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1 microwatt [μW] = 1E-09 kilowatt [kW]

Initial value

Converted value

watt exawatt petawatt terawatt gigawatt megawatt kilowatt hectowatt decawatt deciwatt sanewatt milliwatt microwatt nanowatt picowatt femtowatt attowatt horsepower horsepower metric horsepower boiler horsepower electrical horsepower pumping horsepower British horsepower British horsepower thermal unit (int.) per hour Brit. thermal unit (IT) per minute Brit. thermal unit (IT) per second Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per hour Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per minute Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per second MBTU (international) per hour Thousand BTU per hour MBTU (international) per hour Million BTU per hour ton of refrigeration kilocalorie (IT) per hour kilocalorie (IT) per minute kilocalorie (IT) second kilocalorie (term) per hour kilocalorie (term) per minute kilocalorie (term) per second calorie (IT) per hour calorie (IT) per minute calorie (IT) per second calorie (term) per hour calorie (therm) per minute calorie (therm) per second foot pound-force per hour foot lbf / minute foot lbf / second pound-foot per hour pound-foot per minute pound-foot per second erg per second kilovolt-ampere volt-ampere newton-meter per second joule per second exajoule per second petajoule per second terajoule per second gigajoule per second megajoule per second kilojoule per second hectojoule per second decjoule per second decijoule per second centijoule per second microjoule per second per second nanojoule per second picojoule per second femtojoule per second attojoule per seconds joule per hour joule per minute kilojoule per hour kilojoule per minute Planck power

Specific fuel consumption

More about power

General information

In physics, power is the ratio of work to the time it takes to do it. Mechanical work is a quantitative characteristic of the action of force F on the body, as a result of which it moves a distance s... Power can also be defined as the rate at which power is transmitted. In other words, power is a measure of the health of a machine. By measuring the power, you can understand how much and at what speed the work is being done.

Power units

Power is measured in joules per second, or watts. Along with watts, horsepower is also used. Before the invention of the steam engine, the power of engines was not measured, and, accordingly, there were no generally accepted units of power. When the steam engine began to be used in mines, engineer and inventor James Watt began to improve it. In order to prove that his improvements made the steam engine more efficient, he compared its power to the performance of horses, since horses have been used by people for many years, and many could easily imagine how much work a horse could do in a given amount of time. In addition, steam engines were not used in all mines. In those where they were used, Watt compared the power of the old and new models of the steam engine with the power of one horse, that is, with one horsepower. Watt determined this value experimentally by observing the work of draft horses at a mill. According to his measurements, one horsepower is 746 watts. Now it is believed that this figure is exaggerated, and the horse cannot work in this mode for a long time, but they did not change the unit. Power can be used as an indicator of productivity, since as power increases, the amount of work performed per unit of time increases. Many have realized that it is convenient to have a standardized unit of power, so horsepower has become very popular. It began to be used to measure the power of other devices, especially transport. Although watts are used almost as long as horsepower, the automotive industry is more likely to use horsepower, and many buyers have a better understanding of when these units are used to indicate the power of an automobile engine.

Household electrical appliances power

Household appliances are usually marked with wattage. Some luminaires limit the power of the bulbs that can be used in them, for example, no more than 60 watts. This is because higher wattage bulbs generate a lot of heat and the luminaire with the socket may be damaged. And the lamp itself at a high temperature in the lamp will not last long. This is mainly a problem with incandescent bulbs. LED, fluorescent and other lamps usually operate at lower wattage at the same brightness and, if used in luminaires designed for incandescent lamps, there is no power problem.

The more the power of the appliance, the higher the energy consumption and the cost of using the appliance. Therefore, manufacturers are constantly improving electrical appliances and lamps. The luminous flux of lamps, measured in lumens, depends on the wattage, but also on the type of lamp. The higher the luminous flux of the lamp, the brighter its light looks. For people, it is the high brightness that is important, and not the power consumed by the lamp, so lately, alternatives to incandescent lamps are becoming more and more popular. Below are examples of lamp types, their wattage and the luminous flux they generate.

• 450 lumens:
• Incandescent lamp: 40 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 9-13 watts
• LED lamp: 4-9 watts
• 800 lumens:



• Incandescent lamp: 60 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 13-15 watts
• LED lamp: 10-15 watts
• 1600 lumens:
• Incandescent lamp: 100 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 23-30 watts
• LED lamp: 16-20 watts

From these examples, it is obvious that with the same generated luminous flux, LED lamps consume the least energy and are more economical than incandescent lamps. At the time of this writing (2013) the price is LED lamps many times higher than the price of incandescent lamps. Despite this, some countries have banned or are about to ban the sale of incandescent lamps due to their high power.

The power of household electrical appliances may differ depending on the manufacturer, and is not always the same during the operation of the appliance. Below are the approximate capacities of some household appliances.



• Household air conditioners for cooling a residential building, split system: 20-40 kilowatts
• Monoblock window air conditioners: 1-2 kilowatts
• Ovens: 2.1-3.6 kilowatts
• Washers and dryers: 2-3.5 kilowatts
• Dishwashers: 1.8-2.3 kilowatts
• Electric kettles: 1-2 kilowatts
• Microwaves: 0.65-1.2 kilowatts
• Refrigerators: 0.25-1 kilowatts
• Toasters: 0.7-0.9 kilowatts

Power in sports

Performance can be judged by power not only for machines, but also for people and animals. For example, the power at which a basketball player throws the ball is calculated by measuring the force she applies to the ball, the distance the ball flew, and the time that force was applied. There are sites that allow you to calculate the work and power during physical exercise... The user selects the type of exercise, enters height, weight, exercise duration, after which the program calculates the power. For example, according to one of these calculators, the power of a person who is 170 centimeters tall and weighs 70 kilograms, who did 50 push-ups in 10 minutes, is 39.5 watts. Athletes sometimes use devices to measure the power at which muscles are working during exercise. This information helps determine how effective their chosen exercise program is.

Dynamometers

To measure power, special devices are used - dynamometers. They can also measure torque and force. Dynamometers are used in various industries, from technology to medicine. For example, they can be used to determine the power of a car engine. Several basic types of dynamometers are used to measure the power of vehicles. In order to determine the engine power using dynamometers alone, it is necessary to remove the engine from the car and connect it to the dynamometer. In other dynamometers, the force to be measured is transmitted directly from the wheel of the vehicle. In this case, the car engine drives the wheels through the transmission, which, in turn, rotate the rollers of the dynamometer, which measures the engine power under various road conditions.

Dynamometers are also used in sports and medicine. The most common type of dynamometer for this purpose is isokinetic. Typically, this is a sensor gym equipment connected to a computer. These sensors measure the strength and power of the entire body or specific muscle groups. The dynamometer can be programmed to issue alarms and warnings if the power has exceeded a certain value. This is especially important for people with injuries during the rehabilitation period, when it is necessary not to overload the body.

According to some provisions of the theory of sports, the greatest sports development occurs at a certain load, individual for each athlete. If the load is not heavy enough, the athlete gets used to it and does not develop his abilities. If, on the contrary, it is too severe, then the results deteriorate due to the overload of the body. Physical activity during some exercise, such as cycling or swimming, is influenced by many environmental factors, such as road conditions or wind conditions. Such a load is difficult to measure, however, you can find out with what power the body resists this load, and then change the exercise pattern, depending on the desired load.

Do you find it difficult to translate a unit of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and you will receive an answer within a few minutes.

iPhone 6 is hazardous to health due to high electromagnetic radiation

Two new smartphone models from Apple in terms of emission of electromagnetic energy, they are at the limit of the values ​​permitted by the standards and can pose a threat to human health.
According to US standards, the SAR of smartphones should not exceed 1.6 watts per kilogram for 1 gram of tissue. Meanwhile, the SAR for the iPhone 6 is 1.58 and 1.59 for the iPhone 6 Plus.
The University of California at Berkeley has already spoken about the serious health risks that the owners of the new "sixth" iPhones are taking.

About the dangers of electromagnetic radiation
Operators throughout the territory evenly install repeaters to obtain a uniform EMF. Each owner of the phone always carries with him a radiation source with an unpredictable radiation regime.
A mobile phone has a thermal (energy) and non-thermal (vortex) effect. As a result of thermal exposure (more than 10 μW / cm2), violations of various human organs are possible (clouding of the lens of the eye, disturbances in the functional parts of the middle ear, etc.).
According to the requirements of Rospotrebnadzor, the permissible level of exposure of a cell phone user should not exceed 100 μW / cm2.
In reality, the recorded radiation levels exceed the specified standard by several thousand times. The fixed average level of power flux density for various devices is 0.2-0.5 W / cm2. This is about 10 times more than the heat flux of the sun on a clear day at the latitude of Moscow.
Research carried out at the Department of Quasistatic Electronics of the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University has shown that during a conversation on a mobile phone, the user's brain is exposed to "local overheating." In the tissues of the brain, there are microscopic areas of increased conductivity.
They are able to absorb a fairly large dose of EMP, resulting in thermal overheating, which can lead to brain cancer. This was confirmed by experimental studies on animals. With increasing doses of high-frequency radiation, literally "welded areas" were formed in their brains.
Scientists from the Institute of Biophysics of the Ministry of Health of Russia have established that electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones is destructive for chicken embryos and unsafe for humans.
An experiment led by prof. Yuri Grigoriev, a renowned scientist and chairman of the Russian scientific committee on protection from non-ionizing radiation, showed that about 30% of chicken embryos die under the rays of a mobile phone, while in the control group, which was not "warmed", only 2% (15 times less). The nature of the distribution of EMF in space changes significantly in the presence of a subscriber while talking on the phone. At the same time, the human head absorbs from 10% to 98% of energy radiation.
Currently, there is a fairly large number of facts confirming the role of amplitude and frequency modulation of EMF in the formation of a biological effect when exposed to an extremely low energy flux density (PES), which allows us to admit a non-thermal (vortex) mechanism of EMF action - informational.
One of the main non-thermal mechanisms of action is electrical processes in the brain. The nerve cells in the brain form a very complex electrical network. Electrophysiological processes in these cells are highly dependent on the EMR of a cell phone. As a result, there is an imbalance in the electrophysiological activity of brain cells, leading to the development of neurocircular dystonia (NCD); NCD upsets the balance in all body systems and contributes to the appearance of hypertension, diseases endocrine system, cardiac arrhythmias, etc.
Studies have shown that electromagnetic waves emitted by a mobile phone brought to the ear cause in the neurons of the central nervous system human body resonance that multiplies stress. The owner of the phone, using it all the time, is in great stress. His brain cells die several times faster than those who do not have a cell phone.
Hence, memory impairment, cognitive decline, and in some cases ... surgery.
Thus, a mobile phone is a specific source of EMR, the action of which has an intermittent local character and, based on this, requires a special approach to sanitary regulation according to the permissible exposure to EMR... According to hygienists, the maximum use of a mobile phone for an adult should be no more than 30 minutes a day, and children under 18 are not recommended to use a mobile phone at all.
Today, global standards governing the safety of cell phones characterize radiation levels by SAR (Specific Absorption Rate), which is measured in watts per kilogram (W / kg). This value determines the EMF energy released in tissues in one second.
In Europe, the permissible radiation value is 2 W / kg. In the United States, the restrictions are stricter. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) only certifies cellular devices with a SAR less than 1.6 W / kg.
These standards provide for limiting the flux density of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) 200-1000 μW / cm2, while studies show that already 0.02 μW / cm2 is harmful to the body.
In Russia, the permissible intensity of electromagnetic fields (EMF) is regulated by sanitary rules and regulations. The restrictions imposed by SanPiN are measured in fundamentally different units compared to global ones - watts per square centimeter (W / cm2), while determining the energy entering the tissue in one second. Moreover, electromagnetic waves, depending on their frequency and the type of living tissue with which they interact, will be absorbed in different ways.
SanPiN standards cannot be converted into SAR units by simple calculation.
In order to determine the compliance of the new cell phone model with Russian standards, it is necessary to carry out laboratory measurements.
Experts note that Russian requirements actually impose stricter limits on the power of cell phones' transmitters than are recommended by the WHO standards.
Besides, existing standards only take into account how the emitted frequency affects the body's ability to absorb energy from radiation and, accordingly, heat up.
The negative impact from non-thermal effects (in particular, the vortex electrical component, and this is = 60% of the flow), which have a nonlinear nature and are not measured by existing devices, are not taken into account by the standards.
“It's all about the difference in approaches,” says Yuri Paltsev, head of the laboratory of magnetic fields at the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine. - We, unlike our Western colleagues, take into account in SanPiN not only thermal effects, but also other factors of non-ionizing radiation that affect the human body when using a mobile phone.
Therefore, the degree of influence of EMF (thermal and non-thermal component - vortex electric) on the human body or, more precisely, the degree of protection of a person from these radiation (including taking into account additional protective devices) can be judged at this stage only with the help of metrological (thermal component) and biological testing (vortex electrical component).
Experiments on cats and rabbits have shown that low-intensity EMF, without causing tissue overheating, is able to modulate the activity nerve cells due to a change in the permeability of cell membranes for calcium ions, which can negatively affect the work of the central nervous system, changes in enzymatic activity and effects on cell DNA.
The sanitary rules and regulations state that for the population, the energy flux density (PES) should not exceed 10 μW / cm2 (for Moscow residents, 2 μW / cm2), and at workplaces, 200 μW / cm2.
The PES is measured by measuring instruments at frequencies of 850 MHz - 1.9 GHz at a distance of 37 cm from the mobile phone (emitter) to the receiver, and at this distance the PES should not exceed 3 μW / cm2.
This is according to the norms established in the hygiene standards. The technical norms of modern telephones should fit into these norms, but the passports for the telephones do not say anything about this.
In enterprises, even the usual hygiene norms and standards for the distance from the operator to the monitor (PC), declared by the PC manufacturer in the documentation, are often not observed.

The base station is installed on the building of the central heating point next to residential buildings and the school, therefore it is of serious concern to residents and parents of schoolchildren.

Base station cellular you can't just take it and turn it on. First you need to prepare a project with level calculations electromagnetic field, to carry out its examination by an independent organization, to install a base station, to obtain the conclusion of Rospotrebnadzor. To obtain a conclusion, measurements of the radiation intensity are carried out near the antennas and at special control points. They are carried out by experts from an independent organization. Only after receiving all the documents, the base station is turned on the air.

Today I will talk about how the measurements of the radiation level from this base station in a residential area of ​​Moscow were carried out.

First, a little theory

• The main purpose of the on-site inspection is to measure radiation levels where people are. If buildings fall in the direction of radiation, then control points must be set there. Measurements are taken at the entrance to the building and inside.
• As for the choice of points in the premises, it is not only the height of the base station antennas that is important here, but also the orientation of the windows of the room in which the measurements are taken relative to the direction of radiation of the antennas.
• Elevated values ​​of the levels of electromagnetic fields are noted only near windows in rooms located in the immediate vicinity of the base station 0-100 m at the same height with the installed antennas. This happens either in the event of a change in the urban planning situation (construction of new buildings in the immediate vicinity of the base station), or in case of non-observance of the agreed design solutions (change in the antenna suspension height, azimuth, tilt angle).
• Most often, design solutions provide for such an arrangement of equipment, in which the levels of electromagnetic fields in places with the presence of the population do not exceed the maximum permissible values ​​- 10 μW / cm 2.

Now let's get down to practice

A specialist from the FBUZ "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the City of Moscow" made measurements of radiation indicators at a distance of 15 m from the building where the base station is located and on the playground with a special device.

On a footpath 15 meters from the substation building - an indicator of 0.03 μW / cm 2 at a rate of 10 μW / cm 2

The substation is located next to the school building, so it was necessary to take measurements in the classrooms on all four floors, the windows of which overlook it. The results prove that the health of schoolchildren is not threatened.

In the classroom on the 4th floor, at a distance of 0.5 m from the window, the indicator is less than 0.01 μW / cm 2 at a rate of 10 μW / cm 2.

The measurements were carried out on the territory of the kindergarten, 100 meters from the base station. The results of measurements at several points on the territory and inside the building of the kindergarten proved that everything is in order - the indicators on the device are several tens of times lower than the sanitary standards.

5 meters from the entrance to the building kindergarten- indicators 0.02 μW / cm 2

In conclusion, and for the sake of interest, we measured the radiation level for an incoming call to the phone of one of our employees 20 meters from the base station. We are convinced of the low radiation intensity in this case.

Checking radiation from the phone during a call - indicators 0.11 μW / cm 2

The result of the measurements:

At a radiation rate of 10 µW / cm 2, the maximum recorded radiation does not exceed 0.10 µW / cm 2.
For comparison, a microwave oven emits approximately 20-30 μW / cm 2, depending on the model, and a home Wi-Fi router- 0.1-0.3 μW / cm 2.

How is the base station received?

The last stage in the construction of the base station is the study of the level of the electromagnetic field. This is done like this:

1. Even before the construction of the base station, the operator calculates the radiation exposure: based on information about all buildings, their height, their purpose using special programs the calculation of radiation levels in horizontal and vertical planes. Based on the calculations, a project is being prepared (sanitary passport).
2. Then an examination of the project is done by accredited in established order organizations. Calculations are verified. If necessary, they may require to change the direction, location, height of the antennas, to reduce the radiation power. It turns out an expert opinion on the placement.
3. Then you need the conclusion of Rospotrebnadzor for placement. The documents already collected are transferred to Rospotrebnadzor, where specialists from specialized departments study them, conduct their own expertise, and, with a positive decision, the operator receives a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the placement of a radio transmitting facility.
4. Upon completion of the work, measurements are taken on site. For this, the station is temporarily switched on for the duration of the measurement. Measurements are taken near each antenna and at specific test points around. In case of non-compliance with the SanPin standards (exceeding), measures are taken to reduce the power of the radiating antennas.
5. But that's not all. Now the certified organization must check the compliance of the project with reality. A second expert opinion is issued.
6. And, finally, after that, a Rospotrebnadzor certificate is issued for the operation of a radio transmitting facility.

What kind of device?

V in this case Narda SRM-3006 - Selective Electromagnetic Field Meter - is a system consisting of a main module and measuring antennas for detecting electromagnetic fields and their sources in the frequency range from 9 kHz to 6 GHz.

Profiledly, it is used specifically for safety analysis and measurement of environmental parameters of high-frequency electromagnetic fields. The SRM-3006 covers broadcasting, mobile telephony and industrial frequencies from low longwave to the latest wireless applications, and evaluates field strengths according to international or national standards.

How often are measurements taken?

Measurements are carried out when the object is put into operation. Then, once every 3 years, or as the cellular base station is upgraded.

Where is the technique described?

The measurement technique is carried out taking into account the guidelines: MUK 4.3.1677-03 "Determination of the levels of the electromagnetic field created by radiating technical means television, FM radio broadcasting and base stations of land mobile radio communications ”. MUK 4.3.1167-02 "Determination of the energy flux density of the electromagnetic field in the locations of radio equipment operating in the frequency range 300 MHz - 300 GHz".

Mobile communication has rapidly entered human life. Scientists warn: using a mobile phone is dangerous. But there is no return to the past. How to minimize harmful effect electromagnetic radiation? I bring to your attention the work of two Ukrainian scientists - Mykola Murashko, Cand. phys.-mat. Sciences, Associate Professor of the National Medical University named after A. A. Bogomolets and Teodor Narytnik - Academician, Director of the Joint Venture Institute of Electronics and Communications of the UANNP. There are many technical terms in the work, but do not let them scare you, they help to shed light on this very urgent problem, and - very reasonably. Indeed, today even first-graders have a mobile phone, and our task is to figure out what this miracle of technical thought brings us more, harm or benefit, and how to minimize its harmful effects. So let's start our little lecture.
Electromagnetic (EM) radiations of the radio range lead to significant disturbances in the physiological functions of humans and animals. The effect of EM radiation on the human body depends on the absorbed energy. Part of the radiation that hits a person is absorbed, and part is reflected. The absorbed energy of the EM field is converted into thermal energy. The absorption process depends on the wavelength:
millimeter-wave waves are absorbed by the surface layers of the skin;
centimeter waves - by skin and subcutaneous tissue;
decimeter waves - by internal organs;
meter waves - with the whole body.
In addition to thermal effects, EM radiation can polarize body tissues, move ions, polarize the side chains of macromolecules and orient them parallel to the electric field strength of the wave; be resonantly absorbed by macromolecules and biological structures, causing nervous reactions and other so-called non-thermal effects.
The characteristics of the waves on which the result of exposure depends:
frequency (wavelength λ = s / f);
the intensity of the wave is the energy that falls on a unit of body surface in one second, and for low-frequency fields - the strength of the electric field E and magnetic field H.
Living organisms are significantly influenced by electromagnetic fields (EMF) and electromagnetic waves (EMW) of various frequency ranges: from low-frequency radio wave (f = 30-300 kHz, λ = 104-10-3 m) to ionizing radiation (f ﺣ 1018 Hz, λ ≤10-10 m). According to their intensity, they are divided into: low-intensity - less than 10 mW / cm2 and high-intensity - more than 10 mW / cm2. Such low-intensity high-frequency (HF) radiation heats the tissue by no more than 0.1 ° C in less than 6 minutes (0.1 h).
If the duration of exposure for 6 minutes is reduced, for example, to 6 s, then the power flux density can be increased to 100 mW / cm2 at power flux density levels that are less than 10 mW / cm2 ...
At power flux density levels ranging from 10 to 25 mW / cm2, the total duration of irradiation should not exceed 10 minutes out of every 60 minutes during an 8-hour working day.

The thermal effect of decimeter and centimeter waves when the temperature rises during irradiation has been clearly detected. Thus, when dogs were irradiated for 15 min with EME of length K = 1.5 m with an intensity of 330 mW / cm2, their temperature increased by 5 ° C. 50% of the irradiated dogs died.
Why is 10 mW / cm2 chosen as some threshold value? V normal conditions the human body gives in environment the amount of heat corresponding to a heat flux of 10 mW / cm2 of the surface. This corresponds to the energy consumption when doing light work.
Sanitary standards have been introduced that determine the permissible limits of HF radiation. Such boundaries, as a rule, are 50-100 times less values intensities at which irreversible changes occur in the body.
Electromagnetic background, safe for human life, is

Po = 10-6 W / cm2 = 1 μW / cm2

The level of background EM radiation from radio engineering objects (radio and television transmitters, radars, RRS and others) acceptable for the population

Po = 10-5 W / cm2 = 10 μW / cm2

Human exposure from mobile phones and similar equipment in terms of SAR in the frequency range up to 3 GHz (λ = 10 cm) is

2 = W / kg = 2mW / g = 2 J / s.kg = 2Gy / s

where Gy (Gray) is the unit of absorbed dose of human muscle tissue.
The average level of EM radiation in some US cities from broadcasting television stations is

10-4 W / m2 = 10-2 μW / cm2 = 0.01 μW / cm2

for 50% of the population, and 2% of the population lives at the level of EM radiation

10-2 W / cm2 = 1mkW / cm2

If the irradiation intensity is 25 mW / cm2, it is forbidden to be in the irradiation zone, and the dose of 100 mW / cm2 is the lowest limiting value of the irradiation intensity that can create irreversible processes in the eyes and testes of a person.
In Ukraine today, the maximum permissible values ​​of the radiation intensity for all effects on the human body, except for irradiation of the legs and arms, should not exceed 1 mW / cm2.
The harmful and prolonged irradiation with low-intensity meter waves was confirmed in such an experiment: rats were irradiated with such waves of 480 μW / cm2 for 25 months, after which malignant tumors were detected in 16, and only in 4 in the control group.
Radiation in the decimeter range is much more harmful to humans. Mobile communications use exactly this range. Therefore, the radiation from mobile phones is extremely harmful. It suppresses electromagnetic impulses of cells of living organisms, heats up the organism "from the inside" at the cellular level. Tissues of closed volumes especially suffer from this: eyes, testes, which are poorly washed with blood, and therefore are outside the body's thermoregulation system. The lens of the eye collapses and becomes cloudy from internal overheating, pain in the eyes and noise in the head appear.
The human brain is protected by the cranium and is well supplied with blood, so overheating does not threaten it. The signal of a mobile phone penetrates the brain to a depth of 37 mm, and the radiation power is much higher than in microwave ovens. Phone, unlike microwave oven, emits a complex modulated signal that carries information. Biologically - informational interactions have been little studied, the results of such studies are not publicly published.

Rice. 1. The brain of a rat that was not irradiated (a) and of a rat that was irradiated regularly (b), dark dots are the affected areas.

Swedish scientists, studying people who have used mobile phones for over 10 years, found that they have a 4 times higher risk of ear tumors. Hungarian scientists claim that cell phones reduce the quality of sperm by 3 times.
This is why there is already a saying: "Carry your mobile phones near the organ you don't need."
It should be noted that not all people perceive radiation from mobile phones in the same way. There is increased, decreased and medium radiosensitivity. Most people (up to 80%) belong to middle group... People with reduced radiosensitivity may not react in any way to powerful radiation, while those with increased sensitivity may feel tired and dizzy after just one phone call.
In world practice, the safety boundary is established by the flux density of the PPM power (mW / cm2) and the absorbed dose rate SAR (Specific Absorption Rates) - a specific absorption rate, mW / g.
The difference between them is that in the first case, the power per unit area is determined, and in the second, the energy that is absorbed in a unit of mass in 1 s. When absorbing a unit of SAR (1 mW / g) in 20 minutes, the tissues are heated by 1 ° C. European organizations recommend a SAR limit of 2 mW / yr for cell phones.

As you can see from the table. 2, some samples of phones (Nokia, Ericsson, Philips) in terms of radiation intensity (75-136 μW / cm2) significantly exceed the maximum permissible level, since according to sanitary standards it is 2.5 μW / cm2 in Ukraine. That is, the radiated power is 1 cm2 more than the permissible value for the population by 30-55 times.
Experiments carried out on animals of different ages have shown that the electromagnetic field has a very strong effect on the developing organism. When using a mobile phone, an electromagnetic field is applied to the brain (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Results of EME penetration into the head of an adult (a), a 10-year-old child (b), and a 5-year-old child

The absorption of EM energy in a child's head is much higher than that of an adult, because the child has smaller size the head, the bones of the skull are thinner, the brain tissue has greater conductivity. The child's body is more sensitive to the EM field than the adult, the brain has a greater tendency to accumulate adverse reactions upon repeated exposure to the EM field.
Children living in the vicinity of TV and radio towers, mobile stations, have a level of chronic diseases twice as high as normal and 2.5 times more acute diseases.
Mobile phones are indispensable today. In order for the harm from using them to be minimal, you need to know under what conditions it is safe to use them.

Children under 18: minimize the use of mobile phones, speak only as a last resort.
Adults:
communication should not last more than 15 minutes a day:
after a 1-3-minute conversation, it is recommended to refrain from the next call for at least 5 minutes (prolonged conversations cause mental disorders);
while sleeping, the phone should be at least 1 m away from the head;
do not use a mobile phone in public transport and cars. The radiation from the mobile phone is reflected from metal case machine, its power increases several times. It is also better to take off metal-rimmed glasses during a conversation (for the same reasons);
do not choose small models of mobile phones, they have more powerful radiation than large ones;
after dialing the desired number, do not immediately press the phone to your ear - it is during the connection that the most powerful radiation occurs.
If the number of "antennas" on the screen of your mobile phone decreases, it means that you are in a zone of weak signal coverage. Try to avoid using the phone in such an environment, because the intensity of its electromagnetic radiation increases several times.

Source - magazine "Labor protection" No. 4 2010

State system of sanitary and epidemiological regulation of the Russian Federation

Federal Sanitary Rules, Norms, and Hygiene Regulations

2.1.8. PHYSICAL FACTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

2.2.4. PHYSICAL FACTORS OF THE PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT

Temporary allowable levels (TDL)
exposure to electromagnetic emissions from cellular radio communication systems

Hygiene standards

GN 2.1.8./2.2.4.019-94

State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia

Moscow

1995

1. Developed by a team of employees of the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Samara Branch Research Institute of Radio of the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation.

Temporary exposure levels electromagnetic radiation, created by cellular radio communication systems, operate on the territory of the Russian Federation. They apply to the conditions of professional and non-professional exposure to electromagnetic radiation generated by cellular radio communication systems. Are intended for developers and consumers of the specified radio facilities, centers of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia.

2. Approved and put into effect by the Resolution of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia dated December 27, 1994 No. 12 for a period of 3 years.

The experience of applying these hygienic standards and the results of further research should be used when replacing temporary permissible levels (TDL) with maximum permissible levels (ILU) of electromagnetic radiation generated by cellular radio communication systems.

3. Introduced for the first time as a normative document.

Law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population."

"Sanitary rules, norms and hygienic standards (hereinafter referred to as sanitary rules) are normative acts that establish criteria for the safety and (or) harmlessness of the factors of the human environment and the requirements for ensuring favorable conditions his life activity.

Sanitary rules are mandatory for all government agencies and public associations, enterprises and other business entities, organizations and institutions, regardless of their subordination and forms of ownership, officials and citizens ”(Article 3).

“A sanitary offense is an unlawful, guilty (intentional or careless) act (action or inaction) that infringes upon the rights of citizens and the interests of society, associated with non-compliance with the sanitary legislation of the RSFSR, including the current sanitary rules ...

Officials and citizens of the RSFSR who committed a sanitary offense may be brought to disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability ”(Article 27).

APPROVED BY

Resolution of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia

GN 2.1.8 / 2.2.4.019-94

Date of introduction:

since approval

2.1.8. PHYSICAL FACTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

2.2.4. PHYSICAL FACTORS OF THE PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT

Temporary permissible levels (TDL) of exposure to electromagnetic radiation generated by cellular radio communication systems

Hygiene standards

Tentative permissible levels of electromagnetic radiation created by mobile cellular radio communication systems. Hygienic standards.

P / p No.		The value of VDU EMP	Note
	Professional impact	PPE PDU = 200 / T, where PPE PD is the maximum allowable value of PPE in μW / cm 2 for exposure to a certain duration T in hours; 200 μW · h / cm 2 - PDU of the energy load per work shift; Maximum allowable value of PES PD = 1000 μW / cm 2	In accordance with GOST 12.1.006-84
	Unprofessional exposure		In accordance with the Provisional Regulations and)
	2.1. Irradiation of the population living in the adjacent residential area from base station antennas	PES PD = 10 μW / cm 2	rules for protecting the population from the effects of electromagnetic fields generated by radio engineering objects
	2.2. Exposure to radiotelephone users	PES PDU = 100 μW / cm 2	(№ 2963-84)

Note:

General information on the characteristics of EMP sources, conditions of professional and non-professional impacts are given; Recommended EMP Controls -.

Head of Department

sanitary legislation S. Melnikova

Annex 1
(reference)

1. Cellular radio communication systems are now widespread. Abroad, in terms of development rates, they are significantly ahead of other types of telecommunications. An important distinguishing feature of these wireless systems is the ability to very efficiently use the radio frequency spectrum allocated for their operation. Thanks to this, it is possible to provide communication with a significant number of subscribers, which is important for major cities and areas with high density population. Currently, cellular communication systems are being introduced in Russia.

In the operation of these systems, the following principle is used: the territory of a city (region) is divided into small zones (cells) with a radius of 0.5 - 2.0 km, in the center of each zone there is a base station serving mobile stations in this cell. The latter include automobile and hand-held radiotelephones.

2. Cellular radio communication systems operate in the radio frequency range from 400 to 1200 MHz. The maximum power of base station transmitters, as a rule, does not exceed 100 W, the antenna gain is 10 - 16 dB. The power of the transmitters of automobile stations is 8 - 20 W, of hand-held radiotelephones 0.8 - 5 W.

3. The effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) generated by cellular communication systems can be exposed to persons of professional groups whose work is associated with sources of EMR (base station personnel, signalmen, dispatchers, traffic police officers, firemen, taxis, etc.), the population living in the vicinity of base stations, radiotelephone users.

4. The irradiation regime of various contingents of persons has some peculiarities: persons professionally associated with sources of EMR are exposed during the working day, the population living in the immediate vicinity of base stations - up to 24 hours a day, radiotelephone users only during telephone conversations. In this case, exposure to EMR of a continuous generation mode has the character of irregularly repeated relatively short sessions, separated by more or less long pauses. According to the sociological service "Monitoring" 85% of the population spend on telephone conversations no more than 1 hour a day.

5. In accordance with the operating frequency range (400 - 1200 MHz), the normalized radiation parameters of cellular communication systems are surface energy flux density (PES) and energy load (EN) on the body. PES is measured in units of surface power density (W / m 2, mW / cm 2, μW / cm 2). EN is expressed by the product of the PES by the exposure time T (EN = PES · T, W · h / m 2, mW · h / cm 2, μW · h / cm 2).

Appendix 2
(recommended)

EMP level control devices.

1. Control of EMP levels generated by cellular radio communication systems should be provided with the help of PES radiation meters. For metrological control of radiotelephones, devices designed for measurements in the near radiation zone (PZ-18, PZ-19, PZ-20, PZ-18A, PZ-19A) should be used.

Device name	Working range of work	Measurement limits	Instrument error
Energy flux density meter PZ-18, PZ-19, P3-20	0.3 - 39.65 GHz	PZ-18 (0.32-10) μW / cm 2 (3.2-10) mW / cm 2 PZ-19, PZ-20 (0.32-10) μW / cm 2 - (20-100) mW / cm 2	2 dB
Broadband meter PPE PZ-18A, PZ-19A	0.3 - 40 GHz	PZ-18A (0.9-10) μW / cm 2 (3.2-10) mW / cm 2 PZ-19A (6-66.6) μW / cm 2 - (20-100) mW / cm 2	2dB
Energy flux density meter PZ-9 *	0.3 - 37.5 GHz	0.3-8600 μW / cm 2	40 %
* can be used in industrial conditions and in residential areas

2. Measurements of PES of radiation should be carried out in accordance with the Instructions for the operation of devices at distances from the EMP source, corresponding to the location of the head of a person exposed to radiation.

3. The equipment used to control the EMP levels must have a certificate of state inspection.

Annex 1General information on the characterization of EMP sources, conditions of professional and non-professional exposure . 2