.
The ancient village of Khurzuk, from where the family was deported
What were we accused of? Allegedly, the Karachays are traitors, they collaborated with the Nazis. Here are a few real reasons. First. The actual failure of the partisan movement in the Stavropol Territory, which included the Karachaev Autonomous Region, lay with the 1st secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU, the well-known party ideologist Mikhail Suslov. Of course, a scapegoat had to be found. And the leadership of the USSR appointed Karachays and Balkars to them. The second reason. Stalin and Beria dreamed of creating some kind of “Great Georgia from sea to sea”, so they were going to include Pre-Elbrus, that is, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, part of North Ossetia and Chechen-Ingushetia. The third reason: for Central Asia, where the main industrial enterprises of the country were relocated at the beginning of the war, cheap labor was required. It is noteworthy that 60,000 NKVD officers were mobilized to evict the Karachays alone.
Peak of the genus 2424
Kislovodsk, Karachai school. 1938 Oct 25 Many of them will die of starvation and disease in deportation. Teacher Uzdenov Magomet Shamgeevich will remain in the war
War and sons
Mikoyan-Shakhar (now Karachaevsk). In a year, all the men in the photo will be at war. More than half will stay there. Left Uzdenov Syulemen Muradinovich
All 9 children came to congratulate Uzdenova Dzhulduz Choshtaevna on her 100th birthday
Mahai Karakotov with his family
Family of Harun Uzdenov, 2000
Uzdenov Harun before the war
In the early days of the Great Patriotic War, three brothers of the Khubiyev family - Sultan, Karu and Azret-Ali - were called to the front, and subsequently they all went missing. And father Uzeyir Batalovich, mother Gezam Elmurzaevna, sisters Khuzaymat and Lyalya, brother Magomed and Gitche were sent to Kazakhstan.
According to Gitche Uzeirovich, in August 1943, the first batch of Karachays was evicted to the Karaganda region of Kazakhstan - 439 people, and already in November - about 70 thousand, that is, more than 14 thousand families. At that time, there were 53% of children, 17% of men (mostly wounded military personnel), the rest were women and the elderly. At the time of the eviction, there were 82,000 Karachays, 15,600 went to the front (of which 500 became officers), and about 2,000 were on duty. On the way to exile, 194 people died, and in Central Asia from 1943 to 1946, 35 thousand died, in other words, 50%. It is monstrous, but among the dead, 22 thousand are children from 1 to 16 years old.
a. Uchkeken. The inscription on the mountain is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the return of the Karachai people from deportation. It was done by 73 people from eight schools, technical school and college within three days. The height of the letters is 30 meters, the length of the entire inscription is 310 meters
10,000 commemorative medals were made for this event. They will be presented on behalf of the head of the KChR Rashid Temrezov to the deported Karachays born before November 2, 1943
Commemorative postcards were presented to those who were born already in deportation
As for the official reason - "betrayal", then not a single Karachay will ever agree with it, - Gitche Khubiev operates with facts. - Here are vivid examples of the opposite. Aubekir Baitokov, a resident of the village of Verkhnyaya Mara, Karachaevsky district, accompanied 10 out of 16 sons from two marriages to the front. Only four returned alive, the rest died. And his fellow villager Dzhumaly Blimgotov sent 9 sons to war, of whom he lost seven.
Train to nowhere
Couplings rattled, wagons started moving, hearts sank. Tens of thousands of Karachays went into the unknown, towards an incomprehensible life. Ahead of them were waiting for almost 14 years of struggle for existence. And for my own dignity.
In December 1942, Zekerya Dagirovich Semenov was demobilized due to his wound. A shell fragment knocked out his right shoulder. Looking ahead, let's say that the injury turned out to be so serious that already in peacetime, at the age of 60, he died precisely from its consequences. Well, then, almost a year after the return of the head of the family from the hospital, the Semenovs, along with the rest of the inhabitants of the Karachaev Autonomous Region, were evicted to Central Asia. The wounded front-line soldier, his wife Kelimat Baluaevna, their 4-year-old son Nazir and 2-year-old daughter Dauta set off on an involuntary and long journey.
Fatima Musakayeva (Semenova), head of the education department of the administration of the Ust-Dzhegutinsky municipal district, was born in the village of Dzheguta in 1957. She is the 11th child in this large family and knows about the difficult trials of the elders from their stories.
Mom at the time of deportation was in her ninth month of pregnancy, - says Fatima Zekeryanovna. She went into labor on the train. There was a certain medical corner in the freight train, fenced off from the rest of the passengers with a screen made of a piece of cloth. Of course, there were no conditions for women in labor, just a bed with a metal mesh. On it, this "naked" grid, my sister Zurum was born. By the way, there is no date on Zurum's birth certificate, it says: "November 1943."
Kelimat heard someone calling her, raised her head with difficulty and saw her own aunt. She, taking advantage of the short stop of the train, brought bedding and, after a glimpse of the baby, ran into her car. Kelimat lay down on part of the blanket brought to her, and covered herself with the other half, laid her head on the pillow that still smelled of home, closed her eyes and thought that there was no one happier than her. The child came out, raised, raised. And not only Zurum - 8 out of 11 children received higher education. In Kazakhstan, the father saved the family from starvation: he worked as a veterinarian at the koshara and every day he brought home some food and koumiss. The neighbor's children were also waiting for him, among whom simple food was shared.
The Kappush family
Kappushev Nazir, 10 months old, 1941, village of Dzheguta
Kappushev Nazir, 1963, Riga, Latvia
Kappushev Nazir, Leonov Evgeny, 1987, Kavkazsky village, Prikubansky district
Kappushev Boris, 1966, Caspian flotilla
Kappushev Azret, born in 1962, Tiraspol, Moldova
When Nazir Seit-Umarovich Kappushev was three and a half years old, he became an "enemy of the people" and went into exile. Not by myself, of course. His father Seit-Umar Askerovich, mother Aslekhan Naibovna, brothers Azret and Boris were deported to Kyrgyzstan. In exile, Nazir learned Russian well, and his father's friends helped him in this - the workers of the cheese-dairy plant, which Seit-Umar Askerovich headed, "Uncle Pavlik and Aunt Dusya." To this day, when Nazir is in Orthodox church, puts candles for their repose.
Aibazov Rashit, 70s
Rashit Umarovich Aibazov remembers everything, even though he was on November 2, 1943, a little over 4 years old. On that day, his father, Umar Kozuevich, wrapped his son in his fur coat and ordered him to sit quietly under a canopy. At five o'clock in the morning, kicking the gate with his foot, a serviceman with a rifle entered the yard, followed by two more. Rashit was holding a funny wolfhound puppy Akboyun in his arms, but stopped playing with him when he saw the uninvited guests. One of the soldiers approached the boy, unceremoniously grabbed the dog and threw it away. The boy looked hopefully at his father, thought he would intercede, put the soldier in his place. But no, Aibazov Sr. remained silent. How was the boy to know that the alignment of forces is far from being equal. And he resented his parent. But in vain, Umar Kozuevich buried his wife, Khadzhat Shuvaevna, 3 years ago, was left alone with six children, and now he had no time for clashes with government officials.
Aibazov Rashit Umarovich with a senior class, 1988
Aibazov Rashit with residents of Ust-Dzheguta
Aibazov Rashit Umarovich with grandchildren Toma, Alan, Alim, Karina
Aibazov Rashit Umarovich with the team of secondary school No. 5
Several families with their belongings were pushed into the back of a truck and taken to the station, - Rashit Umarovich flips through the pages of memory. - And then we children saw for the first time how railway tracks standing holding each other wooden houses on wheels. The freight cars have two tiers: the old people and children are at the bottom, those that are younger are at the top. The first day is fine. And on the second - they gave herring for lunch. People washed down their thirst with raw water, and dysentery began. In the corner of the car, covered with a black rag and intended for the administration of natural needs, a queue lined up. The stench was unbearable. In Armavir, the wagons were cleaned. We drove on and everyone thought: where will we be shot? Because no one knew where they were being taken. One grandfather said: "Prepare for the worst" ...
What is "worst"? On a multi-day journey, it was not sweet anyway: every day several people died - the sick, the old, the weak. Relatives tried to hide the corpses in the car, they wanted to bring them to their destination and bury them there. But at the stops, the military strictly monitored to prevent this. The dead were taken away, but no one knows whether they were buried and where. Somehow, one of the neighbors in the car went to another world, her two little daughters were left orphans. It is terrible to imagine what could happen to them. But Rashit's father intervened in the situation: he asked the childless woman to take the sisters to his upbringing. He himself, they say, cannot do this, since he already has six girls and boys.
In the Dzhambul region of Kazakhstan, where the Aibazovs and their father's younger sister Aminat ended up, they had to dig a dugout. In order not to perish from hunger, I had to sell the silver women's jewelry prepared for the sisters for the wedding, and buy a bucket of wheat. And for a bucket of corn, my mother's German Singer sewing machine "left". In the summer of 1944, typhus and malaria began. A lot of people died, every day a funeral. One family of five did not appear in public for some time. Someone looked into their basement, and there everyone is dead. In 1946, Rashit's father, Umar Kozuevich, died: he was bitten on the neck by a poisonous snake. But all the children of the Aibazovs survived during the deportation.
Three people entered the house of Zainep Zekeryaevna Khosueeva in the village of Dzheguta: a senior lieutenant and two ordinary KGB officers: “Get ready! Alive! It was evident that they would not stand on ceremony. Little Fatima and Khalis were awakened by loud alien voices, and their sister and brother burst into tears. The woman took Khalis in her arms, patted Fatima on the head soothingly, silently took several letters from the closet and handed it to the officer. "What is it?" - the NKVD did not understand. "Read!" - Zainep said in a tone that did not allow for objections. Starley unfolded the paper triangles and glared at them. The letters were from the front, from his father, Mohammed Lokmanovich, who left for the Red Army on the second day after the start of the war.
Starley ordered the soldiers to help the soldier's family with the fees.
In exile, the locals perceived the Karachays who arrived as nothing less than cannibals. Someone diligently spread a rumor about the imaginary sin of this people, and therefore at first they shied away from them as if from lepers. But then, having got to know the involuntary migrants better, the Kirghiz and Kazakhs were often imbued with respect and even friendly feelings. Zainep was a literate woman and in the Saryagach district of the Dzhambul region of the Kazakh SSR, where she arrived with her children, she began to work in the commandant's office, then as an accountant, foreman on a collective farm. On April 27, 1944, the divisional intelligence officer Magomet Khosuev was removed from the front and sent to a military plant in Alma-Ata (it should be noted that his brother Azret was away from the headquarters: he fought in the regiment and reached Berlin with battles). So, a few years later, Mohammed found his family, and he and his wife were born more: Khalis, Hamid, Boris, Hassan, Hanafiy and Nuhra.
Khosueva Zabiyakhan, sons Idris and Nazir, grandchildren Umar, Maryam and Larisa, great-grandson Rustam, 1979, Ust-Dzheguta
The Tekeyev family - Batu and Aishat, 1947, Dzhambul region, Kazakhstan
Khosueva Zabiyakhan, daughters-in-law Marzhan and Khalimat, granddaughter Larisa, 1979, Ust-Dzheguta
Hanafiy Magometovich Khosuev, a resident of the Ust-Dzhegutinsky district, was told about all this by his parents. Hanafy himself was born three days after the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the restoration of the national autonomy of the Karachays and the transformation of the Karachay Autonomous Region into the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region as part of the Stavropol Territory - on January 12, 1957.
Kochkarov Nurchuk-hadji Ramazanovich, born in 1928, village of Staraya Dzheguta, high school
In the village of Staraya Dzheguta lives 89-year-old Nurchuk-hadzhi Ramazanovich Kochkarov. Hadji - because he made a pilgrimage to Mecca. Moreover, the hajj took place in the holy Muslim places in ... 84 years!
Nurchuk worked at the local collective farm from the age of 11. His father, Ramazan Naibovich, was called to the front in 1941 and went missing.
At the time of the deportation, Nurchuk was a 15-year-old teenager. On November 2, 1943, he was sent from the collective farm to Cherkessk to the market - the farm sold its agricultural products there. The boy in the britzka carried several women, including his mother, Zalikhat Charakhmatovna. He was already driving back without her: the rest of the workers had finished early, and my mother was late on collective farm business. At home, the boy was waiting for terrible news: deportation. The NKVD officers were given several hours to get ready. Then, in Ust-Dzhegut, he languished at the station for almost three days with his grandmother Shamakhan Temshotovna, grandfather Tomai Kamchutovich, two sisters and three brothers. And now everyone is sitting together in the car, the terrible atmosphere of grief and depression that has fallen down is aggravated by anxiety for her beloved Zalikhat: where is she, what is happening to her, does she know about her family? The train started, couplers rattled, hearts sank. And suddenly someone from the ground helped my mother into an already moving freight train. She climbed into the car with difficulty on the move and lost consciousness. From inhuman experience...
Packet with mutton fat
She miraculously saved two brothers from starvation. And frozen potatoes or beets dug out of snow-covered gardens were often the only food for entire families. The theme of hunger and malnutrition runs like a leitmotif through all the stories of the deported Karachays.
Erkenova Lyuaza, graduate
Stavropol Pedagogical Institute, 1962
It was hard to say goodbye to wonderful teachers and friends when we left Kyrgyzstan in 1957, - admits a teacher by education with 55 years of experience in the education system, Lyuaza Aubekirovna Dotdaeva (Erkenova). - Now many innovative schools do not do what we did. I still remember the magnificent, most intelligent teacher Dmitry Tikhonovich Lysenko, who led the youth circle. Under his leadership, the students brought out the Bezostaya-18 wheat, a film magazine was filmed about this even then ...
And since the wheat turned out to be very fruitful in those climatic conditions, they paid attention to Lysenko and his students, and they became participants in VDNKh. Luazy Aubekirovna still has a letter of 1954 with portraits of Lenin and Stalin.
In the city of Talas, Kirghiz SSR, the Erkenov family ended up in 1943, when little Luaz was only two and a half years old. Her father Aubekir Shogaibovich, with his higher economic education, immediately became an intellectual find for the local authorities, and he was assigned as an accountant at the Lenin collective farm. The collective farm gave him a house with 15 acres of land and a garden, where they moved in: wife Sheitkhan Azretovna, four children (except for Luazy, her sister Mariam, brothers Manaf and Enver), as well as many relatives. The Erkenovs gave a lot of energy to the collective farm, worked hard on tobacco plantations.
The Erkenov family, Kyrgyzstan, Talas, 1957
The Erkenov family, the Manaf brothers - a lawyer, Enver - a mechanical engineer, sister Mariam - a fashion technologist
Graduates of school No. 2, Kyrgyzstan, Talas, 1957
Alumni meeting, 2012
60th anniversary of Luazy Aubekirovna
For the school, nature created it
Conversation with the organizer of educational work Stryukova N. V., 2003
The Dotdaev family, husband Akhmat and children
Student years, 1960
When I talk about the period of deportation, journalists usually tell me that my memories are “not in the format”. That is, I try to remember the good things, for example, the friendly international collective of the economy, which, in addition to the Karachays, included the Kyrgyz, Russians and Germans, I talk about the mutual assistance and responsiveness of people of different beliefs and views. As a child, I did not hear that someone was at enmity with someone. In 1957, we returned to our homeland, and here it was very revealing that the Russian Dymov family, who had lived in our house all these years, made repairs there just in time for arrival. And the head of the family met us at the railway station in Ust-Dzhegut and brought us to our doorstep. And this despite the fact that the majority of Karachays upon their return were forced to buy their houses from those who lived in them. I consider this true nobility and an indicator of high culture.
Bairamukov Boris Khasanovich -
Soviet army officer
The parents of Sofia Ibragimovna Izhayeva got married in the village of Ilyich, Ilyichevsk district, South Kazakhstan region, Kazakh SSR. Her father Ibragim Magomedovich Bairamukov and mother Kemiskhan Dzhagafarovna met in exile, fell in love and got married in 1946. A year later they had a daughter.
According to Sofiyat Izhayeva, her parents raised her positively, trying to protect her from memories of the difficult years of deportation. But grandmother Zaurdat Dolaeva from the village of Marukha, Zelenchuksky district, told a touching story. Her son Kazim Aslambekovich Khubiev was a pilot at the front and received a military order for heroic actions.
I sent a photo in military uniform with an award to my mother, and she put the picture on the dressing table. The officer, who came on November 2, 1943, along with the soldiers to evict the hostess, saw the image of a Red Army soldier and immediately softened, changing the initial orderly tone to normal speech. Moreover, he personally helped load things into the truck and sewing machine. Later, pilot Kazim Khubiev was awarded two more orders.
Soslanbek Yunusovich Dzhanibekov, Director of the Museum of the History and Culture of the Karachay People in the village of Uchkulan, Karachay District, went to first grade at the age of 5. It was in 1935. And by the 43rd he had already graduated from the eighth and was fluent in Russian. The pensioner says that a month before the deportation, in October, NKVD officers arrived in all the settlements of the then Uchkulan district and settled in a local school, turning it into a barracks.
They said that they arrived, they say, on vacation. In fact, their “resort voyage” was caused by a special task, the purpose of which was to carefully study the situation: who lives where and how the quarters are located. They went from house to house and got to know the people. Well, on November 2, we began to implement the plan.
Bairamukov Boris Khasanovich, the leader of the Karachay students, in the hostel of the Kyrgyz State University
A group of Karachai students (part-time students and full-time students) studying at the universities of Frunze, who took part in a conversation with the representative of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Ivlev on the return of Karachays to their historical homeland.
Karachai teacher Kodzhakov Dobai Sarybievich with his students in Kazakhstan
That morning, when my mother, two sisters and I were still sleeping, someone started knocking hard on the door, - says Soslanbek Dzhanibekov. - My father, Yunus Dautovich, was at work, and my older sister Raziyat was harvesting corn on the so-called Yessentuki cuttings on the collective farm - this is beyond Cherkessk. An officer and two soldiers with weapons entered each house. We had not yet had time to get dressed, we were placed against the wall, and the officer, apparently, deliberately gave a loud command to the soldier standing at the door: to load the rifle with four rounds. And there are four of us! Want to shoot? We were already barely alive from fear. The soldier loaded his rifle. The officer took out a piece of paper from the tablet, unfolded it and read (I still remember it!): “The Soviet government decided to resettle you from the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus to the flat regions of the Soviet Union. You are given 1 hour to collect. Take a load of no more than 100 kilograms per person.
Then the officer folded the paper and hid it, but again turned to the frightened woman and children: if there is cold or firearms in the house, it must be handed over voluntarily. Otherwise, they will conduct a search and, if found, they will arrest. There were no weapons, but the search was carried out, turning everything upside down. And since the house was on a hill, the burden had to be lowered to the road running below on the back. And how much could the children take? Once again, they were not allowed to go up to the housing for things. On the first day, there were not enough cars for everyone, so the family spent the night under open sky in the yard of the forestry, surrounded by enkavedeshniki. But the most vile thing was that the transport that returned the next morning brought workers from the Stavropol Territory in order for them to collect the property left in the houses. 13-year-old Soslanbek witnessed this action.
Flowers at the memorial to the memory of the Karachay people, Karachaevsk. Photo from the archive of Murat Bogatyrev
A distinctive feature of the Karachay people is that we have family settlements, that is, in each village there were unique “named” quarters, for example, the Dzhanibekovs, Baichorovs or Erkenovs, - explains Soslanbek Yunusovich. - And after the people were deported, these quarters were populated by people of other nationalities. Of course, they no longer treated their property so carefully - families settled in one house, they set aside another for livestock, and sold the rest. When we returned after 14 years, we saw devastated neighborhoods.
Tambiy Khuseevich Chagarov is the son of a volunteer who died at the front. His father, Khusei Shamaevich, although he received a reservation from being drafted into the army, since he raised seven children and limped from a wound he once received, went to war in 1941. It turned out that my mother, Karabiche Kozyevna, took on a huge burden to keep her family in exile.
At first, when we arrived in Kazakhstan, they looked at us like we were wolves, - Tambiy Chagarov returns to his childhood memories. But one day an interesting thing happened. It was February 10, 1944. I took a stick and went to someone's garden to dig up frozen potatoes, because there was absolutely nothing to eat. Found two potatoes. And suddenly I hear: someone came up behind me. I looked around - an elderly Kazakh with a red beard was standing. "What are you doing?" - asks. I answered and showed him my prey. Actually, we spoke bad Russian, inserting Kazakh and Karachai words, but we understood each other. The Kazakh left, but returned after a while with a chopper, handed me: “Here, they say, take it!”. Of course, I dug up more "food". Only the main thing is that joyful ran home, he could not help smiling. I told my mother, grandfather, grandmother and siblings what had happened to me. They hardly believed. The next day I went again to the same place and met the red-bearded one. We got talking. He asked if I could herd sheep. "Certainly!". And since then I began to feed the family. All my life I have worked as a livestock breeder and even at the age of 88 I am engaged in farming.
Dean of the Faculty of History of the Karachay-Cherkess State University named after U. D. Aliev Rustam Maratovich Begeulov is 41 years old. “There” was not, because he was born many years after the return of the Karachays from exile. But the topic of deportation for him, as for every representative of this nationality, is relevant and painful.
My father Marat Akhmatovich and uncle Boris were already dying due to hunger, but they were miraculously saved by a package delivered at the most critical moment, - Rustam Begeulov repeats the stories of his parents. - They lived in Kazakhstan, and my aunt, Aishat Akhiyaevna, was exiled to Kyrgyzstan, but, having learned where and in what condition the boys were, she sent mutton fat.
The dean of the university several years ago studied the history of his faculty and unexpectedly discovered that in 1941 a well-known scientist, a recognized specialist in the Caucasus, professor, author of the book “Caucasian Wars and the Imamate of Shamil” Nikolai Ilyich Pokrovsky was evacuated to Karachaevsk (then it was Mikoyan-Shahar) . He arrived with his family, and his daughter not only defended her diploma at a local university, but also managed to work at this university. Rustam Begeulov learned that Pokrovsky's son, Nikolai Nikolaevich, was working today in Novosibirsk, wrote him a letter and asked him to tell him about his stay in the south of the country in the 40s. The son of a scientist, an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, sent a reply in which he informed that he and his sister Svetlana had published memoirs. Here is an excerpt from the book.
“We came to grandmother Anna Ivanovna, who worked as a paramedic in the hospital. The war overtook us here, and very soon. With the approach of German troops, the situation in the city became very disturbing. My father said that he went to the local city authorities, to the secretary of the regional committee, Laipanov, who had already been at the front and with the Order of the Red Banner, returned to Mikoyan-Shahar with a wound. Laipanov was once a student of his father at the Mountain Institute, and his father told him that some emissaries had appeared in the villages, conducting anti-Russian agitation. By the way, in all the republics of the North Caucasus, this agitation was carried out at a surprisingly primitive, but nevertheless effective level. They said that Hitler's wife is a Karachay, or an Ossetian, or a Chechen, and he will support these people. Anti-Russian propaganda then, according to my father, was carried out by some mullahs. My father heard about this in the village next to the city, where he visited, continuing to ask the old people about Arabic manuscripts.
When the front began to come close, panic began. Only such a panic can explain our very unreasonable step. With difficulty, having obtained a horse-drawn cart for further evacuation from Mikoyan-Shakhar, we went almost closer to the front - to the plain to the Cossack village of Zelenchukskaya. I remember now how leisurely this journey was made through the beautiful valley of the Kuban. But when we arrived at the outskirts of the village, it was no longer up to the beauties of nature. It turned out that many stanitsa Cossacks were already waiting for the Germans with hope, and it was very restless. But our troops were still there, and some major who met us advised us to immediately get out of here. He helped us find a new cart along with a driver boy who, for some reason, also wanted to leave Zelenchuk as soon as possible. We drove back and in the evening were again in the hospital with my grandmother Anna Ivanovna. We spent the night. The next day, a German reconnaissance aircraft with two fuselages began to circle over our village; in the people it was called "rama. It seems that there were some explosions, but I don’t remember exactly. All of us - our family and someone else from the village - fled to the caves in the mountains, thinking that it would be safer there during the bombing. It seems that we even spent the night there and were at a loss. And then crowds of refugees soon appeared, who began to tell that there were already battles for Cherkessk and that if anyone wants to be saved, then it's time to run.
8 F class. In the first row in the middle L. A. Erkenova, 1955
Begeulov Murat Akhmatovich (left) with his friend Eskirkhanov Sala, 1955, Art. Charskaya, Semipalatinsk region, Kazakhstan
Motor race, Karachaevsk. Photo from the archive of Murat Bogatyrev
Presentation of the award to the NVP teacher by the chairman of the city trade union organization Dotdaeva L.A., in this capacity, Lyuaza Aubekirovna to this day
Opening of a monument to graduates of school No. 1 who died during the Second World War, 1974
Mothers Day. Congratulation of the Chairman of the Elders of the KChR Enver Ardukhanov
Certificate, agricultural exhibition VDNH, 1954
Participants of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition, 1954
Participants of the interregional trade union conference, Grozny, April 2015
Kichi-Batr Chomurovich Albotov was a shepherd in Kyrgyzstan. Once in 1944, the foreman took him several tens of kilometers to his older brother, the chairman of the collective farm. And he suddenly decided to teach a 12-year-old boy to read and write. With the same age - the daughter of the chairman, the boy began to go to school, and on weekends she grazed sheep. However, Kichi-Batr took such care as a prisoner and decided to run away to his relatives who lived in another village. Made several attempts and finally slipped away from the employer. Moreover, on the way he met with his brother Tai-Batr, who was looking for the disappeared shepherd on a horse.
Rashid Islamovich Uzdenov became a tractor driver in the virgin lands, in the city of Frunze, Kirghiz SSR, then he worked at a military factory. He said that his mother, Kyuser Khaszhgirievna, raised five children during the deportation - all returned to their homeland. In exile, she fed her family by sewing clothes and making wool products. Kyuser Khaszhgirievna lived 110 years. Her husband, Islam Kuzievich, fought at the front.
Nazir Hadji-Bekirovich Adzhiev went to school in 1944 in the village of the 15th Party Congress of the Panfilov District of the Frunze Region of the Kirghiz SSR. All ten years in all subjects (except Russian and German) he studied in the Kyrgyz language. Moreover, in the senior classes I had to get to another school - in the village of Erkensai, 60 km away. Parents, Khadzhi-Bekir Ismailovich and Rukhan Makhamed-Alievna, worked hard on the collective farm, and in their free time they sewed clothes, so they were able to buy a bicycle. Here the boy went on it for knowledge. But in the cold season, he remained to live in a boarding school at an educational institution.
Our main food was tea and cakes fried in oil, Nazir Adzhiev says. - No sweets, no chocolate. So they lived and studied, wrote on newspaper clippings. But I studied very well: after school I returned with my family to the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region, then in the city of Ordzhonikidze I graduated from a financial college, later - from the Saratov Institute of Economics, received a diploma in engineering and economics. And ... worked as a boss. At first in public utilities, then in the department of state revenues and the financial department of Karachaevsk, and for 22 years - CEO factory of reinforced concrete products. Honored Builder of Russia.
"Until the Last Day"
In a book with this title, Abu-Khasan Khubiev, a member of the Union of Journalists of Russia, tells about the difficult trials that befell his family. As a boy, he himself was in exile, endured all the hardships of involuntary resettlement. Consonant with the eloquent pages and memories of other residents of the Urup and Zelenchuk regions.
Magomet Tomaevich Goguev, together with the brothers Akhmat and Azret, was called to the front in 1942. Two years later Mohammed was wounded and treated in the hospital. Sometimes, from severe pain, he groaned and shouted something. Somehow, from the far corner of the ward, a stranger’s voice in his native language reached him: “Are you a Karachay?” Mohammed fell silent from surprise, then came to his senses a little, raised his head and saw a fighter with a bandaged head. He smiled and waved his hand. “Yes,” Goguev answered, “I am from the Urup region.” An unknown countryman told about the resettlement of the people in Central Asia and warned that now it is better not to go home - other people already live there. After the hospital, Mohammed was sent to work at an aluminum plant in Rostov-on-Don.
The war ended, and dad came to Central Asia. He walked from one settlement to another until he found his family - in the village of Mikhailovka, Sverdlovsk region of the Kazakh SSR. I still remember his eyes when he talked about his wanderings, - says daughter Lyudmila Magometovna Gogueva, who was born in 1949, after her father returned. - Without tears it was impossible to listen ...
The front-line soldier was introduced to the beautiful girl Abidad, who had a long black braid. Soon they played a wedding. Mohammed became a teacher and taught history.
Lyudmila Gogueva notes that when she was 8 years old, she noticed a sharp change in the mood of the deported Karachays:
They became, as it were, more alive, happier, brighter. Everyone really became different: they visited each other more often, talked a lot, consulted, dreamed. We were looking forward to the best, and there was no trace of the former monotonous, oppressed existence. My grandmother Biba Usmanovna Begiulova couldn’t find a place for herself: she fussed, she found out everything when she needed to go home. I will not forget how many older people then said: we are ready to kiss the stones of our mountains and drink water from the Kuban, just to return home ...
Goguev Magomet, photo from the front
Goguev Magomet Tomaevich
According to Lyudmila Magometovna, on May 3, 1957, many people met their echelon in Cherkessk. Strangers. Right there, at the railway station, they cooked food in large cauldrons, sang and laughed. The holiday feeling was real. No, it was not a feeling, but a real holiday. Both old and young poured out of the cars, and immediately started dancing along with those who met them.
One man jumped off the train, ran up to the crowd and started kissing everyone, - says Lyudmila Gogueva. - And then he turned to the cars, shouted something and began to dance so selflessly! It was as if he had thrown off the heaviest burden of 14 years of exile, finally straightened his chest and greedily breathed in the fresh mountain air! I will forever remember the free “opening” of his hands when he famously beat out the lezginka.
Laying flowers at the memorial to the memory of the Karachay people, Karachaevsk.
Photo from the archive of Murat Bogatyrev
The parents of Madina Khasanovna Tulparova met in Kazakhstan during the deportation. Father, Khasan Ismailovich Botashev, was also known as a horseman - rarely anyone could dance a national dance better than him. And with this he won the heart of the beautiful Leila Batchaeva. Her daughter Madina, who was already born in Karachay-Cherkessia, says that her mother sometimes refers to memories of life in Kazakhstan, experienced sorrows and joys, but most of all she regrets ... a dress. It was not simple, but wedding, passed down from generation to generation, with gold and silver jewelry. Such an outfit at a monetary price could be compared with a herd of cows, but in fact was priceless. And Leila was not destined to wear it - when she was taken into exile as a girl, her grandmother exchanged an expensive dress for a bucket of potatoes in order to prevent the whole family from dying of hunger.
Magomet Dobaevich Appakov, born in 1933. He spent his youth in Kyrgyzstan. There he buried his mother - Aishat Lokmanovna, her two sisters and two grandmothers. Women died from diseases that mercilessly mowed down the settlers. But six children and father Dobai Yusupovich survived. In May 1958, everyone arrived in Cherkessk, and then moved to the village of Pregradnaya, Urupsky district. At first they lived in a shed, slept in herds, along with cattle, then built a house. Mohammed now notes with a smile how the head of the livestock department himself, a Russian, helped his father and brothers to make adobe:
We could not knead clay for straw bricks, it rained for several days in a row. Just prepare everything you need for work, and the downpour turns it into liquid mud. But what happiness they experienced when they finally erected the walls and covered the roof!
Memorial to the victims of deportation, Karachaevsk. Photo from their archive Murat Bogatyrev
“Look, the Karachay bandit is coming!” - Nazir Akhmatovich Botashev often heard in childhood from the boys on the street. But he was not offended, because such a nickname was glued to all representatives of his people. Nazir lived in the village of Kara-Kuluz, Kurdai district, Dzhambul region, Kazakh SSR, with his father, Akhmat Uzeirovich, and his mother, Apalistan Tuganovna. At school he studied with Germans, Russians, Azerbaijanis, Kazakhs and Dungans, as Chinese Muslims are called. They made friends, fought, called names. And on March 5, 1953, everyone grieved.
Yes, Stalin died that day, red flags with black ribbons hung on the buildings, says Botashev. - People were crying. I did not understand why, but I also sobbed along with everyone.
Botashev Akhmat Uzeirovich, born in 1906 Before the war, he worked as a district inspector, a partisan. Deported to Kazakhstan. There he continued to work in the authorities. Awarded with medals "For Courage", "For Military Merit"
Botashev Hamid Uzeirovich, born in 1915 Member of the Great Patriotic War. Awarded the Order of the Patriotic War II degree
Botashev Khamit Uzeirovich, born in 1918 Member of the Finnish and Great Patriotic War
Botashev Khasan Ismailovich
Botashev Hussein Azamatovich. Went missing during WWII
Botashev Azret Lokmanovich (left), born in 1921 Went missing in 1943. Magomet Lokmanovich Botashev (right), born in 1922. Went missing in 1943.
Interestingly, Nazir's father worked as a district police officer even before the deportation. In the first years of the war, he fought with the fascist enemy in a partisan detachment, well, in 1943 he himself, as an enemy of the people (lieutenant, medals "For Courage" and "For Military Merit") was sent into exile along with the rest of the Karachays. However, even there, in Kazakhstan, he ... regularly served as a district police officer! (But what about the “karachai bandit”?!). But the "zigzags of fate" in the Botashev family do not end there. The fact is that when in 1960 Nazir was called up for military service in the army, he ended up in ... the Dzhambul region of the Kazakh SSR! Only in another area - Dzhuvalinsky. In the military unit, he was elected a Komsomol organizer, and somehow he attended a reporting and election conference as a delegate. After a large-scale event, Komsomol members and their senior communist comrades celebrated the results of joint work at a large table. Not all. "The Chosen Ones". Nazir was invited. The secretary of the district committee of the CPSU tapped the decanter with a fork, urging those present to silence, and made a toast: "To the Karachais!" Raising his glass, the party leader colorfully described the people as hardworking and talented, and then offered to drink vodka for the representative of this people - Botashev. We drank.
Uzdenov Khamzat Borisovich. Killed in 1944
Dotdaev Aubekir Nanyevich (in the center, on the day of leaving for the front), born in 1910 Drafted into the Red Army in 1942. Fought at Stalingrad, went missing in 1943.
The current head of the Urup region, Azret-Ali Hamidovich Botashev, was born in 1950 in the Kazakh SSR. Since childhood, the name of the village where this happened has been associated with sweet grapes - Kysh-Mysh. But in the 50s of the last century, it was not so sweet on the Trudovik collective farm in the Kurgan district of the Dzhambul region. As, however, everywhere in Central Asia. The Botashev family suffered great losses during the years of deportation: two mother's sisters and two sons Raziyat Batalbievna died of diseases - the elder Segdu and the younger Kazimagomed (cousin Azret-Ali christened him in Russian Volodya).
And his father, Hamid Uzeirovich, was a participant in two wars - the Finnish and the Great Patriotic War. In 1943, he was removed from the front, and not knowing what was happening with his family at that moment, he first went to his native village of Khuzruk in the Karachay district. I went into my house, and there - the new owners. They did not show hospitality, but on the contrary, they rushed at the Red Army soldier with weapons. He had to flee from unfriendly strangers at the local cemetery. In general, now Khamid Uzeirovich did not have a house. And he, having found out what was the matter, reached Central Asia and sought out his relatives.
Khamid Teunaev saddled a horse at a celebration dedicated to the opening of a new department store on the Pobeda collective farm, Merken district, Dzhambul region, Kazakhstan, 1950s
Hamid Islamovich Teunaev was 8 years old and he, along with a large family, which had 11 children, as well as thousands of Karachays, was sent to the other side of the Volga in 1943. When the freight train stopped in front of the bridge over great river, all passengers experienced a strong shock. None of the soldiers accompanying them told them anything: where are they going, what will happen? For some reason, the deportees decided that now they would be thrown into the water. Panic set in, sobbing and moaning.
Due to my age, I could not understand what was happening, I did not understand what “enemies of the people” were, Khamid Teunaev explains. - But if the adults and my mother were so upset, it means that something really bad happened. I clung to my mother and wept bitterly too. Wild, terrible uncertainty lasted more than an hour. Fortunately, no one began to drown us and the train moved on.
In Kazakhstan, in the village of Beloryk, there was no house that could accommodate such a large family as ours. And we settled on our luggage right under the open November sky. It was already dark, it became even colder, and then a Kazakh woman came up to my mother, said something to her and led her somewhere. Mom ordered us to stay put. Soon both returned and ordered to follow them. So that evening we found a roof over our heads.
Everything for the front, everything for the Victory!
Living History of the Caucasus
From the very first days of the war, workers, collective farmers, and the intelligentsia faithfully fulfilled their duty, replenishing the ranks of the army in the field. 26 thousand Karachays went to the front. In the organizations of Osoaviakhim, 26,355 cavalrymen, 35,200 mountain shooters, 32,650 signalmen, 18,850 drivers and motorcyclists, and several hundred pilots received training and went to the front. Defense organizations trained 10,000 nurses, about 30,000 sanitary combatants for the front and rear.
Fighters and commanders, leaving for the front, swore to fulfill their sacred duty to the Motherland. And they kept their oath with honor.
They strengthened the defense power of the country, collected warm clothes for front-line soldiers, surrounded the families of front-line soldiers with care and attention, patronized hospitals.
World history knows no other example when the population of the whole country, people of different ages and professions, on their own initiative, at the behest of their hearts, would so actively participate in collecting and sending gifts and warm clothes to the front, in donating blood, in raising funds for production various weapons, in holding Sundays and actively subscribing to military loans, as was the case in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War.
Fraternal greetings to the Karachais from Joseph Stalin
On May 17, 1943, the Krasny Karachay newspaper published a telegram to the secretary of the Malokarachaevsky district committee of the CPSU (b) Khadzhiev: “Give the collective farmers and workers of the Malokarachaevsky district, who collected one million rubles for the construction of combat aircraft Collective Farmer Karachay, fraternal greetings and gratitude to the Red Army I. Stalin".
The Great Patriotic War was still going on. Soviet troops, conducting offensive battles, advanced to the West. Deep in the rear, a thousand miles from the front, the special settlers worked for 12-14 hours without getting tired. The majority worked in collective farms, state farms and MTS. As party organs reported from the localities, there were quite a few leaders of production among the Karachays.
For outstanding achievements in the cultivation of sugar beets, young Karachays Nuzula Kubanova, Patia Shidakova, Tamara Abdullayeva were awarded the Order of Lenin with the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
Since the autumn of 1942, an active partisan movement has unfolded in the North Caucasus. In total, according to incomplete data, 250 partisan detachments and groups were created in the North Caucasus and the Stalingrad region, which included over 250 thousand people. The glorious daughter of the Karachai people, Zalikhat Erkenova, died defending her homeland by the death of the brave.
In November 1942, in the city of Kislovodsk, the German Gestapo shot the brave Karachai partisan Z. Erkenova, who was awarded four government awards. Before the execution, she managed to send home a letter containing the following lines: "Dear mother, they will shoot me soon, but don't cry, the Soviet Army will avenge me, and the Soviet government will raise my daughter."
However, her daughter Zarema was sent to Central Asia, despite the fact that her mother gave her life for Soviet power, and her father, officer Yunus Urusov, fought heroically on the Leningrad front.
Karachays on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War
The envoys of the mountainous region, not sparing their lives, defended Moscow and Leningrad, fought at Stalingrad and Kursk, liberated Budapest, Warsaw and Prague from the enemy, participated in the storming of Berlin. 14 thousand Karachays were awarded high military awards, and 14 of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In the fight against the fascist invaders, the son of Karachay Osman Kasaev immortalized his name. The partisan detachment under the command of Kasaev defeated 27 enemy garrisons, destroyed up to 4 thousand Nazis, and carried out more than 100 other major sabotage and operations. Osman Kasaev died on February 17, 1944. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
More than a thousand girls from Karachay and Balkaria took part in the battles with the Nazis. Komsomol member Zoya Dagova was a radio operator on the destroyer of the Black Sea Fleet, Khalimat Ebzeeva commanded cavalry reconnaissance, sisters of mercy were Fatima Chikhanchieva, Sofia Hotchaeva, Zukhra Erkenova, Roza Urtenova, Fronza Khaunezheva and others.
The cavalry corps of Dovator, which bravely defended Moscow, consisted almost entirely of Karachays and Balkars.
Deportation of the Karachai people
At dawn on November 2, 1943, within two hours, the innocent and unsuspecting Karachay people - 69.267 people, of which 53.9 percent were children; 28.1 percent - women and only 18 percent - men - mostly old people and war invalids - at gunpoint, 60 thousand soldiers from the NKVD troops specially recruited for this, were hastily loaded into freight cars and sent into the unknown - to the east . The settlers were allowed to take with them only dry rations, designed for several days, and clothes. On average, up to 50 people were immersed in the "caravan", a total of 36 echelons were formed. For more than 20 days, the settlers suffocated from overcrowding and unsanitary conditions, froze and starved, died from diseases. At the stops, the doors of the veal wagons were slightly opened, the corpses were hastily unloaded and continued on their way. In total, 653 people died during the journey. (TsGA RF, f. 9479, op. 1, file 137, sheet 206).
The settlers were settled in small groups on a vast territory from Northern Kazakhstan to the foothills of the Pamirs, in more than 480 settlements. The purpose of such resettlement is obvious - the complete assimilation of the people, its disappearance as an ethnic group.
From the first days of resettlement, a special commandant regime was established, according to which the deportees, under pain of hard labor, were forbidden to move from one settlement to another or visit relatives without special passes. They had to report monthly to the special commandant's office.
The nutrition of the settlers in the generally accepted sense, especially at the beginning, was extremely limited. People ate the roots and leaves of herbs, cake, frozen potatoes, makukha, alfalfa, nettles, and the skin of worn shoes. As indicated in the memorandum of the head of the Gulag to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, more than 70% of Karachays arrived at the places of resettlement without food.
One can understand when, in the same 1944, Soviet people in soldier's overcoats died for their homeland in fierce battles with the Nazi invaders. One can understand, albeit with difficulty, the martyrdom of the Soviet people in the Nazi concentration camps. But how to understand the death of Soviet people in the rear of their native country from starvation?
Where were the Karachays deported to?
The number of deported Karachais, taking into account those deported in the 20-30s, demobilized from the front, returned from the labor army, was 78,827 people (18,068 families). According to the 1959 census, the number of Karachais was 81,000 people.
The Karachay Autonomous Region was abolished and part of the territory was transferred to Georgia. The deportation was carried out when the overwhelming majority of the male population was at the front in the ranks of the Soviet Army. Khrushchev, in his report at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, not without malice, noted that the deportation of the Karachays, allegedly of a military-strategic nature, was actually carried out when the success of the Soviet Army was already a foregone conclusion.
From the report of Beria to Stalin: "... As of February 1, 1944, 12,342 families of special settlers-Karachays were settled on the territory of the Kazakh SSR with the presence of 45,500 people in them, of which in the South Kazakhstan region - 6643 families in the amount of 25216 people, in the Dzhambul region - 5699 families - 20285 people.
To serve the special settlers, 24 special commandant's offices were organized, incl. in the South Kazakhstan region - 13 and in the Dzhambul region - 11.
In all areas of settlement of the Kazakh and Kirghiz SSR, many applications are received by the district departments and commandant's offices of the NKVD regarding the search for family members and connection with them. In the Dzhambul region alone, more than 2,000 such applications were received. In some settlements, facts were registered on the part of individuals and the local population of sympathy for the Karachays.
The trials that fell to their lot were facilitated only by the kind participation and help of their neighbors - Kazakhs, Russians, representatives of other nationalities who did not lose their humanity despite the hardships of the war. The process of rapprochement between the Karachai and Kazakh peoples was based on mutual goodwill and understanding. And the Kazakhs, who had recently survived the "Goloshchekino genocide", could not fail to understand the Karachays, who were completely evicted from their inhabited lands.
President N.A. Nazarbayev, speaking at a meeting of the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan in January 1998 in Astana, said: “Everyone knows with what cordiality the Kazakhs welcomed the forced migrants. a roof over their heads, warmed and shared the last piece of bread with people abandoned in the bare steppe. And they did it with dignity and completely disinterestedly. Those who they helped to survive and survive are still grateful to them for their help. "
According to the latest population census, 1,500 Karachays live in Kazakhstan. Living in Kazakhstan, the Karachais have made their contribution to the development of the economy of the republic, and those who remain here continue to work for the benefit of an independent, sovereign Kazakhstan.
In Kazakhstan, the Karachais have all the conditions for the development of their culture and language. Having retained their originality, they initially have great respect for the culture and life of the Kazakhs, Russians and other ethnic groups. And if we look into the depths of centuries, we will find out that the Kazakh and Karachai peoples have common historical roots.
The Karachay-Balkar National Cultural Center "Mingi-Tau" is doing a great job of strengthening interethnic harmony, domestic political stability and consolidating society. Chairman of the center Lyudmila Khisaevna Khochieva. Kazakhstan became her homeland and destiny. Member of the Council of the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan L.Kh.Khochieva is known in all, even the smallest, villages. Lyudmila Khisaevna does a lot of social work. It is for this that she was awarded the Order "ISrmet".
The dark pages of our history must not be repeated. The lessons of history must be learned constantly, from generation to generation. No matter how difficult the legacy of totalitarianism may be, a multi-ethnic state can and should develop in a civilized, democratic way, in an atmosphere of trust and harmony, social partnership of representatives of all segments of the population, all nations and nationalities living in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
I got acquainted with the materials on the behavior of the Balkars during the offensive of the Nazi troops in the Caucasus, and after their expulsion. During the period when the Germans broke through the front line near Rostov in 1942, anti-Soviet elements in Balkaria intensified their work in the rear of the Red Army and created rebel groups. The situation was also difficult during the retreat of units of the 37th Army, which retreated through the passes of the Caucasus Range, through Balkaria. In the Cherek region, the Balkars disarmed a military unit, killed the commanders and captured one gun.
At the behest of the Germans and the emigrants Shokmanov and Kemmetov they brought with them, the Balkars agreed with the Karachays on the unification of Balkaria with Karachay.
Only during 1942-43. 2,227 people were arrested for anti-Soviet work and banditry, of which 186 were communists and Komsomol members. 362 people fled with the Germans from Balkaria.
In connection with the forthcoming final eviction of the Chechens and Ingush, I would consider it right to use part of the released troops and security officers to evict the Balkars from the North Caucasus, with the expectation to complete this operation on March 15-20 of this year before the forests are covered with foliage.
There are 40,900 Balkars living in the overwhelming majority in four administrative regions located in the gorges of the Main Caucasian Range, with a total area of 503 thousand hectares, of which about 300 thousand are hayfields, pastures and forests.
If there is your consent, before returning to Moscow I would be able to organize on the spot the necessary measures related to the eviction of the Balkars. I ask for your instructions.
On March 8, 1944, according to a previously developed plan, units of the NKVD troops were introduced into each settlement where the Balkars lived. Soldiers with machine guns entered the houses of residents, gave the stunned people twenty or thirty minutes to get ready. On the same day, they were brought to the Nalchik station and loaded into freight cars. The wagons were full.
"State Defense Committee Comrade Stalin I.V.
The NKVD reports that the operation to evict the Balkars from the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was completed on March 9. 37,103 Balkars were loaded into trains and sent to the places of new settlement in the Kazakh and Kirghiz SSR, in addition, 478 people were arrested. anti-Soviet element. 288 firearms were confiscated. There were no noteworthy incidents during the operations ...
To ensure order and security in the mountainous regions of Balkaria, operational-Chekist groups with small military teams were temporarily left. L. Beria. March 11, 1944" (Ibid., p. 22.)
In Kazakhstan, 21,150 Balkars (4,660 families) died in 1944. On October 1, 1946, there were 32,817 Balkars in the special settlement (men - 10,595, women - 16,860, children - 32,557).
Terrible living conditions, starvation rations, to which the special settlers were doomed, the lack of warm clothes for many, epidemic diseases, lack of medical care - all this led to the death of thousands and thousands of innocent people. In the Balkar families living in Kazakhstan, according to the information of the NKVD of the Kazakh SSR, only in 9 months of 1944, 66 children were born, and 1,592 people died. According to official data, from April 1, 1944 to September 1946, i.e. in two and a half years, 4,849 Balkars died in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. This is every eighth Balkar who was in exile.
On the distant Kazakh land on March 14, 1945 he died Kazim Mechiev, the founder of Balkar poetry. There was no obituary in any newspaper. And few people knew that in the village of Telman, Karatal district, Taldy-Kurgan region, an exiled poet lived his life, like all Balkars, classified as bandits, with the label of a special settler.
The contribution of Karachays to the Victory over fascism
The envoys of the mountainous region, not sparing their lives, participated in the Great Patriotic War.
The legend of Soviet aviation, a thunderstorm for the Nazis, was a simple Balkar guy Alim Baisultanov. He died a heroic death on September 23, 1943 in an air battle near the Kaporskaya Bay in the Gulf of Finland. Hero of the Soviet Union A. Baisultanov was only 24 years old.
In Baisultanov's award sheet we read: "277 times he took his plane into the air to defeat the enemy, and wherever it appeared, either over Khanko and Tallinn, or over Leningrad, everywhere the Nazis feel on their backs the power of the merciless strike of the brave Stalinist falcon Baysultanov. .. During the Great Patriotic War, Comrade Baysultanov destroyed 19 enemy aircraft in 45 air battles, flew 64 times to attack enemy troops and equipment, and after each attack he carried out, the enemy did not count a large number of his soldiers and equipment. Taking off 27 times for reconnaissance , he always brought valuable information about the enemy ... "
Balkar Company Commander Mukhazhir Ummaev in the battles for Odessa on April 10, 1944, together with his fighters, having repelled three fierce counterattacks of the enemy, he was the first to break into the outskirts of the city. In this battle, Senior Lieutenant Ummaev personally destroyed 18 in hand-to-hand combat, and his company - 200 German soldiers and officers. Pursuing the retreating enemy, Ummayev's company destroyed more than a hundred invaders and was the first to break into the city center. The army newspaper told about this feat after the battles for Odessa. For courage and courage, Ummaev was presented for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, he was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky. This was the hero's last reward. He was demobilized, and he went to his exiled fellow countrymen in Kazakhstan, where he soon died of wounds received in the war. Forty-five years later, the President of the USSR, by Decree of May 5, 1990, posthumously awarded Mukhazhir Ummayev the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
You have to work to survive
Despite the difficult living conditions in exile, the hardships and suffering, the Balkars strove to endure and survive. In the rear, special settlers worked 12-14 hours a day. They mined ore in the mines, erected houses, laid canals and roads.
Many Karachays and Balkars who worked in cotton growing, tobacco growing, and animal husbandry were presented with high government awards. Orders of Lenin were awarded to Marua Shakhmanova, Fatima Umarova, Balbu Erkenova, Patia Aybazova, Karakyz Dzhatdoeva, Asiyat Laipanova, Mariyam Khapayeva and others. Hundreds of Balkars were awarded the Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, the Badge of Honor, and medals.
Many leaders in production - Balkars and Karachays - participated in the All-Union and Republican agricultural exhibitions, received high government awards.
Among Karachays and Balkars there were quite a few sportsmen-dischargers and masters of sports. Repeated boxing champions of the Kirghiz SSR were Muradin Semyonov and Osman Dzhaubaev. Zaur Laipanov was the champion of Kazakhstan in the barbell. Masters of Sports Shamil Barkhozov, Osman Dzhazaev, Nazir Bayramkulov, Akhmat Urusov were repeated champions of Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
During the years of forced life in Kazakhstan and Central Asia, the Balkars, Karachais, like other repressed peoples, in the most difficult conditions of exile under the watchful eye of special commandant's offices, enduring moral and physical suffering, worked to survive, tried to survive, supporting each other's spark of faith and hope to return home. They did not blame the Communist Party and socialism for their troubles, they believed that sooner or later justice would prevail. The trials that fell to their lot were facilitated only by the kind participation and help of their neighbors - Kazakhs, Russians, representatives of other nationalities who did not lose their humanity, despite the hardships of the war. The process of rapprochement of the Kazakh, Balkar peoples followed the path of mutual goodwill and understanding. And the Kazakhs, who had recently survived the "Goloshchekinsky genocide", could not fail to understand the Balkars.
Speaking at a meeting of the peoples of Kazakhstan in January 1998 in Astana, President N.A. Nazarbayev said: “Everyone knows with what cordiality the Kazakhs welcomed the IDPs. , warmed and shared the last piece of bread with people abandoned in the bare steppe. And they did it with dignity and completely disinterestedly. Those who they helped to survive and survive are still grateful to them for their help.
With all this I am familiar, as they say, not by hearsay. I remember I was six or seven years old when my father brought strangers into the house - a man, a woman and three children. They were ragged, not washed, and apparently hungry. There was despair in the eyes of the woman, the children were crying. As I later found out, they were Balkars - that year, for some reason, the military special commandant's office decided to "transfer" several families who had previously been expelled from Kabardino-Balkaria and then lived in one remote village, to our Chemolgan. They were hastily placed - some in sheds, some on a dairy farm. It is clear that the "competent authorities" did not intend to create more or less tolerable living conditions for the "enemies". But the locals decided otherwise and offered the settlers their shelter.
Our family lived from hand to mouth: when the cow gave milk, there was a holiday in the house, but usually we had to survive from bread to tea. We could not offer anything else to our new acquaintances. But even this modest dastarkhan, the hot stove, the warmth and attention of their parents helped them to survive, to save their children.
The father quickly became friends with Khazret, as the head of the family was called, helped him decide on a job, and after a month or two he was freely explaining himself to the Balkars in their native language. In a word, our family, like other Chemolgans, has the best relations with the settlers. Years later, one of my distant relatives married a Balkar girl, and I still correspond with many of those who later returned to the Caucasus.
This is to the question of how the Kazakhs received people deported to the republic."
There are still those who have experienced the inhuman hardships of forced deportation in their own lives. Not political hypocrisy, not crafty shifting of facts, but the true truth on this score will strengthen our mutual trust and mutual respect.
They say: there is no evil without good. The common tragedy united peoples, brought them closer, made them spiritually richer. "Tatulyє - tabylmas baєyt" - they say in the Kazakh people. Indeed it is. Friendship is a great happiness that must be cherished and cherished. Today, among the Balkars, Karachais and Kazakhs, there are many families who are connected by the best feelings. Hundreds and hundreds of thousands of people call themselves friends, brothers and sisters. And it's not just words. Friendship between the peoples of Kazakhstan, which originated in the most difficult pre-war, war and post-war years of the last century, withstood the test of strength, put down deep roots that cannot be torn out.
According to the latest population census, more than 2,000 Balkars live in Kazakhstan. Living in Kazakhstan, the Balkar diaspora made its contribution to the development of the economy of the republic, and those who remained here continue to work for the benefit of independent, sovereign Kazakhstan.
Professor Tleu Kulbaev
Many Karachays from national auls went to the front. Those who remained in the rear worked on the construction of defensive structures, collected cash and things for the front. During these war years, the inhabitants of the region collected and sent over 6 carriages of collective and individual gifts and 68,650 items - felt boots, sheepskin coats, cloaks, hats with earflaps, woolen socks. In mid-August 1942, German troops entered the territory of the region. In the battles for the passes of the Main Caucasian Range, 17 partisan detachments participated, in which there were about 1,200 people, including about a hundred women. “The brave partisans and partisans M. Romanchuk, 3. Erkenov, M. Isakov, 3. Erkenova, I. Akbaev, X. Kasaev, Ya. Chomaev and others gave their lives for the sake of victory.”
Already in the first period of occupation, the Karachay region suffered significant losses in human and material resources. Representatives of many peoples were shot: Russians, Karachays, Ossetians, Abazins. 150 thousand heads of cattle were destroyed, enterprises were destroyed, local schools were turned into stables.
On the territory of the Ordzhonikidzevsky Territory occupied in August, the Germans established a “new order”: a curfew from 7 pm to 4 am. Along with the ruble, the German Reichsmarks and Pfennigs began to be accepted, the names of settlements and institutions were written in German and Russian. The occupying authorities paid special attention to the "reform" of agriculture. Leaflets were published addressed to the peasants, they said that in the liberated regions the German government had already liquidated the collective farms. This meant the transition of the peasants to individual land use, thanks to which. according to the promises of the Germans, the peasants had the opportunity to live many times better than under the collective farms. The occupation of the region lasted 5.5 months.
The situation during the war years was tense, accompanied by deterioration financial situation, tightening the regime, mobilization. The advance of German troops to the Caucasus caused new repressions. As a result, many people from wealthy strata who fought against the Bolsheviks during the Civil War, participants in anti-Soviet movements, dispossessed kulaks, as well as their families, ended up in the ranks of collaborators. Many of them counted on changing the existing order with the help of the Germans and deliberately agreed to cooperate.
From representatives of just such a social environment, the Karachay National Committee, headed by K. Bayramukov, the foreman of Karachay, and the Circassian Council, headed by A. Yakubovsky, were formed in the majority.
With the beginning of the occupation of the region and regions, the opponents of Soviet power came out of the underground and began to act openly, forming pseudo-national organizations on behalf of their peoples, forming detachments to support the invaders and fight the partisans.
The main reason for the deportation of the Karachays was accusations of collaborationism and banditry of some part of the population. But given the scale of the repressions, the Soviet leadership placed collective responsibility on the entire Karachay people, half of whom were children and teenagers.
The text of the Decree of the PVS of the USSR No. 115/13 “On the liquidation of the Karachaev Autonomous Region and on the administrative structure of its territory” stated that “many Karachays behaved treacherously” and also “joined detachments organized by the Germans to fight the Soviet regime.” There were accusations of extraditing Soviet citizens to the Germans, serving the Germans as guides on the passes, and after the establishment of Soviet power, the Karachays "...oppose the measures taken by the Soviet government, hide bandits and agents abandoned by the Germans from the authorities, providing them with active assistance" .
As in other countries and regions occupied by them, the Nazi command resorted to the creation of various kinds of organizations such as the Karachay National Committee to support the German occupation regime on the ground. This turned out to be enough to justify the decision to deport the entire Karachai people.
The purpose of the deportation, in more broad sense, there was a purge of society from current and potential enemies of Stalinism.
Some of its participants went underground, for example, the Dudov brothers Hadji-Islam and Islam-Magomed, former princes and participants in an armed uprising, were hiding for 13 years, etc. Illegal operating “gangster-rebel organizations” were created.
Despite the arrest at the end of 1941 and at the beginning of 1942 of many active members of the opened insurgent organization on the territory of Karachay and Kabardino-Balkaria, the operational-Chekist measures for the final elimination of the insurgent underground of the NKVD of the Ordzhonikidze Territory were not carried out decisively enough. Bayramukov Kady, Islam Dudov, Guliyev Tasha and others grouped around themselves a "bandit-deserter element" and carried out raids. In the first half of 1942 alone, the NKVD officers in the region "revealed 21 gangs with 135 members." Before the summer offensive in 1942 by German troops in the Caucasus, enemy intelligence began to drop their agents in Karachay.
Almost simultaneously with the German offensive in the Caucasus, “anti-Soviet elements” in an organized manner began active operations in the region, as part of detachments attacking individual units of the retreating Red Army. According to the historian N. Bugai, “the situation was best described by the Karachays themselves. According to them, several rebel groups were active in the region.” The rebels were led by people who graduated from German intelligence schools.
The report of the head of the OBB of the NKVD of the USSR A. M. Leontiev addressed to the Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR S. N. Kruglov stated that after the occupation, the German command in Karachay “established close relations with local nationalists, gang leaders, leaders of the Muslim clergy and Murid sects and their representatives and created the so-called Karachay National Committee. Bayramukov Kady and Laipanov Muratbi were approved at the head of the committee, who later worked in the German intelligence school in Beshui (Crimea).
The committee received a promise from the occupying authorities for the right to dissolve collective farms in the future, Soviet state and public property, as well as management of the economy and culture (under German control) were transferred under its tutelage. The Karachay Committee was under the auspices of the former German military attache in Moscow, General E. Köstring.
According to the German historian J. Hoffmann, administrative leaderships were formed under the control of the German authorities. The result of such a policy was "recognition, on the basis of non-intervention, of the independent republics of Karachays and Kabardino-Balkarians in the North Caucasus, who rose to fight against Soviet power even before the arrival of the Germans" .
In his telegram to I. Stalin, L. Beria argued that the agreement between the Balkars and Karachays on the unification of Balkaria with Karachay was "at the behest of the Germans and the emigrants Shokmanov and Kemmetov they brought with them."
The occupation authorities created a controlled "administrative apparatus", for example, city and district burgomasters were appointed. They, as heads of the local civil administration, were subordinate to the elders. The headman was obliged to bring to the attention of the population the orders of the German command. Residents submitted requests and petitions only through the headman. The headman had the right to punish residents, impose a fine, send them to forced labor and put them under arrest. However, not all appointed elders were German supporters. Thus, A. Ebzeev, head of the village of Verkhnyaya Mara, hid intelligence agent M. Khutov and state security officer L. Uzdenov at his home. One of the main tasks in the organization of management in the occupied territory, the occupiers considered the creation of a police force from local residents. For every 100 residents, the state relied on 1 policeman.
The occupying German authorities also attached importance to counter-guerrilla warfare. The punitive detachment under the command of the former "fist" V. Ponomarev operated in the Pregradnensky, Zelenchuksky districts, the village of Kurdzhinovo, fought against the partisans of the Stavropol and Krasnodar territories. The punishers, among whom were Y. Mikhailov, deputy commander of the Kurdzhinovsky punitive detachment, M. Sergeev, head of the police of the Kruglogo Pregradnensky district farm, I. Simakov, V. Glushko, I. Lakhin, S. Turetsky, I. Glushko and others, tortured and shot more than 170 patriots, burned the working village of Upper Beskes. They mocked Soviet people, robbed them, drove hundreds to Germany.
In January 1943, the Karachay region was liberated from German troops, which led to the resumption of the fight against anti-Soviet rebels. In January, the rebels of the Chereksky district of the Design Bureau of the ASSR and the Uchkulansky district of the KAO organized an open demonstration against the Soviet authorities for the preservation of the "New Order" established by the Germans. The insurgent organizations were partially eliminated by the operations carried out in the Cherek and Uchkulan regions.
The organizers of the performance in the Uchkulan region, according to the report of A. M. Leontiev, were "leaders of bandit rebel formations", "Muslim clergy and nationalists." It was attended by 400 people, after the liquidation of the speech, many participants in small groups went underground. They were greatly assisted by agents-paratroopers, thrown by the intelligence agencies of the Germans with the active participation of the "Karachay National Committee", which had fled from the region.
To raise the people during the speech, national slogans were used: “for a free Karachay”, “for the religion of Karachay”. The “administrative apparatus” (headmen, foremen of the district, police), in the district, managed, at the expense of the population of not only the Uchkulan district, but also the Malokarachaevsky, Zelenchuk, Mikoyanovsky districts, to organize a detachment, numbering up to 153 people in the Uchkulan district: Uchkulan - 17 people, Kart-Jurt - 30 people, Upper Uchkulan - 57 people, Khurzuk - 40 people, Jazlyk - 9 people.
During military operations from February 10 to February 25, 1943, 115 soldiers and officers of the Red Army and state security officers were killed by the rebels of the Uchkulan region who resisted.
About 2 thousand servicemen of the internal troops and police officers were involved in the liquidation of the uprising by the NKGB-NKVD.
The second operation in the Uchkulan region was carried out from February 21 to February 25 by units of the 284th, 273rd and 290th rifle regiments, the 18th cavalry regiment, the 177th separate rifle battalion, reconnaissance and destruction battalions of the Ordzhonikidze division of the NKVD. 60 rebels were killed, not counting those who surrendered and were captured. The NKVD troops lost 17 people killed, there were losses in the wounded and frostbite.
In April 1943, the NKVD troops undertook an expedition to the Balyk area (Kabardino-Balkaria), where, according to intelligence data, up to 400-500 people of armed Karachays and Balkars were hiding, who were armed with heavy and light machine guns, grenades, machine guns, rifles, revolvers and ammunition. The organizers and leaders of the headquarters of the rebels were M. Kochkarov, I. Dudov, and others. The NKVD Design Bureau of the ASSR, the Stavropol Territory, the task force of the Headquarters of the Grozny Division of the NKVD, 170 and 284 joint ventures and the 18th kp were involved in the operation.
The Chekist military operation was carried out from April 7 to 19 in the upper reaches of the Malka River to eliminate the so-called "Balyk Army", which, according to other sources, numbered more than 200 people. 59 rebels were killed, about seventy were captured. The losses of the Soviet side amounted to 18 fighters killed.
From January to October 10, 37 operations were carried out in the Karachaev region alone, 99 anti-Soviet rebels were killed and 14 were wounded, 380 were captured. In battles with them, 60 NKVD officers were killed, 55 were wounded.
On April 15, 1943, the directive of the NKVD of the USSR and the USSR Prosecutor's Office No. 52-6927 was issued, according to which “573 members of the families of rebel leaders” were determined to be evicted. However, due to the fact that "67 gang leaders turned themselves in to the Soviet authorities, the number of families subject to deportation was reduced to 110 (472 people)." On August 9, 1943, they were evicted from the Karachaev Autonomous Region. Subsequently, this measure was extended to the entire Karachay people.
According to the NKVD of the USSR, 62,842 Karachays, on the basis of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 115-13 of October 12, 1943 and the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 1118-342ss of October 14, 1943, were to be resettled in the Kazakh and Kirghiz SSR.
Decree of the PVS of the USSR No. 115/13 of October 12, 1943 on the liquidation of the Karachaev Autonomous Region and on the administrative structure of its territory, it was decided to relocate all Karachays living in the region to other regions of the USSR, and liquidate the Karachaev Autonomous Region. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was instructed to provide Karachays in new places of settlement with land and provide them with the necessary state assistance for the economic arrangement on the spot. Mikoyan-Shahar was renamed the city of Kluhori.
The territory of the former Karachay Autonomous Okrug was subsequently divided between neighboring subjects and was supposed to be populated by "verified categories of workers."
On the night of November 2, at two o'clock, the NKVD troops cordoned off the villages, blocked exit routes, and set up ambushes. Starting from 4 o'clock in the morning, the state security and militia officers also began arrests; in the first days of the eviction, more than 1,000 people were arrested. Minimum terms (3-6 hours) were set for the eviction of each Karachay settlement. There were cases of resistance during the arrests.
The deportation was carried out on November 2-5, 1943. For the forceful provision of the deportation of the population, military formations numbering 53,327 people were involved.
A total of 34 echelons were sent, each with 2000-2100 people, there were about 58 wagons in each echelon, the last 3 trains left on November 5 and on November 19 were still on the way.
The first echelons arrived by November 10, and from November 11 to 22, special settlers were received. By December 1943, in the Dzhambul and South Kazakhstan regions of the Kazakh SSR and in the Frunze region of the Kirghiz SSR, 15,987 families were settled - 68,614 people from the former Karachay Autonomous District, including men - 12,500, women - 19,444 and children - 36,670 Previously, special commandant's offices of the NKVD were organized in the areas of resettlement to serve special settlers, employees of the NKVD and the NKGB were sent to the areas to identify empty premises and prepare apartments in collective and state farm houses, as well as to carry out activities related to the reception and resettlement of arriving special settlers. However, most of the special settlers remained without adequate shelter.
In 7 districts of the South Kazakhstan region of the Kazakh SSR, 6,689 families were settled - 25,142 people, including 3,689 men, 6,674 women and 14,679 children. Of these, in 9 state farms - 1491 families - 5713 people.
In addition to the deportation of the main part of the population, there were facts of “additional detection” of Karachays who had escaped deportation both in the region and in other regions of the Caucasus.
By the time the trains arrived at the unloading stations, auto-drawn transport was concentrated in a timely manner. The unloading of trains was organized and planned. There were no excesses and incidents both when receiving trains and when moving into collective farm and state farm houses, both on the part of the arrived Karachays and the local population. The overwhelming majority of special settlers in the very first days after resettlement began to work on state farms and collective farms, harvesting cotton, beets, and cleaning the irrigation system.
According to the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars No. 1221-368ss "On the procedure for settling the regions of the former Karachaev Autonomous Region of the Stavropol Territory" dated 11/06/1943, the following territorial changes were prescribed:
After the eviction of the Karachais, on December 10, 1943, in the region, in addition to outbuildings, agricultural equipment, poultry, bees and vegetables, 156,239 heads of Karachai cattle and horses were taken into account and accepted by the Zagotskot system. Regional organizations squandered 4,361 heads of cattle and 26,446 heads of sheep and goats.
Cattle, poultry and grain received from the Karachai special settlers were supposed to be used primarily to cover state obligations of supplies in 1943 and arrears, the rest was subject to compensation in kind in new places of settlement until 1945 inclusive.
The department of special settlements of the NKVD of the USSR was created on March 17, 1944, the basis for the creation of an independent department was the significant resettlement during World War II of new contingents of special settlers from the North Caucasus, the former Kalmyk ASSR and other regions. In the Kazakh SSR, 488 special commandant's offices were created, in the Kyrgyz SSR - 96 special commandant's offices, each of which was assigned the corresponding military units consisting of 5-7 fighters of the internal troops of the NKVD, headed by sergeants and officers. In 1944, great attention was paid to preventing the escape of special settlers and detaining those who fled. For example, for Karachays, as of June 1, “anti-shooting work” was characterized by the following data: 77 people fled from settlements, 19 were detained, 19 escapes were prevented.
Families of Karachays, Balkars, Kalmyks, and Crimean Tatars, as of September 1944, mainly lived in housing due to the "compacting" of local collective farmers, workers and employees of enterprises, as well as state farms. In especially unsatisfactory living conditions were the special settlers transferred to industry and construction. Many managers of industrial enterprises and construction sites were unable to provide the migrants with the necessary living space, which is why their families were often placed in uninhabitable premises, club buildings, temporary barracks, dugouts, and dilapidated houses. As a result of the measures taken by the NKVD of the USSR, there was a "significant improvement in the household arrangements of the special settlers," but on the whole the situation remained still difficult.
Most of the special settlers resettled from the North Caucasus did not have shoes and warm clothes. There was a need to allocate the possible amount of cotton fabric to special settlers in need for sewing winter clothes and provide them with the simplest footwear. However, the measures taken by the Council of People's Commissars to meet the full needs of the special settlers were not enough.
All able-bodied special settlers were obliged to engage in "socially useful work." For these purposes, the local "Soviets of Working People's Deputies" organized the placement of special settlers in agriculture, in industrial enterprises, construction sites, economic and cooperative organizations and institutions.
Special settlers did not have the right, without the permission of the commandant of the special commandant's office of the NKVD, to leave the area of the settlement served by this commandant's office. Unauthorized absence was considered as an escape and entailed criminal liability. Special settlers - heads of families or persons replacing them, were required to report to the special commandant's office about all changes in the composition of families (birth of a child, death of a family member, escape, etc.) within three days. For breaking the rules and public order in places of resettlement, special settlers were fined up to 100 rubles, or arrested for up to 5 days.
Among the repressed peoples, especially those resettled in 1944, there was a significant mortality rate, which made up 23.7% of the total number of the initial number of immigrants until 1953, among Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachais.
In the first years of life in a special settlement, in the process of adaptation, the mortality rate significantly exceeded the birth rate. From the moment of the initial resettlement until October 1, 1948, 28,120 people were born and 146,892 people died from the evicted North Caucasians (Chechens, Ingush, Karachays, Balkars, etc.), since 1949, all of them had a birth rate that exceeded the death rate.
In order to “strengthen the settlement regime” for the evicted, Decree No. 123/12 of November 26, 1948 of the PVS established that the resettlement was carried out “forever” without the right to return them to their former places of residence. For unauthorized departure (escape) from places of compulsory settlement, the perpetrators were subject to criminal liability - up to 20 years hard labor.
At the end of 1948, 15,425 families of Karachays numbering 56,869 people were registered, of which 29,284 were special settlers.
The number of Karachai special settlers, as of January 1, 1953, was 62,842 people, in addition, there were 478 people under arrest, seven were on the wanted list.
In 1954, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR was ordered to deregister children of special settlers of all categories born after December 31, 1937 and more than children to register special settlements from the register of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Children over 16 for admission to educational establishments travel to any point in the country was allowed, and those enrolled in educational institutions were ordered to be deregistered.
According to the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 16, 1956 "On the removal of restrictions on special settlements from Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and members of their families evicted during the Great Patriotic War", restrictions were lifted from the Karachai people.
By the time this decree was adopted, the number of special settlers had been greatly reduced due to the deregistration of children under 16 years of age, teachers, students, the disabled, etc. For example, the number of Karachays released by the Decree of July 16, 1956, amounted to only 30,100 people.
Decrees on the abolition of the special regime in relation to the deported peoples and other groups of people were distinguished by their half-heartedness, the desire not to subject the policy of mass deportations pursued earlier to the slightest criticism. It was about the fact that people were evicted “due to the circumstances of wartime”, and now, they say, their stay in the special settlement “is not necessary”. From the last phrase it logically followed that earlier it was "caused by necessity." There was no question of any political rehabilitation of the deported peoples. As they were considered criminal peoples, they remained so, with the difference that they turned from punished peoples into pardoned ones.
The national autonomy was restored in a different form, the Circassian Autonomous Okrug was transformed by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 9, 1957 into the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region as part of the Stavropol Territory of the RSFSR. Decree of the PVS of the USSR No. 115/13 of October 12, 1943 on “the liquidation of the Karachaev Autonomous Region and on the administrative structure of its territory” and Article 2 of the Decree of July 16, 1956, regarding the prohibition of Karachays from returning to their former place of residence, were canceled.
Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Okrug were also transferred Zelenchuksky, Karachaevsky (at that time Klukhorsky, by the Decree of the USSR PVS of March 14, 1955, it was transferred to the RSFSR and became part of the Stavropol Territory
On October 9, 1943, the leadership of Kazakhstan, referring to the instructions of the USSR State Defense Committee, ordered the leaders of a number of regions to prepare to receive immigrants from the North Caucasus. Three days later, on October 12, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 115-13 was issued on the deportation of the Karachay people to the Kazakh and Kirghiz SSR.
“All Karachays living in the region should be relocated to other regions of the USSR, and the Karachaev Autonomous Region should be liquidated,” the document said.
As the reason for the deportation of the Karachay people, their alleged massive complicity with the Nazis during the German occupation of the territory of the Karachay region, and after the liberation Soviet army- unwillingness to extradite those who pandered to the Nazis.
The German army broke through the Soviet defenses on July 15, 1942 and moved to the Caucasus on a wide front, covering almost 500 km in width. Already on August 21, the Germans hoisted a flag on the top of Elbrus (this flag remained there until February 17, 1943, when it was thrown off Soviet troops). On October 25, the Germans captured Nalchik, fighting took place on the outskirts of Vladikavkaz and Malgobek.
The start date of the occupation allows us to understand that in time the German government did not really have time to establish itself in the region, the occupation lasted four months at most. And references to the fact that all the deported peoples managed to get so bogged down in cooperation with the Germans, to put it mildly, raise reasonable doubts: when did they manage to do all this?
It must also be taken into account that part former USSR were under occupation for two to three years. At the same time, the percentage of those who collaborated with the German authorities was much higher and more significant than is attributed to the North Caucasian peoples.
Immediately after the liberation of the territory of Karachay, punishing those who cooperated with the Germans, the Soviet government already in April 1943 planned to evict 573 families. However, due to the fact that 67 especially wanted by the authorities themselves surrendered, the number of settlers was reduced to 110 families, and they were evicted in August 1943.
But this seemed to Moscow an insufficient action - in October it was decided to evict all Karachays. Exactly 73 years ago, early in the morning of November 2, all Karachays without exception - men and women, children and the elderly - began to gather in the squares of villages and cities. Women were separated from men (this forced men to avoid escaping or any action against the military, there was a threat of shooting their wives, sisters and mothers). This practice, tested on the Karachays, was later applied one to one during the eviction of other peoples of the North Caucasus - Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, as well as Crimean Tatars.
In those days, from November 2 to 5, about 69 thousand Karachays were evicted for further residence in the northern steppes of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Enemies and accomplices of the Germans were declared newborn children, the elderly, who defended this country with weapons in their hands during the period of the empire, and during the period of Soviet power, women of advanced years. Everyone became enemies at the request of the all-powerful tyrant Joseph Stalin.
Greater mortality was on the way - cold and hunger killed children and the elderly first.
The deportation from Karachay lasted only three days. To execute the order, 53,347 military men removed from the front were involved. In relation to the population of Karachay itself at that time, it turns out one fully armed military man for 1.25 civilian Karachays. In total, 32 echelons were sent, each of them had 2000-2100 people. There were an average of 58 people in each carriage, and, given that the carriages were for the transport of livestock, and also smaller in size than ordinary passenger carriages of those years, there was practically nowhere to put children or the sick.
The first echelons began to arrive on 10 November. The last echelon, which left Karachaevsk on November 5, reached its destination only after November 20. Greater mortality was on the way - cold and hunger killed children and the elderly first.
Mortality in the first years (until 1949) in the places of deportation exceeded the birth rate. The total number of Karachais in the first five years of deportation decreased by more than 13 thousand people by 1948. For the first months, the Karachays believed that they were brought to die, however, as other peoples arrived, the hope grew that everything would change and there would be an opportunity to return home.
Karachays remember the history of the deportation in detail.
Alexander Nekrich, one of those who studied the policy of the USSR towards the deported peoples, noted that one of the main forms of protest of the representatives of the repressed peoples against forced exile was the escape to their homeland. Because of this, the authorities of the USSR were forced on November 26, 1948 to toughen the penalties for escaping and adopt the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On criminal responsibility for escaping from places of compulsory and permanent settlement of persons evicted to remote areas of the Soviet Union during the Patriotic War”. It stated that the resettlement of Chechens, Karachais, Ingush, Balkars and other repressed peoples "was made forever, without the right to return to their former places of residence." For the escape, a severe punishment was introduced - 20 years of hard labor. But this did not stop those few daredevils who made their way to their homeland in different ways.
After a long 14 years, on May 3, 1957, the first echelon with Karachays arrived in their native lands. This was the beginning of the struggle for rehabilitation. For more than 70 years Karachays have been fighting for their rights. All they require is the purification of their name. This baton is already being taken over by the third generation of Karachays from the period of deportation.
Karachays remember the history of the deportation in detail; from the lips of the older generation, the young absorb the pain of their people.
Today's youth sing songs about this tragic period of history, write poems, novels, study documents of those long fourteen years.
