Handcrafted products from wood express a spiritual meaning; on the uneven surface of the product, you can feel the movement of the master's instrument. Products made on a CNC machine are almost identical to each other and do not already bear that individual expressiveness.

There is every reason to believe that the combination of two methods of processing - manual and machine, can combine high exclusivity, productivity and quality of processing of complex relief and sculptural wood products. It has been noticed that even with 5-10% manual revision of a product made on a CNC machine, it is possible to simulate hand carving and, accordingly, increase the exclusivity of the product. Machining allows you to quickly perform the most complex and routine work, and manual finishing - to give the product an original look.

The problem of combining manual and machine processing in the manufacture of a product in the most complex techniques of woodcarving - relief and sculptural - is revealed in this dissertation work after a detailed study and a comprehensive comparison of technologies, taking into account the economy, production, aesthetics of products and consumer psychology.

For example, in relation to the product "Mammoth" (Fig. 1.11) with an average serial production, we obtained that the cost of a product manufactured using a design technology that combines machine and manual processing is the lowest in comparison with independent technologies (or completely manual processing, or complete processing on a CNC machine).

It is no coincidence that some woodworking enterprises that manufacture exclusive products are beginning to switch to combining CNC machine tools - processing with manual revision. This approach gives good results not only in souvenir goods, but also in interior design, production of stairs, furniture, doors, etc. General recommendations for the technology we have studied are given in this work - they touched upon all stages of production, starting from the computer design of a three-dimensional model a prototype of a future product before its direct manufacture on a CNC milling machine.

Rice. 1.11.Sculptural product "Mammoth": (on the left - after processing on a CNC machine, on the right - after manual revision, product dimensions 130 × 100 × 60 mm, pine)

1.3. OTHER METHODS OF MANUFACTURING ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTS FROM WOOD

Additional devices allow to expand the technological capabilities of the manufacture of artistic wood products. Various designs of devices for milling, mainly artistic ornaments, were proposed by M.S. Glikin, later improved and supplemented by M. M. Chernykh, A. I. Pyankov, V. Ya. Krapivkin, Yu. V. Lozhkin. Fixture designs are mainly applicable to turning equipment and do not allow highly artistic bas-relief products or complex sculptural compositions. Examples of finished products are shown in Figure 1.12.

Rice. 1.12.Products obtained using accessories for lathes

To mechanize the process of making art products from wood, including decorative and ornamental additions to furniture and architectural details of the interior, milling and copying machines are used. With the help of such equipment, it is possible to perform various elements of carving - round rosettes in the form of multi-petal flowers, vortex rosettes, rapport frieze belts with curvilinear undulating articulation, balusters and even highly sculpted, bas-relief and high-relief details and much more.

The principle of operation on such equipment consists in manual copying of the product sample template with simultaneous milling of the workpiece.

The structure of such machines includes a support with a spindle head, a bed on which it is attached, a work table with a flywheel for moving it in the horizontal and vertical planes and a fixed pin with a copying head, with which a given sample or model can be accurately repeated and transferred to another workpiece. The cutting tools are special drills or end mills that are attached to the spindle. The machine table is set to the required height depending on the thickness of the workpiece (Fig. 1.13).

Rice. 1.13.Left - milling a bas-relief on copy machine with a pantograph; on the right - Andreon's two-spindle volumetric copying milling machine i

The machine operator drives the pin along all contours, recesses and protuberances of the sample, while moving the work table up and down; if required, the model can be rebased and machined in a different orthogonal plane. The spindle, connected to the pin, repeats all its movements, making an exact copy of the reference model. An experienced master artist, with a good eye and precise movements, can perform his decorative and ornamental compositions directly on the machine. In this case, the machine is considered as a device that facilitates the work of the foreman and increases productivity.

The spindle of the machine is driven by an electric motor, which makes from 10 to 24 thousand rpm, which ensures a sufficiently high quality of the machined surface of the thread. However, the carving made on the machine is lower in quality than manual, therefore, when making furniture for special orders or when restoring antique pieces, it is necessary to refine the details and ornaments by hand.

The copying machine with a pantograph is also used in large woodworking enterprises. Machine tools equipped with pantographs have devices for converting a given pattern to another scale (Fig. 1.13). For such a translation, a pin moving along the contour of the pattern serves. The pantograph translates the drawing onto a workpiece fixed on the machine, respectively increasing or decreasing it in relation to the task.

The leading world enterprise in the development and production of milling and copying equipment is an Italian company Andreoni ... The company manufactures a wide range of pantograph cutting machines, both manual and automatic (Fig. 1.13). All machines can mill not only flat and curved parts, but also bodies of revolution. This equipment found wide application in the manufacture of furniture, statues, art overlays, pilasters and other types of wood art products.

Despite all the advantages of such equipment, there are also significant disadvantages. On such machines, processing is much dependent on the experience of the worker who copies the sample. During processing at possible error a human factor arises, which can lead to product rejection of not only one workpiece, but several at once, if milling is carried out on a multi-spindle copying machine.

The complexity of setting up multi-spindle equipment when changing cutters is also a significant drawback. In addition, the production of copiers is constantly required, which at the initial stages of working out the technical process requires a significant amount of time. And most importantly, today the manufacture of products by manual copying of templates, in the context of a growing market and the growth of production capabilities of CNC equipment, becomes ineffective.

Considering the methods of making artistic wood products, one cannot fail to note the turning technology.

Turning or turning is one of the main cutting operations performed on woodworking machines turning group, usually with the rotational movement of the product and the translational movement of the cutter. In modern woodworking enterprises, not only ordinary lathes, where processing is carried out by hand by a master, are increasingly used, but also lathes and milling machines. The processing tool of such equipment is a special disc cutter, or end mill. Such machines perform processing automatically according to a given control program (Fig. 1.14). The operator is only required to change the workpiece and start the program in a new technological cycle.

Despite the widespread use of turning equipment in production, the range of products produced is usually limited to parts that represent bodies of revolution in shape. That is why lathes for the most part are used for the manufacture of artistic balusters - supporting structures for stair rails (Fig. 1.14).

Rice. 1.14.CNC turning-milling machine "ROBOR" and balusters made on it

The surface quality after turning on lathes always requires manual surface sanding and reduces the overall productivity of the manufacturing process. It should be noted that the turning and milling equipment today, thanks to the developments of the NPF "SEMIL" in Izhevsk, makes it possible to produce complex products of irregular shape, which include, for example, sculptures. Despite the fundamental differences in the types of equipment, the problematic issues that arise when processing sculptures on lathes fully correspond to the disadvantages of processing on three-axis CNC machines. How to solve them will be discussed in the 2nd and 4th chapters.

In addition to the above described methods of processing wood for artistic purposes, there are a number of technologies that mainly affect the texture of the surface of the product. These include impact-mechanical processing, which in turn is subdivided into brushing or brushing and air-abrasive processing.

Brushing as a process of processing with brushes of different densities of wood surfaces in order to obtain a relief texture is considered in the works of Sergeeva [_]. Poyarkov.

Another technology - the technology of embossing wood is associated with its processing by pressure with heated dies and punches. The wood is pre-steamed. The high cost of making stamps and the impossibility of obtaining volumetric relief patterns during pressing allowed this technology to find only wide application in the manufacture of souvenir products in high series batches, for example, caskets, but not in exclusive products for a specific order in small batches.

The technology of laser engraving of wood, as well as laser burning of surfaces using raster patterns, are currently not applicable for obtaining volumetric images on wood.

The latest technologies discussed (broaching, sandblasting, pressure treatment and laser engraving) are not able to reveal volumetric bas-relief, high-relief or sculptural forms in solid wood. Therefore, we will only mention them as existing types artistic processing of wood, mainly used for applying texture and shallow patterns to flat surfaces of wood products.

1.4. APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES IN DESIGN TECHNOLOGY

In recent decades, the market for the production of furniture and artistic wood products has undergone significant changes. New materials, technologies and, of course, equipment have appeared. Consumer requirements have increased not only for the quality of manufactured products, but also for design in general. Competition has increased many times over.

In the current conditions, it is not enough for an enterprise to find optimal suppliers of products, to recruit a professional staff for successful activities. There is an urgent need for a fleet of modern, high-tech, easy-to-use machines that will make it possible to bring designers' ideas to life.

As such equipment, the most widely used milling three-coordinate woodworking machines with numerical control (CNC). CNC woodworking milling machines are designed for milling, engraving and coordinate drilling of workpieces made of wood, MDF, chipboard, plywood and plastics with end mills on work program compiled on a personal computer.

The most widespread use of CNC machines is found in the production of furniture parts, paneled doors, facades, cornices, moldings and decorative overlays. They can also be used for the manufacture of stained-glass windows, for curvilinear cutting of blanks, for the manufacture of artistic parquet, for making relief works, incl. wood carvings, for the manufacture of molds for vacuum forming. Today, almost every machine supports full 3D processing when simulating embossed art woodcarving.

The main function of any CNC equipment is automatic and precise control of the movement of the router. Any CNC machine has two or more directions for movement, called axes. Moreover, the movement along these axes is carried out accurately and automatically.

CNC machines are equipped with servo motors or stepper motors, which are driven by the CNC system, which, in turn, precisely executes the commands of the control program. The CNC system, executing the commands of the control program, sends the exact number of impulses to the step motor - this is how the router moves in space according to the program specified by the operator.

Until recently, the control of CNC machines was provided by programming them using punched cards and punched tapes. This method was very laborious for the operator, because any typing error often led to the rewriting of the entire program.

Later programming became possible in the so-called dialing mode. G -codes, where each code corresponds to a specific command for moving the router or performing some machining operation, for example, turning on devices. At the beginning of the process of writing a control program, the programmer determines the position of the zero point of the program - the starting point of its execution, for example, the center of the workpiece. Then the programmer must consistently instruct the CNC system about all the necessary operations to control the machine to move the milling cutter along the X, Y or Z ... Manual typing of the program text is used to this day, but we note that this programming option also takes a lot of time to compose programs for processing art products and is simply not economically feasible.

Modern CAM (Computer Aided Machining) systems are designed to automatic creation of control programs based on geometric information prepared in a CAD system ( Computer-Aided Design - computer-aided design systems). Those. CAM - the system independently calculates the trajectories of the cutter movement according to the originally prepared 3D model CAD system or vector drawing.

The main advantages that a technologist receives when interacting with the system are the visibility of the work, the convenience of choosing the geometry, the high speed of calculations, the ability to check and edit the created trajectories.

Modern systems are suitable for various types of CNC equipment, allow you to choose different processing technologies for parts, automatically optimize manufacturing processes and much more. Right choice CAM - systems in production can significantly increase the productivity of CNC equipment.

Three-dimensional (3 D ) model built in some CAD -system or graphic editor, are, by and large, reduced prototypes of the future product and allow you to correct its shape and consider in detail at the design stage on a computer monitor.

In modern industry, three-dimensional models are used not only for the design of kinematic chains of machines and mechanisms, visual modeling of future parts and the product as a whole, but also for its direct manufacture. To a greater extent, we are talking about the use of numerically controlled equipment, in particular, metal and woodworking CNC milling machines with different numbers degrees of freedom of the spindle assembly. The use of such technologies is most widely used in the manufacture of art products from various materials (jewelry, medals, various souvenirs, furniture elements, decorative elements of the interior and exterior of premises, casting molds, etc.). [my article 3].

As already mentioned, according to the finished three-dimensional model, modern technologies for the manufacture of sculptural wood products on CNC machines make it possible to automatically create control programs in CAM systems.

The trajectories of the cutter during processing are calculated from the surfaces of three-dimensional models, which are created by the designer or from models obtained by three-dimensional scanning methods using contact copiers or laser rangefinders.

In direct manufacturing, roughing is distinguished, which removes the start-up from the workpiece, and finishing, which finally brings the product to the desired surface finish. Finishing takes several times longer than roughing.

The main disadvantages of using CNC machines include large capital investments in equipment, the need to use expensive software products (especially CAM -systems), significant finishing time, the complexity of creating a three-dimensional model and the lack of product exclusivity.

Thus, the wood processing technologies discussed in Chapter 1 allow us to draw a general conclusion that for the manufacture of exclusive products from wood in the styles of embossed and sculptural wood carving, traditional hand carving, making a product on a copy machine and processing a product on a woodworking machine are most suitable. with CNC. These radically different technological processing methods have a number of advantages and disadvantages, the considered indicators are summarized in Table 1.

The research carried out in this area allowed the development of a combined method for the manufacture of artistic wood products, which combines the advantages of machine and manual processing.

The design technology involves the initial rough milling of workpieces on a CNC machine with subsequent manual revision. It is rough processing that allows you to effectively isolate the main forms of a volumetric-spatial product from the workpiece. At the same time, finishing, which for most products ranges from 2 to 10 hours of machine time, depending on the dimensions of the product, is completely

Rudkovskaya V.D.

"ABC of carpentry"

manual for teachers and students

DPI in art schools

The manual describes the features of various tree species,

the characteristics of wood materials are given,

ways of processing wood with hand tools.

This manual is your faithful assistant. In labor lessons, you will try your hand.

How to properly equip and equip workplace? Which material to choose? What tools should be used when performing certain technological operations?

These and many other questions will arise before you. In search of an answer to them, it is unreasonable to go through the "trial and error" method every time. It is best to adopt the experience that has been accumulated by the masters of their craft for decades. This manual is intended to help you with this.

A lot of literature has been published where traditional methods of wood processing are considered. Therefore, this manual does not cover all issues in the same detail. Despite its small volume, the manual contains basic information on materials science and woodworking technology.

Having worked with wood, you will in fact be convinced that there is probably no more universal, affordable and beautiful material in nature. Wood has amazing properties, is easy to process, and it is possible to make a variety of products from it.

The proposed manual is a good helper, both for beginners and those who have acquired sufficient skill experience, allowing them to independently engage in carpentry.

In general, the manual is relevant, and I hope that it will arouse keen interest and, thus, will contribute to further wider familiarization with the literature on this topic. Good luck!

Wood species and their properties

Wood is a relatively common and affordable material. In a growing tree, the bulk of the wood is formed in the trunk. Wood is an excellent building and ornamental material, it has a number of valuable qualities: it is easily pricked, sawn, cut, sufficiently strong and hard, resilient, easily glued.

Coniferous and deciduous tree species are widely used in joinery.

Conifers include PINE, FIR, LARCH. Coniferous wood contains resinous substances that protect it from various diseases, decay, fungal infection.

PINE is the most widespread coniferous species. Pine wood is soft, moderately light, mechanically strong, straight-grained, with a small amount of twigs, easily processed: splits, planed, sawed, glued, painted. The color of the wood is light, yellowish-red. Pine as the most widespread coniferous species is widely used in construction, furniture production... It is the best material for most joinery jobs.

FIR - wood of a homogeneous structure, white(sometimes with a yellowish-pink tint), medium plastic, light. It is softer than pine, but planes poorly, since the knots are very hard, numerous and can ruin the instrument. At variable humidity, spruce rots quickly. Spruce is the main raw material for pulp and paper industry... The homogeneity of the structure and the high ability to resonate make it indispensable in the production of musical instruments. Spruce is used less often in joinery.

LARCH - quite suitable for the manufacture of joinery. Its wood is the strongest and most resilient in comparison with other conifers, has great strength and resistance to decay, but is heavier than pine and spruce. Due to its beautiful texture, larch is used in furniture production.

Of the hardwoods, BIRCH, ASPEN, and LINDEN are mainly used in joinery.

BIRCH is a white wood with a slight reddish tint, is characterized by medium hardness, elasticity, strength, uniformity and fineness of structure, is easy to machine by cutting, turning, polished well, lends itself well to imitation of valuable wood species. Birch is used in construction, in joinery and furniture production.

ASPEN - wood is distinguished by its softness, uniformity of texture, whiteness and purity, less than others amenable to a wormhole. One of its important properties is lightfastness. It does not fade for a long time if it is indoors. It is mainly used for the manufacture of carved and turned products, furniture parts.

LINDEN - the wood is soft, light, slightly susceptible to cracking, warping, does not dry out, white, is clean and uniform, easy to process, well cut, widely used in turning. A very valuable property of linden is its viscosity. Due to insufficient hardness, linden is not suitable for the production of furniture, however, it is irreplaceable in the manufacture of souvenirs, toys, carved decor for home decoration, and various wooden dishes.

Defects and defects of wood

Deviations from the norm in the structure, as well as violations of the physical condition and damage to wood, which reduce its quality and applicability, are called DEFECTS.

The main defects of wood include: KNOTS, CRACKS, RESIN POTS, GRINDING, WORM, ROT.

BRIDGES are found in all tree species. This is a common and inevitable defect in wood. They stand out more dark color and increased hardness compared to the wood itself. This defect degrades the quality, appearance, the structure of wood, complicates mechanical processing.

CRACKS - Breaks of wood along the grain. Formed from shrinkage, frost breaks, shaking. They lower the quality of wood, weaken the strength, and worsen the cleanliness of the finish.

RESIN POCKET - a small cavity between layers in coniferous wood, filled with resin. Resin pockets make processing and finishing difficult, obscure and stain the instrument, and reduce the quality of the wood.

GRINDING occurs when wood is impregnated with resin at the site of injury to the trunk of coniferous trees. Resinous areas of wood are distinguished by a darker color. The wood at the site of the defect is heavier than the main one. Grinding significantly complicates the front finishing, gluing of wood.

CHERVOTOCHINA - destruction of wood by larvae and beetles eating the bast layer of the tree of felled unbarked timber. A wormhole can be shallow, shallow, or deep. Wood damaged by this defect is unsuitable for work.

ROTS occurs in dead and felled wood under the influence of wood-destroying fungi. In the stage of decay, a color that is abnormal for wood appears, the mechanical strength changes and the wood gradually collapses, turning into dust.

Carpentry material

Only the trunk of a tree serves as a material for carpentry work - no branches or roots go into the work. The whole trunk is called RANGE.

There are three main bore cuts: CROSS, RADIAL and TANGENTAL.

The CROSS-SECTION runs perpendicular to the barrel axis and forms an end plane.

A RADIAL cut goes through the core of the barrel.

The TANGENTAL incision runs along the trunk, but is at different distances from the core.

The wood obtained at the indicated cuts has a different appearance and pattern (texture) and differs in its qualities and properties.

Sawed materials are obtained by longitudinal sawing of logs. According to the shape and size of the cross-section, lumber is divided into BARS, BARS, BOARDS.

BRUS - lumber with a thickness and width of more than 100mm. Bars sawn from two opposite sides are called two-edged, and sawn from four sides are called four-edged.

BARS - edged lumber up to 100mm thick and no more than double thickness.

BOARDS - lumber up to 100mm thick and more than double thickness wide. Boards are unedged and edged.

UNEDIMINED boards are obtained by longitudinal sawing of a log. The edges of such boards are sharp with the remaining bark (wane), and the width is different.

EDGE boards are obtained from a log that has been previously sawn from both sides, so that with further sawing, boards are obtained without wane and of the same width. In practice, boards with a thickness of 25 mm are called chiseled, 30 mm - thirty, 40 mm - forty etc. The boards obtained by sawing are not the same in structure and differ in quality. By location in the log, CENTRAL, SIDE boards and SLAVE are distinguished.

CENTRAL boards are cut from the central part of the log with sawing of the core. At the same time, defects on the inner side of the board are revealed in the best way.

SIDE boards are obtained by sawing the side parts of the log. The side boards are less knotty, of better quality, and have fewer defects. Side boards are the best material for joinery work.

SLAVE - cut when sawing side part logs.

V edged lumber each part has its own name.

PLATE - the wide longitudinal side of the lumber.

EDGE - the narrow longitudinal side of the sawn timber.

FIN - the line of intersection of the face and the edge.

END - end transverse side of sawn timber.

Workplace and tools

For wood processing with hand tools in compliance with basic safety rules, an equipped workplace is required. It should allow you to securely fix the workpiece and provide a comfortable working position. VERSTAK meets these requirements in all respects. Let's dwell on the device of the workplace.

Workbench consists of a workbench (tabletop) and a base (pedestal). The workbench is equipped with clamps:

• upper wedge clamp, which serves to fix the workpiece when planing the face;
• side a wedge clamp that fixes the workpiece when planing an edge;

When sawing workpieces across the fibers, use folding stop , and when sawing along the fibers, the workpiece is attached wedge in the neckline. When planing thin workpieces I use a metal mobile comb.

The bench board should be solid and rigid, made of hardwood, 250-300 mm wide and 40-50 mm thick. The surface of the work board should be flat. If the board is warped, then it is necessary to level it by stitching it with a hand jointer. Regardless of the design of the workbench, its height should correspond to the height of the worker. When performing a number of works, during which the workbench can be damaged (sawing, chiselling, drilling), it is necessary to place a plank under the workpiece to be processed.

Various tools and devices are used to perform basic technological operations:

• measuring and marking tools (ruler, pencil, square, shank, thickness gauge, bevel);
• cutting tools (hacksaw, bow saw, scherhebel, plane, hammer, chisels, drills);
• auxiliary tools and devices (clamp, miter box, grindstone, mallet, hammer, files).

In addition to these, in some cases, other tools and special devices are required.

Markup

When marking on the workpiece to be processed, risks and marks are applied, defining the contours of subsequent processing. With the correct markings, you can get parts of the exact size, with minimal waste of wood.

When marking, an allowance for further processing(sawing, planing, cutting).

STOCK is the excess of the dimensions of the workpiece in comparison with the finished part.

Before marking on the workpiece, the measuring BASES are determined, i.e. places or surfaces from which the count will be carried out. The following tools are used for marking materials: RULER, CORNER, ERUNOK, REISMUS, TEMPLATES.

A ruler with 1mm scale divisions, in which the counting starts from zero, is best suited for marking. To draw straight lines (transverse, longitudinal), you should fix two points, and then connect them along a ruler.

In this case, the tip of the pencil must be pressed against the ruler. Cross risks are applied with a pencil on square.

The ELBOW consists of a short thick side - PAD, and a thin long side - FEATHER. When marking, the block of the square is pressed by hand to the base edge and the risks are drawn along the pen. Inclined risks are drawn along nonsense. ERUNOK is a square for drawing lines at an angle of 45º to the edge of the part. The methods of marking are the same as when drawing along a square.

To apply scratches parallel to the edge or face of the workpiece being processed, use thicknessing tool ... REISMUS consists of pads and two blocks fixed with a wedge ... At the ends of the blocks there are metal pins that scratch the wood, leaving marks on it when marking. Before drawing the marks, the pins are set along a ruler on right size... Two sizes can be fixed on the thicknessing tool at the same time. When drawing a marking line, the planer block is tightly pressed against the base edge of the part, the tool is guided smoothly, smoothly, without distortions. Risks are caused by moving the planer towards yourself.

The curved contours of the part are marked according to pattern , the shape of which coincides with the finished dimensions of the part.

The markings must be made with sufficient accuracy and in accordance with the drawings. When marking blanks, transverse risks are first applied, then fractional and oblique, then circles and roundings. After graduating from the markup, they check the correctness of its implementation and only then proceed to the subsequent operation.

Sawing

Sawing is one of the most important operations. Cutting boards, sawing parts, cutting spikes and lugs, curvilinear sawing - all this work is related to sawing. Sawing is the process of cutting wood into pieces with the formation of a gap, the so-called CUT.

Depending on the profile and angle of sharpening of the teeth, the saws are designed for: cross, rip and mixed sawing. Saw teeth for cross-cutting wood have the shape of an isosceles triangle. The sharpening of the tooth is oblique, which allows you to cut the material when the tool moves in both directions. Sharpening angle of teeth 60º-70º, cutting angle 120º-90º.

Saw teeth for rip sawing the timber has the shape of an oblique triangle with a slight inclination towards the sawing side. The tooth has a straight edge. Cutting the material is carried out when the tool moves away from you. Sharpening angle of teeth 40º-50º, cutting angle 60º-80º.

The saw teeth for mixed sawing wood are shaped like right triangle, cutting the material is carried out by moving the tool in the direction away from you. The angle of sharpening of the teeth is 60º, the cutting angle is 90º.

Wood is sawn with hand saws - bow, hacksaw.

A BAR Saw consists of a MACHINE, a BLADE, a SPACER and a STRING fixed in it, with the help of which the blade is tensioned. Bow saws with a wide blade are used for sawing wood across and along the fibers, when cutting boards, sawing down spikes and lugs, etc. Bow saws with a narrow blade are used for cutting curved contours.

The HACKSAW consists of a LEAF fixed in the HANDLE. Wide hacksaws are used to cut boards across the grain. Narrow hacksaws are used for sawing thin lumber and cutting curved contours.

To accurately cut the workpiece along the marking line, it must be securely fixed at the workplace. When sawing, the saw blade is guided along or near the markings. Before you start sawing, you should make a RECORD, that is, saw through the guide groove 5-10mm deep. To do this, the saw blade is put at risk and, with a smooth movement towards itself, without pressure, they wash it down. Having completed the saw, they begin to saw the entire length of the blade.

CROSS SAWING

The material is marked, laid on a workbench, pressed against the folding stop so that the sawn-off part of the wood is hanging, hold the workpiece with the left hand. With the right hand they take a hacksaw or a bow saw, saw it down according to the markings, and after the saw is done, they saw it at full swing of the saw blade, observing its position. At the end of the cut, the part of the workpiece to be sawn off is supported by hand to prevent it from splintering.

LONGITUDINAL CUTTING

The material with the markings made is fixed in the clamp of the workbench vertically, washed down and then sawed in full swing of the blade without much pressure on it. As the length of the cut increases, the workpiece is lifted and fixed again. Finish the sawing by fixing the workpiece obliquely, which allows you to see the risk until the end of the sawing.

During the sawing process, the teeth become dull. To restore the cutting ability of the teeth, they are sharpened with a file. In this case, the profile and height of the teeth must remain unchanged. To ensure free movement of the blade in the material, the teeth are set apart, i.e. alternately, through the tooth, bend on both sides of the blade by the same amount. For hand saws, the set of teeth is 0.2-0.3 mm per side, and the total set of teeth should be greater than the thickness of the blade.

Planing

The surface of untreated wood is usually rough, and the main dimensions of the workpiece do not correspond to the specified ones. Therefore, in order to give the details the required shape, dimensions, they are subjected to planing. For planing wood, a hand planing tool is used, which includes plows:

• SCHERHEBEL, PLANOK, FUGANOK designed for planing flat surfaces;
• ZENZUBEL, FALTSGEBEL, TORCH with the help of which profile surfaces are processed.

All types of plows consist of a SHOE, a BRACKET, a WEDGE for fixing the gland in the block. For the convenience of using the sherhebel, the planer have a ROZHOK. Depending on the nature of the work, plows and their glands have a different shape. Each plow has its own purpose.

SCHERHEBEL - used for the primary rough planing of wood. It removes thick chips and leaves shallow grooves on the surface of the workpiece. The piece of iron has a rounded shape and is fixed in the block at an angle of 45º.

RUBANOK - used for a secondary cleaner planing of wood. This removes thinner chips and smoothes the surface of the workpiece. The shape of the gland is rectilinear, fixed in the block at an angle of 45º.

FUGANOK - used for planing and leveling large surfaces and long edges. The shape of the gland is rectilinear, fixed in the block at an angle of 45º.

Plows for processing profiled surfaces in practice are used less often.

ZENZUBEL - used for the selection of quarters and folds, as well as their cleaning.

FILLER - used to select quarters of a certain width and depth.

FITTINGS are used for curly sharpening of the front edges of parts.

Before you start planing, you need to prepare (adjust) the tool. Setting up the tool consists in installing the piece of iron and securing it with a wedge. It should sit straight on the last. If the piece of iron sits obliquely, it is necessary to loosen the clan, set the piece of iron straight and secure it again with a wedge. A slight slant of the piece of iron can be eliminated by blowing a hammer on its left or right side. Having finally verified the piece of iron, it is set to the thickness of the cut off shavings, which is roughly 2-3mm during planing with a scherhebel, a 0.3-0.5mm plane, and a 0.2-0.3mm jointer. The less the piece of iron is advanced, the cleaner the planed surface.

When planing, the plow is pressed evenly. In order not to overwhelm the ends of the workpiece being processed, at the beginning of planing, more pressure is applied to the front of the planer block, at the end of planing, to the rear.

When jointing with the right hand, hold the jointer by the handle, and with the left, press on the front of the block near the cork. Without lifting the tool from the planed surface, give it a translational motion and lead it forward, pressing evenly from the front and back, removing thin chips along the entire length of the workpiece.

Planing of parts of a rectangular profile begins with the choice of the front face, which, after alignment, will become the BASE for measurement and control. After that, one of the edges of the workpiece is cut out at a right angle to the base face. This forms the base piping. Next, mark the width of the part and, according to the marking, process the second edge at a right angle to the face. The thickness is marked on two edges of the workpiece (these risks are the only guidelines for planing) and planing of the second layer is performed. Straight planing along the grain is a simple operation, but in order for the plane to be maintained along the entire length and width of the workpiece, certain work skills are required.

Planing of faces and edges is called SHUTTING, butt-ends - FACE, quarter, seam, molding - CLEARING, chamfering - REMOVAL.

For ostrozhka, the boards are laid on a workbench so that it does not bend or sway. The front end of the board rests against a wedge on a workbench (or a comb), and the back part is secured with a clamp. The face is always planed first at the board.

It is very easy to plan wood with a serviceable tool, but it is far from easy to plan the surface smoothly. It is always necessary to plan by layer, that is, so that the layers of wood are trimmed, and not lifted up and stabbed. However, wood is twisted, in which the fibers are entangled in all directions and which are also pulled up in all directions. To reduce scuffing, the piece of iron is set to the minimum thickness of the removed chips.

The sharpness of the piece of iron has a great influence on the quality of planing. The sharper the blade, the better the planing quality. As it becomes dull, the piece of iron is sharpened on a bar or grindstone. Grinding begins by moving the bevel back and forth along the bar with appropriate pressure until a burr appears on the blade. Then remove the burr by turning the piece of metal upside down. The block must be constantly moistened with water to avoid salting and to improve the quality of sharpening. After sharpening on a bar, the piece of iron is ruled on a donkey to give the blade a great sharpness. Editing is carried out mainly from the side of the chamfer. The touchstone is moistened with water, the movement of the chamfer of the piece of iron along the surface of the touchstone can be circular or rectilinear. Reign until the chamfer is shiny. The correctness of sharpening is checked using a template or a ruler. The sharpness of the blade is checked by the glare of light reflected from the blunt areas of the chamfer.

Cutting

Chisels, chisels and other cutting tools are used to obtain blind and through nests in blanks, trim and clean out depressions, spikes, lugs, cut grooves, chamfering, processing curved surfaces when they cannot be processed with a plane.

CHISELS and CHISELS consist of a LEAF, a NECK, a CROWN, on which the HANDLE rests, and a SHANKS, on which the handle is put on. To prevent the handle from splitting on it, a cap is attached from the lower side, and a ring is put on the top of the handle at the chisels. The length of the chisel blades is 95-120mm, the width is 4-50mm, the thickness is 2-3mm, the sharpening angle is 20º-30º.

The width of chisel blades is 6-20mm, thickness is 8-11mm, blade length and sharpening angle are the same as for chisels.

When chiseling and cutting wood, the workpiece is firmly fixed on the workbench. In order not to spoil the lid of the workbench, a board is placed under the part.

Cutting with a chisel is carried out in the following sequence. When chamfering, the cutting edge of the chisel is at a certain acute angle to the chamfer. The thickness of the cut-off shavings is 3-5mm. Depressions, spikes, nests are trimmed and cleaned along or across the grain of the wood. The thickness of the removed chips during roughing is 2-3mm, for finishing 0.5-1mm. When processing curved surfaces, the thickness of the cut off chips should not exceed 1-2mm. When removing thicker shavings, the surface is uneven.

The sockets and holes are hammered in the following sequence. The workpiece to be processed is clamped on a workbench. Chiseling begins at a distance of 1 mm from the marking line, making the first blow with a mallet on the chisel,

Positioned vertically. The chamfer of the tool is directed towards the future hole or socket. The second blow, cutting off the first shavings, is applied to the bit set aside and deflected inside the socket. Thus, the shavings are alternately cut off, hollowing out 2/3 of the length of the nest. Then the workpiece is turned over and the rest of the nest is hollowed out. Through sockets are hammered from two opposite sides of the workpiece. the thickness of the cut chips at the beginning of chiseling is 1-2mm, then it can be increased to 5-10mm. Cutting off thicker chips speeds up the operation, but degrades the surface finish of the pocket. After gouging, the nest is cleaned with a chisel if necessary. The stripped sockets must match the specified dimensions.

To perform some types of work, in addition to ordinary chisels, special chisels are used: semicircular, sloping, corners, ceraziki, cranberries.

Careless handling cutting tool, non-observance of the safety instructions can result in very serious injuries. When cutting with a tool, it is FORBIDDEN: to cut on oneself, on the hang, with the emphasis of the part in the chest, with the part on the knees. When cutting, the fingers of the left hand should always be behind the cutting edge (blade) of the tool.

Drilling

Drilling is used to select round holes in the wood for dowels, round spikes, bolts, screws, and also remove knots, followed by sealing them with wooden plugs. The nests are hollowed out much faster, having previously drilled the holes.

Various drills are used for drilling. A DRILL is a rod with a shank and a working part. The drill shank can have a cylindrical, conical, square shape, which allows the tool to be clamped in a three-jaw self-centering chuck or in a special clamping device of a rotary wheel. Drills can be different lengths, diameter, shape and purpose.

SPOON drills are designed for drilling holes along and across the grain of wood of small depth for pins, screws, screws. The diameter of these drills is 3-16mm. the holes are not accurate enough and clean, and the drill has to be removed frequently to remove the shavings.

CENTER DRILLS are designed for drilling shallow holes across the wood grain. The diameter of the drills is 12-50mm, the holes are precise and clean.

SCREW drills have a helical shape of the cutting edge for 2/3 of their length, which facilitates the exit of chips from the drilled hole. The diameter of the drills is 6-40mm, the holes are clean and precise.

SPIRAL drills resemble drills for metal. Used for drilling holes across wood grain. Made with a diameter of 0.5-65mm, clean and accurate holes are drilled.

Countersink drills are used for reaming holes for screw heads. Made with a diameter of 20, 25, 35mm.

DRILLS FOR METAL of any diameter are used to drill wood along and across the grain.

To obtain accurate and clean holes, drills must be properly sharpened. To rotate any

Drill, it must be fixed in the drilling tool, i.e. in a brace or drill. KOLOVOROT consists of a crank rod, an upper pressure head, a handle, a cartridge. Drills with a diameter of 3-15 mm can be fixed in the chuck, while the drill must be located exactly along the axis of the brace. DRILL - a special device in which rotation from the drive handle is transmitted to the chuck through a gear train. Thanks to the gear transmission, the rotational speed of the drill is much higher than that of the rotary wheel.

In wood, holes up to 5mm in diameter should be drilled with a drill with twist drills, from 5mm-12mm - with a head, over 12mm - with center drills. The holes are drilled according to the preliminary marking, for which purpose, pricks are made with an awl on the workpiece in the places where the drill is installed. After that, drilling begins with a brace or a drill, the drill is directed strictly vertically to the surface of the workpiece. Through drilling is performed using a backing bar on the reverse side of the workpiece, thereby preventing scuffing and chipping when the drill comes out of the hole. When drilling holes at an angle to the surface of the workpiece, a vertical hole is first drilled to a shallow depth, and then the drill is tilted to the required angle and drilling continues to a given depth. When drilling large holes, it is recommended to first drill the smaller hole and then use the drill of the required diameter.

Connecting parts

Relatively few products are made from a piece of solid wood, usually of a simple shape and design.

More complex products are assembled from separate parts, the connection method of which is selected taking into account the mechanical and technological properties of wood, design and operating conditions. Connections of parts are divided into detachable and one-piece. The former include connections on screws, bolts, various studs without glue, etc. The second includes connections on nails, rivets, studs on glue, and others. In practice, to increase strength, they often use various combinations connections.

Connections on nails

This method is the simplest, although the connection is not strong enough, and on the surface, in most cases, the heads of the nails remain visible. Strength can be increased by pre-lubricating the joints with glue. In this case, the nails act as a clamp. NAILS are made in different lengths and shapes, round and square. The parameters of the nails depend on the dimensions of the parts to be joined, as well as the properties of the wood. General rule the use of nails is as follows: the diameter of the nail should be approximately equal to 1/10 of the thickness of the part to be punched, and the length should be approximately equal to three times the thickness of the workpiece. If the nail goes through both parts, then its end should be bent to the side, across the grain of the wood, with embedding into the plane of the part. It is very important to choose the right place for hammering nails: from the edge - at a distance equal to 3 diameters of the nail shank, from the end - at a distance equal to 15 diameters of the nail shank. In order to avoid splitting the part, the minimum distances between two adjacent nails driven on the same straight line must be the same.

The nail must hold firmly in the lower part, so you can drill holes for it in the upper part. This is especially important in cases where there is a danger of splitting the part. Hammers with a square, round striker are used to drive nails. At the beginning of work, the nail is held with the fingers of the left hand, and in some cases (small nails) a paper strip is used. To increase the strength of the connection, as well as to avoid the tip coming out of the side of the part, in some cases, nails are driven at an angle to the surface of the part. The head of the nail can be embedded in the wood, for which it is pre-flattened to the thickness of the rod. When hammering, the head is placed with a narrow part along the fibers.

Despite all measures taken, nails and hammering sometimes bend or come out from the side of the part. In this case, they must be removed with pliers, a hammer or nail pliers. To avoid damage to the surface of the part, planks are placed under these tools.

Screwed connections

In this way, both wooden parts and fittings (handles, hinges) are connected with wood. The screw has an acute-angled cutting, so that it cuts itself into the wood. The connection on screws is 6-8 times stronger than on nails, provided that the screws are screwed in and not driven in with a hammer.

SCREWS, like nails, differ in the length and diameter of the shank. Screw heads are countersunk, semi-countersunk, semicircular. Screws are screwed into soft wood by hand, after having pierced the hole with an awl. When working with hardwood or when driving in a thick screw, drill a hole in the upper part with a diameter equal to that of the screw shank. A hole of a smaller diameter is drilled in the lower part to a depth of half the length of the screwed-in part of the screw. For countersunk and semi-countersunk screw heads, the holes in the upper parts are countersunk.

The screws are screwed into the wood with a SCREWDRIVER having a working part corresponding to the shape of the slot in the screw head. Screw connections can be additionally reinforced with glue.

Joinery connections

In the construction of wooden products, there are often parts that are connected to each other at an angle. Depending on the relative position of the parts, the following types of connections can be distinguished: corner end (CC), corner middle (US), corner box (UY). The strength of the connection of parts is ensured by the accuracy of the manufacture of spikes and lugs (the main elements of a spike connection).

The spike connection consists of a SPIKE with SHOULDERS, EYES with CHECKS. Instead of lugs, NEST is often used.

The thickness of the spike in corner joints is taken in the range from 1/3 to 3/7 of the thickness of the bar. The shoulders should be the same and should be 1/3 - 2/7 of the thickness of the bar. The length of the thorn is taken equal to the width of the bar. The width of the eyelet should be equal to the thickness of the spike, or, more simply, be such that the spike enters the eyelet with little effort. If the spike is thicker than the eyelet or socket, the part may split. When the spike is thinner than the eyelet or socket, then the connection is weak. Therefore, strict requirements are imposed on the accuracy of the finger joints.

The thorn is usually performed on horizontal bars, and the eyelet on vertical bars.

Corner end connections

The greatest simplicity and high strength are characterized by joints on open straight through thorns. A significant disadvantage of these connections is that the ends of their elements are visible on both sides of the product, which worsens the appearance if the connection is of poor quality.

A special group of bar joints is made up of mustache corner joints. In this case, the ends and shoulders of the parts are cut off at an angle of 45 °, which improves the appearance of the joint, but the processing of the tenon and eyelet is much more complicated and requires greater precision.

Mid connections

The single tenon connection is fairly simple and strong. It can be through or non-through. With an angular middle connection of the bars on a straight thorn, the socket plays the role of an eyelet. The slot for blind connection should be 2-3mm longer than the length of the spike.

Box connections

Such connections are widely used in the manufacture of all kinds of boxes. The connection on a straight open tenon is used in cases where the outlet of the tenon is on a non-front surface. This connection is easy to manufacture and provides sufficient strength.

The dovetail joint is used when loads act on the joint that pull the spikes apart. Such a connection is more difficult to manufacture, but has high strength. The thickness of the dovetail spikes in the wide part is 0.85 of the bar thickness, the angle of inclination is 10 °.

It must be remembered that all the elements of the spike joints must be performed as accurately as possible, then reliable adhesion is ensured.

Spike connections are performed in the following sequence.

First of all, the bars are cut exactly in size. All sides of the bars are checked with a square. Then, at the ends of the bars, the thickness of the thorn is marked. The risks are carried out on two opposite sides and the end of the bar. Since the length of the thorn is taken equal to the width of the bar, then after carrying out the longitudinal marks, it is necessary to draw transverse risks along the square, limiting the length of the thorn. On bars with lugs, the same marking sequence is followed. After applying all the marks at the ends of the bars, they start filing the spikes and lugs. For accurate and high-quality performance of this important operation, you should use a hacksaw with fine teeth and a wide blade.

Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the saw blade, when filing a thorn, is located on the outside of the marking, and when filing an eyelet - on the inside. Such filing of spikes and lugs allows you to achieve a fairly tight connection of the elements. Having completed all the cuts, the cheeks are cut off at the spike parts, and chiselling is performed at the lugs along the line of the cut (with the use of counter chiselling).

Making joinery joints is a responsible process. Therefore, it is necessary to check the conformity of the connection elements step by step. After making the connection elements, it must be checked with a trial pairing (without glue). After completing the connection and checking dry, connect it with glue.

Basic structural elements

Anything joinery Despite their diversity, it consists of several specific structural elements (bars, frames, shields), as well as various shaped parts.

DETAILS refers to products made from a homogeneous material, as well as products obtained by gluing individual wood blanks. Solid wood parts are more susceptible to cracking and warping than glued ones. Therefore, it is desirable that the ratio of the width of the integral part to its thickness does not exceed 3: 1.

Parts can be straight and curved, rectangular and profiled in cross-section. Rectilinear parts of rectangular section in a given size are processed with plows. First, the first face and edge are processed, creating base surfaces (they are called front sides and marked with a wavy line with a pencil), checking the accuracy of processing with a ruler and square. Then the second edge and face of the part are marked and processed. Processing must be done with sufficient precision.

Rectilinear profile parts are made using special plows, in which the blade of the piece and the shape of the block are REVERSE to the profile of the part.

The main profiles of the parts are as follows: chamfer, fillet, fillet, quarter (fold), molding.

CHAMPER - a cut sharp edge of a part.

ZAOVALIVANIYA - rounding off an edge or edge of a part.

GALTEL is called a semicircular notch made on an edge or edge of a part.

FOUR is called a rectangular notch on an edge or edge of a part.

KEYVKA - curly groove, selected on the front side of the part.

Wood species and their properties 4

Defects and defects of wood 6

Joinery material 7

Workplace and tools 9

Layout 10

Sawing 12

Planing 14

Cutting and chiselling 18

Drilling 19

Joining parts 21

Joinery connections 24

The main structural elements 27

* Calculations use average data for Russia

Initial investments:

from 200 000 ₽

Required area:

Today carpentry workshops are becoming a rarity, so before starting your own business in this direction, you should seriously think about what products you can offer to the market.

A carpentry workshop is a business that can become not only your hobby or a means of earning, but also a vocation. By the very act that brings both material and spiritual satisfaction, pleasing both soul and pocket. But for such a happy combination, you will have to try very, very hard. In this article, we will not talk about creating a large carpentry shop, but confine ourselves to up-to-date advice to open a small workshop at home “for one” with the prospect of turning self-employment into something more.

Pros and cons of joinery as a business

The first thing to start with in the carpentry business is the presence of hands and the desire to create something with these hands. People who are going to open a carpentry workshop, and even more so, to make money on it, should focus on improving their skills. But before you seriously embark on the issues of arranging the premises and equipping it with equipment, you need to at least in general terms understand the current situation on the market. The business approach to joinery distinguishes three things from the hobby approach. This is a rational and deeply thought-out approach to the choice of specialization, to the quality of work and to the methods of promotion.

The first place to start is with the question of what exactly you will be producing. Wood is a material with an infinite number of uses. First, look at what small carpentry shops specialize in today, that is, your future competitors, and how they are doing.

Carpentry shops usually have two options regarding the choice of assortment: broad specialization or narrow specialization. In the first case, the emphasis is on quantity (more customers, more assortment, more choice), in the second - on quality (narrow assortment, high quality performance, narrow audience). In other words, if you learn how to create many different wood products, you will be able to offer them to more people, and by focusing on one or two products, it will be easier for you to improve your craft and create exclusive products.

What products can carpentry workshops produce:

Doors / windows... The most obvious solution for a carpentry workshop is to create doors and window frames that everyone needs, and additionally earn money from installing them. The problem is that doors and windows have been actively “stamped” by large manufacturers for a long time, and the market today is very saturated. To compete with factories, carpentry workshops are in most cases useless. The price for these products will still be cheaper, and it became difficult to surprise the customer with anything.






Stairs... Ladders give you more room for creativity. Unlike doors and windows, the carpentry workshop, which specializes in staircases, has the opportunity to offer original sizes, unusual shapes, unusual species, and a unique performance in general. However, there are already many companies on the market that create ladders and have achieved a high level of skill in their business, and it will be very difficult to catch up with them from scratch.




Furniture... The situation with furniture is about the same as with the first two categories. Now on the market there is a huge amount of furniture for every taste and budget. Thanks to such hypermarkets as Castorama, Leroy Merlin, Ikea furniture is becoming an increasingly affordable and mass product. However, even the variety that is on the market leaves many opportunities for creating an exclusive assortment that cannot be found in stores. A small workshop can rely on an original assortment, offering tables, chairs, chests of drawers, wardrobes, armchairs, etc. from expensive types of wood and with an unusual design.






Small goods. This is a broad category of goods that has one quality in common - size. Here we mean both souvenir goods and all kinds of gift kitchen sets with cutting boards, spatulas and rolling pins, and frames with baguettes, and board games, wooden toys (unusual ideas for wooden toys can be seen) and so on. If, say, in jewelry, size does not matter, then in carpentry everything is different. Even for an author's wooden product made of expensive wood, you cannot help out a lot, since the price of 1500-2000 rubles will seem to the buyer excessively high. An ordinary consumer will always have an alternative in the form of a plastic product at a price 5-10 times cheaper. Connoisseurs of original art will always have to be obtained with great difficulty. Therefore, before deciding on the production of wooden toys, pipes, salt shakers, ashtrays, cutting or gingerbread boards and other things, think about whether you can regularly produce and sell at least 50 of these small products in order to get at least 50 thousand for them. . rubles. Or is it better to make one chest of drawers in the same time and sell it for the same money?

How best to position your products today

The second issue, which is also better to think about in advance, is the issue of unique selling proposition and the issue of quality. To make your products differ from what the mass market offers, first of all, pay attention to the material. First, what kind of tree will it be? What colors and what consumables will you use? What will be the design of your products?

* according to Yandex Wordstat as of 12.09.2018

Professional set for creating business ideas

Trending product 2019 ..

If we talk about the furniture segment, then according to search queries, pine is the most demanded wood for it. In popularity, it is almost five times ahead of the oak. At the same time, experienced joiners and carpenters advise not to flatter yourself too much with pine. First, well-dried pine is difficult to find. The properties of this wood are such that it is difficult to paint with high quality, leaves a lot of dirt on the tools, and as a result, leads to costs.

* according to Yandex Wordstat as of 09/11/2018.

Secondly, products from the most popular wood have a price corresponding to their mass production. For example, teak furniture will cost several times more expensive than pine furniture. That is, choosing unusual material, you can significantly increase the profitable component, which is included in the price of the finished product.

One way or another, the quality of your furniture products will depend on the components. You can work along the path of minimizing costs by purchasing cheap components from China, or you can give preference to more expensive but reliable suppliers of accessories. The recognized leaders in the quality of fittings are Austrian, German and Italian manufacturers of fittings, which have representations in Russia and actively promote their products.

Representatives of the carpentry business are increasingly becoming supporters of the fact that today products self made need to be positioned expensively. The market situation has changed radically. If earlier everything that was produced by carpenters was bought with hands and feet, and there was a constant demand for carpentry work, now, in order to survive, work for quality, not quantity. As in many other areas of business, modern carpenters are increasingly required to master sales and marketing.

* according to Google Trends service

The peculiarity of the carpentry business is that no one will tell you exactly what price should be set for a table, chair or bedside table, because there are no average prices in the carpentry business. The modern approach is as follows: you consider the price of the material, paints, varnishes and components used, and then multiply the received several times. And how much exactly depends on how expensive the master positions himself and on the level of his skill. As a rule, a 100% markup does not justify itself, today for manual labor a much higher price can and should be charged.

What room is needed for the carpentry shop

Let's return to more traditional questions related to the actual opening of the workshop. To accommodate a small carpentry shop, a room with an area of ​​50-60 square meters is best suited. meters. Renting such premises will cost about 20 thousand rubles a month.

Average rent per rent industrial premises in Russia, rubles *

* according to the analysis of Avito ads as of 09/12/2018

Of course, not everyone can afford to rent, especially at the start. Therefore, most often carpentry workshops are opened at home, using sheds, garages or basements for these purposes.

Ready-made ideas for your business

When choosing an area, first of all, you need to take into account the length of the room. If you will be engaged in the manufacture of door and window frames, then the length of the room should not be less than four meters. The interior of the workshop should be warm and dry, as wood is afraid of moisture. When equipping the room, do not forget that you need even floors, as the machines must be stable.

For smooth operation, it is advisable to supply the workshop room with three-phase electricity. In the event that the workshop room is built of wood, the wiring must be laid in wires or corrugated pipes, and sockets and equipment must be grounded.

If the workshop will be located close to housing, take care of soundproofing the walls and doors. It is desirable that the windows face in the direction where there are no residential buildings. It is also necessary to comply with the requirements for fire safety... The interior cladding of joiners is usually treated with fire retardants to prevent fires. It is advisable to have a dry powder fire extinguisher in the building, or at least a bucket of sand in case electrical appliances catch fire.

Ready-made ideas for your business

Many workshops do not pay much attention to ventilation. However, without an influx fresh air in the workshop, you are doomed to constantly inhaling wood dust. And this threatens certain health problems, which you can easily find out about on the Internet.

What equipment is needed for the carpentry shop

The equipment issue is one of the most difficult to plan a carpentry workshop. It should be borne in mind that there is no universal and generally accepted list for a carpentry workshop. The choice of equipment depends on a large number of variables: what exactly is produced in the workshop, the area of ​​the premises, the volume of production, the experience of the master, and so on.

Therefore, you only have a desire to create wooden products, say, your own furniture, and you only have experience in making simple products that do not require any special tools (tables, simple shelves, stools, etc.). In this case, you should start not with the purchase of serious units and machine tools, the purpose of which you do not yet have a clear idea of, but with the acquisition of the basic set itself. It can be conditionally divided into four groups.

The minimum basic set of tools that will allow you to create simple furniture

If you do not spend money on buying a workbench, but assemble it by hand, then 30-40 thousand rubles will be enough to buy such a set. With a wider scope, screwdrivers and jigsaws, of course, cannot be enough, the list will expand significantly, and it will take at least 200 thousand rubles to equip the workshop, and more than 300 thousand rubles with the purchase of a good milling machine.

A sample list of equipment for a small carpentry shop

Here are a few guidelines for purchasing and using equipment that carpentry shop owners are advised to adhere to:

The price of the equipment should correspond to the level of development of your business... Many craftsmen with no experience are tempted to spend money on unjustifiably expensive equipment that does not correspond to the level of development of their business and needs, and also does not provide any significant advantages in terms of speed / quality. It should be remembered that expensive equipment of elite brands is always less liquid than cheap and “popular” equipment. It is both more expensive to maintain and more difficult to sell. Therefore, for a start, it is better to do with the most proven devices. For example, if your products do not have a great length, the so-called molding, there is little point in necessarily purchasing a milling machine for 100 thousand rubles or more. It's better to get by for a start hand milling cutter, which will be able to do almost the same thing, but will cost several times cheaper.

Strive for equipment versatility... You should not unnecessarily fork out for those types of equipment that can be replaced or that will be idle just like that. For example, spend money on a plunge-cut saw with a guide bar when cheaper and more versatile ones exist. circular tables... Even if you need to dissolve the sheet, it is easier and faster to use the services of companies that own panel saws, which can dissolve the sheet at a low price and with higher quality.

Purchase new equipment gradually or with large orders... It is most reasonable to think about purchasing new equipment as your skill grows and after large orders. The rest of the time, you should try to gradually set aside a small share of the profit for amortization costs, and from them to acquire new machines.

Observe priority principles when placing equipment... If drilling and turning machines are located near the workbench, then the grinding machines are placed at some distance from the workplace. In addition, a good craftsman should always have everything at hand, so the workbench usually has cabinets, racks and hanging shelves.

Do not forget about safety precautions. As safe and familiar as the process may seem, have a first aid kit nearby. Also use safety glasses, heavy clothing. Work with buttoned sleeves; if your hair is long, tuck it in a hat.

Don't clutter up. When arranging the premises, keep in mind the purchase of new machines in the future. Perfectly free space should be twice the space for the machines. The lack of space can disrupt the technological process. The work plane must be approached from several sides. Also, you should not turn the room into a warehouse: the tree should go into circulation, and not roll around in the corners.

Do I need to hire workers in the carpentry shop

On initial stage while the volumes are small, it is easier and faster for the master to act alone. However, this does not mean that no hired force will ever be useful to you. Carpenters usually require rough work assistants or an apprentice. They can carry boards, jointer, clean up shavings and debris, or perform other simple tasks. The labor force is usually adolescents looking for a summer job or young people.

It is worth noting that experienced carpenters are usually in no hurry to grow a full-fledged replacement for themselves. And their fears are understandable: there is a great risk of growing out of a student into a competitor who can win over clients. Therefore, the business is often limited to auxiliary workers with contractual wages.

Please note that the average salary of a carpenter in Russia at the time of this writing is about 38 thousand rubles, in Moscow and St. Petersburg - about 54.5 thousand rubles. Therefore, if you are sure that your net income will not differ much from these figures, think again about the advisability of opening your workshop. Today the word “business” is very popular, but at such low rpm, being hired will have a lot more advantages compared to sailing on your own. In this case, it is wiser to continue to engage in the production of wood products in the form of a part-time job and a hobby, gradually gaining experience and a client base.

Average level of salaries for the professions “joiner / carpenter”, “assistant carpenter / carpenter”, rubles.

* according to announcements on the Avito website 12.09.2018

If you had an idea to open a carpentry workshop, but you are not going to work in it yourself, then the chances of finding a free joiner who will work for you are close to zero. All experienced masters, as a rule, are attached and have a good income, and “worse and cheaper” masters often abuse alcohol or have experience of being in places not so remote and, shall we say, lost to society. In this case, it will be easier and more rational for you to place your orders with existing workshops and pay for their work, and then deal with the sale of finished products.

Methods for the sale and promotion of joinery products

It is no secret that the traditional formats of carpentry workshops are now clearly at a disadvantage in terms of sales. As a rule, they are located on the outskirts of cities and in industrial zones, where no one sees their activities, and the owners who managed to find some kind of permanent clientele do not always care about promotion and modern methods of communication with the audience.

And in the meantime, no matter how horrors and economic crises they scare us from all sides through the media, the number of target audience that can bring good income to carpentry workshops is gradually growing. Pay attention to the pace suburban construction, the emergence of new cottage settlements, people who are interested in buying garden furniture and quality wood products for the home. These people want to furnish their homes with maximum comfort and make them unique at the same time. Therefore, it is good if your workshop is located in full view of the target audience and imprinted in her memory. It doesn't just have to be easy to get to the workshop, people have to see what you are doing. A good location will help in the development and achievement of the "word of mouth" effect. According to the experience of the craftsmen, a person who has visited the workshop live almost 100% becomes its client.

Ideally, the workshop owner should try to cast as many rods as possible into all channels that can drive sales.

Ways to reach clients:

While some methods of reaching customers are rather passive (for example, publishing ads) and require one-time efforts (creating a business card site), then for others, for example, social networks, constant maintenance and time will be required. Therefore, it will be good if you get an assistant who will monitor these issues. Expense items for promotion can also be exhibition samples for presentations and exhibitions, custom photographs of finished products, printing of consumable advertising products, for example, business cards.

How to open a restoration workshop

A complete set of all equipment for organizing a restoration workshop will cost about three million rubles. You can reduce the cost of investments by excluding from the list of offered services ...

Modern industrial construction does not exclude carpentry and joinery work.

Joiners and carpenters working in woodworking enterprises manufacture window and door blocks, parts for large-panel wooden houses and other structures and parts.

Joiners and carpenters must master the technology of manufacturing and assembly of various products, know technical conditions manufacturing and acceptance of wooden products and structures, be able to read working drawings and properly organize a workplace.

In modern construction, most wood products are manufactured in the factory. They are delivered to construction site where they are installed (assembled) in accordance with the project.

The technological process of the joiner's work includes: drying of lumber; cutting billets from sawn timber: subsequent processing of billets until the manufacture of parts of the required shape and size; assembly of parts, including gluing into units and kits; preparation and finishing of kits; packing and delivery of sets to the warehouse.

The arrangement of woodworking equipment is carried out in accordance with the technological process so that when processing parts, their flows do not intersect and return in the opposite direction.

The area where the work process is carried out is called the workplace.

A skilled worker should be able to draw up a process map for the manufacture of a product, indicating the jobs and necessary equipment from sawing to assembly and finishing of parts. He is required to be able to draw up a specification for a product and calculate the need for a material.

Wooden staircases are arranged in houses up to two floors. With a building area of ​​more than 500 m², the load-bearing elements of the stairs must be fire-resistant.

Stairs with straight flights are carried out by carpenters, with turns, roundings, and spiral staircases are made by carpenters. The stairs have 1-3 steps (Fig. 1). Their width is determined by the purpose of the building. In apartment buildings, the width of flights of stairs is 0.9 ... 1.2 m, taking into account the size of the furniture. The stairs leading to the attic and the cellar are 0.8 ... 0.9 m wide.

Ladder schemes

a - one-march; b - two marching; c - three-march; I - march width; c is the width of the landing; A is the width of the staircase; L - length of the staircase: H - floor height; d - march length (in horizontal projection)
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For the convenience of climbing stairs, the ratio between the width and height of the step is observed. The optimal step height in residential buildings is 15 ... 18 cm, width - 27 ... 32 cm (Fig. 2).

The number of steps of a flight of stairs is determined by dividing the height of the floor (distance from floor to floor) by the height of the step. In the march, the maximum number of steps is 10. Slope intermediate stairs- 30 ... 36 ° (Fig. 2, d). Indoor staircases have slopes up to 50 °.

Fragments of steps

a - the height and width of the normal step; b - the width of the narrow end of the steps of the spiral staircase; c - a fragment of a spiral staircase; d - staircase section
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Table 1. Recommended sizes of steps and slopes of flights of stairs

Stairways (between flights) have a width equal to the width of the flight and the width of the step. With a flight of stairs 1.20 m wide, steps 30 cm, the width of the landing is 1.20 + 0.3 = 1.5 m.In spiral staircases, the minimum width of steps in the narrow part is 10, in the middle - 15 cm.

The steps of wooden stairs are made of pine boards (Fig. 3) with a moisture content of 8 ± 2% and a thickness of 4 ... 5 cm for a tread, for a riser 1.8 ... 2.5 cm.

Ways of connecting a step (tread) with a riser

1 - tread; 2 - strip strip; 3 - riser
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Bowstrings- the main inclined bearing element of the staircase. According to the method of fastening the steps to the bowstrings, ladders are distinguished: with steps inserted into the cutouts of the bowstrings; with steps hammered into the bowstrings; with steps installed in the lining in the cutouts of the bowstrings; with steps fixed on bars nailed to bowstrings; ordinary stairs.

Ladders with steps in the cutouts of the bowstrings have simple design(fig. 4). The bowstrings of such stairs are made of boards 5 ... 6 thick, 25 ... 28 cm wide.The depth of the grooves in the bowstrings for installing steps is 2 ... 2.5 cm.Separate steps in the march have cutouts in the bowstrings for through thorns fixed wedges from the outside. Staircases(top and bottom) are fixed to the floor beam, staircase with a tenon joint, additionally reinforced with a steel corner. In such stairs, there is no riser and bottom sheathing. Ladders of this design are arranged for climbing to the attic, descending into the cellar and in other outbuildings.

Plank staircase

a, b - connection of inclined boards (bowstrings) of a ladder with a beam; c - the conjugation of the tread with the bowstring; 1 - ladder bowstrings; 2 - tread; 3 - beam; 4 - cross beam; 5 - steel square; 6 - rail; 7 - wedge; 8 - rack; 9 - support rail; 10 - boards; 11 - roll-up shield; 11 - clay layer; 13 - soundproofing; 14 - plank floor; 15 - ceiling; 16 - rail; 17 - plaster on shingles; 18 - cover strip
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Ladders with steps hammered into the bowstring are made of boards (for the bowstring) 5 ... 8 cm thick and 22 ... 30 cm wide, and the steps are 3.8 ... 6.3 cm thick. steps in a bowstring by 3 cm, do not reach their rear edge.

Ladders with steps installed in an overlay in the cutouts of the bowstrings are made from boards for bowstrings with a thickness of 6.3 ... 8, a width of 29 ... 31 cm, steps - from boards with a thickness of 5 cm and a width of 25 ... 32 cm. Rectangular cutouts at the top of the bowstrings are so deep that the rest of the bowstring has 13 ... 15 cm of untreated wood (Fig. 5).

Ladders for individual houses

a - with steps inserted into the cutouts of the bowstrings; b - with steps installed in the cutouts of the bowstrings in the lining
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Ladders with steps set on bars nailed to bowstrings. Bars with a cross section of about 5x6 cm and up to 50 cm long are nailed to the inner side of the bowstrings, and plank steps are laid on them (Fig. 6). The railing posts are screwed to the outside of the bowstrings with screws.

Staircase with steps nailed to the bars

1 - bar; 2 - bowstring; 3 - tread; 4- steel square; 5 - fence posts! 6 - guardrails
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The load-bearing element of the ladder has side bowstrings with a rectangular groove or nailed to them with installed steps-overlays (Fig. 7). The staircase has a railing on one side. The height of the fences is 85 ... 90 cm, they are made in the form of a metal lattice or made of wood, and the handrails are made of plastic. Wooden handrails are installed on racks, plastic - on a metal base. The bottom of the fence posts is fixed on the bowstring with a handrail. Wooden stairs are made from dry lumber: this eliminates creaking. Element connections should not have wedges and risers should be securely attached to the tread.

Bowstrings of an ordinary staircase

a - with cutouts in the bowstrings; b - with overlays nailed to the bowstrings
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Map of the technological process of manufacturing window and door blocks. The required amount of sawn timber for the manufacture of a window block depends on the number of blanks obtained from various types of sawn timber.

From the boards after their processing, the output of blanks (Table 2) depends on their grade.

Table 2. The output of blanks when processing sawn timber

In mass production, the consumption of material increases slightly due to the use of part of the blanks as samples, for setting up machines and, in part, due to wood defects.

An increase in the number of blanks is called a scrap allowance, it is allowed up to 5-10%. These are conventional values, since by improving the technological process of manufacturing any product, the percentage of rejects can be significantly reduced.

Supporting wooden structures

To cover the spans of industrial buildings, beams and trusses are used. The spans of such structures and the dimensions of the elements and the number of nails and bolts in the joints are determined by calculation.

Composite nail beams are made of boards and beams of I and II grade. The most common thickness of sawn timber is 2 ... 10 cm. Knots with a diameter of up to 15 cm that have grown together with wood are allowed, without reducing its strength. The most common I-beams are wooden beams (Fig. 8).

Sections of load-bearing wooden beams

a ... e - I-beams; w ... k - hollow beams
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During operation, cracks appear in the walls of wooden beams, which, due to shrinkage, reduce its strength by 40 ... 60%. I-beams reduce strength when using low-grade boards below grade I and II.

The wall of the nail beam consists of two rows of boards 4 ... 6 thick, 15-22 cm wide, laid at an angle of 30 ... 45 ° to each other. The stiffness of the wall is strengthened by ribs made of boards and beams, tightened with bolts in its upper and lower parts (Fig. 9). The height of such a beam is within 1/6 ... 1/2 of the span.

Fragments of nail beams from bars and boards

a - cross section; b - front view; 1 - bar; 2 - rib; 3 - bolts with nuts and washers; 4 - plank wall
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The disadvantages of wooden nail beams are permanent deformation under load, laboriousness of manufacture, corrosion of nails and bolts under the influence of atmospheric conditions.

Glued structures are mainly manufactured in woodworking enterprises using pine boards I and II grades with a thickness of 30 ... 50 mm. Boards are planed on planers from four sides. The strength of the glued beams depends on the moisture content and the processing accuracy of the material.

For glued beams, boards of small length III grade are used. Such beams are made in workshops with processing and gluing equipment. When wood dries, glued structures are subject to shrinkage in different directions of wood fibers. Boards in glued structures are laid with the opposite arrangement of annual layers (Fig. 10).

Layer-by-layer stacking of lumber in glued structures and their categories

a, b - section of rectangular beams; в - section of a square column; d - I-beam, reinforced with nails
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Glued beams have rectangular, square or I-beams. Glued load-bearing wooden structures have various modifications (Fig. 11). The height of the glued beams is within 1/8 ... 1/12 of the span. Glued wooden I-beams cover spans up to 12 m.

Diagrams of wooden adhesive supporting structures (front view)

a - rectangular beam; b - gable beam; c - bent beam; d - a triangular truss with a steel tie; d - wooden hinged arch; e - bent frame; g - wooden parabolic arch
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Glued beams, reinforced with nails, are used when constructing combined (attic) roofs.

In this case, the supporting structures of the roof are combined into common panel with thermal insulation.

Reinforced glued beams are made of rectangular or channel section. Rectangular beams have a constant width of 7 cm with a height of 14 ... 50.4 cm with a graduation of 2.8 cm (Fig. 12). The beams are reinforced with four 14 mm diameter reinforcing bars. Channel beams are made with a wall thickness of 7 and 10 cm, the former have reinforcement from eight rods, and the latter from twelve rods with a diameter of 14 mm. Reinforcement rods are placed in selected and glue-coated grooves between the boards. Instead of boards, waterproof and fire-resistant plywood is also used.

Cross-section of reinforced glued timber beams

a - rectangular; b c - I-beam; g - triangular frame; d - rectangular frame
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For glued beams with prestressed reinforcement, steel rods are heated to 8 ° ... 9 ° C. The elongated rods are fixed with anchor stops at the ends of the beam. As the beam cools, the rods shorten, creating stress in the beam.

Wooden I-beams are made with a lattice wall. Reinforced with reinforcement, they cover spans up to 9 m.

Wooden trusses (Fig. 13) are triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal, segmental and polygonal. In trusses, there are upper and lower chords, braces and racks. Wooden trusses cover spans up to 24 m. Metal-wood trusses cover spans of greater size. Timber truss assemblies are fastened with nails and bolts. In metal-to-wood trusses, compression elements are made of wood, and tension elements are made of steel.

Farm diagrams (front view)

a - wooden; b - metal-wood
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Segment farms. Their upper belt is made from several curved planks stitched with nails. The lower belt is made of round steel. The tightening, covering the base of the upper chord (segment), supports it from both sides.

Segmental glued trusses are made of high-quality boards, including the lower belt (tightening) (Fig. 14). The truss assemblies are reinforced with 12.6 mm thick plywood plates and strip steel plates. A steel shoe connects the upper and lower truss chords. The span of such a farm is up to 18 m.

Bent-glued from boards arcuate (segmental) trusses with steel plates for fastening knots

1 - bent-glued upper truss belt of five layers of boards (22X83 mm); 2 - bottom tightening of four layers of boards (22X83 mm); 3 - plywood plates 12.7 mm thick on both sides of the truss nodes; .4 - plates made of sheet steel; 5 - lattice elements - struts and braces with a cross section of 51X89 mm; b - truss support with a cross section of 254X254 mm; 7 - steel lining
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The quality of glued timber. In mass production, the coating of parts with an adhesive layer is mechanized using rollers. Adhesives of urea artificial resins, applied by thin scrapping on an even-planed surface, ensure strong adhesion of the elements. The glue is applied to one surface of the part, the strength of the connection does not decrease from this.

For adhesion strength, after applying the glue, the parts are pressed tightly using size presses. Bonding is provided by pressure, MPa (kgf / cm²).

For pressing the surfaces to be glued, hand presses, frames with wedges, eccentric presses, compressing the parts to be glued under low pressure with clamps are used (Fig. 15). Mechanical devices are used for gluing small-volume parts, presses - for rallying shields, as well as veneering surfaces with decorative plywood or plastic (for example, door leaves).

Waterproof synthetic resin adhesive ensures high quality of the bonded structure. Glued wood structures are more fire resistant and less prone to decay than natural wood. Glued structures allow economical use of short cut boards and beams.

Clamps

a - ordinary; b - double for compression of parallel surfaces; c - with a movable hinge for compressing oblique parts; d - ordinary with three bolts: d - for compression of fittings
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