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The aim of the oncoming struggle Sambo, seeking victory, seize the initiative from the enemy.
In difficult conditions of combat, a meeting struggle is necessary to overcome the resistance of the enemy, as well as to expediently use his unstable and structurally unfavorable positions.
In the oncoming wrestling, various methods of wrestling are used. The most common of these are: calling on enemy actions that are beneficial to you and the method of surprise attacks. In addition, the method of using the strength of the enemy, invested in his techniques, is widely used. The method of diverting the forces and attention of the enemy is also used.
In head-to-head wrestling, calculations for exhausting the opponent can be based mainly only on the personal training of the sambo wrestler. If the opponent has greater endurance than the sambo wrestler, the exhausting method is not applicable to the oncoming fight. Head-to-head wrestling requires a significant effort of all the abilities of a sambo wrestler.
For the successful conduct of a meeting struggle, it is especially important to develop quick orientation, courage, determination, self-confidence and the will to win. It is also necessary to develop speed, agility, flexibility, a sense of balance and orientation in space, endurance. Great power in some cases, head-to-head combat can play an important role. But in general, the presence of such a force is not necessary for an oncoming fight, since a sambo wrestler can use the opponent's strength, adding to it his own, precisely calculated efforts.
The technique of a sambo wrestler going to an oncoming fight must be good. In the oncoming fight, techniques are used after retaliatory grips, techniques after defenses, and response techniques.
Reciprocal holds are the easiest to perform, as most of them do not require a particularly fast reaction or high technique. Then, in order of increasing difficulty, there are receptions after defenses. Response techniques, being the most difficult, require a quick reaction and high technology.
1. Receptions after reciprocal captures
In response to each grip made by the opponent, as well as in response to his actions with his foot, you can make a return grip yourself, which will allow you to conduct a series of tricks.
The implementation of retaliatory seizures is based mainly on surprise and must be instantaneous. Even a slight delay can allow the opponent to attack before the sambo wrestler has time to use a return hold. The most correct thing is to train reciprocal grips so that they are obtained reflexively and that they are immediately followed by a reception. It should be noted that the choice of the “best move” for a given capture requires time, which will allow the enemy to take into account all the features of the capture and disrupt this “best move” more successfully than any other suddenly carried out.
Receptions against the girth of the neck.
If the enemy grabs your neck, he will certainly turn to you sideways or even back. In this case, taking a step along the course of the opponent's turn, grab his torso with both hands and, tearing the opponent off the carpet, carry out a side throw through the chest. Or, taking a step towards the turn of the opponent, grab his torso from behind with both hands and, tearing the opponent off the mat, throw a back throw through the chest. Or, knocking down the opponent's arm with a push to his elbow and diving under it, grab the opponent's torso from behind and carry out a back throw through the chest.
Receptions against captures of clothes on a breast.
If the opponent grabs the clothes on your chest with a cross, grab his clothes on the chest on top of his hands with an inside grip, that is, with the right hand, the left lapel, and with the left hand, the right. Both lapels are gripped from the inside with the palms turned outward and so that both little fingers are higher than the other fingers. Having made an internal grip, carry out: if the opponent presses, a throw through the thigh or front band; if he pulls you towards him, the hook is from the inside.
If the opponent grabs the garment on your chest with an inside grip, use the same grip to grab the garment on the opponent's chest, but above his arms, and throw through the thigh, front stretcher or hold from the inside (depending on the direction of movement and effort of the opponent).
Receptions against captures of sleeves.
If the opponent grabs your sleeves under the elbows, then grab his sleeves on top of the shoulder parts of his arms. With this hold, perform throws corresponding to the direction of movement and effort of the opponent. If he pushes, do a front sweep or overhead throw. If it pulls towards you, hold the hook from the inside. If it comes to the side, make a side cut. If the opponent grabs your sleeves from above, grab his sleeves under the elbows and throws according to the direction of his effort and movement. If the opponent presses, carry out a front cut, if he pulls on himself, carry out a throw with a grab of two legs, if he comes to the side, do a side cut.
With the same capture of the enemy and when he moves forward, you can simply grab his sleeve under the elbow with one hand, and the other sleeve under the elbow so that the palm and thumb of the gripping hand are directed upwards. Having made such a reciprocal grip, Throw through the thigh, grab, shin raise or front trip.
Receptions against girths of the back from under the arm.
The opponent grabs your back from under your arm (with the capture of a belt or clothing on your back, and sometimes without it). Grasp the opponent's neck with the hand from under which the opponent is grabbing, and throw through the back with a head grab. Or, squeezing the enemy’s arm that has grabbed your back with your opposite elbow from the inside, dive under it with your torso and head and grab his stomach with your hand. With this girth, run the rear footboard or undercut.
Against the same hold, you can wrap both hands around the opponent’s arm, which has grabbed your belt on your back, and throw it over your head with your shin in your stomach.
Techniques against gripping clothes on the back through the arm.
The opponent grabs the clothes or belt on the back through your, for example, right hand for a throw through the chest or for a throw over the back with a further head grab.
Grab the left leg of the opponent with the right hand from the outside, perform a forward sweep or a flip with a thigh lift from the outside. With the same capture of the enemy, it is convenient to carry out a throw with the capture of two legs.
Reception against the girth of the body from behind.
If the opponent grabbed your torso from behind (to carry out a throw through the chest or a back flip), quickly tilting the torso forward, grab the lower part of the shin in front of the opponent’s standing leg with both hands from under your legs. Following this, raising the foot of the captured leg in front of you and up and pressing on the thigh of this leg with your buttocks, throw the opponent on his back.
Receptions against the capture of one leg.
If the opponent grabs your right leg from the outside at the hamstring, rest the instep of this leg on the inside of the opponent’s left thigh and grab the belt on his back over the shoulder with your right hand. Pressing your chest against the opponent's upper back, throw over the head with a shin lift.
If the opponent grabs your leg from the inside by the hamstring, grab the belt on his back over the shoulder with the hand of the same name as the grabbed leg, and bring the front stretcher or catch with the grabbed leg under the leg of the same name with it.
Techniques after reciprocal captures of the opponent's attacking leg.
When the opponent makes throws in which he attacks your legs with his feet, it is possible to capture the attacking leg. Raising the captured leg, you need to press it to your side and attack the enemy, attacking his other leg.
So, for example, if an opponent attacks you with a front sweep with his left foot, grab his left leg from the outside with his right hand by the hamstring. If the opponent loses his balance back, make him a back trip with his left foot or a cut under the right leg. If the opponent managed to regain balance by moving the supporting leg back, attack him with the left foot of the front sweep. Finally, if your opponent manages to get his right foot so far away that you can't reach it with the front sweep, run the front trip with your right foot.
If the opponent attacks you with his right foot with the front trip or underhand, grab his right thigh with your right hand from the outside and from below. Raising the captured leg as high as possible, attack with your left leg the opponent's left leg with a back knee sweep.
If the opponent attacks you with the right leg with the back trip or cut off, with your right hand grab the opponent’s right leg brought to attack from the inside by the hamstring. Raising the captured leg as high as possible and pressing it to your side, attack the opponent’s left leg with a cut with your right leg.
2. Receptions after defenses
Encountering repeatedly on one defense, the enemy, each time gets into the same position. Having noticed the ego, the sambo wrestler must prepare in advance a technique designed for the position that the opponent takes when he comes across the defense.
So you can seize the initiative from the enemy.
Receptions after defenses are based mainly on the unstable balance of the opponent, who calculated his effort and movement for the reception, but unexpectedly ran into a defense.
The methods of struggle that can be used when holding receptions after defenses are varied.
Firstly, a method of luring the enemy into a trap, since the defenses used in order to catch the enemy in a certain move are a kind of trap.
Secondly, a method of exhausting the enemy, since less energy is spent on defense than on attack, the enemy will expend his strength much faster.
Thirdly, the surprise method. After a failed attempt to hold a reception, the enemy, trying to take his usual stable position, weakens his vigilance.
Below are examples of techniques after defenses.
Techniques after stopping the movement of the opponent's torso.
If the opponent attacks you with a front trip, a throw through the thigh, a pickup, a shin raise or a throw through the back, then after stopping the movement of the opponent’s torso, resting his palm on his area, for example, the left one, hip joint make a strong jerk with both hands towards his left leg, connecting this jerk with a large lunge with the right leg to the left (fig. 13).
If the opponent holds a throw with a two-leg grip or a throw with a one-leg grip, and you are standing in the left stance, then after stopping the movement of the opponent’s torso, resting your left palm on the area of his right shoulder joint, press hard with the same hand on the opponent’s right shoulder blade from top to bottom. Continuing to press on the shoulder blade, jerk your left leg back (even if it is already captured) and with your right hand, grabbing the clothes on the enemy’s left armpit from below, tip them over onto his back with an upward and inward movement.
Receptions after stopping or removing the attacking limb of the enemy.
If the enemy tries to grab your, for example, left, leg from the outside to carry out any reception, then, moving the opponent’s right hand inward with your left hand, with your right hand, make a strong jerk of the opponent towards you - down and to the left. At the same time, move back the captured left leg, and the enemy will fall to all fours.
If the opponent makes a cut or back trip with his right foot, then, stopping the attacking leg of the opponent with your right hand, grab it from the inside by the knee bend with the same hand and carry out the back trip or cut with a leg grab from the inside.
If the opponent tries to throw over the head with the left foot resting on your stomach, then, moving the opponent’s attacking leg with your left hand to the right, grab the opponent’s left foot under your right shoulder and hold the Achilles tendon infringement with the left foot resting on the right hamstring.
Techniques after rearranging the attacked leg.
If the opponent is trying to make a back trip or a cut, then, stepping over the attacking leg of the opponent with the right foot, turn the toe of this foot inward and, placing it on the carpet, make a front sweep with the left foot under the right leg of the opponent.
If the opponent tries to make a side cut with the left foot, step over the attacking leg of the opponent with the attacked (right) foot to the outside and, without placing it on the mat, make it a side cut or side trip under the same leg of the opponent.
If the opponent tries to wrap around with the right leg, step the attacked (left) leg over the opponent's attacking leg forward and to the right and immediately place it on the front footboard under the opponent's left leg.
If the opponent tries to do a front trip or catch with the right foot, step the attacked (right) foot over the opponent’s attacking leg forward and, placing it on the mat between the opponent’s legs and toe towards him, sit with the left buttock near her heel. While firmly tying the opponent's right arm under your left armpit, throw through the chest.
Receptions after diving.
If the opponent, when throwing through the thigh, picking up or front tripping, grabs the belt on your back from under the right hand with his left hand, then, having dived under left hand opponent, use your left foot to do a back trip or grab, as well as a side throw over the thigh, a side flip, and a side throw over the chest. To carry out the back trip or snatch, you need to pull the opponent towards you after the dive.
To carry out a side throw through the thigh, after diving, with one hand, grab his torso at the level of the abdomen, with the other hand over your shoulder, grab the clothes on the opponent’s shoulder and, sitting down deeply, carry out the throw. To carry out a side throw through the chest, after diving, grab the opponent’s torso with both hands and carry out the throw.
Techniques after defenses in prone wrestling.
If the opponent is trying to capture you on a hold from the right side and you managed to defend with an emphasis with your right shin on his chest, then, with a quick turn of the whole torso to the right, throw your left leg over the opponent’s right arm and, grabbing it with both hands, bend your elbow while help legs from above.
If the enemy has captured you for a hold from the right side, then, rolling him over you, kneel down and, pressing the enemy’s head with your left hand against his chin, throw your left leg over his neck. Then sit on the left buttock, throw the right leg on the opponent’s chest and bend the right elbow by grabbing the arm between the legs.
If the enemy has captured you on hold from the side of the legs, then, having rolled him to the left of you, lean back and lie on your left side. At the same time, grab the opponent’s left foot under the right armpit and pinch the Achilles tendon.
If the opponent holds your right Achilles tendon infringement with your left hand, then, pulling up behind his clothes and standing on your feet, grab his right hand with both hands. Then, with a turn to the right, throw your left leg on the enemy’s neck and, lying down on the carpet, bend your elbow by grabbing your hand between your legs.
If the opponent holds a side hold, roll him over you and hold a side hold without grabbing his head.
If the opponent holds a leg hold, roll the opponent to the side and perform a top hold.
If the opponent holds the hold on horseback, then, after rolling the opponent, hold the hold from the side of the legs.
If the opponent performs a hold from the side of the head, then, after rolling the opponent, hold from the side of the head without grabbing hands.
3. Retaliation
Retaliatory techniques are the most difficult in the oncoming fight and are carried out in the form of a sudden and direct response with a technique to a technique carried out by the opponent. Therefore, response techniques require quick response and significant technical preparedness.
When selecting response techniques, each sambo wrestler must take into account not only the attack techniques of his opponents, but also his own character. It is easier for some sambo wrestlers to carry out counter techniques based on overcoming the enemy’s efforts, while others are better at counter techniques based on the use of the enemy’s strength and inertia.
Response techniques can be applied through various methods of struggle. The method of surprise has to be used for all retaliatory techniques, since if the enemy expects your response, he may not allow you to carry it out.
In order to catch the opponent in a return move, it is necessary for the opponent to make an appropriate attack. If the enemy is not very active, he should be called for a reception by certain actions. Therefore, in these cases, you need to use the call method.
Retaliatory techniques can wear down the enemy. In fact, the enemy puts considerable effort into each of his moves. Spending much less force, the sambo wrestler not only frustrates the opponent's plan, but also forces him to spend additional energy on restoring a stable balance.
Some sambo wrestling techniques, even quite different in design from one another, are characterized by the fact that, when performing them, the sambo wrestler always directs efforts in one direction and approximately equally places the weight of the body over the support area.
This means that one and the same response technique can be used against a whole group of certain techniques.
The advantage of such standardized responses is obvious. Firstly, during a fight it is incomparably easier to pick up a technique against the direction of the opponent's throw than against each of his throws separately. This is confirmed by the fact that in some cases, sambo wrestlers, having successfully carried out a response technique, cannot clearly determine against which particular technique they did it. Secondly, each sambo wrestler has a well-trained complex consisting of about 10-15 tricks, and different opponents can attack him with hundreds of a wide variety of tricks. In order not to greatly increase the complex of well-trained techniques, it is convenient for each sambo wrestler to prepare such response techniques, each of which could be opposed to as many attack techniques as possible.
In the following examples of responses against the most basic attacks, standardized responses are highlighted as the most important for sambists.
Off-balance retaliation vs. turn throws
If the opponent performs the front trip, picking up or raising the shin with the right foot, as well as throwing through the right thigh, make a jerk to the left - on yourself and down, beyond the area of \u200b\u200bhis supporting (left) leg. At the same time, with your left foot, make a big lunge to the left-back and, tilting your torso forward, "line" the enemy with your entire back on the carpet.
Retaliation against forward throws
Rear footrest on the heel
A back foot step on the heel is held against a front foot step, a pick-up, a throw over the thigh, and a throw over the back with a head grab. If the opponent does the listed techniques to the right side, for example, the front footboard with the right foot, rest your left palm on the opponent's sacrum and, crouching on the right leg, place the straight left foot on the heel close to the opponent's legs. Sitting down with your left buttock to your right heel, with a strong turn of the torso to the left and a jerk to the same side with your right hand, throw the opponent on his back.
Throw through the chest diving
A dive chest throw is played against a hip throw and front trip.
For example, if the opponent is throwing through the right thigh, then, pinching his right hand under your left armpit, jump with your right foot over the opponent’s right leg and, turning the torso to the left, place the right foot in front of and between the opponent’s legs. At the pace of the jump, sit down with your left buttock to your right heel and, continuing to turn your torso to the left, throw the enemy over your chest on your entire back.
Retaliation against throws back
snatch
The cut is carried out against the cut and the back footboard. For example, if an opponent is back tripping with his right foot, use your right foot to grab the opponent's attacking leg with your right foot and, overpowering his movement, toss that leg up and back. With a jerk of your hands to the left-down, throw the enemy on his back to your left toe.
Dropped calf raise
Lowering the lower leg with a fall is carried out against the back footboard. If the opponent holds the back trip with his right foot, move your left foot to the left-back and, passing it between the legs of the opponent (sliding along the carpet with the outer edge of the foot), fall to the left side. With a strong jerk with your arms and a turn of the torso to the left, at the same time planting the right leg of the opponent up with your right shin, throw the opponent on his back with a somersault over his left shoulder.
Rear undercut with underlay
Rear hooking with a hook is carried out against the hook from the inside. If the opponent holds the hook from the inside with his right foot, then, pressing his left thigh inward and upward with his right thigh, hook his left leg from behind with his left foot to a place convenient for you, based on the opponent’s height and the length of your legs, and throw him to the left on his entire back.
Rear footrest
The rear footboard is held against the front undercut. If the opponent makes a forward sweep with his right foot under your left leg, stepping over the opponent’s attacking leg with the right foot, place it behind the opponent’s legs and throw him on his back with a jerk to the right and down.
Retaliation against throws to the side.
Front knee kickstand
The front step from the knee is carried out against the side undercut. If the opponent makes a side sweep under your right leg, then with a turn to the left-circle, jump onto your left knee, and put your right foot in front of the enemy’s right leg. With a strong left-down jerk, throw the opponent on his back to your left knee.
Holds against painful holds
Holds against painful holds are performed in cases where the enemy is under you. If the opponent, whom you captured on hold from the side of his left side, threw his right leg on your neck and began to push your head with it, then, so that the opponent could not carry out the bending of your elbow he had planned, grab the opponent’s right foot under your right shoulder and, bending the caught leg to his head, hold from the side with this kind of hold.
Painful holds vs. painful holds
During the attack of the enemy with painful techniques, there are great opportunities give him a series of pain techniques. If the enemy has grabbed your right hand between his legs and is trying to bend the elbow, grab the foot of the enemy of the leg that lies on top of him under your left shoulder, and, pressing down on it, pinch her Achilles tendon, pressing it to the lower third of the tibia the bone lying underneath the other leg of the opponent. With the same attack of the opponent, move both feet of the opponent to your feet with your left hand and move your buttocks a little to the left. Suddenly throw your left shin over the foot of the opponent of the leg that lies on top of him. Pressing down with your lower leg and left hand on the opponent's foot, as in the previous example, infringe its Achilles tendon.
If the opponent grabbed your leg for an Achilles tendon pinch, then, in turn, grab his foot, lying on your chest, under the armpit and carry out an Achilles tendon pinch.
The history of the creation of combat sambo not written yet. The names of only some enthusiasts of the creation of the Russian international wrestling - sambo wrestling and some Russians - the founders of the Combat Sambo Federation of Russia are known.
Even before the First World War, a search began in Russia for a synthesis of the experience accumulated by different peoples in the field of martial arts and martial arts. At the origins of this was the famous Russian wrestler, “professor of athletics” Ivan Lebedev ...
In the 1920s, work was continued by Spiridonov, Koronovsky, Oznobishin, Yakovlev, Solonevich. Their activity was due to the urgent need to arm the people's militia, Chekists methods of attack and defense. The Dynamo Society, founded in 1923 in Moscow, took over this work.
The section on the study and development of applied self-defense techniques was headed by Viktor Afanasyevich Spiridonov. In the Dynamo section, programs were developed for special self defense courses and combat section. Viktor Afanasyevich knew well Japanese system jiu-jitsu and its best techniques entered the new Russian wrestling. Some tricks and grips were borrowed from French wrestling, blows- from English boxing. Combat and sports sections of sambo made up an exceptionally rich arsenal of hand-to-hand combat techniques from a variety of domestic and foreign martial arts.
On the initiative of Spiridonov, sections began to work in Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Rostov-on-Don, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Saratov, cities of Siberia, Ukraine, Transcaucasia. His books were published at the same time. One of the first Europeans to have a black belt in judo wrestling, a graduate of the Japanese Judo Institute in the Kodokan, V.S. Oshchepkov brought up a whole galaxy of enthusiasts who later became well-deserved coaches: A.A. Kharlampiev, I.V. Vasilyeva, L.G. Turin, R.A. Shkolnikov.
Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiev became a passionate enthusiast of a new type of wrestling. He took over from his teacher the baton of search, began to study promoting the art of self-defence, developing and demonstrating this art at demonstration performances, competitions, meetings. A. A. Kharlampiev wrote several books on the technique and tactics of sambo wrestling, brought up many famous athletes.
The first sambo competitions took place on December 27, 1937. On November 16, 1938, a new system called “Soviet freestyle wrestling” was approved by the USSR Sports Committee, and since 1939 they began to be held sambo championships, seminars and gatherings of trainers. The formidable techniques of combat sambo were adopted by scouts, security officers, and soldiers. The whole war went through: the first champion of the USSR in sambo wrestling Evgeny Chumakov, a veteran of the Leningrad sambo wrestlers, the honored coach of the USSR Ivan Vasiliev and many others. Later, Evgeny Chumakov organized a section at the Institute of Physical Education, in which eight-time USSR champion in sambo wrestling, Honored Master of Sports Oleg Stepanov, six-time USSR champion Heinrich Schultz, five-time USSR champion Evgeny Gloriozov, four-time USSR champion Anatoly Yudin, multiple national champions Ilya Tsipursky, Vitaly Doroshkevich, Boris Kornyushin, Alexander Lukichev and others. After the war, attempts were also made to hold competitions in the section of self-defense. Basically, these were “test exercises” or the implementation of individual combat elements of a fight on an unresisting “enemy”. At the same time, there was always a desire to hold competitions as close as possible to a real, combat situation - to a fight in the street, a military operation to detain criminals, or a real battle.
Combat Sambo system and ways of its development
One of the features of the present moment is the abundance of various printed and video information on martial arts, martial arts of other countries, martial arts practiced all over the world. The number of different directions, styles, schools and clubs of sports, martial arts and martial arts is increasing. The combat training system is a weapon. As a result of the use of any secret weapon, it becomes less secret, information about it becomes the lot of an ever-expanding circle of interested, involved, amateurs and professionals - specialists. It is well known that the same similar techniques existed among all the peoples of the world, starting with India, China, Japan and ending with Mexico and Peru.
Russia, located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, and having overland routes from the Nordic countries to southbound, acquired knowledge and skills in a variety of ways of fighting and using weapons. Due to this geographic location and historical development ways of using the hand, foot and weapon in battle acquired shades of all countries of the world from the Varangians to the Chinese. For example, we can recall the relationship with the descendants of Genghis Khan, who had the most advanced weapons for that time and combat tactics - both group hand-to-hand and single.
Thus, it can be recognized that sambo is a generalization of world experience in the field martial arts, self defense and hand-to-hand combat, as well as a development that gives direction to the development of SAMBO as a system "Sambo - hand-to-hand combat" or combat sambo how it became established in everyday life. One of characteristic features Today, in accordance with the socio-economic and political situation, in the absence of an established ideology of the state and a military doctrine that has not yet been formed, there is an increase in interest in applied martial arts and combat sambo, especially as a system with a specific applied focus. A system developed in real combat activity by special contingents and polished on our national soil, unique in the variability of elements of technology, in the specifics of the pedagogical approach to teaching and preparing the psyche in conditions stressful situation combat, in our opinion, most fully meets the demand of today.
This can be confirmed by a number of scientific and methodological studies carried out at the Department of Physical Education and Sports of the Moscow Aviation Institute (Technical University) in 1997. In order to find out the reasons that influenced the choice of students involved in martial arts, a team of authors surveyed about two and a half thousand students of non-athletic universities in Moscow. As a result of a survey conducted among representatives involved in such types of martial arts as sambo, judo, freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, at the top was the question of whether students have a desire to learn self-defense techniques, 87% of those involved gave a positive answer, which was proof the fact that this motive is the most significant among others that influenced the choice of the type of martial arts that they are currently engaged in. The diagram shows structure of the sambo system. For the first time, the scheme was published in the double issue 1-2 of the magazine "Russian Style - Martial Arts" in 1995. Now we present this scheme in a slightly improved form, specifying some details.
The sambo system consists of two interconnected sections sports and combat. Sports section, in turn, consists of four main areas or activities:
sport competitions;
sports demonstrations;
sports and folklore show programs and performances in various national martial arts;
health direction.
AT combat section of sambo includes study and improvement
self defense techniques
methods of attack and principles of warfare,
special techniques (on the use of improvised means, the environment, etc.).
The lower part of the diagram shows which contingent of specialists and practitioners should, first of all, master the combat section of SAMBO - depending on professional tasks.
In general, these tasks should be solved and are being solved by a rather limited circle of specialists. First of all, these are representatives of the power state structures special army units, special units of the Airborne Forces, marines, special units of internal troops, special power structures of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, OMON, various special units of the police, the MB contingent, GRU special units and similar units. In addition, numerous power structures of private firms and commercial enterprises have appeared and are emerging. These are various security services, bodyguard services, private security services and other similar structures.
Alas, life dictates its own conditions and there is a need to increase the level of firearms training. Of course, there are increased requirements for complex applied hand-to-hand training, for the physical and psychophysical training of special contingents. Combat and sports sections are interconnected and influence each other. Combat sambo competitions occupy an intermediate position between sports and combat, because they have the features of both sports and combat sections, they are useful to all categories and contingents involved. Combat SAMBO competitions are the closest to a real fight(as far as it is possible to bring sports competitions closer to it), they have the integrity of a real fight: after all, the judge does not stop opponents after approaching, as is done, for example, in boxing, kickboxing, various styles karate and other shock sports. Fights in combat sambo provided three levels. The first two levels of the competition provide for the determination of the winner by the sum of marks for technical actions, and the second level excludes the summation of marks and is of the nature "fights without rules" with a minimum number of restrictions. Combat section of sambo significantly affects further development sports section in the sense of its enrichment - affects the rules of sports competitions, tk. part of the lost knowledge, based on the principles of real combat, can be returned to the sports section for its further improvement.
Russian patriotism
Preparing youth for service in the ranks Russian army, in the ranks of the defenders of the Motherland. Training of the defender of the Motherland directly in the ranks of the reformed Armed Forces within the framework of the military doctrine being developed.
If we talk about the reasons why it is necessary to develop combat SAMBO in a sports environment, for a sports contingent, then these are the following:
For the fastest achievement of sports results, as well as the growth of sportsmanship, including by highly qualified athletes as a result of a new manifestation of reflexes at a higher level.
To ensure that these athletes use their professional knowledge and skills for possible work in various law enforcement agencies, public and private.
For preliminary training of conscripts - vocational training people to possible contract work. Here it is necessary to fix that all training in the field of the combat section of SAMBO has a clear legal basis, it must take into account, first of all, the interests of the state as a whole and its individual citizens.
Instilling a sense of patriotism for the army (military demonstrations, demonstrations of fortitude, etc.).
Formation of the personality of the winner in the extreme conditions of a real fight (passing control standards, participation in sports fights and fights in combat sambo, etc.).
General physical training is carried out within the framework of sports training, which provides a fairly high level of reflexes in work on simulators, equipment and in sparring (bouts) when solving various tactical and technical problems. Special training is associated with the explosive work of the short-term mode. In the training process, the percentage of this work increases compared to ordinary sports training.
Tactical and technical actions are improved on the basis of the following provisions:
Imitation.
Working with a partner without resistance at low speeds (familiarization with movements at low speeds only at the first stage of studying and practicing movements).
Training on shells and special simulators.
Training in pairs with partners, using dosed resistance and performing special tasks.
Other forms of interaction with a partner (complicated conditions - training in a stream, in a circle, on limited area, against multiple opponents with both conditioned and unconditioned attacks).
Sparring and fights, "sparring fights".
Practicing technical actions in the style of demonstration performances, for which technical elements are selected for ease of execution, reliability and efficiency. Complexity is the moment of transition from shock technique to throwing and vice versa, organic entry into close combat. To improve this, there are special techniques combat sambo. Along with this, it is necessary to pay special attention to the seriality and combination of technical training. The learning process is possible from any element, even the most complex, but taking into account practical experience and the principles of rational behavior in real combat. Yes, in throwing technique, as practice has shown, and as recommended by the authors of the old schools, the main elements are footboards, holds, padding and various options unbalancing without the flight of the enemy (knocking down, pushing, etc.), meaning a fight with several opponents and a group fight.
Study and improvement release from grips, both on a bare hand and in clothes, are carried out in combinations with blows and throws in accordance with principle of "defense-attack", as a whole. The general set of technical actions is selected in connection with the imitation of actions that are close to real actions both in the activities of army contingents and special services of anti-terrorist units, since this carries not only the emotional coloring of military operations, but also psychologically colors special activities.
Applied technical actions, in contrast to sports, are classified as prohibited by the rules of wrestling, since there is a risk of injury. The main training of these actions is carried out on simulators and shells. In training on a person, the main emphasis is on the accuracy of the actions performed in a certain manner of execution with a dosage that does not lead to serious injuries and death. For example, when training strikes on the pain points of the lesion, especially in the head and neck, as well as the points of lesion of the internal organs.
In the field of theoretical training, knowledge of the SAMBO system is achieved using:
Theoretical sections developed in sports for conditioning training.
Available non-classified materials developed for the training of various army contingents and special services contingents.
The range of such knowledge is quite wide. For example, the theoretical aspects of striking and their types are studied using the recommendations of various schools, traditions and authors - boxing, kickboxing, Thai boxing, karate, taekwondo, kung fu, Indian tradition, systems of Kadochnikov, Retyunsky, UNIBOS Medvedev, Slavic-Goritsa wrestling Belova, the battle of Popov, etc., are thus studied stabbing, chopping, whipping, vibrating, wave and other blows and their options. Various methods are subjected to critical reflection and methodological elaboration. Biomechanical and physiological principles carrying out technical actions, for example, strikes or various tactical and technical elements.
As for compiling special programs and training complexes, then they depend on the current goals and objectives in accordance with the programs developed for the Federation, the Club or the combat sambo department. Step-by-step solving intermediate tasks, it is advisable to approach the solution of the main goals and objectives, necessarily providing for competitions, setting up demonstration programs, performances, testing and monitoring the achieved knowledge, skills and abilities. Here, freedom is opened for the creativity of the coach and instructor, who directs the training of one or another contingent according to the combat sambo system.
Combat Sambo: defense-attack
Combat section of the sambo system - hand-to-hand combat, or, as the name has already been established in everyday life, Combat Sambo, we consider from the point of view of real practical application, and from here we can single out the functional orientation for the application of system elements (i.e., determine who uses and for what purpose). So, in terms of functional orientation (professional necessity), we conditionally have 4 main areas:
Army.
Police (police).
Criminal.
Analyzing the actions of popular stunt actors and athletes in well-known foreign action films with elements of hand-to-hand combat, we can come to approximately the same classification, depending on artistic images and training that is shown in these films. For example, this can be divided as follows: Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Benny Urquidez - basically represent sports, domestic and criminal areas; Chuck Norris - in many episodes and plots demonstrates elements police and army direction; Steven Seagal - Elements of Representative Training special services with the most economical and comprehensive applied training. good example, reflecting this approach in the cinema, can serve as popular films: "Kickboxer", "Double Impact", "Under Siege"..
To achieve the ultimate goal, we can divide the types of influences on the enemy into:
Destruction.
Traumatic effects of varying degrees.
shock effect..
When acting, for example, against a group of attackers (2, 3 or more people), it is also used psychological impact(in order to suppress the will of the enemy). This approach is determined as a result of regulation by the laws of the state and practical application in various real conditions of professional activity. Further, it is possible to determine the technical actions intended for conducting a real battle both against one and against several attackers. Let's first look at the section "attack" in sambo.
Percussion technique any part of the body that can strike at the attacker's vulnerable points if necessary in a given situation (strike - stabbing, chopping, wave).
Technique for unbalancing(knocking, jerking, pushing).
Pinching and gripping technique, technique of painful and suffocating techniques.
Throw technique- in rare cases (as a rule, it is used by highly qualified athletes in one-on-one combat).
Special Purpose Technique(use of improvised means - from a pinch of salt to the simplest types of weapons, use of the environment, detention, escort, handcuffing, tying, etc.)..
Now consider the section "protection in sambo".
The application of protective actions can be divided depending on life situations on the purely protective and actions "defense-attack". Purely defensive ones include leaving the line of fire, the line of attack or other similar aggressive impact using various methods and options available in the arsenal of the Sambo system, as well as methods of knocking out or taking out a knife, pistol or other object that is a weapon from the hands of the attacker. This may also include exemptions from grips and girths aimed at fettering the actions of the defender or another person who has been attacked. However, purely defensive actions they cannot always provide the necessary security during an attack, therefore, as a rule, they go directly into attack techniques, and in their highest form are performed as one action - “defense-attack”.
The most effective attacking impacts on vulnerable points, as a result of which one of the above effects (shock, injury, destruction) can be achieved. Moreover, such impacts are carried out both in the stance and on the lying opponent, i.e. there must be a continuous impact on the enemy, pursuit, preferably serial, to ensure reliability, both in the standing position and lying down, depending on the situation and the tasks assigned, to its full logical conclusion. Then you can apply various special-purpose techniques (putting on handcuffs, tying up, searching, escorting, etc.). All these actions can be performed both with weapons and without weapons, with improvised means and without improvised means, both for the purpose of self-defense and for the purpose of solving various tasks set by the state (security, police, army, special services, etc.).
As for the everyday and criminal functional orientation, here, as a rule, the developments of a limited number of technical actions are used, which are very successfully worked out and used in everyday life, which came from sports and the military environment, but are used with tactics inherent in this criminal environment or arising in life spontaneously .. This, of course, is far from a complete coverage of the combat section, since special training in the most complete course of the SAMBO system is carried out by representatives of a narrow circle of specialists who decide state tasks in various law enforcement agencies, whose experience has recently begun to be used in the training of personnel for private detective, security and special services, so we consider a more detailed coverage in full is not yet appropriate.
About the competitive practice of combat sambo
Currently in public association“Combat Sambo Club” developed rules for combat sambo competitions. Fights (fights) in combat sambo are for the first time provided for 3 levels, as a result of which there is a smooth adaptation of those involved and participating in competitions, the transition from "softer" forms to more "hard" ones in accordance with the degree of preparedness of the fighters. The rules are developed on the basis of many years of experience in conducting and analyzing competitions, both among adults and among young men, as well as on the basis of experience in holding competitions in a number of related sports: jujitsu of various directions (styles), karate, kickboxing, Thai boxing, hand-to-hand battles, absolute duels “Fights without rules” and others. Experience shows that when using percussion techniques, the most effective blows to the head. Without blows to the head, the combat aspect is lost, competitions without blows to the head lose their meaning, since almost all activity on the mat will be reduced to ordinary wrestling, competitions in which already exist.
Experience in competition "fights without rules", absolute fights, pankration,jujutsu, hand-to-hand combat, brazilian vale tudo, combat sambo- shows that in order to educate a real universal fighter, a systematic special comprehensive training started from adolescence. Naturally, for those who want it, who, if you like, are “created for this”, for the complex manifestation of fighting qualities with a minimum of restrictions, for real sambo fighters. SAMBO wrestling training alone is not enough, just as it is not enough for a complex manifestation of technique and qualities of one shock training (for example, boxing or karate).
On the basis of the MPEI Combat Sambo Club exists and is tested method of long-term training of a sambo wrestler complex direction, owning shock and throw, shock-throw and throw-shock, as well as the technique of combat and suffocating techniques while standing and lying already from adolescence. As statistics and experience show, traumatism, as a result of competitions with minimal restrictions, among sambo wrestlers trained in this way is often less than even in sambo wrestling and other sports, because. here special mental training is polished, a man-fighter knows what he is getting into and therefore reacts accordingly to the situation of battle. Accordingly, the defense technique is polished (the paradox of injury in contact and non-contact karate). In our combat sambo competitions, the referee does not stop or separate the fighters, artificially returning them to the striking distance, as is done, for example, in boxing, kickboxing and most other shock sports, which reduces the applicability compared to a real fight, where no one fights. doesn't stop.
Hence, the total number of strikes in combat sambo competitions is minimal. The number of injuries such as sprains, dislocations and fractures is also minimal, since the overall “viscosity” of wrestling is significantly lower compared to sports activities, because the fight is “diluted” with blows. The Combat Sambo Club has long gone from a wide ban on the actions of athletes in combat and in discussions, and in practice. We are convinced that this is a global trend in the world of martial arts and martial arts. There is a kind of revival of gladiatorship at a civilized level and in compliance with the norms of sports ethics. Group competitive fights and fights with weapons in various variations are not far off. The present moment is characterized by the widespread involvement of related types of martial arts: karate, jujitsu, hand-to-hand combat, kickboxing, pankration, Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling and other types to competitions according to uniform rules with a minimum of restrictions under the flag of combat sambo..
As a result, in our opinion, all styles of martial arts will have a real opportunity for progress as a result of a visual sensation of gaps in technical, tactical and psychological training and the possibility of correcting them, and the personality of the winner will be actively formed, ready for the extreme conditions of a real fight. Work on organizing competitions and improving the rules of combat sambo continues in accordance with the plan of the Combat Sambo Club.
Methods of preparing a sambist fighter for a real fight
From the point of view of the training methodology, in the process of approaching from sports to a real fight, there is a gradual removal of protective, sparing and health-preserving methods and an approach to more stringent training methods, including a real threat of loss of health, the possibility of injuries of various levels in accordance with the level of applied professional task. Psychological training occupies a leading position in the general system of training a sambo wrestler (see the diagram of the structure of the sambo system in the previous section). Of course, psychological preparation is closely related to the physical and special training of a sambo wrestler. Yes, during training physical qualities, in the process of special trainings and competitions in the sports section of sambo, with the necessary moral and volitional manifestations, the mental preparation of a fighter is also polished. But in addition to this, in order to solve special problems that are necessary in conditions of unexpected situations of real combat, there is a need for targeted and constant training of the psyche in a stressful situation with a threat to life and health. Here, the main efforts of methodological support should be aimed at overcoming the shock stage of stress, which usually occurs during an unexpected attack. The main means in the method of preparing the psyche for the conditions of a real battle depend on the professional tasks of the contingent with which the training is carried out. In general, these tasks can be conditionally divided into three categories, taking into account the legal capabilities of the contingent.
Complete destruction of the enemy. Contingent - groups of special forces of various directions.
Defeat the enemy(i.e. the possibility of causing serious injury, incapacitating the enemy, etc.). The contingent is the special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, OMON, etc.
Detention of the enemy, shackling, escorting, if possible without causing serious damage. Contingent - police, DND, etc.
Of course, this division is rather conditional, and in the process of performing professional tasks, these three levels of training can come into contact with each other, have some convergence and interchange. That is, at some stage, a police representative, if necessary, must master the skills of destroying and defeating the enemy, just like a representative of the OMON or special forces - the skills of detention. But still, the main efforts of the trainer, instructor and the entire system of methodological support should be aimed at solving their main professional, applied task. On this basis, for clarity and a more complete presentation, we propose a diagram of the zones of approach of methodological support for training in real combat and the stages of gradual approach to it from a sports fight.
I zone - corresponds to sports fights and trainings of sambo wrestlers of qualification of the 1st category and CMS with restrictions on the use of equipment and pedagogical methods teaching technique and tactics.
Zone II - corresponds to sports fights and training of highly qualified sambo wrestlers (MS, MSMK) with fewer restrictions on the use of technique and training methods. This also includes competitions in the combat section of sambo and martial arts competitions "Fights without rules", where there are even fewer restrictions.
Zone III should correspond to the work and training of a special contingent in the army system - OMON officers and other similar units that are created as a result of a certain selection and, as a rule, have a good sports base and training in martial arts or similar sports. There are even fewer restrictions and restraints on the use of technology and methods of preparing the psyche.
Zone IV should correspond to the work and training of special forces units of various formations and directions. The main task is the destruction of the enemy, training is on the verge of injury without restraining moments in the manifestation of mental processes on the part of the student. Restraining moments only to avoid serious injury are introduced from the outside (ie, with the help of a coach, instructor, or other means). For example, to stop a series of actions of a fighter in time.
V zone - a zone of real combat, combat without restrictions.
Thus, the process of preparing the psyche of a combat sambo wrestler is conditionally divided into two stages:
Stage 1 - a fight or a fight of a sports type according to the rules one on one; one against two or three opponents; sparring technique; technique of fights standing, lying with the use of blows, sports techniques of strangulation.
Stage 2 - training of reflexes, quick response in case of unexpected attacks in various complicated situations, associated with overcoming the shock stage of stress in case of a threat to life or health, where it is necessary to demonstrate defense and attack skills against real weapons, serial manifestation of combat throwing and shock equipment immediately, during the first 1.5-2 seconds of the attack.
It is necessary to pay serious attention to the polishing of skills in the complicated conditions of a surprise attack in the preparation of a combat sambo wrestler, which is almost never used in ordinary sports training. Thus, based on the diagram, we can see that tough psychological preparation is aimed at the implementation of actions to destroy or defeat the enemy as it approaches the top of the cone. And vice versa, the farther from the real battle we move away according to the scheme towards mass sports, the more health-sparing the training becomes. And at the lowest level, health problems are solved. In this direction, there is a whole methodology for performing special exercises and combat missions.
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A bit of history about combat sambo
As an independent sports discipline, combat sambo was formed in the USSR in the thirties of the last century and was originally positioned as a martial art for employees of various kinds of law enforcement agencies.
Throughout the entire period of its existence, combat sambo has enjoyed consistently high popularity among beginners, since its characteristic defensive and attacking techniques are highly effective and allow you to stand up for yourself, even when it comes to a fight with an armed opponent.
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The content of the article:
Today it is difficult to say with complete certainty who is the founder of SAMBO. According to the official version, he is A. A. Kharlampiev. The book he wrote was published many times in the Soviet Union. However, many believe that the foundations of Sambo were laid even before Kharlampiev. The foundation of the struggle was laid by Oshchepkov and Spiridonov. By the way, Kharlampiev mastered sambo with Oshchepkov.
It should be noted that Oshchepkov became the third representative of the Old World to receive a second dan in judo from the hands of Jigoro Kano himself. In 1937, this man was slandered and arrested on suspicion of espionage.
It should be noted that today there are two types of sambo wrestling: sports and combat. If many sports fans are familiar with the first, then a few words should be said about the second. This martial art was also created in the thirties in the Soviet Union and was intended exclusively for employees of law enforcement agencies.
For a long time, the technique of combat sambo was classified and they learned about it only in the early nineties. In modern combat sambo, throwing technique is adjacent to shock. According to the rules of the International Combat Sambo Federation, even blows to the groin area are allowed during the competition. To reduce the risk of injury, fighters use not only helmets and special gloves, but also leg pads.
Sambo at home for beginners: the basics
We got acquainted with a brief history of the appearance of this martial art, let's figure out what Sambo is at home for beginners. Undoubtedly, the best option is to conduct training under the guidance of a competent mentor, but if this is not possible, you can practice at home.
Necessary equipment
For practicing any kind of wrestling, a special carpet is needed. It is quite obvious that not everyone will be able to place it in an apartment, but this is not required. You can make it yourself from synthetic durable fabric and straw. You can also use wood shavings and sawdust as a filler. First, a layer is poured (thickness is 20 centimeters) of chips, and then sawdust (about 15 centimeters).
Each layer should be leveled and compacted. You will also need some sports equipment. First of all, we are talking about dumbbells and a barbell. You can also use a weight. Without this set of shells, you will not be able to increase your strength parameters. Clothing for classes should be purchased at a sporting goods store.
Training system
Since you will be practicing SAMBO at home for beginners, this fact complicates things somewhat. First of all, it repents of the technical aspects of various techniques. Of course, today you can easily find video lessons on the net, but it will be difficult to control your technique.
Remember, each new lesson should without fail start with a warm up. Already at this stage, it is worth starting to master the exercises, which in the future will become the basis of all techniques. During a light warm-up run, it is worth doing runs. In simple terms, you should move backwards and at the same time bring the heel of the far leg out. The range of motion should gradually increase.
In addition to running during the warm-up, you must use different kinds jumping and stretching exercises. Also, do not ignore the various inclinations with turns, which allow you to accelerate blood flow in muscle tissues. It is not recommended to proceed to the next stage of the lesson without a quality warm-up, as the risk of injury will be high.
strength training
Without strength training sambo at home for beginners will not be able to bring the desired result. Your training program should include not only exercises with weights, but also the weight of your own body. If you train with a friend, you can diversify your activities.
Acrobatics
Each wrestler must master the basic elements of acrobatics. You must master various types of somersaults, "wheel", etc. This will not only minimize the risk of injury, but also emerge victorious from a difficult situation in a fight.
Insurance and self-insurance
These elements should be given more attention. Sambo at home for beginners involves mastering the throwing technique, and you must be able to land correctly. We recommend that you train with a friend so that the classes are as effective as possible.
During the fall, the main task of the athlete is to minimize the force of impacts and for this you need to learn how to group. In Sambo, to solve this problem, body rolls or counter claps are used. Your limbs should act as shock absorbers to absorb the speed and force of your fall. Remember, when you fall, you need to hold your breath. Otherwise, you will experience not the most pleasant sensations, and you will have to pause to recover.
Let's look at a few exercises that will help you master the principles of self-insurance:
- Self-insurance when falling forward- stand straight with your arms in front of you, slightly bending and spreading your elbow joints to the sides. From this position, fall forward, putting your hands in front of you and tensing your muscles. When your palms touch the carpet, spring your fall. Remember that your legs should remain straight and your knees should not touch the ground first. To complicate the movement, perform a jump and fall.
- Back fall protection- the body should be in a vertical plane, and arms extended in front of you. Clench your teeth tightly and place your chin on your chest. Do a half squat and round your back. Sit with your buttocks on your heels and, without changing the position of the body, lean back. During the roll, the arms should be straightened and be at an angle of 40 degrees relative to the spinal column. As soon as your back touches the ground, slap the carpet hard with your palms to dampen the speed. Remember that during the fall you can not straighten your neck so as not to hit your head on the ground.
Basic defense and attack techniques
In each lesson, you will learn the techniques of attack and defense. However, you should not rush, all your actions should be brought to automatism. To do this, in one training session, you need to learn a maximum of two movements. Today we are talking about learning sambo at home for beginners. When classes are held under the supervision of a mentor, the athletes work for a quarter of an hour according to his instructions:
- They start the fight - one is in a low stance, and the second is in a high one.
- They master only footboards or undercuts.
- They work out situations when one of the athletes is at a disadvantage, etc.
Movements such as windmills, head throws, hip throws, and back throws should be learned step by step in two or even three phases. At this time, the presence of a coach is desirable, which will help to quickly correct mistakes. During a duel, a sambo wrestler must not only use his own strength, but also turn the opponent's strength against him. For example, a side hook, a shin hook followed by a throw over the head or a front flip are performed at the moment the opponent is moving.
Performing painful holds requires athletes to have a sense of proportion. If they are performed incorrectly, various injuries are possible, for example, infringement of Achilles or separation of the surfaces of the elements of the knee joint with simultaneous stretching of the ligaments. During arm twisting, the consequences can be no less serious. However, if a painful hold was performed in compliance with all the rules, but as a result led to an injury to the opponent, then it is counted.
When performing defensive actions, you must be able to release the sleeve of the jacket from the grip due to the rotation of the arm captured by the opponent towards him. thumb. If you are caught by the lapel of the jacket, then take the sleeve of the opponent with both hands, then sharply pull it towards you, while tilting the body back. If the opponent performs an armlock against you, close your forearms as tightly as possible and take the jacket sleeves overlapping. If your leg is twisted, rotate your body in the same direction.
The most common causes of injury in SAMBO
One of the most common causes of damage can be a damaged carpet finish. A torn meniscus is not uncommon in wrestling and most often it occurs when the athlete is spinning around the axis, when his foot gets tangled in the mat. Never leave weights, dumbbells and other sports equipment on the carpet.
To avoid injury during acrobatic exercises. Athletes must move in the same direction. It's enough to just get damaged while other wrestlers are practicing, if you are on the mat close to them. During the fight, a technique can be performed that will cause the athlete to fly out of the carpet and if someone was located with their backs to the competitors, the risk of injury is quite high.
As soon as you fall on the carpet, you must immediately get up so that your friend does not stumble. Another important point, which we have already talked about above, is self-insurance and safety net. Be sure to pay enough attention to this issue in training. Remember that the first aid kit should always be at hand.
It is very important to be able to provide first aid to an injured athlete. It must be placed on a flat surface and a medical professional called. In no case do not try to straighten the dislocation yourself if you do not have sufficient knowledge. This can only make the situation worse. If it is necessary to apply a fixing splint to an injured limb, but there is no bandage at hand, use a wrestling belt. Now we will not dwell on the technique of first aid for trauma, since only a specialist can teach this.
The first sambo lesson in the following plot:
The final lesson of our course is devoted to an overview of martial arts. Two of them (Krav Maga and Sambo, as one of the most popular among self-defense specialists) will be considered in more detail, and the rest we will give only a brief descriptive description.
Krav Maga: A Brief History
Krav Maga is an Israeli self-defense technique. However, it appeared not in Israel, but in Czechoslovakia. In the 30s of the 20th century, martial arts specialist Imi Lichtenfeld developed his own system of hand-to-hand combat in order to protect Nazi members of the Jewish community of Bratislava.
A little later, he settled in Palestine, where he began to teach Krav Maga in the Haganah. In 1948, Israeli soldiers began to be trained in the technique - the army, border troops, counterintelligence and other special forces. The system was then adapted for the civilian population.
In other countries, Krav Maga began to be taught only in the 80s. Initially, specialists appeared in the United States, and the technique came to Russia after the collapse of the USSR. Today its foundations are given in many cities of our country. Although Krav Maga is not a martial art, it has its own hierarchy of belts. Sparring and local level championships are held.
Krav Maga: Principles
The first and most important principle of Krav Maga is the Point of Threat. This is that weapon or action of the enemy that threatens your life, such as a fist flying in the face, a knife near the ribs, or a hand on the throat. It is necessary to start any reception with the elimination of the “threat point”. The task is to survive, and running from a criminal on the street is also considered a victory if you managed to escape.
The second principle is "Return" or "Recoiling". After delivering any blow, the striking limb must return to its original position as quickly as possible. But the main point is not to strike quickly and bitingly, but to follow the rule: do not get involved in a long fight under any pretext. All Krav Maga tactics are driven by two prerequisites:
- First premise: the enemy is not alone
- Second premise: the enemy is armed
According to the first, there is no need to spend more than 2-3 seconds on one opponent. Even the most effective and powerful combination, which takes more than 3 seconds, can end with a blow to the back of your head from an initially unnoticed accomplice of the attacker. According to the second, any blow must be reacted as if it were a blow with a weapon, because no one will tell you what he is planning, for example, to stab you with a knife after he hits you with a hand, etc.
The third principle is "Simplicity". It means that everything that is more complicated than a stool is ineffective in combat. A simple attack move cannot be countered with a few complex defensive moves or sly moves. Time plays a huge role. For this reason, one of the three defenses is always used against a blow (no matter how it is applied) - internal, external or sliding.
There are not many moves in Krav Maga, but any of them are designed to have the maximum damaging effect on the opponent, no matter how taller, heavier, more powerful or physically stronger you are, and no matter how you stand. , sit or lie down.
The fourth principle is "Instinctiveness of action". For example, if you instinctively wave your hand away from a blow to the face, you should turn this movement into a block. You can build an effective self-defense technique on the already existing reflex movement, bring it to mind and improve it.
The fifth principle is "Simultaneity of attack and counterattack". Given that the attacker will tend to hit quickly and often, if you are not a super professional, you will not be able to parry attacks for a long time. Based on this, you need to start beating the attacker yourself. The time between block and strike should be set to zero so that the opponent simply does not have the opportunity to attack again.
If, for example, the first move by a Krav Maga specialist can be done in any direction, the second move will always be forward. Constantly going on the defensive, the battle cannot be won, and you should start attacking as quickly as possible. The onslaught of the aggressor must be broken by your - even more powerful onslaught.
The sixth principle of Krav Maga is to be strong over fragile, and hard over soft. Simply put, you need to attack the opponent's vulnerable points. For example, it is much easier to hit the Adam's apple with the edge of the hand than to try to perform a painful hold.
And the seventh principle says that you need to use everything that is at hand. Stone, sand, keys, a belt, a stool - if there is a threat to life, anything is suitable for self-defense. But, of course, the training of Krav Maga begins precisely with the work of the hands, because. when attacked, it is most important to respond quickly, and only then think what to take in hand.
As for the military system of Krav Maga, it teaches defensive actions with a rifle; in the police station - with a baton and a pistol. The methodology is easily adapted to the specifics of professional activity. This is precisely the advantage of the system - it can change and adapt to a specific person, while most classical martial arts require a person to adapt to them.
By professionally practicing Krav Maga, you will be able to go through a variety of self-defense lessons and develop unarmed combat reflexes, learn how to use any means at hand to protect yourself and become a very dangerous opponent for anyone who encroaches on your well-being.
Sambo: a brief history
The term "sambo" originated from the abbreviation "sam-b-o", meaning "self-defense without weapons". Sambo appeared during the Soviet times and is a kind of synthesis of various martial arts, such as Georgian wrestling and judo. The founders are A. A. Kharlampiev (a researcher of the martial arts of the USSR and a master of sports of the USSR), V. S. Oshchepkov (the founder of Soviet judo) and V. A. Spiridonov (a specialist in Brazilian jiu-jitsu).
The official date for the appearance of sambo is November 16, 1938. Then order No. 633 was issued on the development of freestyle wrestling (as sambo was then called). From that moment, throughout the Union began to open sport sections. The current name - "sambo" - was given to the martial art in 1949. By the way, there was a restriction on SAMBO training for quite a long time, because. It was developed for employees of law enforcement agencies.
Since 1972, international sports competitions in sambo began to be held, and in 1981 it became olympic view sports. Since the 1990s, due to circumstances in the country, sambo has become even more popular among all strata and structures of the population. Today this martial arts the Cup of the President of the Russian Federation was established, and sports schools were opened in almost every city.
Sambo: fighting techniques
Among the combat techniques of sambo there are strikes, throws and dangerous grabs, methods of using improvised means and influencing the attacker's vulnerabilities. The variety of strikes are:
- Punches (and defense against them)
- Kicks (and defense against them)
- Chokeholds (and protection against them)
- Protection against grabs and girths
- Stick blows (and defense against them)
- Knife strikes (and defense against them)
- Pistol strikes (and defense against them)
- Sapper shovel strikes (and protection against them)
- Bayonet fighting (attack and defense)
- Protection against impacts from heavy objects
- Use of the environment
- The use of improvised means
- Revenue and Mutual Aid
- Protection against attack by a group of intruders
- Prone attack defense
- Detention and escort
- Inspection of the detainee
- Group combat tactics
- Binding
In addition to combat techniques, there are special ones in the arsenal of sambo. These include displacement and rupture of the spinal column, dangerous throws, squeezing and pressing techniques, and techniques for removing sentries.
Standing wrestling techniques include:
- Stances, distances, grappling preparations, grappling, movement and deception
- Throwing Preparation Methods, Throwing Starting Positions and Throwing Approaches
- Throws, return throws and their combinations (and defense against them)
- Insurance and self-insurance
There are also five distances: out of capture, far, medium, close and close. Captures are divided into main, reciprocal, preliminary and defensive. Throws are divided into kick throws, foot trips, hooks, kicks, hooks, hooks, torso throws, throws through the thigh, "mills", throws through the back and through the chest, throws with arms (snatches for the sleeves, for the leg, for two legs), throws somersaults, coups.
Lying wrestling technique includes:
- Starting positions and auxiliary actions
- Defensive breakthroughs
- Painful techniques
- Holds
- flipping
- blockages
- Combinations of tricks (and defense against them)
Among painful techniques there are tricks on the joints of the hands, twisting of the arms, leverage of the shoulder, infringement of the biceps, tricks on the hand, tricks on the joints of the legs. A wide variety of transitions from standing to prone wrestling and vice versa.
AT real life sambo self-defense techniques (of course, worked out and brought to automatism) turn an ordinary person into a real fighting machine - a fighter capable of repelling almost any attack and neutralizing any enemy. Professional SAMBO clubs, as we said, are probably in every big city in Russia. But it can take years to fully master this martial art.
In addition to Krav Maga and Sambo, there are, of course, a huge number of other combat sports. Many of them are also very popular and in demand. In the following, we provide brief overviews of most of them.
Best martial arts
Any of these martial arts is effective for self-defense. Anyone can master them with due diligence and systematic training. Today you can find a lot of tutorials, but it's better to do it in a group or individually with a professional trainer in the section.
Boxing
Boxing is one of the oldest sports known since Ancient Greece and ancient rome. Over time, he not only did not lose his relevance, but also significantly enriched his technique and adapted to modern society. Today, boxing is very popular all over the world, it hosts a huge number of championships and other competitions. The boxing system includes quite a lot of serious blows, as it should be assumed, with hands: direct and side impacts, uppercuts, etc. Separate place occupies the technique of protection and movement. A professional boxer is able to neutralize one or several attackers in a matter of seconds. Due to its effectiveness, it has gained fame as a deadly martial art.
Jujutsu
Japanese martial art, also known as Jujiu or "The Art of Gentleness". One of the most effective methods combat in the world. Applies the aggression and momentum of the attacker against him. The basis is counterattacks, self-defense, interceptions of blows, defensive actions. Main principle says that one should not go to direct confrontation to win. It is important not to resist, but to succumb to the onslaught of the opponent, redirecting his actions in the right direction. Combat techniques are based on the knowledge of psychophysiology, physiology and anatomy, as well as on the technique brought to automatism, well-thought-out tactics and combat strategy. The main task of Jiu-Jitsu is to neutralize an attacker or a group of attackers as quickly as possible, using any means available in the arsenal for this.
brazilian jiu-jitsu
A Japanese-Brazilian martial art, often simply referred to as jiu-jitsu or "Human Chess". A fighter learns to use leverage and proper distribution of body weight to defeat stronger opponents. Leverage refers to isolating one of the attacker's limbs and moving the joint outside of its normal range of motion. In the arsenal there are many methods of pressure on the limbs, suffocation, methods of influencing pain points. There are also a lot of classic jiu-jitsu techniques, throws, grabs, strikes and, of course, defensive actions and movements.
Muay Thai
The martial art of Thailand is the famous Thai boxing or "The Art of Eight Limbs". Strikes in this sport are delivered with fists, elbows, knees and shins. Professional Muay Thai fighters are able to use all their limbs as weapons. Figuratively speaking, hands turn into sabers and daggers, elbows into hammers and maces, knees into axes, and forearms and shins serve as armor for protection. There are a lot of blows in Thai boxing, and all of them are able to instantly deprive the attacker of the opportunity to act. Also in the arsenal of traditional Muay Thai there are twists, jump kicks, a lot of defensive and counterattacking actions.
Wing Chun
A martial art from China, also called Wing Tsun or Singing Spring. It was wing chun that the world-famous Bruce Lee dedicated his life to. The basis of this martial art, as well as the basis of many wushu techniques, is the “chi-sao” technique, which means “sticky hands”. Studying it, the fighter is always in contact with the attacker with his hands in order to be able to feel him and prevent him from attacking. Fights are fought at a short distance. A huge arsenal of movements, strikes and defensive techniques. True Wing Chun masters are able to attack and defend at the same time; they can't be completely overwhelmed.
Aikido
A Japanese martial art known as the "Way of Spiritual Harmony". Very effective, but also extremely difficult, and it is impossible to master it in a short time. Being to some extent a derivative of jiu-jitsu, aikido emphasizes merging with the attacker's attack, redirecting his energy to make a throw or grab. Aikido professionals use the opponent's aggression and inertia to incapacitate him and reduce the effectiveness of his attacks to zero. Despite the fact that aikido teaches a person calmness, peace and harmony, it is recognized as one of the most dangerous martial arts, and its arsenal includes hundreds of various attack and defense techniques.
taekwondo
A martial art originally from Korea, often referred to as taekwon, taekwondo, and "Let the brush and the fist". Fast and powerful kicks make taekwondo one of the most effective combat sports. However, its main advantage is not only that just one blow can disable the attacker, but that it is possible to effectively resist several aggressors at once. By the way, taekwondo is one of the few martial arts that have become Olympic sports. But in real life, it can easily lead to death and the most serious injuries.
Sports hand-to-hand combat
Sports hand-to-hand combat developed in our country, although it is not a full-fledged hand-to-hand combat (unlike the army), is still very effective as a means of self-defense. In competitions, you cannot hit with your head, elbows and knees, as well as attack on the ground. However, sports hand-to-hand combat still has many powerful techniques. It is also interesting that even a beginner can master it in a relatively short time. If you have a desire to learn effective self-defense as quickly as possible, this type of martial arts is quite suitable for you.
Army hand-to-hand combat
Another martial art that was born in the vastness of our country. More often it is called simply ARB. Among its advantages, one can single out the widest arsenal of techniques, which in its diversity surpasses even the Sambo arsenal. In the ARB, blows with knees, elbows and head, finishing off a lying opponent are allowed. In specialized schools, training often takes place in protective equipment, which is why, in real conditions, fighters can make mistakes, because. accustomed to protection. But these problems are easily solved by full contact sparring, as well as boxing training.
Mixfight
Mixed martial arts or, as they are also called, MMA (from the English. Mixed Martial Arts) and vale-tudo. They are very popular in the USA, but there are tens of thousands of MMA fans all over the world. A type of martial arts that includes elements of a variety of styles, including wrestling, judo, sambo, boxing, muay thai, karate, sumo, grappling, etc. In the arsenal of MMA techniques there are punches, kicks, knees and elbows, rollovers, blockages and throws, chokes and painful holds. Today, there are mixed martial arts schools in most major cities of the country, led by professional athletes and champions.
Pankration
The origins of pankration go back to the times of Ancient Greece, and many consider Hercules and Theseus to be the creators of this type of martial arts. Recognized as an Olympic sport and is one of the types of MMA. The basis is punches and kicks and freestyle wrestling. However, athletes also use elements of kickboxing, boxing, martial arts, judo, sambo, Greco-Roman wrestling, etc. Today, there are more than 200 federations around the world. One of best schools pankration recognized schools in Russia, Brazil, USA, Asia and Europe.
By and large, the above types of martial arts are enough to complete. All of them are widespread, very effective and can equip a person with a huge number of self-defense techniques. If necessary, they can also become a real lethal weapon, although they were not originally designed for this.
But, at the same time, there are such fighting styles that were immediately created to inflict maximum damage on the enemy, causing serious injuries and mutilations, and deprivation of life. For the general development, we decided to briefly talk about such martial arts.
Deadly martial arts
All the martial arts described below can be safely called exotic. Sports schools and sections where you can master them, as such, do not exist. Most of them are taught only individually by masters who received their knowledge from their ancestors, and some are generally prohibited by law. Finding a coach is very difficult, but if you succeed, you can be sure that from now on you will have a unique self-defense tool in your hands, which has no analogues in the whole world.
Bokator
The oldest martial art of Asia, which appeared about 1700 years ago in the Khmer Empire. According to its technique, the bokator resembles Muay Thai, and includes more than 10 thousand different strikes and techniques. One of the most difficult martial arts in the world.
Buck
This martial art appeared in the second half of the 20th century in the capital of Peru - the city of Lima. The founder is considered to be a former marine, Roberto Puig Bezada. Style is very dangerous. originally intended for survival in the slums of cities. The technique is based on lightning-fast grabs, strangulations, broken limbs and strikes on the opponent's vital points.
Dambe
This martial art originated among the Hausa people living in North Africa. The basis of the dam is the principles of ancient Egyptian boxing, and it differs in the presence of more cruel attributes. For example, before a duel, dambe fighters wrap their fists in stiff cords, and wrap a chain around their leading leg. In some cases, the chain is provided with pieces of jagged metal.
Silat
National martial art of the inhabitants of the Malay Archipelago. On the shores of Sumatra, it has been known since the 7th century. the main objective silata is not a search for spiritual meaning, as in many martial arts, but in bringing an opponent to a state of helplessness and inability to continue the fight in just 10 seconds. Silat techniques are based on speed, lightning speed and surprise. It is not forbidden to use tricks and strikes on the sly.
Arnis
Arnis has another name - eskrima. It is a Filipino martial art that trains a person to fight an attacker with or without a weapon. In most cases, combat staffs (bo), knives, and kali sticks act as weapons. Arnis's main moves include grabs, very fast strikes, blocks, and lightning-fast counterattacks.
Hapkido
Hapkido is a martial art from Korea. It is based on techniques for controlling one's own strength and the strength of the attacker. The defense is built on the redirection of the attacker's onslaught in the direction necessary for the defender and the subsequent counterattack. A Hapkido master can complete a fight in a matter of seconds. In addition to hand-to-hand combat, Hapkido teaches the use of a stick, pole, stick, sword, and knife.
Kalariapattu
According to the assumptions of many researchers, Kalariapattu is the oldest martial art in the world, from which all other martial arts have developed. According to legend, the creator of this style is the earthly incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu, the Guardian of the Universe. The most important practice of kalariapattu is to strike at the vital points on the human body, of which there are 108 in total.
Ninjutsu
The Japanese martial art of ninjutsu is a multifaceted discipline that includes espionage, subversive techniques, survival, and more. The philosophy here is based on the fact that it makes no sense to engage in a fight with superior enemy forces if it is possible to sneak up unnoticed and deliver one fatal blow. Ninjutsu involves covert and sudden attacks from an ambush, methods of stunning an opponent, and fighting in confined spaces.
okichito
Okichito is one of the most unique martial arts on the planet. Its creators are the Cree Indian people living in North America. It combines elements of Asian fighting styles, including punches and kicks, throws and grabs, as well as the art of owning traditional Indian weapons - fighting clubs, tomahawks, etc.
Kajukenbo
Kajukenbo belongs to the category of hybrid styles. It originated in the Hawaiian Islands, influenced by the martial arts of Asia, and became a kind of response to the street violence that flourished in Oahu in the 1940s. This style's arsenal of moves includes throws, grapples, takedowns, disarming techniques, and a vast array of strikes.
Again, finding a trainer in any deadly martial art is not an easy task. If you are lucky - that's good, but if not - you can go to the conventional martial arts section and devote several years to hard training. But remember that you need to apply the acquired knowledge and skills wisely, without getting involved in a fight unnecessarily, and even more so without crippling your opponent.
This concludes our course on self-defense. We hope that you now have at your disposal all the information that will help you be prepared for extreme situations psychologically, emotionally and physically. Do not forget also about the intellect, because only then can development be considered complete. However, as TV presenter Leonid Kanevsky likes to complete his programs from the cycle “The investigation was conducted ...”, this is a completely different story.
We wish you success and fewer situations where you have to apply self-defense skills in practice!
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