Construction of a local sewerage system in a private house. Do-it-yourself sewerage in a private house: scheme and rules for the location of the main structural elements

It is difficult to call a comfortable private house that is not equipped with a well-thought-out, well-functioning drainage system. It is as much a part of civilized existence as electricity, ventilation and heating. Such an important component of the home communications network is subject to environmental and efficiency requirements; The drainage system of a private house should be simple to arrange and easy to use.

Schematic diagram of sewerage in a private house Source projject.ru

One of the main issues of improvement is sewerage for a private house; how to design it correctly and what to focus on during installation, the rules verified by experience will help you figure it out.

Varieties of sewerage systems in a private house

All houses located in the private sector are conventionally divided into two categories:

1. Houses with the ability to connect to the city (central) network. In most cases, it is the best option, with a long service life and no maintenance problems, unplanned expenses and water quality control.
2. Houses where connection to a centralized system is not possible. The fact that the city network is unavailable is not a reason to give up comfort. Under such conditions, the sewage system in a private house is reduced to an autonomous option, where water treatment and waste disposal takes place in locally installed treatment facilities.

You can also combine the sewer and drainage systems Source sovet-ingenera.com

Autonomous sewerage system includes:

• internal sewerage responsible for the collection of wastewater and their output to the outside. It includes internal wiring (piping system), as well as plumbing and household appliances.
• External sewerage. Its elements are external piping and a water treatment device (septic tank or autonomous sewer installation).

The most suitable (in terms of performance) type of individual treatment equipment is selected, taking into account several factors:

• seasonality of living in the house;
• intensity of water use;
• plot size, soil type and structure;
• groundwater level;
• climatic conditions of the region.

The first stage of sewerage installation is the development of a preliminary project scheme.

Rules for drawing up a sewerage scheme in a house

The sewerage scheme in a private house is tied to the plan of the house. It should contain the key elements of the system - a riser (if the building has more than one floor), pipe markings (internal wiring, corners and turns), water drainage points.

When designing, it is important to remember that an overly complicated circuit will cause problems during operation and repair in the future.

Internal wiring is laid during the construction of the house. Its installation begins when the roof of the house and floors are installed, but the finishing work of the premises has not yet been carried out. External sewerage is mounted after the internal system is fully equipped. Below is a sewerage scheme for a private two-story house:

General scheme of internal sewerage in a two-story house Source strojdvor.ru

The order of drawing up the scheme:

• All drawings are built to scale, the place of installation of the riser, pipe laying lines, the number of drain points (connection of plumbing and household appliances) are applied to the plan.
• The size of the riser is determined, the total length of the pipeline is calculated (including the outlet), the exit point from the structure of the main riser.
• In places of possible formation of blockages, cleaning and revisions are provided.
• A separate drawing is built for each floor.
• The size and location of the installation of the vent pipe is calculated (in large sewer systems, it prevents the occurrence of vacuum in the sewer pipe)
• The scheme of external communications is built on the same principle.

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service of design and installation of sewerage and water supply. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".

Video description

About the sewerage scheme with a fan pipe on the video:

The choice of pipes for internal sewage

Building codes allow the following categories of pipes:

• Cast iron. Traditional (until recently) solution. Cast iron products are strong, corrosion resistant and durable. The disadvantage is the weight and roughness of the inner surface. The latter quality contributes to the formation of deposits and the appearance of blockages. Pipes are ideal for laying in the ground.
• Plastic. They are lighter and cheaper than cast iron counterparts, have a smooth surface, but are less durable. Pipes for intra-house wiring are gray; intended for external use are made of orange plastic. The most popular options include:

1. Pipes from PVC(polyvinyl chloride). Frost-resistant and wear-resistant, the main disadvantage is high hardness. They soften from heat and are mainly used in outdoor applications.
2. Pipes from PP(polypropylene). Elastic, lightweight and durable. Valued for their heat resistance (they soften only at 140 C°), they are therefore ideal for indoor use.

Plastic pipes for internal and external circuit Source cyberportal.ru

• Less common are ceramic and asbestos-cement analogues.

In practice, the installation of sewerage in a private house in most cases is carried out using products made of polymeric materials (plastic). The choice is determined by the absence of corrosion (plastic is resistant to aggressive wastewater environments), and easy installation of structures.

How is sewer wiring done

The most time-consuming part of the work is considered to be the wiring of sewers for a private house; how to carry it out correctly is indicated in the design and installation rules.

Inside the house

Elements of the sewerage system for a private house are mounted parallel to the construction of the building. Holes for internal wiring are laid during the construction of walls, partitions and ceilings.

Sewer installation technology provides for several types of pipes:

• Sewer riser, 100 mm in diameter.
• Main (between riser and outlet); diameter 70 mm.
• Branch (connected to the washbasin, bathroom, washing machine) - 50 mm.

Completed piping installation Source repair-pro.com.ua

The spillway system inside the house is gravity (non-pressure). To avoid blockages, pipes are mounted with a slope, the value of which is controlled by the level and depends on the diameter. A sewer pipe with a diameter of 40-50 mm is given a slope of 30 mm per linear meter, a diameter of 100 mm - 20 mm.

Completed ceiling wiring Source vodavdom.msk.ru

Horizontal wiring is performed using oblique tees and adapters (crosses) for connection. Turns are carried out using two knees with a smooth bend at an angle of 45 °; this arrangement reduces the risk of clogging. After each turn, revisions (cleanings) are provided. Right angles are allowed only in vertically arranged structures.

fan pipe

With a sharp entry into the sewer of a large amount of wastewater, the latter can completely fill the entire diameter of the pipe. At the same time, when the drains go down, an area of ​​​​low atmospheric pressure (vacuum) is created behind them, into which water from the siphon and air from the room are sucked in with characteristic sounds.

When the pressure equalizes, then without a water plug, the smell from the sewer enters the room back through the siphons. To prevent the occurrence of vacuum, a fan pipe with an air valve is installed - they are responsible for maintaining atmospheric pressure in all parts of the sewer system.

Fan pipe features:

• It is designed and displayed 50-70 cm above the roof.
• It must not be combined with a chimney or ventilation.
• It is not placed near windows or balconies.

Conclusion of the exhaust (fan) pipe through the roof Source zen.yandex.ru

outdoor part

Installation of the outer part of the sewer system begins after determining the location of the septic tank.

The outlet (the connecting link between the external and internal sewerage at the boundary of the room) is laid at the base of the house below the freezing point of the soil and is thermally insulated. If it was not provided during the laying of the foundation, it is necessary to drill a hole for the protective sleeve, 200-250 mm wider than the pipe diameter. Its edge should protrude from each side of the foundation by 15 cm. The space between the sleeve and the outlet pipe is filled with foam.

Laying of external communications Source mastez.ru

• It is reasonable to place wet rooms (kitchen, bathroom) side by side and at the same time as close as possible to the central riser. This will help to reduce the length of sewer communications to the riser, which will facilitate installation and further maintenance.
• A voluminous project (pool, bath, sauna), additional plumbing means a large amount of waste. A carefully designed water supply and drainage scheme, additional risers and septic tanks, and a pump connection will be required.
• Sewer pipes in a private house can be placed under the floor, in the walls or laid on top. Near the sink, in the shower and in the toilet, a water seal is arranged, thanks to which extraneous odors cannot enter the premises.
• It is unacceptable to arbitrarily change the slope. Its increase will lead to a deterioration in the self-cleaning of the system and the appearance of strong noise. When the slope decreases, the flow of water slows down, which is fraught with blockage.

Slope control when laying sewers Source remontik.org

• The complex topography of the site creates additional problems for laying a pipeline with a slope. In this case, an axonometric diagram is built that allows you to determine the position of the sewer elements in space. If difficult places cannot be bypassed, the solution will be to install a pump.

Video description

Clearly about some of the nuances of sewerage in the video:

Conclusion

A well-designed and organized sewerage system will help create the necessary minimum comfort for the inhabitants of the house. The achievement of this worthy goal is facilitated by the involvement of specialized specialists. And it does not matter whether it is a wooden house or a brick one - the principles of the system are the same everywhere.

What to do with drains in a private house if there is no central sewerage system nearby?!

There is two sewer options- sewage disposal from a private house:

1. Drain water into drainless storage septic tank (reservoir, cesspool) with periodic, as it is filled, pumping and removal of wastewater by a sewage machine to the treatment plant of the nearest settlement.
2. Device local treatment facilities at the site and discharge of purified water into the natural environment - into the ground or onto the terrain.

The first method provides the minimum cost sewer construction, but the annual operating costs (removal of wastewater) can be significant.

Sewerage of a private house with a storage tank (septic tank, cesspool), and periodic, as it is filled, pumping out and removing wastewater by a sewage machine to the treatment plant of the nearest settlement. Provides minimal sewer construction costs, but annual operating costs (drainage removal) can be significant.

Local sewage treatment plant for a private house

The sewerage option with local treatment facilities is more expensive during construction, but can provide lower running costs for the maintenance of the system.

In local treatment facilities, a biological method of cleaning wastewater from pollution is used. Wastewater treatment is carried out by microorganisms capable of decomposing organic pollution. The main task of biological treatment— removal of organic matter from wastewater.

Biochemical reactions occurring in the process of biological treatment partially remove many chemical elements from wastewater, reducing their concentration in wastewater.

Distinguish anaerobic(bacteria without oxygen) and aerobic(bacteria in the presence of oxygen) biological treatment processes.

Two types of local treatment facilities for a private house

For wastewater treatment of a private house use:

1. Anaerobic septic tanks, supplemented by ground treatment facilities with filtering drainage through the soil layer. In soil filters, the process of post-treatment of wastewater takes place with the help of aerobic bacteria.
2. Active septic tanks- treatment devices in which the process of intensive biological wastewater treatment with the help of aerobic bacteria is established. Treated drains after an active septic tank, as a rule, are discharged onto the terrain.

First option, an anaerobic septic tank with drainage into the ground, as a rule, is cheaper to install and operate. Here, in the treatment facilities, conditions close to natural are created for the vital activity of microorganisms. A simple device ensures long-term and reliable operation of the sewer.

The second option with an active septic tank- more expensive and difficult to operate. An active septic tank is a high-tech factory-made device in which artificial conditions are created for the vital activity of aerobic microorganisms, which can significantly speed up the cleaning process.

Sewerage of a private house with an active septic tank provides the highest degree of wastewater treatment. Treated effluents from an active septic tank are sent to the ground through the drainage system. With waterproof soils on the site, drains are dumped onto the terrain, into a ditch.

An active septic tank requires connection to the mains, does not tolerate long interruptions in the supply of sewage, is sensitive to power outages, needs constant monitoring of operation, as well as timely repair and maintenance. Advantages - small dimensions, quick installation, independence from soil conditions on the site.

Selection of the drainage system of the sewage treatment plant

The choice of a drainage system for transferring wastewater to the soil is determined by the filtering properties of the soil. In addition, consider the size and cost of systems.

For device absorption fields from drainage pipes requires more space on site than other filtration methods. drainage tunnels occupy less space, but the cost of their construction is higher.

Drainage wells have a relatively small area of ​​filtration of effluents into the ground. Their device is justified on soils with very good filtering ability. Especially if such a layer of soil lies at a depth.

Filtering drainage well with aeration

How to turn a filtering drainage well into a sewage treatment biological station, into an active bioseptic tank - watch the video:

Diaphragm Compressor HIBLOW HP-60, 60 l/min, 51 Tue, 220 AT. Working pressure: 14.7 kPa., which corresponds to the water pressure at a depth of 1.5 m.; Noise level: 35 dB; Weight: 7 kg. (1 kPa = 9,524 mBar)

Disc aerator with platform MATALA MDB 11 .

Model / Article: MDB11; Air volume, l/min: 40~120; Dimensions: LxWxH ( mm) 290x258x130; The weight ( kg) (pounds): 1.5 / 3.3

The aeration element is designed to distribute the air supplied by the compressor in the volume of water. From the point of view of the intensity of the degree of oxygen dissolution, fine-bubble aeration is the most effective. Air enters through the perforated material, creating a large number of tiny bubbles that rise to the surface of the water, saturating it with oxygen.

The anti-pressure ring prevents water from entering the aerator. The perforated lye-shaped openings open when air enters and close when it stops, which prevents the system from rupturing, contaminating and filling the air duct with water.

All models have a 3/4″ male connector. The platform has a cavity that is filled with sand or gravel.

Where to place a septic tank and drainage into the ground on the site

The device for draining wastewater from a septic tank into natural soil is possible at a site where:

• Groundwater level is low - at least 1.5 m. from the area surface. The site should not be periodically flooded.
• The filtering capacity of the soil should not be too small. Almost all soils, except clay, are suitable for ground drainage.
• The dimensions of the site should allow placing drainage pipes or a filter well at a distance of at least: from the well and the well, including in the neighboring area - 30 m. upstream groundwater or 15 m. upstream or 19 m. perpendicular to the flow of groundwater; from home - 5 m.; from the border of the site - 2 m.; from trees and large bushes - 3 m.
• A septic tank, filter well or infiltrator should be placed no closer than 5 m from the foundation of the house to eliminate the risk of soil moisture at the base of the foundation.
• The septic tank is arranged in a place convenient for access to it by a sewage truck.

The device of a septic tank in a private country house

Drains from the house are sent to a container - a septic tank, and accumulate there. A septic tank is an obligatory element of local treatment facilities for an autonomous sewage system of a private house.

Wastewater treatment in local treatment facilities with ground drainage takes place in several stages.

How does a septic tank treat wastewater?

In the septic tank, the first preliminary stage of wastewater treatment.

In the septic tank, particles heavier than water settle and settle to the bottom from the incoming sewer water.

Grease and other substances lighter than water gradually accumulate on the surface of drains and create a floating crust that prevents oxygen from entering.

The presence of a fatty crust on the surface of the liquid in the septic tank creates the necessary conditions for the process of anaerobic (without oxygen access) fermentation of organic pollutants in wastewater.

In a septic tank, contaminants in the drains are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. with the release of mineral particles heavier than water, suspended and dissolved substances, as well as gases.

Freed from most of the pollution, clarified sewage flows from the septic tank to the ground treatment plant for further treatment.

At the bottom of the septic tank, gradually sediment accumulates in the form of silt - the result of the decomposition of impurities.

Gases are removed from the septic tank through the ventilation system.

It is necessary to strive to increase the degree of wastewater treatment in the septic tank. The less pollution in the drains at the outlet of the septic tank, the slower the process of siltation of soil drainage, the longer its service life.

Dimensions, volume and number of chambers of the septic tank

To clean wastewater to the required level it is necessary to keep them in a septic tank for at least three days.

The number of drains in a private house is recommended to be taken 150-200 liters per day per person. If a family of 4 people lives in the house, then for three days the total estimated effluent volume will be at least 1.8 m 3, for a family of six - 2.7 m 3.

Choose a septic tank with a size that allows contain the estimated volume of effluents, not less. The depth of the liquid layer in the septic tank should not be less than 1.2 m. It is recommended to increase the useful volume of the septic tank chamber by 10 - 30% compared to the calculated one in order to leave more space in it for the accumulation of bottom sediments- you can clean the septic tank less often. In addition, the duration of the effluent in the septic tank increases, which increases the degree of wastewater treatment.

A septic tank may consist of several chambers - containers connected in series with pipes.

The presence of several chambers in the septic tank does not significantly affect the quality of wastewater treatment. With a large total volume of a septic tank, multi-chamber septic tanks can be easier to manufacture, transport and install, and it is also more convenient to remove sediment - only from the first chamber.

Building codes recommend, but do not oblige, with a daily amount of drains up to 1 m 3 / day arrange a single-chamber septic tank, and with the number of drains up to 10 m 3 / day- two-chamber. In a two-chamber septic tank, the working volume of the second chamber should be equal to 25-30% of the total usable volume of the septic tank.

For a family of 5-6 people, a single-chamber septic tank is enough.

To improve wastewater treatment it is more profitable to increase the volume of the septic tank, and not the number of cameras. In a large septic tank, the duration of the effluent in the septic tank increases, and this increases the degree of wastewater treatment at the outlet of the septic tank.

Effluent from the septic tank is directed to ground treatment facilities - a filtering well, an absorption field or a filtration field. Feeding cleaner effluents from the septic tank into these soil filters increases their lifespan.

Where to install a septic tank

Septic tank pre-treatment desirable be closer to home so that the effluents entering it cool less. A higher temperature in the septic tank accelerates the decomposition of contaminants. In addition, in winter, the risk of freezing water in the supply pipe and septic tank is reduced.

Septic tanks on site recommended located at a distance of 5 - 10 meters from the house. A closer location poses a threat to the stability of the soil under the foundation, especially in the event of leakage and leaks from the septic tank.

With a large distance from the house, in order to ensure the required slope of long sewers, it is necessary to deepen the septic tank and treatment facilities, which increases the cost of construction.

Do not try to deepen the septic tank more than this is the minimum necessary to ensure the necessary slope of the sewer pipes from the house to the septic tank. It is more profitable to protect the septic tank from freezing than to deepen it to the depth of soil freezing. Septic tanks and other sewage facilities located at great depths are more expensive to build and operate.

Sealed for water and gases septic tanks can be placed near the house, in the garage or even in the basement of the house. A prerequisite is the presence of ventilation of the septic tank through the sewer riser. The quality of manufacture and installation of the septic tank should exclude the possibility of leaks and flooding of foundations.

To the neck of the septic tank, the entrance of the sewage truck should be provided- sludge pump, with the help of which the septic tank is cleaned from bottom sediments. If this is not done, then the septic tank will have to be cleaned manually.

What to make a septic tank

To prevent untreated wastewater from entering the ground The septic tank must be watertight.

Single-chamber plastic septic tank of an independent sewerage system of a private house. Bypass pipe - bypass, serves to circulate air in the sewer ventilation system.

Available for sale septic tanks made of plastic. Plastic septic tanks are lightweight, easy to transport and quick to install. Plastic septic tanks are easily deformed by soil pressure and damaged by stones during backfilling of the soil, they tend to float to the surface of the earth.

Manufacturers offer one-, two- and three-chamber plastic septic tanks of various capacities.

Concrete septic tanks made at the construction site. For the manufacture of a septic tank, ready-made concrete rings for wells are used or a monolithic container is made by pouring concrete into the formwork.

The septic tank can be laid out from solid ceramic bricks on a concrete base. The walls of a brick septic tank are plastered from the inside with a cement-sand mortar with additives that increase the water resistance of the plaster. Plaster thickness 20 mm. From the outside, brick septic tanks are covered with a hot bitumen composition over a bituminous primer.

Do-it-yourself construction of a septic tank is usually cheaper than buying and installing ready-made.

Septic tank made of concrete rings

The figure shows a drawing from a typical design project for a single-chamber septic tank from standard concrete ringsproduced by factories of reinforced concrete structures. The diameter and number of concrete rings are selected based on the required size (volume of drains) of the septic tank (see above).

For example, the septic tank shown in the drawing, of two standard concrete rings with a diameter of 1.5 meters, the height of the chamber is 1.8 m. can cater for a family of five. The useful capacity of such a septic tank is 2.6 m 3(from the bottom to the exhaust pipe).

Septic tank of two rings with a diameter of 2 meters cope with the sewerage of a house where 10 people live. Useful capacity of the septic tank 4.8 m 3.

Of the three rings with a diameter of 1 meter, you can make a septic tank for a family of 3 people. The useful capacity of such a septic tank is 1.6 m 3.

The septic tank floor slab can be located at a depth of 0.4 - 0.9 m from the site level. The manhole in the septic tank is made of a concrete standard ring with a diameter of 0.7 - 1.0 m. or laid out from solid bricks.

Septic tank protected from freezing, laying foam or extruded polystyrene foam insulation on the floor slab and walls. The walls of the septic tank are insulated to a depth of about 1.0 meters from the surface of the earth. The hole in the septic tank at the level of the floor slab is closed with an insulated lid.

Tees, pos. 3 in the picture on the left. A tee on the supply pipe directs newly received effluents down, preventing strong mixing of the liquid in the septic tank.

On the outlet pipe, a tee is necessary in order to maintain a crust on the surface of the drains in the septic tank. The crust provides an anaerobic (without access to oxygen) mode of decomposition of contaminants.

The upper channels of the tees at the ends of the pipes in the septic tank provide free air movement from the exhaust pipe, through the septic tank, into the supply pipe and further into the ventilation of the sewer riser in the house. In plastic septic tanks, for this purpose, a bypass pipe is mounted outside - a bypass connecting the inlet and outlet pipes of the septic tank.

Pipe, pos.1 in the figure, diameter 80-100 mm. is installed along the same axis with a tee on the exhaust pipe and serves to clean the tee. The pipe is permanently closed at the top pos.2.

The tee on the supply pipe is cleaned through the neck of the septic tank. For this, a hole in the septic tank is made above the tee of the supply pipe.

The downpipe from the house to the septic tank usually has a short length (5-10 m.) and is laid at a shallow depth. The pipe section from the house to the septic tank is recommended to be laid with a greater slope than is customary, at least 2.5-3% towards the septic tank.

The temperature of the drains at the exit from the house is approximately +15 about S. With increased slope drains have time to run to the septic tank in winter without having time to cool down in the pipe even without additional insulation.

Has a similar design from concrete rings, designed only for collecting wastewater, pumping and removing them with a sewage truck. There is no pipe for discharging wastewater to local treatment facilities in such a septic tank. And the pipe for cleaning the tee is used as an air intake of the ventilation system.

Sealing a septic tank

To prevent untreated water from entering the ground, it is necessary to seal the septic tank. To do this, a bituminous primer is applied to the bottom and walls of the septic tank from the inside, and then pasted over with a waterproofing material.

The outer walls of the septic tank and the manhole are waterproofed with bituminous mastic, which protects the concrete from ground moisture.

Many builders ask the question: Why seal a septic tank? if the effluent after the septic tank still enters the groundwater treatment plant?

The fact is that the effluent entering the septic tank contains a large number of pathogens. Leaking from a non-hermetic septic tank, they will infect the soil in the area. Getting into groundwater, they easily move over long distances, infecting water in wells and wells.

As a result of the processes described above, drains in a sealed septic tank are freed from pathogens dying in the anaerobic conditions of a septic tank. A significant part of other pollution settles to the bottom and turns into substances that are less dangerous for humans and the natural environment.

Approximately 70% of contaminants remain in a properly arranged septic tank. From the septic tank, much less dangerous effluents come into the groundwater treatment plant. Don't forget to seal your septic tank.

Septic tank maintenance and cleaning

In a new septic tank, it is necessary to create conditions for the rapid accumulation of microflora, which carries out anaerobic digestion of contaminants.

To populate the necessary microorganisms in a new septic tank two weeks after the start of use, it is recommended to load mature sediment from an existing septic tank in an amount based on approximately 20-30 liters per 1 m 3 useful volume of the septic tank. Without the introduction of microflora from the outside, the normal cleaning process will start only after a few months.

On sale there are preparations - bioactivators, which contain microorganisms necessary for the operation of a septic tank. Be careful - you should buy drugs intended to activate anaerobic septic tanks. Loading a bioactivator intended for an active aerobic septic tank into an anaerobic septic tank will be harmful.

It is useful to use a bioactivator for a new septic tank, as well as in case of violation of the septic tank, for example, after a long winter break at the beginning of the summer season. It does not make sense to constantly use bioactivators for an anaerobic septic tank, as advertising sometimes advises.

It cannot be allowed to the amount of liquid in the septic tank, due to accumulated bottom sediments, greatly decreased and became less than 80% of the calculated volume. The bottom surface of the floating skin must not drop to the bottom edge of the tee. The sediment level is controlled by lowering a wooden rail into the septic tank.

Cleaning begins with removing the crust with a scoop from a mesh with holes of 3-4 mm.

For pumping out sediments, a sewage machine is usually used - an ilosos. Ilosos with a special vacuum pump sucks a rather thick silty mass from the bottom of the septic tank into its tank.

When cleaning by hand, sludge is scooped out from the bottom with a scoop on a long handle. Before cleaning, water is pumped out using a special fecal pump.

In order to ensure that the wastewater treatment process is not interrupted after sludge removal, about 15-20% of sludge is left in the septic tank from the intended volume.

Should not enter the septic tank large quantities of rough paper, cloth, pads, tampons, packaging film, vegetable waste - anything that slowly decomposes.

If the process of decomposition of contaminants in the septic tank is normal, then the acidity of the effluents at the outlet of the septic tank should be in the range of Ph = 6.5 - 7.5. The color of the sediment in the septic tank is dark gray. Drains at the time of exit from a properly functioning septic tank should be dirty-brown in color, transparent and odorless of hydrogen sulfide.

If the drains from the septic tank are stored in a jar for several days, then a precipitate will form and an unpleasant odor will appear. This is the result of the decomposition of pollutants remaining in the effluents by already aerobic bacteria.

So that the soil filter after the septic tank does not quickly silt up, the concentration of suspended solids in the wastewater after the septic tank should not exceed 100 mg/l.

A few months after the new septic tank is put into operation, it is recommended to take samples a couple of times and determine this indicator and the pH value in the laboratory for wastewater from your septic tank in the laboratory. The cost of the analysis is small, but adds confidence in the correct operation of the septic tank.

Some sources of information claim that in European countries multi-chamber septic tanks of increased volume are used, designed to store wastewater in a septic tank for 10 days (and not 3 days, as in the Russian Federation), As a result of a longer stay in a septic tank, the degree of wastewater treatment increases. The concentration of suspended solids in wastewater at the outlet of such a septic tank is less than 25 mg/l. Effluent with such a concentration in Europe can be dumped onto the terrain, into water bodies.

According to sanitary standards in Russia, effluents with a suspended solids concentration of not more than 2 are suitable for discharge into water bodies. mg/l. Therefore, in the Russian Federation, 3-day volume septic tanks are used with additional treatment facilities.

Where to buy a septic tank

Deadly septic tank

Decomposition of contaminants in wastewater toxic gases are produced— carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide. Gases from the septic tank are removed through the natural ventilation system of the sewer riser in the house.

Even after emptying, the septic tank may remain lethal concentrations of hazardous gases for humans. Gases are heavier than air, some of them are contained in the sediment at the bottom of the septic tank. Natural ventilation often fails to reduce the concentration of these gases to safe levels.

It is strictly forbidden for a person to enter the septic tank without security measures. Immediately before descending into the septic tank, it is necessary for at least 30 minutes forcibly ventilate the septic tank by supplying air from the compressor through the hose or other blower . The end of the hose must be near the bottom, and the amount of air supplied to the septic tank during the specified time must be at least ten times the volume of the septic tank. The air supply should not be interrupted while working in a septic tank.

During work, the open hatch of the septic tank must be protected. Manhole - the lid of the septic tank should not open easily without the use of a tool - so safer for kids.

At the next stage of treatment, effluent from the septic tank enters the drainage system - absorption field, filter well or filter field.

In the following article you will learn:

1. How to make an absorption field or a filter field with your own hands.
2. Right filter well.
3. How to perform sewer freeze protection.
4. sewer ventilation

More articles on this topic:

Where to send sewerage in a private house

Where to send sewerage in a private house?

If earlier a toilet on the street was considered a common thing for a suburban area, now even in summer cottages where they come to relax on weekends, homeowners strive to create comfortable conditions. And a lot depends on whether the sewerage system was chosen, designed and installed correctly. Which treatment plant to choose, how to make a septic tank on your own, when it is better to install one VOC for several houses, how to sewer, what pipes to use and how to properly lay in a house and in a plot - we discuss these and other issues on organizing sewerage outside the city in this week's topic .

Articles:

A rare suburban village or partnership can boast of having a main water supply and sewerage system, but in general, the owners of suburban real estate have to acquire home amenities on their own. Consider what a septic tank is, existing sanitary standards, system selection options and the most popular types of septic tanks.

Uninterruptible power systems, noise-absorbing plastic sewer pipes, pumping stations that a private house sewer needs, sewage treatment plants and drainage solution - everything you need for your sewage treatment system.

What are the benefits of integrated treatment systems, in what situations are collective treatment facilities more suitable. Ways of organizing and connecting sewers outside the city. How to sewer with your own hands.

How to choose a treatment system that is best suited for a large country house and a small country house, how much it will cost, how a septic tank differs from a sealed and absorbing cesspool - experts come to the rescue.

Why do we need a fan pipe, what should it be, what diameter will be enough, where is it best to run it. Understanding everything with FORUMHOUSE users.

Although the modern market offers many ready-to-use wastewater treatment systems, users of our portal prefer to roll up their sleeves and make a septic tank on their own. How long does it serve, what should be the size of such a well, what to make the bottom of, how long wastewater is processed in the sump - we talk about the experience of the participants in our portal.

Video:

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The water supply of a residential facility is unthinkable without the installation of a wastewater drainage system. Therefore, even before construction, it is necessary to decide where and how to lay sewer pipes in a private house, how to arrange an external pipeline.

We will tell you how to lay sewer pipes within the building and around the site. We will show you how the system is assembled and its components are fastened. In the article we have proposed, installation rules and building codes are given, the technology for performing internal wiring is described.

Construction is out of the question without a preliminary drawing up of a wastewater disposal. A carefully thought out, drawn up scheme will make it possible to rationally use capital investments.

In addition, due to the preliminary drawing up of the sewerage scheme of the building, more opportunities are opened to achieve the required system efficiency.

An example of a wiring diagram: mk - sink; ks - riser; un - toilet bowl (bidet); the mind is the sink of the laver; vn - bath, 50 and 110 - diameters of pipelines of horizontal lines and lines of risers; 1 - siphon with cleaning; 2 – bathtub siphon with overflow; 3 - square; 4 - tee; 5 - cross; 6 - adapter

The main criteria for drawing up a scheme, as a rule, are considered the following:

• the number of people in the residential area;
• proposed technology for processing (purification) of sewage;
• wiring of lines for external discharge of wastewater;
• wiring of lines for internal collection and drainage of wastewater.

Having decided on the main points of construction, they calculate the number of system components, including the footage of sewer pipes, and draw up a sketch of the project.

An example of sketching a home sewer for two adjacent nodes: 1 - sink; 2 - toilet bowl; 3 - washbasin; 4 - bath; 5 - plumbing pipeline. The sketch also marks the distances between the components (a, b, c, d)

Piping for a one-story house

Given the availability on the market of lightweight and a complete set of installation fittings, building a sewerage system in a private house is quite affordable on your own. However, it is not easy to build high-quality sewage without consulting specialists and referring to established standards.

Scheme of the sewer network with an output to the septic tank: 1 - riser; general disposal of waste products; 3 - compensating air outlet; 4 - septic tank; 5 - treated wastewater; 6 - additional final filtration

The classic sewer scheme in general terms contains:

• sewer riser;
• pipes connecting the internal components of the system;
• an external pipeline that discharges general effluents;
• receiver system.

According to the existing standards for the layout of a one-story structure, the areas adjacent to the external point of outlet of wastewater are plumbing fixtures in the kitchen and sanitary unit.

The wall separating these two rooms of the house is considered the installation site of the riser pipeline. The area of ​​​​the lower point of the riser pipe is diverted to the external main, and the upper one is displayed on the roof.

Part of the general wiring in a private house - an example of the practical implementation of building an internal horizontal network based on popular polypropylene pipes and other components

The most remote plumbing fixture of the utility zone is connected to the riser by a pipeline with a smaller diameter and taking into account the slope towards the riser by 1.5-2º. Formation rules are given in our recommended article.

The laid highway is used to connect other plumbing fixtures of the economic and technical zone. The toilet bowl is traditionally placed closest to the riser.

Thus, a gravity flow scheme of a one-story private building is created. However, not in every case of a plumbing network device it is possible to organize a gravity flow scheme. Then the problem is solved by introducing additional equipment into the circuit - a pump.

Pipeline in a 2-3-storey building

The structure of a private house on two or three floors is characterized by the arrangement of several economic and technical zones. Moreover, the arrangement of such zones is provided for on each of the existing floors. Accordingly, in such conditions it seems to be a somewhat complicated schematic version compared to the first one - a one-story house.

Classic wiring for buildings with two or more floors: 1- centralized collector; 2 - viewing well; 3 - riser; 4, 5 - revisions; 6 - check valve; 7 - forced movement of drains at the basement level

The norms and rules for the construction of multi-storey buildings regulate the construction of premises of the same type in terms of functionality at a single vertical level. Therefore, the sewerage scheme in this case, for example, concerning toilet rooms, provides for wiring for rooms located one above the other.

A riser pipe designed for multi-storey buildings is passed through all floors and brought to the roof level, taking into account an additional rise of 0.3 m or more if the roof is unused.

For the option with an operated roof, this parameter is at a minimum of 1.5 m. For pitched roofs (a popular design of private houses), the riser is taken to a height of 0.5 m from the level of the roof ridge.

Also, the arrangement of multi-storey buildings provides for the use of compensating elements at the points of passage of the pipeline through the ceilings.

Accordingly, transitions through the ceilings are made waterproof and sound-absorbing, equipped with special fire cuffs.

A practical example of fixing polypropylene pipelines, including sewer risers using special clamps. As you can see, the mount necessarily involves the use of rubber pads.

The riser pipe is fixed directly to the wall using metal clamps with rubber linings. Guidelines for choosing sewer pipes for internal wiring, we advise you to read useful information.

Fastening is carried out without a tight tightening - overhead, to ensure the natural free movement of the pipe vertically. The lower part of the riser through the outlet is displayed to the external sewer line.

What do you need to know about pipe laying?

Traditionally, drain lines from plumbing fixtures such as sinks, bathtubs, laundry sinks are made on the basis of pipelines with a diameter of 50 mm. The outlet channels of toilet bowls require a larger pipe diameter - 110 mm.

At the present stage, polypropylene pipes are traditionally used for the construction of internal sewer lines. However, depending on the specific project and the load (throughput) capacity of the sewer network, different diameters of linear pipelines and risers can be used.

The table below shows the possible options.

In any case, the diameter of the riser pipe of the sewerage scheme of a private house is always taken equal to or greater than the largest floor outlet in diameter

Gravity pipelines of horizontal lines with a diameter of 40-50 mm are mounted, observing the norm of a uniform slope equal to 0.03 m per 1 m of length.

Gravity pipelines with a diameter of 85 and 110 mm are laid, observing the norm of a uniform slope equal to 0.02 mm per 1 m of length. The maximum allowable slope angle is not more than 0.15 mm for the entire length of a separately mounted sewer section.

The use of plumbing crosses and tees is a convenient method of piping. In addition, thanks to these circuit elements, patency is created with a lower drag coefficient.

Direct connections of the outlet lines and the riser are made by means of tees, crosses at angles of 45º or 60º. The execution of the scheme in this way allows you to avoid clogging of pipelines during operation.

The scheme and the apartment necessarily provide for the introduction of revisions (cleanings) at the points of the line where the risk of blockages is high.

For a circuit in a private house, the table below shows the location of such circuit elements:

The procedure for the construction of sewerage

Let's briefly consider the main stages in the construction of a sewer pipeline in a private house. Even if you do not decide to do the work on your own, you can control the hired specialists.

Stage # 1 - installation of the yard network

The creation of a sewer system begins with the construction of an external (yard) network. If the length of the courtyard network to the existing one is more than 12 meters, an additional viewing well is arranged. At the same time, the minimum allowable distance from the wall of the house to the manhole is 3-5 m.

He will acquaint you with the methods of constructing the outer part of the pipeline and the rules for laying sewer pipes in the ground, which we highly recommend reading.

In the laying of external sewer lines, they are now mainly used, attracting light weight, excellent performance and affordable price. When laying a route above the level of seasonal freezing, they are used to protect the lines from the formation of ice plugs.

Often, owners of private buildings have to deal with the lack of a centralized sewerage network. In this case, an autonomous system for collecting and filtering wastewater () is arranged. However, the principle of connecting "external internal network" remains the same.

One of the simple and convenient solutions for private households is a sealed septic tank. True, its significant drawback lies in a rather big price, so not every homeowner decides to pay for its purchase.

Stage # 2 - construction of the entrance node to the house

Next, you need to build an input node directly in the structure of a private house (foundation, basement wall). The construction of the node is carried out taking into account possible deformations, for example, due to subsidence of the structure.

The input node and the external pipeline are reliably isolated.

Scheme of the input device (one of the possible): 1 - crumpled clay; 2 - mortar based on cement; 3 - resinous strand; 4 - a sleeve based on a steel pipe

Stage # 3 - installation of risers and bends

At the next stage, the pipes-risers of the internal network are installed. These components of the circuit are recommended to be assembled and pre-installed in the assembled form without fastening or with partial fastening.

Full fastening is carried out after the final assembly of the entire system. After completing the installation of riser pipes, they build horizontal sewer outlet lines, taking into account the required slopes.

The process of building horizontal internal branch lines involves laying sockets and fittings in the direction against the flow of wastewater

Stage # 4 - connecting plumbing

At the final stage, each device is connected to the corresponding outlet through a siphon pipe.

Additionally, it is worth noting: provided that the height of the building is less than 10 meters, the internal sewer system can be built on the basis of non-pressure pipes. At higher heights, pressure pipes are used.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Below is a video practice of wiring and laying a network of pipelines, taking into account the construction of a private house. Full installation cycle, including testing the system in the simplest ways.

Knowing the procedure for arranging a system for draining wastewater from a house, you can try to build a sewer yourself. True, at the stage of laying the pipeline from the outside, help will be required to bury the pipes in the ground.

If in doubt, it is better to contact a company with a good reputation and positive recommendations from your friends. Then the sewer system will be arranged correctly and will serve your family for decades.

Please leave comments in the block below. Share useful information, photos and your own experience gained in the field of installing or repairing a sewer pipeline. Ask questions on controversial, interesting and unclear points.