Essay on zoology on the topic:

"Outstanding scientists"

novosibirsk city

1. Kraschinnikov Stepan Petrovich (1713-1755)

2. Pallas Peter Simon (1741-1811)

3. Steering wheel Karl (1814-1858)

4. Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888)

5. Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich (1840-1901)

6. Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich (1842-1883)

7. Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich (1855-1935)

8. Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich (1866-1936)

9. Sushkin Petr Petrovich (1868-1928)

10. Ognev Sergey Ivanovich (1886-1951)

11. Zenkevich Lev Alexandrovich (1889-1970)

12. Silver Alexander Sergeevich (1892-1933)

13. Heptner Vladimir Georgievich (1901-1975)

Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich

Kraschiennikov Stepan Petrovich (10/18/1713-12.02.1755) - the first Russian academician-geographer, a participant in the second Kamchatka expedition, researcher of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Born in Moscow in the family of a soldier. In 1724-1732 he studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy (Moscow), then in the class of philosophy of the Academy of Sciences and Arts (St. Petersburg). In 1733, he was credited as a "student's student" in the academic detachment of the second Kamchatka expedition and went to the Okhotsk. Here he conducted hydrometeorological studies, he was engaged in ichthyology, amounted to the dictionary "Lamut Language". On October 4, 1737, the Fortuna ship was released from Okhotsk to Kamchatka, where he was engaged in research for 4 years, having committed many expeditions by peninsula. For four years, he crossed the peninsula in different directions: went on foot, went to the narts, melted along the rivers, climbed the mountains. He conducted comprehensive research as a geologist and geographer, like a botanist and a zoologist, as a historian and ethnographer, meteorologist and linguist. Crashinnikov conducted a comprehensive study of the Kamchatka in the region natural Sciences (Geography, geology, seismology, volcanology), the first of the Russians studied Tsunami, produced meteorials, paid a lot of attention to the ethnography of local peoples (ITELENES, Koryaki, Aina) was the vanity of Aboriginal, collected folklore inhabitants of Kamchatka. In Nizhne-Kamchatsk, Verkhne-Kamchatsk, Bolshetsek, the archives and questions of the locals restored the history of the region. He studied the flora and fauna of the Kamchatka, and the ichthyology of rivers and adjacent seawater. In February 1743, with the young wife of Stepanida Tsibulskaya (from Yakutsk) returned to St. Petersburg. From 1748 he was a rector of academic university and gymnasium with him. Based on the assembled material, the books "Description of the Kamchatka people", "On the conquest of Kamchatka Earth" (1751), the capital labor "Description of the Earth Kamchatka" (1756) with the appendix of two cards. It was the first solid work about Kamchatka. In 1745, Krasheninnikov was elected an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1750 he was appointed Professor (academician) of natural history and botany. In 1751, he finished his book "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", but the author could not see her printed. On February 25, 1755, Kraschiennikova did not become, and his book was published in 1756.

His work was the first in Russian and world scientific literature A study on Kamchatka devoted to its geography, natural history, a description of the life and languages \u200b\u200bof local peoples. "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", which does not lose its scientific value for more than 200 years, is a sample of a complex country-friendly description of the low-investment territory, a sample of Russian literary language that time. Died S.P. Krasheninnikov in St. Petersburg. In 1989, his name was assigned to the Kamchatka Regional Library. The name of Kraschinnikov called 10 geographical objects, including in Kamchatka - Peninsula, Bay, Mountain, Island; On the island Karaginsky - Cape, on the island of Paramushir - the bay, Cape, near him - the underwater valley; On the new land - Peninsula and Cape, in Antarctica - Mountain.

Pallas Peter Simon

In 1767, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences chose Pallas by his actual member. Despite its incomplete 27 years, Pallas already had the glory of a brilliant biologist, launching new paths in the systematics of animals. He gave a new homeland for more than 40 years of his scientific life.

The first big deal Pallas was an expedition to East Russia and Siberia. From 1768-1774 The scientist explored Central Russia, the areas of the Lower Volga region, the Caspian lowland, the Middle and South Urals, crossed Siberia, visited Baikal, in Transbaikalia, in Altai.

Pallas hardly tolerated travel. Several times he sick with dysentery, suffered from chronic colitis, rheumatism, his eyes were constantly inflamed. In St. Petersburg, 33 years old scientist returned completely exhausted and gray.

Thanks to Pallas, Zoology has been enriched with new techniques of research related to ecology and ethology.

In six expeditionary years, a unique material on zoology, botany, paleontology, geology, physical geography, economics, history, ethnography, culture and the life of the peoples of Russia is assembled.

Peter Simon ordered the structure of the structure Ural MountainsIn 1777, first made a topographic scheme of Siberia. The assembled material about the animal and plant world of these territories a scientist outlined in labor "Travels by different provinces Russian Empire».

Pallas described more than 250 species of animals inhabited in Russia, additionally, informing the distribution, seasonal and geographical variability, migrations, nutrition, behavior of the animals described by him. Pallas often expressed ideas about the physico-geographical factors of their settlement, so it can be considered one of the founders of zoogeography.

In the 1780s, it works hard on the preparation of the general arch of the plants of Russia. Due to lack of funds, it was possible to publish only two releases of this extensive work "Flora of Russia", 1784 and 1788, containing a description of about 300 species of plants and amazing illustrations.

At the same time, Pallas publishes articles on geography, paleontology, ethnography, two thousand labor on the history of the Mongolian people is published. On behalf of Catherine II Pallas issued a comparative dictionary of all languages \u200b\u200band the shortcomings of Russia.

In 1793-1794, Pallas took his second large trip, this time in the southern provisions of Russia. He explored the Crimea. The collections collected during this journey were based on the collections of academic kunstkamera, and part of them came to the University of Berlin.

In the works of Pallas, detailed information about climate, rivers, soils, flora and fauna Crimean Peninsula, Descriptions of many historical sites (Mangup, Ai - Todor, Ayu - Dag, Sudak, etc.). The scientist was the initiator of the bookmarks of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and gardens in the Sudak and solar valleys, founded the Salagarka Park in Simferopol. In honor of the geographer, one of the species of the Crimean pine received the name of Pallas pine.

In 1797, the work of Pallas "List of wild plants of Crimea was published. The author first described the vegetation cover of the Crimean Peninsula for the first time, compiled an exhaustive list of 969 species for that time.

The scientist was the initiator of the bookmarks of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and gardens in the Sudak and solar valleys, founded the Salagarka Park in Simferopol. In honor of the geographer, one of the species of the Crimean pine received the name of Pallas pine.

In 1797, the work of Pallas "List of wild plants of Crimea was published. The author first described the vegetation cover of the Crimean Peninsula for the first time, compiled an exhaustive list of 969 species for that time. In 1810 he returned to Berlin, where he died on September 8, 1811

Rule Karl

Rule Karl (1814-1858) - Russian Zoologist and Doctor of Medicine - Born 8 (20) of April 1814 in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire.

In 1829, the steering wheel entered the Moscow branch of the Medical and Surgery Academy, which on August 18, 1833 he graduated from a silver medal and received the title of Lekary. On August 6, 1836, he was approved by a tutor (assistant) under G. I. Fishera von Waldheim. With Fisher, the steering wheel worked one year. In September 1837, Fisher was resigned, and the Department of Natural History went to Professor I.O. Shikhovsky, and the steering wheel was appointed Adjunct by Professor. By this time, he already received a doctor of medicine. She was assigned to him for the dissertation dedicated to bleeding in general and hemorrhoidal in particular.

On March 5, 1838, the Council of the Academy instructed the steering wheel independent reading of the course of zoology and mineralogy. At the same time, he was entrusted with the Zoological and Mineralogical Cabinets of the Academy, the exhibits of which the steering wheel was widely used to demonstrate on their lectures. Even before that - on July 13, 1837, the steering wheel was appointed Guardian of the Museum of Natural History of Moscow University. On November 18, 1837, he was elected a valid member of the Moscow Society of Tests of Nature. September 20, 1838 The Rule was elected the second secretary of this society. July 13, 1840 due to the movement of I.O. Shikhovsky in St. Petersburg The steering wheel was elected first secretary of the Moscow Society of Nature Tests and stayed to them until 1851.

At the same time, the steering wheel began great work on the study of the history of zoology in Russia. The work of the steering wheel did not see the light, but by treating a huge actual zoological material, the steering wheel was able to quickly understand the main directions of modern zoological science and understand the prospects for its development.

On February 28, 1840, the Moscow University's Council invited the steering wheel to take the liberated after the death of Professor A. L. Tsettsky Department of Zoology. In 1842 he was elected extraordinary, and in 1850 an ordinary professor.

Essay on zoology on the topic:

"Outstanding scientists"

novosibirsk city

1. Kraschinnikov Stepan Petrovich (1713-1755)

2. Pallas Peter Simon (1741-1811)

3. Steering wheel Karl (1814-1858)

4. Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888)

5. Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich (1840-1901)

6. Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich (1842-1883)

7. Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich (1855-1935)

8. Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich (1866-1936)

9. Sushkin Petr Petrovich (1868-1928)

10. Ognev Sergey Ivanovich (1886-1951)

11. Zenkevich Lev Alexandrovich (1889-1970)

12. Silver Alexander Sergeevich (1892-1933)

13. Heptner Vladimir Georgievich (1901-1975)

Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich

Kraschiennikov Stepan Petrovich (10/18/1713-12.02.1755) - the first Russian academician-geographer, a participant in the second Kamchatka expedition, researcher of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Born in Moscow in the family of a soldier. In 1724-1732 he studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy (Moscow), then in the class of philosophy of the Academy of Sciences and Arts (St. Petersburg). In 1733, he was credited as a "student's student" in the academic detachment of the second Kamchatka expedition and went to the Okhotsk. Here he conducted hydrometeorological studies, he was engaged in ichthyology, amounted to the dictionary "Lamut Language". On October 4, 1737, the Fortuna ship was released from Okhotsk to Kamchatka, where he was engaged in research for 4 years, having committed many expeditions by peninsula. For four years, he crossed the peninsula in different directions: went on foot, went to the narts, melted along the rivers, climbed the mountains. He conducted comprehensive research as a geologist and geographer, like a botanist and a zoologist, as a historian and ethnographer, meteorologist and linguist. Crashinnikov conducted a comprehensive study of the Kamchatka in the field of natural sciences (geography, geology, seismology, volcanology), the first of the Russians studied Tsunami, produced meteorials, made a lot of attention to the ethnography of local peoples (Itelmen, Koryaki, Aina) was the vanity of Aboriginal, collected folklore inhabitants of Kamchatka . In Nizhne-Kamchatsk, Verkhne-Kamchatsk, Bolshetsek, the archives and questions of the locals restored the history of the region. He studied the flora and fauna of Kamchatka, and the ichthyology of rivers and surrounding sea waters. In February 1743, with the young wife of Stepanida Tsibulskaya (from Yakutsk) returned to St. Petersburg. From 1748 he was a rector of academic university and gymnasium with him. Based on the assembled material, the books "Description of the Kamchatka people", "On the conquest of Kamchatka Earth" (1751), the capital labor "Description of the Earth Kamchatka" (1756) with the appendix of two cards. It was the first solid work about Kamchatka. In 1745, Krasheninnikov was elected an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1750 he was appointed Professor (academician) of natural history and botany. In 1751, he finished his book "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", but the author could not see her printed. On February 25, 1755, Kraschiennikova did not become, and his book was published in 1756. His work was the first in the Russian and world scientific literature on the study of Kamchatka dedicated to its geography, natural history, the description of the life and languages \u200b\u200bof local peoples. "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", which does not lose its scientific value for more than 200 years, is a sample of a complex country-friendly description of the low-investment territory, a sample of the Russian literary language of that time. Died S.P. Krasheninnikov in St. Petersburg. In 1989, his name was assigned to the Kamchatka Regional Library. The name of Kraschinnikov called 10 geographical objects, including in Kamchatka - Peninsula, Bay, Mountain, Island; On the island Karaginsky - Cape, on the island of Paramushir - the bay, Cape, near him - the underwater valley; On the new land - Peninsula and Cape, in Antarctica - Mountain.

Pallas Peter Simon

In 1767, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences chose Pallas by his actual member. Despite its incomplete 27 years, Pallas already had the glory of a brilliant biologist, launching new paths in the systematics of animals. He gave a new homeland for more than 40 years of his scientific life.

The first big deal Pallas was an expedition to East Russia and Siberia. From 1768-1774 The scientist explored Central Russia, the areas of the Lower Volga region, the Caspian lowland, the Middle and South Urals, crossed Siberia, visited Baikal, in Transbaikalia, in Altai.

Pallas hardly tolerated travel. Several times he sick with dysentery, suffered from chronic colitis, rheumatism, his eyes were constantly inflamed. In St. Petersburg, 33 years old scientist returned completely exhausted and gray.

Thanks to Pallas, Zoology has been enriched with new techniques of research related to ecology and ethology.

In six expeditionary years, a unique material on zoology, botany, paleontology, geology, physical geography, economics, history, ethnography, culture and the life of the peoples of Russia is assembled.

Peter Simon ordered the scheme of the structure of the Ural Mountains, in 1777 first made up the topographic scheme of Siberia. The scientist composed about the animal and plant world of these territories in the work of these territories in the work of "Travels in different provinces of the Russian Empire" in labor.

Pallas described more than 250 species of animals inhabited in Russia, additionally, informing the distribution, seasonal and geographical variability, migrations, nutrition, behavior of the animals described by him. Pallas often expressed ideas about the physico-geographical factors of their settlement, so it can be considered one of the founders of zoogeography.

In the 1780s, it works hard on the preparation of the general arch of the plants of Russia. Due to lack of funds, it was possible to publish only two releases of this extensive work "Flora of Russia", 1784 and 1788, containing a description of about 300 species of plants and amazing illustrations.

At the same time, Pallas publishes articles on geography, paleontology, ethnography, two thousand labor on the history of the Mongolian people is published. On behalf of Catherine II Pallas issued a comparative dictionary of all languages \u200b\u200band the shortcomings of Russia.

In 1793-1794, Pallas took his second large trip, this time in the southern provisions of Russia. He explored the Crimea. The collections collected during this journey were based on the collections of academic kunstkamera, and part of them came to the University of Berlin.

The work of Pallas provides detailed information about the climate, rivers, soils, flora and the fauna of the Crimean Peninsula, contains descriptions of many historical sites (Mangup, Ay - Todor, Ayu - Dag, Sudak, etc.). The scientist was the initiator of the bookmarks of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and gardens in the Sudak and solar valleys, founded the Salagarka Park in Simferopol. In honor of the geographer, one of the species of the Crimean pine received the name of Pallas pine.

In 1797, the work of Pallas "List of wild plants of Crimea was published. The author first described the vegetation cover of the Crimean Peninsula for the first time, compiled an exhaustive list of 969 species for that time.

The scientist was the initiator of the bookmarks of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and gardens in the Sudak and solar valleys, founded the Salagarka Park in Simferopol. In honor of the geographer, one of the species of the Crimean pine received the name of Pallas pine.

In 1797, the work of Pallas "List of wild plants of Crimea was published. The author first described the vegetation cover of the Crimean Peninsula for the first time, compiled an exhaustive list of 969 species for that time. In 1810 he returned to Berlin, where he died on September 8, 1811

Rule Karl

Rule Karl (1814-1858) - Russian Zoologist and Doctor of Medicine - Born 8 (20) of April 1814 in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire.

In 1829, the steering wheel entered the Moscow branch of the Medical and Surgery Academy, which on August 18, 1833 he graduated from a silver medal and received the title of Lekary. On August 6, 1836, he was approved by a tutor (assistant) under G. I. Fishera von Waldheim. With Fisher, the steering wheel worked one year. In September 1837, Fisher was resigned, and the Department of Natural History went to Professor I.O. Shikhovsky, and the steering wheel was appointed Adjunct by Professor. By this time, he already received a doctor of medicine. She was assigned to him for the dissertation dedicated to bleeding in general and hemorrhoidal in particular.

On March 5, 1838, the Council of the Academy instructed the steering wheel independent reading of the course of zoology and mineralogy. At the same time, he was entrusted with the Zoological and Mineralogical Cabinets of the Academy, the exhibits of which the steering wheel was widely used to demonstrate on their lectures. Even before that - on July 13, 1837, the steering wheel was appointed Guardian of the Museum of Natural History of Moscow University. On November 18, 1837, he was elected a valid member of the Moscow Society of Tests of Nature. September 20, 1838 The Rule was elected the second secretary of this society. July 13, 1840 due to the movement of I.O. Shikhovsky in St. Petersburg The steering wheel was elected first secretary of the Moscow Society of Nature Tests and stayed to them until 1851.

At the same time, the steering wheel began great work on the study of the history of zoology in Russia. The work of the steering wheel did not see the light, but by treating a huge actual zoological material, the steering wheel was able to quickly understand the main directions of modern zoological science and understand the prospects for its development.

On February 28, 1840, the Moscow University's Council invited the steering wheel to take the liberated after the death of Professor A. L. Tsettsky Department of Zoology. In 1842 he was elected extraordinary, and in 1850 an ordinary professor.

In the article "Doubts in zoology as in science" (1842), the steering wheel showed that the main direction of the modern zoology - systematics - does not have reliable scientific principles Classification that "Where the strictest laws should be, a clean arbitrariness should be guiding" and, therefore, many representations that dominate in zoology are completely untenable. Taking the idea of \u200b\u200bthe evolution of organisms, the steering wheel believed that its evidence, nominated by Lamarcom, Joffwru and others, insufficient.

The steering wheel believed that numerous observations and "historical evidence" were needed to prove the variable species - data from geology and paleontology. Until 1849, the steering wheel was intensively conducted by field geological and paleontological studies and studied in detail all the most interesting outcrops of the pool near Moscow.

The study of geology and fossil organisms more and more convinced the steering wheel in historical development The earth's surface and life on it, in the presence of the relationship of the phenomena of nature and the materiality of the reasons determining the development of the organic world. Proof of this and were essentially devoted to his classical work "On Animals of the Moscow Governor" and many others.

The steering wheel developed the idea that the evolution of the earth's surface was accompanied by the evolution of the organic world, which the changes caused consecutive continuity changes in organic forms.

The path to whom the organic world researcher should go, the steering wheel called the comparative historical method of research. He was deeply confident in the historical development of nature and the organic world, in the obligation of the unity of the body and the conditions of existence.

An essential contribution to the development of the theory of evolution was that it included in the concept of the environment interaction between organisms.

The steering wheel was the first Russian biologist, which began the development of problems of zoopsychology as a special branch of biology, pointed out the need to create a "comparative psychology". He proved the dependence of the mental activity of animals, their instincts and lifestyle on the conditions of existence, in which this species throughout history has been. The steering wheel first approached the problems of zoopsychology as an integral part of animal ecology.

The steering wheel opposed the consideration of instincts and mental activity of animals as phenomena, not scientific explanation. "Or there is no instinct, or it makes sense," so he formulated his approach to the study of instincts, which understood as developed by the view throughout its history of the reaction to certain impacts ambient.

In 1854, the steering wheel founded and before death (1858) edited the magazine "Vestnik of Natural Sciences".

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (31.03 1839 -20.11.1888) - scientist, geographer, traveler, researcher of Central Asia, Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1878, Major General from 1886.

Born in the village of Kimborovo Smolensk province in the noble family. Since childhood, I dreamed of travel. His father, Mikhail Kuzmich, served in the Russian army. He was his uncle P. A. Karetnikov, a passionate hunter, who was nominating this passion and with her love for nature and wandering.

In 1855 he graduated from Smolensk gymnasium. At the end of the course in the Smolensk gymnasium, Przhevalsky decided in Moscow by a non-commissioned officer in the Ryazan Infantry Regiment; After receiving an officer rank, he moved to Polotsk Regiment, then entered the Academy of General Staff. In the midst of Sevastopol Defense, he entered overly determined to the army, but he did not have to fight. After 5 years, unloved Przhevalsky N.M. Military service received a refusal to transfer it to CMUR for research work.

In 1861 he entered the Academy of General Staff, where he fulfilled his first geographic work "Military Geographical Review of the Pria Amur Region", for which the Russian geographical society elected him with his member.

In 1863 he graduated from the academic course and went to the Volunteer to Poland to suppress the uprising. He served in Warsaw by the teacher of history and geography in the UNCER school, where he was seriously engaged in self-education, preparing to become a professional researcher of little studied countries.

In 1866 he received a destination in Eastern Siberia. Made a number of expeditions to the Ussuri region (1867-1869), as well as in 1870-10 -1885 in Mongolia, on Tibet and China. Made a shooting more than 30 thousand km. The path passed by him, opened unknown mountain ranges and lakes, wild camel, Tibetan bear, a wild horse called him name. Spoke about his travels in books, giving bright description Central Asia: her flora, fauna, climate, peoples, in her happiers; Collected unique collections, becoming a generally accepted classic of geographic science.

The result of the first trip was the books "Journey to the Ussuri Territory" and rich collections for a geographical society. First described the nature of many areas of Asia, unknown to Europeans of lakes and mountain ranges; Assembled collections of plants and animals, described a wild camel, a wild horse (Przhevalsky horse) and others.

Died of abdominal typhus (20.11.1888), preparing to make his fifth expedition in Central Asia. Its name is called a number of geographical objects, animal species and plants. In 1892, a monument to Przhevalsky N.M. was opened in St. Petersburg. Sculptors Schröder I.N. and Runeberg R.A.

Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich

Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich (1840-1901) - the famous domestic scientist, was born on November 19, 1840 in the estate of the Vorkovo Dinaburg County of the Vitebsk province. Alexander Onufrievich entered the corps of engineers of ways to communicate, but soon left him and entered the freelance listener on the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. In 1960, Kovalevsky went to Germany, where he soon began his scientific work in the laboratory of the famous Chemist Bunzen. He carried the zoology, Alexander Onufrievich began to study histology and microscopic equipment from Professor F. Leidig. Returning to Petersburg, in 1863 Kovalevsky passed the university examinations and received a degree of candidate of natural sciences for labor dedicated to the anatomy of the sea cockroach.

In 1864, the scientist again went abroad. On the coast of the Mediterranean Sea A.O. Kovalevsky conducted a study of the larval development of ascidium, which showed similar development with the larva of the lancing. Zoologist studied the structure of the intestines, observed the embryonic development of the comb, Mshanok, Foronid, Ichalkinski.

In 1865, Kovalevsky defended his master's thesis: "The history of the development of the Lanctress - Amphioxus Lanceolatus", two years later, a doctorate degree for the dissertation: "On the development of Phoronis". After completing a number of comparative-embryological studies, Kovalevsky formulated its provisions on the full compliance of the germinal leaflets in vertebrates and invertebrates, making evolutional conclusions from this situation. For work on the development of worms and arthropods (1871), the scientist was awarded by the Barov Prize of the Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Onufrievich consistently consisted of a professor of zoology in Kazan and Kiev Universities. In Kiev, he took an active part in the organization of natural scientists, and published his work in his publications. In 1870 - 73, the scientist committed scientific expeditions to the Red Sea and to Algeria, where, studying the biology of the bravery, established their similarity in embryogenesis with Mshanki and ringled worms. It became clear that Brachiopoda can not be combined with mollusks. Later, the lamps were highlighted in a separate type.

In 1874, I.I Mesnikov persuaded Kovalevsky to go to Novorossiysk (Odessa) University. The scientist often traveled abroad, in Villafranke, a town near Nice, in 1886, with the participation of Kovalevsky, a Russian zoological station was organized, in our time she was managed by the University of Paris. His article "Observation on the Development of Coelencerata" (1873) was published, where the author led data on the development of hydroids and jellyfish, whiffs and coral polyps.

In Odessa, Kovalevsky continued its embryological observations and began comparatively-physiological studies of the bodies of invertebrates. Kovalevsky A.O., applying Mechnikov's teachings to explain the processes of dissolving the larval organs and dolls of flies, showed that the larval organs are destroyed and eaten by blood cells of the pupa, and the special cell accumulations (imaginal primitives) remain intact and subsequently organized an adult insect.

After the election of the ordinary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in 1890 A.O. Kovalevsky moved to Petersburg, where in 1891 he took the Department of Histology of St. Petersburg University. On the black Sea coast The scientist founded a Sevastopol zoological station, and for a long time he was its director.

Since 1897, Kovalevsky was one of the editors of the department biological Sciences In the 82-languid "encyclopedic dictionary" of Brockhaus - Efron.

IN last years He was engaged in a lot of learning leeches, exploring their anatomical structure, physiological features and lifestyle.

Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky died after cerebral hemorrhage on November 22, 1901 in St. Petersburg.

Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich

Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich (1842-1883) - Russian Paleontologist was born on August 12, 1842 in the village of Shustyanka Vitebsk province. Since 1851 V.O. Kovalevsky studied in private boarding school V.F. Mekina in St. Petersburg. In March 1855 he entered the sixth grade of the School of Law, which he graduated in 1861. He was carried away by natural science after his brother (the famous embryologist Alexander Kovalevsky) Vladimir Kovalevsky earned the life of the translations of books in natural science.

In 1861 he went to Germany, then in England, where first time continued to engage in legal sciences. In early 1863 V.O. Kovalevsky went to Poland, where together with P.I. Jacobi participated in the Polish uprising. Returning to Petersburg at the end of the year, Kovalevsky met with I.M. Sechenov and Dr. P.I. Side. Soon V.O. Kovalevsky refused the profession of a lawyer, and, again, engaged in translations, finally carried away the natural sciences.

In the autumn of 1868 V.O. Kovalevsky married Sophieus Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya, who later became an outstanding scientist-mathematician. Family circumstances forced spouses to leave Russia to Germany: only there Sofya could enter the university.

In 1870, with difficulty moved to London because of the Franco-Prussian war, Kovalevsky settled close to the British Museum. The scientist began an in-depth study of geology in all its directions. He spent a lot of time in the museum library, engaged in the systematics of mollusks, fishes reptiles. Taking advantage of the works of Kuvier, Owen, and Blenville, according to the skeletons available in the anatomical museum on the dental system, Vladimir Onufrievich studied mammals.

One of the most important tasks of Paleontology V.O. Kovalevsky considered the clarification of the kindred relations in the animal world. He traced the phylogenetic ranks, considering them the best proof of evolution. IN. Kovalevsky made the first attempt to build a pedigree hoofs, based on the principles of the theory of Ch. Darwin. The classical monograph "On Anchitheria and the Paleontological History Horses" (1873) is devoted to this issue.

In his writings, the scientist put and correctly resolved such problems as monophilia and polyfiilia in evolution, the discrepancy of signs (principles of divergence and adaptive radiation). It was worried about the problem of the relationship of progress and specialization, the role of jumps in the process of the development of organic world, factors and patterns of extinction of organisms, changes in bodies due to changes in functions, the problem of correlations (relationships) in the development of organs and some other patterns of the evolutionary process. V. O. Kovalevsky became the pioneer of the Paleoecological direction in Paleontology.

Despite the fact that the approach of V.O. Kovalevsky to the study of paleontological material, based on the theory of Darwin, was fresh and new, world glory came to a scientist only after death: V.O. Kovalevsky was recognized as the founder of evolutionary paleontology, a new stage in the development of this science.

In November 1874 V.O. Kovalevsky St. Petersburg University successfully passed the exams on the Master's degree in and on March 21, 1875 in the same university defended his thesis on the topic "Osteology Anchitherium Aurelianense CUV, as a form that finds the genealogy type of horse (Equus)."

On December 22, 1874, the St. Petersburg mineralogical society has awarded VO. Kovalevsky Prize for work on Entelodon Gelocus and the dissertation about Anchiteria.

Vladimir Onufrievich established a number of patterns in the evolution of hoofs. Of particular importance is the discovery of the law of adaptive and non-adaptive changes. This law is subject to the environmental distribution of almost all living organisms: the relative feasibility of the structure of the body is generated in connection with certain changes in the medium as a result of natural selection.

In 1875, due to the worsening material statusThe paleontologist had to resume publishing and start a number of commercial affairs at insigible wives, in particular on the construction of profitable houses and baths. In 1883, after severe illness, it died.

Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich

Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich (1855-1935) - Born on October 4, 1855 in Tula, the Russian Empire, in a poor noble family. His father was military; When Mikhail Alexandrovich was 11 years old, he lost his mother who deceased from tuberculosis. After graduating from Tula Gymnasium in 1874 with a silver medal, Menzbir entered Moscow University for the Natural Branch of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. His teachers were Jacob Andreevich Borzenkov (1825-1883) and Sergey Aleksandrovich Usov (1827-1886), - Pupils K.F. Rule (1814-1858).

Mikhail Alexandrovich graduated from the University in 1878, was left to prepare for the professorship at the Department of Zoology in the laboratory Ya.A. Borzenkova. The first scientific work of Menzibers - "Ornithological fauna of the Tula province" (1879) was devoted to faunistics and zoogeography.

In 1879, having acquainted with N.A. Severstov, Mikhail Alexandrovich began working on the master's thesis "Ornithological geography of European Russia," successfully defending it in 1882.

After the defense of the dissertation MA Menzbier has conducted a mandatory foreign business trip to Europe. The scientist was engaged not only by zoogeography, but also the comparative anatomy of vertebrates and invertebrate animals.

To work on their monograph, he collected material on the predatory birds, acquainted with the formulation of the museum business, studied evolutionary problems, explored and described many new subspecies and forms of day predators. Despite the long period of the rejection of the triple systematics and, critical statements about her, Mikhail Alexandrovich was one of the first in our country for the use of triple (fading) nomenclature and supported the interest in the new systematics subsequently from his students - Zoologov B.M. Zhitkov, S.I. Ogneva, N.A. Bobrinsky, G.P. Dementieva.

Returning to Moscow University in 1884, M.A. Menzbir took the post of associate professor and began teaching. Mikhail Alexandrovich was a brilliant lecturer, he led lecture courses on zoology, comparative anatomy, zoogeography.

At the age of 31, Mikhail Alexandrovich became one of the most young professors-zoologists in the history of Moscow University, he was approved as Professor of the Department of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology.

Mikhail Alexandrovich "Comparative osteology of penguins in the appendix to the main divisions of the bird class" (1885) the principles of morphological and taxonomic analyzes were further developed by one of his talented students - pp. Dryshkin.

In 1914, MA Menzbir made a number of fundamental amendments and additions in the scheme of zonal zoning proposed by N.A. Severchant, Zogeographic schemes A. Wallace, completed its study "Zoological sections of the Turkestan Territory and the likely origin of the fauna of the latter."

In the two-volume bird "Birds of Russia" for the first time, the synthesis of all knowledge was carried out on the systematics, the spread and biology of birds of our country. In this monograph, modern principles and traditions of systematics, zoogeography and ecology were laid.

In 1911, in protest against the arbitrariness of the authorities, together with other professors and teachers, Menzbir left the university. After the revolution, the scientist returned and became his first rector (1917-1919). In 1896, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, in 1927 he became an honorary member, and in 1929 - a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Also M.A. Menzbier was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Society of Nature Tests, and for many years he was his president.

In 1930 MA Menzbir having committed a large foreign trip, headed by the Zogeographic Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

However, in 1932, Mikhail Alexandrovich was chained by Mikhail Alexandrovich, and on October 10, 1935 he did not.

Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich

Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich (1866-1936) is a domestic evolutionist, the author of the research on the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Created the theory of morphophysiological and biological progress and regression. In 1889 he graduated from Moscow University, in 1890 for the composition of the "Audit of information on the organization and history of the development of Gymnophion" received from the University gold medal. In 1896, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Metamer of the head of an electric slope." He consisted of Professor Yuryevsky (1898-1902), Kiev (1902-1911) and Moscow (1911-1930) universities. In 1930, organized and headed the laboratory of evolutionary morphology and animal ecology (now the Institute for Ecology Problems and Evolution. A.N. Seversow).

Maintenance scientific research A.N. Seversow is devoted to evolutionary morphology, the establishment of the patterns of the evolutionary process, the problems of ontogenesis. Each theoretical judgment of A.N. Seversow is a generalization arising from specific many years of own research and studies of his students. He paid a lot of time to study the scalp and the origin of the limbs of vertebrate animals, the evolution of the lower vertebrates. As a result, created the theory of origin of the five-pall limb and steam fins in vertebrate animals, which is now generally accepted in world science.

Based on the analysis of morphological patterns of evolution A.N. Severs residents created two theories: the morphobiological theory of pathways of evolution and the theory of phylumbriogenesis. Working out the first theory, A.N. Seversteers came to the conclusion about the existence of only two main directions of the evolutionary process: biological progress and biological regression. He established four main directions of biological progress: aromorphosis, idioadaptation, centries, general degeneration. His teaching about the types of phylogenetic changes of organs and functions, the phylogenetic correlations made a significant contribution to the largest wholebiological problem of the relationship between the form and function in the process of evolution. It gave a detailed classification of the methods of phylogenetic aimed organs, proved that changes in the habitat are the only cause of phylogenetic changes.

For 26 years, developing the value of the role of embryonic changes in the process of evolution A.N. Seversarov created a slender theory of phylumbriogenesis, which in a new one highlighted the problem of the relationship of ontogenesis and phylogenesis. This theory develops a provision on the possibility of hereditary changes at any stage of ontogenesis and their influence on the structure of descendants.

Your ideas and works A.N. Severstech developed to death, Ie up to 1936.

Sushkin Peter Petrovich

Sushkin Petr Petrovich (1868-1928) - a prominent Russian zoologist. Widely known as an ornithologist, zogeograph, an anata and a paleontologist.

Born in Tula in a merchant family on January 27 (February 8) of 1868. The secondary education received in the Tula classical gymnasium, at the end of which in 1885 entered the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University.

The brilliant abilities of Sushkina early highlighted it from the environment of students. Professor M. A. Menzbir (also Tulyak), from which he studied the ornithology and comparative anatomy of vertebrates, immediately estimated the observation and other important qualities of the student and tried to help him every way.

In 1892, the first scientific work of Sushkina "Birds of the Tula province" was published.

After graduating from the university in 1889 with the Gold Medal, Sushkin was left at the Department to prepare for the professorship. In 1904, successfully defended his doctoral dissertation.

Led a great teaching job in Moscow and other universities. Students appreciated extremely high level His teaching.

P.P. Sushkin early to the ranks of large zoologists, deserved recognition at home and abroad. He was not only a theorist, but also a first-class field naturalist, continued his activities of a field researcher and traveler until old age and personally examined the fauna of a huge territory from Smolensk and Tula provinces to Altai. The result of the journey was numerous observations and rich collections.

In 1921, Sushkin headed the ornithological department of the Zoological Institute of An In 1922, he began working at the Geological Museum of the Academy of Sciences and was able to do a lot for the development of paleontological studies.

In 1923, P.P. Sushkin was elected a valid member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. His scientific heritage includes 103 work.

P.P. Sushkin died suddenly from the inflammation of the lungs on September 17, 1928. Buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk cemetery.

Ognev Sergey Ivanovich

Ognev Sergey Ivanovich (5.11.1886-20.12.1951) - soviet zoologist, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1947). An outstanding zoologist-spine, head of the Moscow School of Teriology in 1930-1940. Comes from the family of the hereditary Moscow intelligentsia. He graduated from Moscow University in 1910, left at the Department of Zoology (from which at that time the Zoological Museum was a single integer) an assistant in prof. G.A. Kozhevnikova.

I read a number of courses at the department, in 1926 received the title of associate professor, in 1928 - the title of professor, in 1935 - Doctor of Science.

All his professional activities were associated with scientific collecting and learning the teriology collections. He was one of the first in Russia to collect serial materials on small mammals.

Already in 1910, on the basis of these fees, his first solid monograph "Mammals of the Moscow Governor" was published, which laid the foundations of the Fauno-ecological direction of research both the Fiene himself and his students. S.I. The fire traveled a lot in the country in order to study the local terrophown. Starting from the mid-1920s. He began to collect his personal collection of small mammals, which later became one of the largest meetings of this kind in Russia and was acquired by the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University.

The main work of his whole life was a multi-volume summary of the fauna and the ecology of mammals of Russia and adjacent territories: the first two volumes were called "Beasts of Eastern Europe and North Asia, "follow-up five -" Beasts of the USSR and the adjacent countries. "

In addition, S.I. Fogne, being the head of the Department of MSU Zoology, published a number of textbooks, including the fundamental work "Zoology of Vertems". Main works are also on systematics and mammalian faunistics; Works on the fauna of birds, the history of zoology, biogeography, the evolution of animals. Personal research in Central Russia, in the Caucasus, Urals, in Semirchye and Turkmenistan.

I described a number of new types of mammals, much attention paid for the case of nature conservation. Founder of the Moscow School of Theriologists - Mammal Specialists, among whom: S.S. Tours, V.G. Heptner, A.N. Formozov, N.A. Bobrinsky, A.G. Tomilin and others. State Prize of the USSR (1942, 1951). Awarded the Order Lenin and medals. He died after severe illness in 1951.

Zenkevich Lev Alexandrovich

Lev Alexandrovich Zenkevich (1889-1970) - Born in the city of Tsareva, the Astrakhan province of the Russian Empire in the family of a veterinary doctor. In 1916 he graduated from the natural department of the Physical and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University. At the end of study was left at the university to prepare for the professorship. Since 1930, before the death, he headed the department of zoology and comparative anatomy of invertebrate Moscow University.

All life L.A. Zenkevich was devoted to the study of the biology of the sea. He was one of the founders of the first oceanographic institution of our country - a floating marine scientific Institute. He was directly involved in the construction and equipment of Perseus - Pioneer of our research fleet, and then headed the integrated expeditions on it in Barents, White, and then in the Kara Sea. During work in the Barents Sea, the quantitative methods of studying the bottom fauna applied for the first time across the whole sea.

In the 30s, L.A. Zenkevich attracts our southern seas and primarily the Caspian Sea, extremely rich in valuable sturgeon fish. Studies of the bottom fauna of the Northern Caspian, who showed its relative poverty, lead L.A. Zenkevich to search for ways to increase the biological productivity of this sea. Together with Ya.A. Birstein, he developed a project on acclimatization in the Caspian Sea of \u200b\u200bvaluable feed invertebrates from the Azov Sea, which was successfully implemented.

In the years Patriotic War, interrupted expeditionary studies on the seas, L.A. Zenkevich is engaged in experimental and theoretical development of the problem of the evolution of the motor system of animals.

His scientific baggage is great. They published more than 300 scientific articles in journals and collections, over 10 monographs and textbooks, a lot of popular articles and correspondence. He made the editor of the seven volumes of the works of the Institute of Oceanology and a number of thematic collections of scientific articles. His work covers a wide range of issues on the anatomy, systematics and ecology of aquatic organisms, biocenology and the productivity of sea fauna and flora, their quantitative distribution and biogeography. In recent years, he paid special attention to the problems of studying deep-water fauna and its origin in connection with the nature of the ancientness of the ocean as aquatic environment. Theoretical works are distinguished associated with the development of ideas about the biological structure of the ocean and ocean ecosystems. From applied research it should be noted on the use of biological and mineral resources Oceans and seas, forecasts about the prospects for the development of fisheries, the development of mariculture and much more. His monograph "Biology of the Seas of the USSR" is exceptional importance, which in 1965 was marked by the Leninist Prize. Being a high-end zoologist, L.A. Zenkevich acted as a pioneer in the field of wide comprehensive research of the sea fauna. It significantly expanded the concept of the biological productivity of the reservoir, introduced a quantitative method in the study of nutrition of fish, which caused literally scientific revolution in marine biological studies. Working out the theoretical problems of oceanology, he proceeded from the ideas about the ocean, as a unified whole, where the physical, chemical, biological processes occurring in it are interrelated and interdependent. His concept of the biological structure of the ocean has become the methodological basis for perennial biological research of the Institute of Oceanology in the World Ocean. Years of L. L.A. Zenkevich fell on difficult period in the history of our country. He headed the department for 40 years (from 1930 to 1970) and can be represented as incredibly difficult to preserve the department and not losing the face in either the years of Stalinist repression, nor during the rampant Lysenkovskoye! All your life L.A. Zenkevich dedicated to science, he worked for his country and for world science. His scientific and organizational activities are extensive. He was the creator and permanent president since 1952 of the All-Union Hydrobiological Society, the organizer of the Interdepartmental Oceanographic Commission under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1951, the Vice-President of the Moscow Society of Tests of Nature since 1956, the founder and editor-in-chief of Oceanology magazine since 1961, a member of the editorial board Many other scientific journals, including foreign ones. His merits in science are marked by the orders of Lenin, a labor red banner, a medal "For Valiant Labor", Lomonosovskaya Award of Moscow State University (1954), Gold Medal. F.P. Lithing Geographical society USSR (1956), Gold Medal of Prince Monaco Alberta I - the highest award of the French Oceanographic Institute (1959). He was a recognized head of domestic oceanology, an outstanding biologist, the creator of the extensive school of Russian marine biologists, the largest organizer of research on the World Ocean, an exclusive latitude and versatility scientist, a man with a capital letter. The edge underwater shaft, barking smoky-Kamchatsky chute in the Pacific and studied in the expeditions of Vityaz, was named after him.

In the post-war years, with the advent of a new research vessel, "Vityaz" begins new stage In the research of the biology of the World Ocean, in which L.A. Zenkevich owns a leading role. He led the comprehensive long-term oceanographic expedition of the Oceanology Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which covered the research by almost the world's ocean. He became the initiator, the organizer and participant in the deep-water studies of the ocean fauna, in particular in the area of \u200b\u200bKurilo-Kamchatka Vpadina, where the depths of 9.5 km were studied.

L.A. Zenkevich was a magnificent lecturer and teacher. He laid the foundations of the zoological education system in our country, which is still valid.

Silver Alexander Sergeevich

Silver Alexander Sergeevich (1892-1933) - Born in Tula, the Russian Empire in 1892. Silver belonged to a group of those biologic scientists who had a huge influence on the development of genetics and selection in the USSR. Research work A.S. Silver began in the first years after the Great October Socialist Revolution and continued until his premature death. In addition to 120 printed works, about 30 unpublished, including several large monographs remained in his scientific archive.

Circle of Interests A.S. Silver as a researcher was very wide - from issues of general biology and evolutionary teaching, To specific issues of selection of certain types of farm animals.

At the same time, he was a very strong analyst and mathematician. The mathematical warehouse of the thoughts of Sererovsky revealed back in his first works, for example, in the article "Experience of the Floor Statistical Analysis" (1921). "Polygons with focus and their value for biometrics" (1925), etc.

Starting the development of genetics homemade chickenHe inevitably faced the need to develop the theory of genetic analysis, those issues that are now included in the so-called mathematical or statistical genetics. The work in this area was then very little and A. S. Sererovsky had to be largely their own, original paths. The results of the long-term work A. S. Sererovsky on the development of the theory of genetic analysis reported in the monograph "Genetic analysis".

In 1928, the theory of indivisibility of the gene has undergone the first limitation. Immediately after the detection of the mutagenic action of X-rays, they were used in many laboratories of the world to receive mutations. In the silver laboratory, evidence was obtained that the gene is not an indivisible genetic structure, but is a region of chromosome, some sections of which can mutate independently of each other. This phenomenon was called the silver stepped allerphism.

Developing a system that allows you to quantify the result of each mutation, Silver, Dubinin and other authors at the same time revealed the phenomenon of addition of one mutant gene to others. In this case, the disturbed function of one gene was corrected by the normal function of the other. The second gene, in turn, could be defect in another area, normal at the first gene. This phenomenon was subsequently reverted on microorganisms and got the name of complement.

In the 1930s, A.S. Silver promoted the ideas of the so-called genodeography, developed her methods and he himself conducted several genographographic studies. Unfortunately, these methods are now forgotten.

Silver was engaged in one of the main methods for studying the effectiveness of natural selection, analysis of complex protective devices (body shape, painting, behavior, etc.). The presence of such devices has evidenced that their evolution cannot be explained by the direct influence of the medium nor the exercise or non-exercise of organs, nor the unit mutation. She could not be understood only on the basis of the recognition of the complex relationship between predators and their victims, in which the first play the role of the brackets of the second. A brilliant analysis of these relationships was given by Sererovsky in 1929 in the article "Experience of the qualitative characteristics of the evolutionary process".

Heptner Vladimir Georgievich

Heptner Vladimir Georgievich (06/22/1901-5.07.1975) - June 22, 1901 in Moscow, in the Russified German family. His father was an accountant. Having finished the gymnasium in 1919, immediately enters the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University. Since 1925 - in graduate school famous figures Protection of the nature of professors hectares. Kozhevnikova and S.I. Ogneva. From 1929 he has been working in MSU Zoomusee, participates in expeditions in Central Asia. From 1934 - and until the end of his days - Professor of the Department of Zoology of Vertem MSU.

Since 1938, Vladimir Georgievich is becoming the Deputy Chairman of the Mammals Protection Section, and since 1943 its chairman. From 1938 to 1955 - Member of the Presidium of this one then in the USSR environmental protection public organization. From 1952 to 1964 - Member of the Commission on Reserves (Nature Protection) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the 60-70s - participates in the Scientific and Technical Councils of the Glavohoty RSFSR and the Glavprints of the USSR, was a member of the IUCN.

The sphere of its interests in environmental protection is the protection of mammals and the protected matter. As the Chairman of the Mammal Protection Section, he made a lot to protect the bison, saiga, dummy, spotted deer, a polar bear, a sable, walrus.

It was thanks to his support to Zoologist L. Kaplanov managed so much to catch the protection of the Amur Tiger. Heptner was headed by the Soviet Commission on Bison Recovery. At the initiative of V.G. Heptner in the priocar terrace reserve was created a sewer, work began to restore the bison.

In August 1946, he, together with V. Makarov, Dementiev and other members of the Presidium VOP prepared a report on the needs of nature of nature, participated in the meeting of the Russian Council of Ministers, as a result of which the first post-war resolution of the Summina RSFSR was adopted " On the protection of nature in the territory of the RSFSR. " Edited two-volume "USSR Reserves" (1951).

Unusually made a lot of Professor Heptner for a protected case. He is one of the few who defended the reserves from the reduction in 1951 and 1961. In April 1954 signs collective letter Scientists in the name of G. Malenkov with a request to restore closed reserves, and in April 1957 publishes in Izvestia, together with other biologists, a fairly bold article "in defense of the reserves".

Vladimir Georgievich is one of the main developers of the "promising plan of the Geographical Network of the USSR Reserves", which was prepared by the Commission under the leadership of Academician E.M. Lavrenko in 1957 and a lot advanced the creation of other USSR reserves. Heptner is one of the organizers and participants of all-unionic environmental meetings at MYUP 1954, 1957 and 1958.

It is impossible not to note the honesty, decency and the principle that V.G. was approaching Heptner to the protection of nature. When in August 1951, the threat of disbandment was hung over the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature, along with other activists, he went to the Deputy Chairman of the Summina of the RSFSR Bessonov, and convinced him not to close society.

In January 1952, after numerous complaints and slanderous statements, the enemies achieved the removal of the head of the VOP VOP. Makarova. Many friends and colleagues rejected him. But not hepterer, who at a meeting of the CA WEP on January 24, 1952 defended V.N. Makarova: "Not alone is to blame. Makarov - even though we were offered to resign, and this is wrong. Makarov's activities are known, name V.N. Makarova will enter the history of nature .. V.N. Makarov - the patient, overwhelmed by the main job, worked selflessly in society, but the presidium did not help him ... "(RGAE, F. 600, op. 1, d. 59, LL.161-179).

In 1965, a scientist together with his wife and son on fish poaching was detained by a major co-owned officer, Chairman of the CA Warp M. Bochkarev. And I brought the case before the publication of the facts in the Crocodile, after which Bochkarev with a crash left the walls of the Society of Nature Protection.

Many made heptner and to popularize the nature. He is the author of more than 20 scientific and many popular articles on nature conservation (by the way, its very first scientific publication is devoted to environmental protection), a participant in various congresses and conferences on the protection of nature and the protected business. The scientist helped a lot of first in the USSR a student environmental friend of Biofak MSU.

V.G. Heptner participated in the development of many government environmental resolutions.

The wheel of Stalin's repression touched upon Vladimir Georgievich. On February 16, 1933, he, being the Senior Researcher of the Museum of the MSU Zoology, was arrested and a decree of the OSO at the OGPU College of March 22, 1933 under Art. 58-11 (Organizational activities) of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR is concluded in a correctional labor camp for 3 years. Initially, stupid to Mariinsky, then Novosibirsk Camps Sibrag. Decree of the OSO under the college of OGPU dated July 9, 1933, ahead of schedule was released and he was allowed to reside in the USSR. The time of the Great Patriotic War, living with his family in Sverdlovsk, V.G. Heptner almost was arrested secondly (this time as a German), and only the case saved him from Gulag.

List of used literature

1. Belyaev DK; Ruvinsky A.O. - General biology. Moscow - 1991.

2. Brockauz F.A.; Efron I.A. - Encyclopedic Dictionary. Moscow - 1990.

3. MARKIN VA - Great travel. Moscow "AST" - 1999.

4. Filatova Z.A., Vinogradova N.G. Academician L.A. Zenkevich: to the 90th anniversary of his birth // Vestn. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1979. No. 7. P. 92-101.

5. http://www.libex.ru/detail/book48293.

Animals. The merit of bringing the zoological material system belongs to Karl Linneu (Linn E, 1707-78). In addition to the concept of the form established by RE, the tourware introduced in the XVIII century. first to botany; And then in zoology, the concept of genus, the Aradson began to apply a system for the molluscs by the dual name (genus and species) - a double nomenclature. This system was accepted and Linnem, which ...

The decisive stage of a brilliously conceived expedition Professor G. Retzius describes as follows: "Thousands of people gathered around the shipyard of Colin Archer, thousands scrupted to the surrounding mountains. At the stage arranged near the nose of the ship, Furoof Nansen with his wife rises. She comes to the ship's nose, strong blows Slogs a bottle of champagne about him and speaks a loud and clear voice: "Fram name to him." In the same ...

Based on the artificial classification, it became an accurate part of the studies, in which the search for causes and natural ties was summarized. Conclusion as a result of the study

The contribution of silver A.S. In the development of genetics and breeding in the USSR. Traveler and naturalist P.P. Simon. Contribution of the steering wheel Karl into the development of the theory of evolution. Scientist and traveler Przhevalsky N.M. Russian Paleontologist Kovalevsky V.O. Scientist-zoologist Sushkin pp

Essay on zoology on the topic:

"Outstanding scientists"

novosibirsk city

Plan

1. Kraschinnikov Stepan Petrovich (1713-1755)

2. Pallas Peter Simon (1741-1811)

3. Steering wheel Karl (1814-1858)

4. Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888)

5. Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich (1840-1901)

6. Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich (1842-1883)

7. Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich (1855-1935)

8. Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich (1866-1936)

9. Sushkin Petr Petrovich (1868--1928)

10. Ognev Sergey Ivanovich (1886-1951)

11. Zenkevich Lev Alexandrovich (1889-1970)

12. Silver Alexander Sergeevich (1892-1933)

13. Heptner Vladimir Georgievich (1901-1975)

Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich

Kraschinnikov Stepan Petrovich (10/18/1713-12.02.1755) - the first Russian academician-geographer, a participant in the second Kamchatka expedition, researcher of the Kamchatka Peninsula. It in Moscow in the family of a soldier. In 1724-1732 he studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy (Moscow), then in the class of philosophy of the Academy of Sciences and Arts (St. Petersburg). In 1733, he was credited as a "student's student" in the academic detachment of the second Kamchatka expedition and went to the Okhotsk. Here he conducted hydrometeorological studies, he was engaged in ichthyology, amounted to the dictionary "Lamut Language". On October 4, 1737, the Fortuna ship was released from Okhotsk to Kamchatka, where he was engaged in research for 4 years, having committed many expeditions by peninsula. For four years, he crossed the peninsula in different directions: went on foot, went to the narts, melted along the rivers, climbed the mountains. He conducted comprehensive research as a geologist and geographer, like a botanist and a zoologist, as a historian and ethnographer, meteorologist and linguist. Crashinnikov conducted a comprehensive study of the Kamchatka in the field of natural sciences (geography, geology, seismology, volcanology), the first of the Russians studied Tsunami, produced meteorials, made a lot of attention to the ethnography of local peoples (Itelmen, Koryaki, Aina) was the vanity of Aboriginal, collected folklore inhabitants of Kamchatka . In Nizhne-Kamchatsk, Verkhne-Kamchatsk, Bolshetsek, the archives and questions of the locals restored the history of the region. He studied the flora and fauna of Kamchatka, and the ichthyology of rivers and surrounding sea waters. In February 1743, with the young wife of Stepanida Tsibulskaya (from Yakutsk) returned to St. Petersburg. From 1748 he was a rector of academic university and gymnasium with him. Based on the assembled material, the books "Description of the Kamchatka people", "On the conquest of Kamchatka Earth" (1751), the capital labor "Description of the Earth Kamchatka" (1756) with the appendix of two cards. It was the first solid work about Kamchatka. In 1745, Krasheninnikov was elected an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1750 he was appointed Professor (academician) of natural history and botany. In 1751, he finished his book "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", but the author could not see her printed. On February 25, 1755, Krasakhinnikova did not become, and his book was published in 1756. It was the first to be the first in the Russian and world scientific literature on the study on Kamchatka dedicated to its geography, natural history, the description of the life and languages \u200b\u200bof local peoples. "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", which does not lose its scientific value for more than 200 years, is a sample of a complex country-friendly description of the low-investment territory, a sample of the Russian literary language of that time. Died S.P. Krasheninnikov in St. Petersburg. In 1989, his name was assigned to the Kamchatka Regional Library. The name of Kraschinnikov called 10 geographical objects, including in Kamchatka - Peninsula, Bay, Mountain, Island; On the island Karaginsky - Cape, on the island of Paramushir - the bay, Cape, near him - the underwater valley; On the new land - Peninsula and Cape, in Antarctica - Mountain. Pallas Peter Simon

In 1767, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences chose Pallas by his actual member. Despite its incomplete 27 years, Pallas already had the glory of a brilliant biologist, launching new paths in the systematics of animals. He gave a new homeland for more than 40 years of his scientific life.

The first big deal Pallas was an expedition to East Russia and Siberia. From 1768-1774 The scientist explored Central Russia, the areas of the Lower Volga region, the Caspian lowland, the Middle and South Urals, crossed Siberia, visited Baikal, in Transbaikalia, in Altai.

Pallas hardly tolerated travel. Several times he sick with dysentery, suffered from chronic colitis, rheumatism, his eyes were constantly inflamed. In St. Petersburg, 33 years old scientist returned completely exhausted and gray.

Thanks to Pallas, Zoology has been enriched with new techniques of research related to ecology and ethology.

In six expeditionary years, a unique material on zoology, botany, paleontology, geology, physical geography, economics, history, ethnography, culture and the life of the peoples of Russia is assembled.

Peter Simon ordered the scheme of the structure of the Ural Mountains, in 1777 first made up the topographic scheme of Siberia. The scientist composed about the animal and plant world of these territories in the work of these territories in the work of "Travels in different provinces of the Russian Empire" in labor.

Pallas described more than 250 species of animals inhabited in Russia, additionally, informing the distribution, seasonal and geographical variability, migrations, nutrition, behavior of the animals described by him. Pallas often expressed ideas about the physico-geographical factors of their settlement, so it can be considered one of the founders of zoogeography.

In the 1780s, it works hard on the preparation of the general arch of the plants of Russia. Due to lack of funds, it was possible to publish only two releases of this extensive work "Flora of Russia", 1784 and 1788, containing a description of about 300 species of plants and amazing illustrations.

At the same time, Pallas publishes articles on geography, paleontology, ethnography, two thousand labor on the history of the Mongolian people is published. On behalf of Catherine II Pallas issued a comparative dictionary of all languages \u200b\u200band the shortcomings of Russia.

In 1793-794, Pallas took his second large trip, this time in the southern provisions of Russia. He explored the Crimea. The collections collected during this journey were based on the collections of academic kunstkamera, and part of them came to the University of Berlin.

The work of Pallas provides detailed information about the climate, rivers, soils, flora and the fauna of the Crimean Peninsula, contains descriptions of many historical sites (Mangup, Ay - Todor, Ayu - Dag, Sudak, etc.). The scientist was the initiator of the bookmarks of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and gardens in the Sudak and solar valleys, founded the Salagarka Park in Simferopol. In honor of the geographer, one of the species of the Crimean pine received the name of Pallas pine.

In 1797, the work of Pallas "List of wild plants of Crimea was published. The author first described the vegetation cover of the Crimean Peninsula for the first time, compiled an exhaustive list of 969 species for that time.

The scientist was the initiator of the bookmarks of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and gardens in the Sudak and solar valleys, founded the Salagarka Park in Simferopol. In honor of the geographer, one of the species of the Crimean pine received the name of Pallas pine.

In 1797, the work of Pallas "List of wild plants of Crimea was published. The author first described the vegetation cover of the Crimean Peninsula for the first time, compiled an exhaustive list of 969 species for that time. In 1810 he returned to Berlin, where he died on September 8, 1811

Rule Karl

Rule Karl (1814-1858) - Russian Zoologist and Doctor of Medicine - Born 8 (20) of April 1814 in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire.

In 1829, the steering wheel entered the Moscow branch of the Medical and Surgery Academy, which on August 18, 1833 he graduated from a silver medal and received the title of Lekary. On August 6, 1836, he was approved by a tutor (assistant) under G. I. Fishera von Waldheim. With Fisher, the steering wheel worked one year. In September 1837, Fisher was resigned, and the Department of Natural History went to Professor I.O. Shikhovsky, and the steering wheel was appointed Adjunct by Professor. By this time, he already received a doctor of medicine. She was assigned to him for the dissertation dedicated to bleeding in general and hemorrhoidal in particular.

On March 5, 1838, the Council of the Academy instructed the steering wheel independent reading of the course of zoology and mineralogy. At the same time, he was entrusted with the Zoological and Mineralogical Cabinets of the Academy, the exhibits of which the steering wheel was widely used to demonstrate on their lectures. Even before that - on July 13, 1837, the steering wheel was appointed Guardian of the Museum of Natural History of Moscow University. On November 18, 1837, he was elected a valid member of the Moscow Society of Tests of Nature. September 20, 1838 The Rule was elected the second secretary of this society. July 13, 1840 due to the movement of I.O. Shikhovsky in St. Petersburg The steering wheel was elected first secretary of the Moscow Society of Nature Tests and stayed to them until 1851.

At the same time, the steering wheel began great work on the study of the history of zoology in Russia. The work of the steering wheel did not see the light, but by treating a huge actual zoological material, the steering wheel was able to quickly understand the main directions of modern zoological science and understand the prospects for its development.

On February 28, 1840, the Moscow University's Council invited the steering wheel to take the liberated after the death of Professor A. L. Tsettsky Department of Zoology. In 1842 he was elected extraordinary, and in 1850 an ordinary professor.

In the article "Doubts in zoology as in science" (1842), the steering wheel showed that the main direction of the modern zoology - systematics - does not have reliable scientific principles of classification, which "where the strictest laws should be, guides clean arbitrariness" and, Consequently, many prevailing in zoology are completely untenable. Taking the idea of \u200b\u200bthe evolution of organisms, the steering wheel believed that its evidence, nominated by Lamarcom, Joffwru and others, insufficient.

The steering wheel believed that numerous observations and "historical evidence" were needed to prove the variable species - data from geology and paleontology. Until 1849, the steering wheel was intensively conducted by field geological and paleontological studies and studied in detail all the most interesting outcrops of the pool near Moscow.

The study of geology and fossil organisms increasingly convinced the steering wheel in the historical development of the earth's surface and life on it, in the presence of the relationship of the phenomena of nature and the materiality of the reasons that determine the development of the organic world. Proof of this and were essentially devoted to his classical work "On Animals of the Moscow Governor" and many others.

The steering wheel developed the idea that the evolution of the earth's surface was accompanied by the evolution of the organic world, which the changes caused consecutive continuity changes in organic forms.

The path to whom the organic world researcher should go, the steering wheel called the comparative historical method of research. He was deeply confident in the historical development of nature and the organic world, in the obligation of the unity of the body and the conditions of existence.

An essential contribution to the development of the theory of evolution was that it included in the concept of the environment interaction between organisms.

The steering wheel was the first Russian biologist, which began the development of problems of zoopsychology as a special branch of biology, pointed out the need to create a "comparative psychology". He proved the dependence of the mental activity of animals, their instincts and lifestyle on the conditions of existence, in which this species throughout history has been. The steering wheel first approached the problems of zoopsychology as an integral part of animal ecology.

The steering wheel opposed the consideration of instincts and mental activity of animals as phenomena, not scientific explanation. "Or there is no instinct, or it makes sense", "so he formulated his approach to the study of instincts, which understood as developed by the view throughout its history of the reaction to certain environmental impacts.

In 1854, the steering wheel founded and before death (1858) edited the magazine "Vestnik of Natural Sciences".

Przhevsky Nikolai Mikhailovich

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (31.03 1839 -20.11.1888) - scientist, geographer, traveler, researcher of Central Asia, Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1878, Major General from 1886.

Born in the village of Kimborovo Smolensk province in the noble family. Since childhood, I dreamed of travel. His father, Mikhail Kuzmich, served in the Russian army. He was his uncle P. A. Karetnikov, a passionate hunter, who was nominating this passion and with her love for nature and wandering.

In 1855 he graduated from Smolensk gymnasium. At the end of the course in the Smolensk gymnasium, Przhevalsky decided in Moscow by a non-commissioned officer in the Ryazan Infantry Regiment; After receiving an officer rank, he moved to Polotsk Regiment, then entered the Academy of General Staff. In the midst of Sevastopol Defense, he entered overly determined to the army, but he did not have to fight. After 5 years, unloved Przhevalsky N.M. Military service received a refusal to transfer it to CMUR for research work.

In 1861 he entered the Academy of General Staff, where he fulfilled his first geographic work "Military Geographical Review of the Pria Amur Region", for which the Russian geographical society elected him with his member.

In 1863 he graduated from the academic course and went to the Volunteer to Poland to suppress the uprising. He served in Warsaw by the teacher of history and geography in the UNCER school, where he was seriously engaged in self-education, preparing to become a professional researcher of little studied countries.

In 1866 he received an appointment to Eastern Siberia. Made a number of expeditions to the Ussuri region (1867-1869), as well as in 1870-10 -1885 in Mongolia, on Tibet and China. Made a shooting more than 30 thousand km. The path passed by him, opened unknown mountain ranges and lakes, wild camel, Tibetan bear, a wild horse called him name. She talked about his travels in the books, giving a bright description of Central Asia: her flora, fauna, climate, peoples in her who lived; Collected unique collections, becoming a generally accepted classic of geographic science.

The result of the first trip was the books "Journey to the Ussuri Territory" and rich collections for a geographical society. First described the nature of many areas of Asia, unknown to Europeans of lakes and mountain ranges; Assembled collections of plants and animals, described a wild camel, a wild horse (Przhevalsky horse) and others.

He died of abdominal typhus (11/20/1888), preparing to make his fifth expedition to Central Asia. Its name is called a number of geographical objects, animal species and plants. In 1892, a monument to Przhevalsky N.M. was opened in St. Petersburg. Sculptors Schröder I.N. and Runeberg R.A.

TOovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich

Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich (1840-1901) - the famous domestic scientist, was born on November 19, 1840 in the estate of the Vorkovo Dinaburg County of the Vitebsk province. Alexander Onufrievich entered the corps of engineers of ways to communicate, but soon left him and entered the freelance listener on the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. In 1960, Kovalevsky went to Germany, where he soon began his scientific work in the laboratory of the famous Chemist Bunzen. He carried the zoology, Alexander Onufrievich began to study histology and microscopic equipment from Professor F. Leidig. Returning to Petersburg, in 1863 Kovalevsky passed the university examinations and received a degree of candidate of natural sciences for labor dedicated to the anatomy of the sea cockroach.

In 1864, the scientist again went abroad. On the coast of the Mediterranean Sea A.O. Kovalevsky conducted a study of the larval development of ascidium, which showed similar development with the larva of the lancing. Zoologist studied the structure of the intestines, observed the embryonic development of the comb, Mshanok, Foronid, Ichalkinski.

In 1865, Kovalevsky defended his master's thesis: "The history of the development of the Lanctress - Amphioxus Lanceolatus", two years later, a doctorate degree for the dissertation: "On the development of Phoronis". After completing a number of comparative-embryological studies, Kovalevsky formulated its provisions on the full compliance of the germinal leaflets in vertebrates and invertebrates, making evolutional conclusions from this situation. For work on the development of worms and arthropods (1871), the scientist was awarded by the Barov Prize of the Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Onufrievich consistently consisted of a professor of zoology in Kazan and Kiev Universities. In Kiev, he took an active part in the organization of natural scientists, and published his work in his publications. In 1870 - 73, the scientist committed scientific expeditions to the Red Sea and to Algeria, where, studying the biology for the development of the shoulders, established their similarity in embryogenesis with msanka and ringed worms. It became clear that Brachiopoda can not be combined with mollusks. Later, the lamps were highlighted in a separate type.

In 1874, I.I Mesnikov persuaded Kovalevsky to go to Novorossiysk (Odessa) University. The scientist often traveled abroad, in Villafranke, a town near Nice, in 1886, with the participation of Kovalevsky, a Russian zoological station was organized, in our time she was managed by the University of Paris. His article "Observation on the Development of Coelencerata" (1873) was published, where the author led data on the development of hydroids and jellyfish, whiffs and coral polyps.

In Odessa, Kovalevsky continued its embryological observations and began comparatively-physiological studies of the bodies of invertebrates. Kovalevsky A.O., applying Mechnikov's teachings to explain the processes of dissolving the larval organs and dolls of flies, showed that the larval organs are destroyed and eaten by blood cells of the pupa, and the special cell accumulations (imaginal primitives) remain intact and subsequently organized an adult insect.

After the election of the ordinary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in 1890 A.O. Kovalevsky moved to Petersburg, where in 1891 he took the Department of Histology of St. Petersburg University. On the Black Sea coast, the scientist founded the Sevastopol zoological station, and for a long time he was its director.

Since 1897, Kovalevsky was one of the editors of the biological science department in the 82-languid "encyclopedic dictionary" of Brockhaus - Efron.

In the last years of life, he studied a lot of leeches, exploring their anatomical structure, physiological features and lifestyle.

Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky died after cerebral hemorrhage on November 22, 1901 in St. Petersburg.

Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich

Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich (1842-1883) - Russian Paleontologist was born on August 12, 1842 in the village of Shustyanka Vitebsk province. Since 1851 V.O. Kovalevsky studied in private boarding school V.F. Mekina in St. Petersburg. In March 1855 he entered the sixth grade of the School of Law, which he graduated in 1861. He was carried away by natural science after his brother (the famous embryologist Alexander Kovalevsky) Vladimir Kovalevsky earned the life of the translations of books in natural science.

In 1861 he went to Germany, then in England, where first time continued to engage in legal sciences. In early 1863 V.O. Kovalevsky went to Poland, where together with P.I. Jacobi participated in the Polish uprising. Returning to Petersburg at the end of the year, Kovalevsky met with I.M. Sechenov and Dr. P.I. Side. Soon V.O. Kovalevsky refused the profession of a lawyer, and, again, engaged in translations, finally carried away the natural sciences.

In the autumn of 1868 V.O. Kovalevsky married Sophieus Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya, who later became an outstanding scientist-mathematician. Family circumstances forced spouses to leave Russia to Germany: only there Sofya could enter the university.

In 1870, with difficulty moved to London because of the Franco-Prussian war, Kovalevsky settled close to the British Museum. The scientist began an in-depth study of geology in all its directions. He spent a lot of time in the museum library, engaged in the systematics of mollusks, fishes reptiles. Taking advantage of the works of Kuvier, Owen, and Blenville, according to the skeletons available in the anatomical museum on the dental system, Vladimir Onufrievich studied mammals.

One of the most important tasks of Paleontology V.O. Kovalevsky considered the clarification of the kindred relations in the animal world. He traced the phylogenetic ranks, considering them the best proof of evolution. IN. Kovalevsky made the first attempt to build a pedigree hoofs, based on the principles of the theory of Ch. Darwin. The classical monograph "On Anchitheria and the Paleontological History Horses" (1873) is devoted to this issue.

In his writings, the scientist put and correctly resolved such problems as monophilia and polyfiilia in evolution, the discrepancy of signs (principles of divergence and adaptive radiation). It was worried about the problem of the relationship of progress and specialization, the role of jumps in the process of the development of organic world, factors and patterns of extinction of organisms, changes in bodies due to changes in functions, the problem of correlations (relationships) in the development of organs and some other patterns of the evolutionary process. V. O. Kovalevsky became the pioneer of the Paleoecological direction in Paleontology.

Despite the fact that the approach of V.O. Kovalevsky to the study of paleontological material, based on the theory of Darwin, was fresh and new, world glory came to a scientist only after death: V.O. Kovalevsky was recognized as the founder of evolutionary paleontology, a new stage in the development of this science.

In November 1874 V.O. Kovalevsky St. Petersburg University successfully passed the exams on the Master's degree in and on March 21, 1875 in the same university defended his thesis on the topic "Osteology Anchitherium Aurelianense CUV, as a form that finds the genealogy type of horse (Equus)."

On December 22, 1874, the St. Petersburg mineralogical society has awarded VO. Kovalevsky Prize for work on Entelodon Gelocus and the dissertation about Anchiteria.

Vladimir Onufrievich established a number of patterns in the evolution of hoofs. Of particular importance is the discovery of the law of adaptive and non-adaptive changes. This law is subject to the environmental distribution of almost all living organisms: the relative feasibility of the structure of the body is generated in connection with certain changes in the medium as a result of natural selection.

In 1875, in connection with the worsening material situation, the Paleontologist had to resume publishing and start a number of commercial affairs, in particular on the construction of profitable houses and baths. In 1883, after severe illness, it died.

Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich

Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich (1855-1935) - Born on October 4, 1855 in Tula, the Russian Empire, in a poor noble family. His father was military; When Mikhail Alexandrovich was 11 years old, he lost his mother who deceased from tuberculosis. After graduating from Tula Gymnasium in 1874 with a silver medal, Menzbir entered Moscow University for the Natural Branch of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. His teachers were Jacob Andreevich Borzenkov (1825-1883) and Sergey Aleksandrovich Usov (1827-1886), - Pupils K.F. Rule (1814-1858).

Mikhail Alexandrovich graduated from the University in 1878, was left to prepare for the professorship at the Department of Zoology in the laboratory Ya.A. Borzenkova. The first scientific work of Menzibers - "Ornithological fauna of the Tula province" (1879) was devoted to faunistics and zoogeography.

In 1879, having acquainted with N.A. Severstov, Mikhail Alexandrovich began working on the master's thesis "Ornithological geography of European Russia," successfully defending it in 1882.

After the defense of the dissertation MA Menzbier has conducted a mandatory foreign business trip to Europe. The scientist was engaged not only by zoogeography, but also the comparative anatomy of vertebrates and invertebrate animals.

To work on their monograph, he collected material on the predatory birds, acquainted with the formulation of the museum business, studied evolutionary problems, explored and described many new subspecies and forms of day predators. Despite the long period of the rejection of the triple systematics and, critical statements about her, Mikhail Alexandrovich was one of the first in our country for the use of triple (fading) nomenclature and supported the interest in the new systematics subsequently from his students - Zoologov B.M. Zhitkov, S.I. Ogneva, N.A. Bobrinsky, G.P. Dementieva.

Returning to Moscow University in 1884, M.A. Menzbir took the post of associate professor and began teaching. Mikhail Alexandrovich was a brilliant lecturer, he led lecture courses on zoology, comparative anatomy, zoogeography.

At the age of 31, Mikhail Alexandrovich became one of the most young professors-zoologists in the history of Moscow University, he was approved as Professor of the Department of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology.

Mikhail Alexandrovich "Comparative osteology of penguins in the appendix to the main divisions of the bird class" (1885) the principles of morphological and taxonomic analyzes were further developed by one of his talented students - pp. Dryshkin.

In 1914, MA Menzbir made a number of fundamental amendments and additions in the scheme of zonal zoning proposed by N.A. Severchant, Zogeographic schemes A. Wallace, completed its study "Zoological sections of the Turkestan Territory and the likely origin of the fauna of the latter."

In the two-volume bird "Birds of Russia" for the first time, the synthesis of all knowledge was carried out on the systematics, the spread and biology of birds of our country. In this monograph, modern principles and traditions of systematics, zoogeography and ecology were laid.

In 1911, in protest against the arbitrariness of the authorities, together with other professors and teachers, Menzbir left the university. After the revolution, the scientist returned and became his first rector (1917-1919). In 1896, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, in 1927 he became an honorary member, and in 1929 - a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Also M.A. Menzbier was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Society of Nature Tests, and for many years he was his president.

In 1930 MA Menzbir having committed a large foreign trip, headed by the Zogeographic Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

At the same time, in 1932, Mikhail Alexandrovich was chained in 1932, and on October 10, 1935 he did not.

Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich

Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich (1866-1936) is a domestic evolutionist, the author of the research on the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Created the theory of morphophysiological and biological progress and regression. In 1889, he graduated from Moscow University, in 1890 for the composition of the "Code of Information on the Organization and History of Development Gymnophion" received a gold medal from the university. In 1896, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Metamer of the head of an electric slope." He consisted of Professor Yuryevsky (1898-1902), Kiev (1902-1911) and Moscow (1911-1930) universities. In 1930, organized and headed the laboratory of evolutionary morphology and animal ecology (now the Institute for Ecology Problems and Evolution. A.N. Seversow).

Basic Scientific Research A.N. Seversow is devoted to evolutionary morphology, the establishment of the patterns of the evolutionary process, the problems of ontogenesis. Each theoretical judgment of A.N. Seversow is a generalization arising from specific many years of own research and studies of his students. He paid a lot of time to study the scalp and the origin of the limbs of vertebrate animals, the evolution of the lower vertebrates. As a result, created the theory of origin of the five-pall limb and steam fins in vertebrate animals, which is now generally accepted in world science.

Based on the analysis of morphological patterns of evolution A.N. Severs residents created two theories: the morphobiological theory of pathways of evolution and the theory of phylumbriogenesis. Working out the first theory, A.N. Seversteers came to the conclusion about the existence of only two main directions of the evolutionary process: biological progress and biological regression. He established four main directions of biological progress: aromorphosis, idioadaptation, centries, general degeneration. His teaching about the types of phylogenetic changes of organs and functions, the phylogenetic correlations made a significant contribution to the largest wholebiological problem of the relationship between the form and function in the process of evolution. It gave a detailed classification of the methods of phylogenetic aimed organs, proved that changes in the habitat are the only cause of phylogenetic changes.

For 26 years, developing the value of the role of embryonic changes in the process of evolution A.N. Seversarov created a slender theory of phylumbriogenesis, which in a new one highlighted the problem of the relationship of ontogenesis and phylogenesis. This theory develops a provision on the possibility of hereditary changes at any stage of ontogenesis and their influence on the structure of descendants.

Your ideas and works A.N. Severstech developed to death, Ie up to 1936.

Sushkin Peter PetroviCH

Sushkin Petr Petrovich (1868--1928) - prominent Russian zoologist. Widely known as an ornithologist, zogeograph, an anata and a paleontologist.

Born in Tula in a merchant family on January 27 (February 8) of 1868. The secondary education received in the Tula classical gymnasium, at the end of which in 1885 entered the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University.

The brilliant abilities of Sushkina early highlighted it from the environment of students. Professor M. A. Menzbir (also Tulyak), from which he studied the ornithology and comparative anatomy of vertebrates, immediately estimated the observation and other important qualities of the student and tried to help him every way.

In 1892, the first scientific work of Sushkina "Birds of the Tula province" was published.

After graduating from the university in 1889 with the Gold Medal, Sushkin was left at the Department to prepare for the professorship. In 1904, successfully defended his doctoral dissertation.

Led a great teaching job in Moscow and other universities. Students appreciated the extremely high level of his teaching.

P.P. Sushkin early to the ranks of large zoologists, deserved recognition at home and abroad. He was not only a theorist, but also a first-class field naturalist, continued his activities of a field researcher and traveler until old age and personally examined the fauna of a huge territory from Smolensk and Tula provinces to Altai. The result of the journey was numerous observations and rich collections.

In 1921, Sushkin headed the ornithological department of the Zoological Institute of An In 1922, he began working at the Geological Museum of the Academy of Sciences and was able to do a lot for the development of paleontological studies.

In 1923, P.P. Sushkin was elected a valid member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. His scientific heritage includes 103 work.

P.P. Sushkin died suddenly from the inflammation of the lungs on September 17, 1928. Buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk cemetery.

Ognev Sergey Ivanovich

Ognev Sergey Ivanovich (5.11.1886-20.12.1951) - Soviet Zoologist, Honored Worker of Science of the RSFSR (1947). An outstanding zoologist-spine, head of the Moscow School of Teriology in 1930-1940. Comes from the family of the hereditary Moscow intelligentsia. He graduated from Moscow University in 1910, left at the Department of Zoology (from which at that time the Zoological Museum was a single integer) an assistant in prof. G.A. Kozhevnikova.

I read a number of courses at the department, in 1926 received the title of associate professor, in 1928 - the title of professor, in 1935 - Doctor of Science.

All his professional activities were associated with scientific collecting and learning the teriology collections. He was one of the first in Russia to collect serial materials on small mammals.

Already in 1910, on the basis of these fees, his first solid monograph "Mammals of the Moscow Governor" was published, which laid the foundations of the Fauno-ecological direction of research both the Fiene himself and his students. S.I. The fire traveled a lot in the country in order to study the local terrophown. Starting from the mid-1920s. He began to collect his personal collection of small mammals, which later became one of the largest meetings of this kind in Russia and was acquired by the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University.

The main labor of the whole of his life was a multi-volume summary of the fauna and the ecology of mammals of Russia and adjacent territories: the first two volumes were called "Beasts of Eastern Europe and North Asia", the next five - "animals of the USSR and the adjacent countries".

In addition, S.I. Fogne, being the head of the Department of MSU Zoology, published a number of textbooks, including the fundamental work "Zoology of Vertems". Main works are also on systematics and mammalian faunistics; Works on the fauna of birds, the history of zoology, biogeography, the evolution of animals. Personal research in Central Russia, in the Caucasus, Urals, in Semirchye and Turkmenistan.

I described a number of new types of mammals, much attention paid for the case of nature conservation. Founder of the Moscow School of Theriologists - Mammal Specialists, among whom: S.S. Tours, V.G. Heptner, A.N. Formozov, N.A. Bobrinsky, A.G. Tomilin and others. State Prize of the USSR (1942, 1951). He was awarded the Order of Lenin and medals. He died after severe illness in 1951.

ZenkevichLev A.lexandrovich

Lev Alexandrovich Zenkevich (1889-1970) - Born in the city of Tsareva, the Astrakhan province of the Russian Empire in the family of a veterinary doctor. In 1916 he graduated from the natural department of the Physical and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University. At the end of study was left at the university to prepare for the professorship. Since 1930, before the death, he headed the department of zoology and comparative anatomy of invertebrate Moscow University.

All life L.A. Zenkevich was devoted to the study of the biology of the sea. He was one of the founders of the first oceanographic institution of our country - a floating seaside scientific institute. He was directly involved in the construction and equipment of Perseus - Pioneer of our research fleet, and then headed the integrated expeditions on it in Barents, White, and then in the Kara Sea. During work in the Barents Sea, the quantitative methods of studying the bottom fauna applied for the first time across the whole sea.

In the 30s, L.A. Zenkevich attracts our southern seas and primarily the Caspian Sea, extremely rich in valuable sturgeon fish. Studies of the bottom fauna of the Northern Caspian, who showed its relative poverty, lead L.A. Zenkevich to search for ways to increase the biological productivity of this sea. Together with Ya.A. Birstein, he developed a project on acclimatization in the Caspian Sea of \u200b\u200bvaluable feed invertebrates from the Azov Sea, which was successfully implemented.

During the years of the Patriotic War, which interrupted expeditionary studies on the seas, L.A. Zenkevich is engaged in experimental and theoretical development of the problem of the evolution of the motor system of animals.

His scientific baggage is great. They published more than 300 scientific articles in journals and collections, over 10 monographs and textbooks, a lot of popular articles and correspondence. He made the editor of the seven volumes of the works of the Institute of Oceanology and a number of thematic collections of scientific articles. His work covers a wide range of issues on the anatomy, systematics and ecology of aquatic organisms, biocenology and the productivity of sea fauna and flora, their quantitative distribution and biogeography. In recent years, he paid special attention to the problems of studying deep-water fauna and its origin in connection with the nature of the ancient times of the ocean as an aquatic environment. Theoretical works are distinguished associated with the development of ideas about the biological structure of the ocean and ocean ecosystems. From applied research it should be noted on the use of biological and mineral resources of the oceans and seas, forecasts about the prospects for the development of fisheries, the development of mariculture and much more. His monograph "Biology of the Seas of the USSR" is exceptional importance, which in 1965 was marked by the Leninist Prize. Being a high-end zoologist, L.A. Zenkevich acted as a pioneer in the field of wide comprehensive research of the sea fauna. It significantly expanded the concept of biological productivity of the reservoir, introduced a quantitative method into the study of fish nutrition, which caused a literally scientific revolution in marine biological research. Working out the theoretical problems of oceanology, he proceeded from the ideas about the ocean, as a unified whole, where the physical, chemical, biological processes occurring in it are interrelated and interdependent. His concept of the biological structure of the ocean has become the methodological basis for perennial biological research of the Institute of Oceanology in the World Ocean. Years of L. L.A. Zenkevich fell for a difficult period in the history of our country. He headed the department for 40 years (from 1930 to 1970) and can be represented as incredibly difficult to preserve the department and not losing the face in either the years of Stalinist repression, nor during the rampant Lysenkovskoye! All your life L.A. Zenkevich dedicated to science, he worked for his country and for world science. His scientific and organizational activities are extensive. He was the creator and permanent president since 1952 of the All-Union Hydrobiological Society, the organizer of the Interdepartmental Oceanographic Commission under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1951, the Vice-President of the Moscow Society of Tests of Nature since 1956, the founder and editor-in-chief of Oceanology magazine since 1961, a member of the editorial board Many other scientific journals, including foreign ones. His merits in science are marked by the orders of Lenin, a labor red banner, a medal "For Valiant Labor", Lomonosovskaya Award of Moscow State University (1954), Gold Medal. F.P. A liter of the Geographical Society of the USSR (1956), the Gold Medal of Prince Monk Alberta I - the highest award of the French Oceanographic Institute (1959). He was a recognized head of domestic oceanology, an outstanding biologist, the creator of the extensive school of Russian marine biologists, the largest organizer of research on the World Ocean, an exclusive latitude and versatility scientist, a man with a capital letter. The edge underwater shaft, barking smoky-Kamchatsky chute in the Pacific and studied in the expeditions of Vityaz, was named after him.

In the postwar years with the advent of the new research vessel "Vityaz", a new stage begins in the research of the biology of the World Ocean, in which L.A. Zenkevich owns a leading role. He led the comprehensive long-term oceanographic expedition of the Oceanology Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which covered the research by almost the world's ocean. He became the initiator, the organizer and participant in the deep-water studies of the ocean fauna, in particular in the area of \u200b\u200bKurilo-Kamchatka Vpadina, where the depths of 9.5 km were studied.

L.A. Zenkevich was a magnificent lecturer and teacher. He laid the foundations of the zoological education system in our country, which is still valid.

FROMyerbrovsky Alexander Sergeevich

Silver Alexander Sergeevich (1892-1933) - Born in Tula, the Russian Empire in 1892. Silver belonged to a group of those biologic scientists who had a huge influence on the development of genetics and selection in the USSR. Research work A.S. Silver began in the first years after the Great October Socialist Revolution and continued until his premature death. In addition to 120 printed works, about 30 unpublished, including several large monographs remained in his scientific archive.

Circle of Interests A.S. Silver as a researcher was very wide - from issues of general biology and evolutionary teaching, to specific issues of selection of certain types of farm animals.

At the same time, he was a very strong analyst and mathematician. The mathematical warehouse of the thoughts of Sererovsky revealed back in his first works, for example, in the article "Experience of the Floor Statistical Analysis" (1921). "Polygons with focus and their value for biometrics" (1925), etc.

Starting the development of homemade chicken genetics, he inevitably faced the need to develop the theory of genetic analysis, those issues that are now included in the so-called mathematical or statistical genetics. The work in this area was then very little and A. S. Sererovsky had to be largely their own, original paths. The results of the long-term work A. S. Sererovsky on the development of the theory of genetic analysis reported in the monograph "Genetic analysis".

In 1928, the theory of indivisibility of the gene has undergone the first limitation. Immediately after the detection of the mutagenic action of X-rays, they were used in many laboratories of the world to receive mutations. In the silver laboratory, evidence was obtained that the gene is not an indivisible genetic structure, but is a region of chromosome, some sections of which can mutate independently of each other. This phenomenon was called the silver stepped allerphism.

Developing a system that allows you to quantify the result of each mutation, Silver, Dubinin and other authors at the same time revealed the phenomenon of addition of one mutant gene to others. In this case, the disturbed function of one gene was corrected by the normal function of the other. The second gene, in turn, could be defect in another area, normal at the first gene. This phenomenon was subsequently reverted on microorganisms and got the name of complement.

In the 1930s, A.S. Silver promoted the ideas of the so-called genodeography, developed her methods and he himself conducted several genographographic studies. Unfortunately, these methods are now forgotten.

Silver was engaged in one of the main methods for studying the effectiveness of natural selection, analysis of complex protective devices (body shape, painting, behavior, etc.). The presence of such devices has evidenced that their evolution cannot be explained by the direct influence of the medium nor the exercise or non-exercise of organs, nor the unit mutation. She could not be understood only on the basis of the recognition of the complex relationship between predators and their victims, in which the first play the role of the brackets of the second. A brilliant analysis of these relationships was given by Sererovsky in 1929 in the article "Experience of the qualitative characteristics of the evolutionary process".

Heptner Vladimir Georgievich

Heptner Vladimir Georgievich (06/22/1901-5.07.1975) - June 22, 1901 in Moscow, in the Russified German family. His father was an accountant. Having finished the gymnasium in 1919, immediately enters the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University. From 1925 - in graduate school of famous figures for the protection of the nature of professors hectares. Kozhevnikova and S.I. Ogneva. From 1929 he has been working in MSU Zoomusee, participates in expeditions in Central Asia. From 1934 - and until the end of his days - Professor of the Department of Zoology of Vertem MSU.

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Outstanding zoologists

Essay on zoology on the topic:

"Outstanding scientists"

novosibirsk city

Plan

1. Kraschinnikov Stepan Petrovich (1713-1755)

2. Pallas Peter Simon (1741-1811)

3. Steering wheel Karl (1814-1858)

4. Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888)

5. Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich (1840-1901)

6. Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich (1842-1883)

7. Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich (1855-1935)

8. Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich (1866-1936)

9. Sushkin Petr Petrovich (1868-1928)

10. Ognev Sergey Ivanovich (1886-1951)

11. Zenkevich Lev Alexandrovich (1889-1970)

12. Silver Alexander Sergeevich (1892-1933)

13. Heptner Vladimir Georgievich (1901-1975)

Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich

Kraschiennikov Stepan Petrovich (10/18/1713-12.02.1755) - the first Russian academician-geographer, a participant in the second Kamchatka expedition, researcher of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Born in Moscow in the family of a soldier. In 1724-1732 he studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy (Moscow), then in the class of philosophy of the Academy of Sciences and Arts (St. Petersburg). In 1733, he was credited as a "student's student" in the academic detachment of the second Kamchatka expedition and went to the Okhotsk. Here he conducted hydrometeorological studies, he was engaged in ichthyology, amounted to the dictionary "Lamut Language". On October 4, 1737, the Fortuna ship was released from Okhotsk to Kamchatka, where he was engaged in research for 4 years, having committed many expeditions by peninsula. For four years, he crossed the peninsula in different directions: went on foot, went to the narts, melted along the rivers, climbed the mountains. He conducted comprehensive research as a geologist and geographer, like a botanist and a zoologist, as a historian and ethnographer, meteorologist and linguist. Crashinnikov conducted a comprehensive study of the Kamchatka in the field of natural sciences (geography, geology, seismology, volcanology), the first of the Russians studied Tsunami, produced meteorials, made a lot of attention to the ethnography of local peoples (Itelmen, Koryaki, Aina) was the vanity of Aboriginal, collected folklore inhabitants of Kamchatka . In Nizhne-Kamchatsk, Verkhne-Kamchatsk, Bolshetsek, the archives and questions of the locals restored the history of the region. He studied the flora and fauna of Kamchatka, and the ichthyology of rivers and surrounding sea waters. In February 1743, with the young wife of Stepanida Tsibulskaya (from Yakutsk) returned to St. Petersburg. From 1748 he was a rector of academic university and gymnasium with him. Based on the assembled material, the books "Description of the Kamchatka people", "On the conquest of Kamchatka Earth" (1751), the capital labor "Description of the Earth Kamchatka" (1756) with the appendix of two cards. It was the first solid work about Kamchatka. In 1745, Krasheninnikov was elected an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1750 he was appointed Professor (academician) of natural history and botany. In 1751, he finished his book "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", but the author could not see her printed. On February 25, 1755, Kraschiennikova did not become, and his book was published in 1756.

His work was the first in the Russian and world scientific literature on the study of Kamchatka dedicated to its geography, natural history, the description of the life and languages \u200b\u200bof local peoples. "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", which does not lose its scientific value for more than 200 years, is a sample of a complex country-friendly description of the low-investment territory, a sample of the Russian literary language of that time. Died S.P. Krasheninnikov in St. Petersburg. In 1989, his name was assigned to the Kamchatka Regional Library. The name of Kraschinnikov called 10 geographical objects, including in Kamchatka - Peninsula, Bay, Mountain, Island; On the island Karaginsky - Cape, on the island of Paramushir - the bay, Cape, near him - the underwater valley; On the new land - Peninsula and Cape, in Antarctica - Mountain.

Pallas Peter Simon

In 1767, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences chose Pallas by his actual member. Despite its incomplete 27 years, Pallas already had the glory of a brilliant biologist, launching new paths in the systematics of animals. He gave a new homeland for more than 40 years of his scientific life.

The first big deal Pallas was an expedition to East Russia and Siberia. From 1768-1774 The scientist explored Central Russia, the areas of the Lower Volga region, the Caspian lowland, the Middle and South Urals, crossed Siberia, visited Baikal, in Transbaikalia, in Altai.

Pallas hardly tolerated travel. Several times he sick with dysentery, suffered from chronic colitis, rheumatism, his eyes were constantly inflamed. In St. Petersburg, 33 years old scientist returned completely exhausted and gray.

Thanks to Pallas, Zoology has been enriched with new techniques of research related to ecology and ethology.

In six expeditionary years, a unique material on zoology, botany, paleontology, geology, physical geography, economics, history, ethnography, culture and the life of the peoples of Russia is assembled.

Peter Simon ordered the scheme of the structure of the Ural Mountains, in 1777 first made up the topographic scheme of Siberia. The scientist composed about the animal and plant world of these territories in the work of these territories in the work of "Travels in different provinces of the Russian Empire" in labor.

Pallas described more than 250 species of animals inhabited in Russia, additionally, informing the distribution, seasonal and geographical variability, migrations, nutrition, behavior of the animals described by him. Pallas often expressed ideas about the physico-geographical factors of their settlement, so it can be considered one of the founders of zoogeography.

In the 1780s, it works hard on the preparation of the general arch of the plants of Russia. Due to lack of funds, it was possible to publish only two releases of this extensive work "Flora of Russia", 1784 and 1788, containing a description of about 300 species of plants and amazing illustrations.

At the same time, Pallas publishes articles on geography, paleontology, ethnography, two thousand labor on the history of the Mongolian people is published. On behalf of Catherine II Pallas issued a comparative dictionary of all languages \u200b\u200band the shortcomings of Russia.

In 1793-1794, Pallas took his second large trip, this time in the southern provisions of Russia. He explored the Crimea. The collections collected during this journey were based on the collections of academic kunstkamera, and part of them came to the University of Berlin.

The work of Pallas provides detailed information about the climate, rivers, soils, flora and the fauna of the Crimean Peninsula, contains descriptions of many historical sites (Mangup, Ay - Todor, Ayu - Dag, Sudak, etc.). The scientist was the initiator of the bookmarks of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and gardens in the Sudak and solar valleys, founded the Salagarka Park in Simferopol. In honor of the geographer, one of the species of the Crimean pine received the name of Pallas pine.

In 1797, the work of Pallas "List of wild plants of Crimea was published. The author first described the vegetation cover of the Crimean Peninsula for the first time, compiled an exhaustive list of 969 species for that time.

The scientist was the initiator of the bookmarks of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and gardens in the Sudak and solar valleys, founded the Salagarka Park in Simferopol. In honor of the geographer, one of the species of the Crimean pine received the name of Pallas pine.

In 1797, the work of Pallas "List of wild plants of Crimea was published. The author first described the vegetation cover of the Crimean Peninsula for the first time, compiled an exhaustive list of 969 species for that time. In 1810 he returned to Berlin, where he died on September 8, 1811

Rule Karl

Rule Karl (1814-1858) - Russian Zoologist and Doctor of Medicine - Born 8 (20) of April 1814 in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire.

In 1829, the steering wheel entered the Moscow branch of the Medical and Surgery Academy, which on August 18, 1833 he graduated from a silver medal and received the title of Lekary. On August 6, 1836, he was approved by a tutor (assistant) under G. I. Fishera von Waldheim. With Fisher, the steering wheel worked one year. In September 1837, Fisher was resigned, and the Department of Natural History went to Professor I.O. Shikhovsky, and the steering wheel was appointed Adjunct by Professor. By this time, he already received a doctor of medicine. She was assigned to him for the dissertation dedicated to bleeding in general and hemorrhoidal in particular.

On March 5, 1838, the Council of the Academy instructed the steering wheel independent reading of the course of zoology and mineralogy. At the same time, he was entrusted with the Zoological and Mineralogical Cabinets of the Academy, the exhibits of which the steering wheel was widely used to demonstrate on their lectures. Even before that - on July 13, 1837, the steering wheel was appointed Guardian of the Museum of Natural History of Moscow University. On November 18, 1837, he was elected a valid member of the Moscow Society of Tests of Nature. September 20, 1838 The Rule was elected the second secretary of this society. July 13, 1840 due to the movement of I.O. Shikhovsky in St. Petersburg The steering wheel was elected first secretary of the Moscow Society of Nature Tests and stayed to them until 1851.

At the same time, the steering wheel began great work on the study of the history of zoology in Russia. The work of the steering wheel did not see the light, but by treating a huge actual zoological material, the steering wheel was able to quickly understand the main directions of modern zoological science and understand the prospects for its development.

On February 28, 1840, the Moscow University's Council invited the steering wheel to take the liberated after the death of Professor A. L. Tsettsky Department of Zoology. In 1842 he was elected extraordinary, and in 1850 an ordinary professor.

In the article "Doubts in zoology as in science" (1842), the steering wheel showed that the main direction of the modern zoology - systematics - does not have reliable scientific principles of classification, which "where the strictest laws should be, guides clean arbitrariness" and, Consequently, many prevailing in zoology are completely untenable. Taking the idea of \u200b\u200bthe evolution of organisms, the steering wheel believed that its evidence, nominated by Lamarcom, Joffwru and others, insufficient.

The steering wheel believed that numerous observations and "historical evidence" were needed to prove the variable species - data from geology and paleontology. Until 1849, the steering wheel was intensively conducted by field geological and paleontological studies and studied in detail all the most interesting outcrops of the pool near Moscow.

The study of geology and fossil organisms increasingly convinced the steering wheel in the historical development of the earth's surface and life on it, in the presence of the relationship of the phenomena of nature and the materiality of the reasons that determine the development of the organic world. Proof of this and were essentially devoted to his classical work "On Animals of the Moscow Governor" and many others.

The steering wheel developed the idea that the evolution of the earth's surface was accompanied by the evolution of the organic world, which the changes caused consecutive continuity changes in organic forms.

The path to whom the organic world researcher should go, the steering wheel called the comparative historical method of research. He was deeply confident in the historical development of nature and the organic world, in the obligation of the unity of the body and the conditions of existence.

An essential contribution to the development of the theory of evolution was that it included in the concept of the environment interaction between organisms.

The steering wheel was the first Russian biologist, which began the development of problems of zoopsychology as a special branch of biology, pointed out the need to create a "comparative psychology". He proved the dependence of the mental activity of animals, their instincts and lifestyle on the conditions of existence, in which this species throughout history has been. The steering wheel first approached the problems of zoopsychology as an integral part of animal ecology.

The steering wheel opposed the consideration of instincts and mental activity of animals as phenomena, not scientific explanation. "Or there is no instinct, or it makes sense", "so he formulated his approach to the study of instincts, which understood as developed by the view throughout its history of the reaction to certain environmental impacts.

In 1854, the steering wheel founded and before death (1858) edited the magazine "Vestnik of Natural Sciences".

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (31.03 1839 -20.11.1888) - scientist, geographer, traveler, researcher of Central Asia, Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1878, Major General from 1886.

Born in the village of Kimborovo Smolensk province in the noble family. Since childhood, I dreamed of travel. His father, Mikhail Kuzmich, served in the Russian army. He was his uncle P. A. Karetnikov, a passionate hunter, who was nominating this passion and with her love for nature and wandering.

In 1855 he graduated from Smolensk gymnasium. At the end of the course in the Smolensk gymnasium, Przhevalsky decided in Moscow by a non-commissioned officer in the Ryazan Infantry Regiment; After receiving an officer rank, he moved to Polotsk Regiment, then entered the Academy of General Staff. In the midst of Sevastopol Defense, he entered overly determined to the army, but he did not have to fight. After 5 years, unloved Przhevalsky N.M. Military service received a refusal to transfer it to CMUR for research work.

In 1861 he entered the Academy of General Staff, where he fulfilled his first geographic work "Military Geographical Review of the Pria Amur Region", for which the Russian geographical society elected him with his member.

In 1863 he graduated from the academic course and went to the Volunteer to Poland to suppress the uprising. He served in Warsaw by the teacher of history and geography in the UNCER school, where he was seriously engaged in self-education, preparing to become a professional researcher of little studied countries.

In 1866 he received an appointment to Eastern Siberia. Made a number of expeditions to the Ussuri region (1867-1869), as well as in 1870-10 -1885 in Mongolia, on Tibet and China. Made a shooting more than 30 thousand km. The path passed by him, opened unknown mountain ranges and lakes, wild camel, Tibetan bear, a wild horse called him name. She talked about his travels in the books, giving a bright description of Central Asia: her flora, fauna, climate, peoples in her who lived; Collected unique collections, becoming a generally accepted classic of geographic science.

The result of the first trip was the books "Journey to the Ussuri Territory" and rich collections for a geographical society. First described the nature of many areas of Asia, unknown to Europeans of lakes and mountain ranges; Assembled collections of plants and animals, described a wild camel, a wild horse (Przhevalsky horse) and others.

He died of abdominal typhus (11/20/1888), preparing to make his fifth expedition to Central Asia. Its name is called a number of geographical objects, animal species and plants. In 1892, a monument to Przhevalsky N.M. was opened in St. Petersburg. Sculptors Schröder I.N. and Runeberg R.A.

Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich

Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich (1840-1901) - the famous domestic scientist, was born on November 19, 1840 in the estate of the Vorkovo Dinaburg County of the Vitebsk province. Alexander Onufrievich entered the corps of engineers of ways to communicate, but soon left him and entered the freelance listener on the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. In 1960, Kovalevsky went to Germany, where he soon began his scientific work in the laboratory of the famous Chemist Bunzen. He carried the zoology, Alexander Onufrievich began to study histology and microscopic equipment from Professor F. Leidig. Returning to Petersburg, in 1863 Kovalevsky passed the university examinations and received a degree of candidate of natural sciences for labor dedicated to the anatomy of the sea cockroach.

In 1864, the scientist again went abroad. On the coast of the Mediterranean Sea A.O. Kovalevsky conducted a study of the larval development of ascidium, which showed similar development with the larva of the lancing. Zoologist studied the structure of the intestines, observed the embryonic development of the comb, Mshanok, Foronid, Ichalkinski.

In 1865, Kovalevsky defended his master's thesis: "The history of the development of the Lanctress - Amphioxus Lanceolatus", two years later, a doctorate degree for the dissertation: "On the development of Phoronis". After completing a number of comparative-embryological studies, Kovalevsky formulated its provisions on the full compliance of the germinal leaflets in vertebrates and invertebrates, making evolutional conclusions from this situation. For work on the development of worms and arthropods (1871), the scientist was awarded by the Barov Prize of the Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Onufrievich consistently consisted of a professor of zoology in Kazan and Kiev Universities. In Kiev, he took an active part in the organization of natural scientists, and published his work in his publications. In 1870 - 73, the scientist committed scientific expeditions to the Red Sea and to Algeria, where, studying the biology for the development of the shoulders, established their similarity in embryogenesis with msanka and ringed worms. It became clear that Brachiopoda can not be combined with mollusks. Later, the lamps were highlighted in a separate type.

In 1874, I.I Mesnikov persuaded Kovalevsky to go to Novorossiysk (Odessa) University. The scientist often traveled abroad, in Villafranke, a town near Nice, in 1886, with the participation of Kovalevsky, a Russian zoological station was organized, in our time she was managed by the University of Paris. His article "Observation on the Development of Coelencerata" (1873) was published, where the author led data on the development of hydroids and jellyfish, whiffs and coral polyps.

In Odessa, Kovalevsky continued its embryological observations and began comparatively-physiological studies of the bodies of invertebrates. Kovalevsky A.O., applying Mechnikov's teachings to explain the processes of dissolving the larval organs and dolls of flies, showed that the larval organs are destroyed and eaten by blood cells of the pupa, and the special cell accumulations (imaginal primitives) remain intact and subsequently organized an adult insect.

After the election of the ordinary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in 1890 A.O. Kovalevsky moved to Petersburg, where in 1891 he took the Department of Histology of St. Petersburg University. On the Black Sea coast, the scientist founded the Sevastopol zoological station, and for a long time he was its director.

Since 1897, Kovalevsky was one of the editors of the biological science department in the 82-languid "encyclopedic dictionary" of Brockhaus - Efron.

In the last years of life, he studied a lot of leeches, exploring their anatomical structure, physiological features and lifestyle.

Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky died after cerebral hemorrhage on November 22, 1901 in St. Petersburg.

Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich

Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich (1842-1883) - Russian Paleontologist was born on August 12, 1842 in the village of Shustyanka Vitebsk province. Since 1851 V.O. Kovalevsky studied in private boarding school V.F. Mekina in St. Petersburg. In March 1855 he entered the sixth grade of the School of Law, which he graduated in 1861. He was carried away by natural science after his brother (the famous embryologist Alexander Kovalevsky) Vladimir Kovalevsky earned the life of the translations of books in natural science.

In 1861 he went to Germany, then in England, where first time continued to engage in legal sciences. In early 1863 V.O. Kovalevsky went to Poland, where together with P.I. Jacobi participated in the Polish uprising. Returning to Petersburg at the end of the year, Kovalevsky met with I.M. Sechenov and Dr. P.I. Side. Soon V.O. Kovalevsky refused the profession of a lawyer, and, again, engaged in translations, finally carried away the natural sciences.

In the autumn of 1868 V.O. Kovalevsky married Sophieus Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya, who later became an outstanding scientist-mathematician. Family circumstances forced spouses to leave Russia to Germany: only there Sofya could enter the university.

In 1870, with difficulty moved to London because of the Franco-Prussian war, Kovalevsky settled close to the British Museum. The scientist began an in-depth study of geology in all its directions. He spent a lot of time in the museum library, engaged in the systematics of mollusks, fishes reptiles. Taking advantage of the works of Kuvier, Owen, and Blenville, according to the skeletons available in the anatomical museum on the dental system, Vladimir Onufrievich studied mammals.

One of the most important tasks of Paleontology V.O. Kovalevsky considered the clarification of the kindred relations in the animal world. He traced the phylogenetic ranks, considering them the best proof of evolution. IN. Kovalevsky made the first attempt to build a pedigree hoofs, based on the principles of the theory of Ch. Darwin. The classical monograph "On Anchitheria and the Paleontological History Horses" (1873) is devoted to this issue.

In his writings, the scientist put and correctly resolved such problems as monophilia and polyfiilia in evolution, the discrepancy of signs (principles of divergence and adaptive radiation). It was worried about the problem of the relationship of progress and specialization, the role of jumps in the process of the development of organic world, factors and patterns of extinction of organisms, changes in bodies due to changes in functions, the problem of correlations (relationships) in the development of organs and some other patterns of the evolutionary process. V. O. Kovalevsky became the pioneer of the Paleoecological direction in Paleontology.

Despite the fact that the approach of V.O. Kovalevsky to the study of paleontological material, based on the theory of Darwin, was fresh and new, world glory came to a scientist only after death: V.O. Kovalevsky was recognized as the founder of evolutionary paleontology, a new stage in the development of this science.

In November 1874 V.O. Kovalevsky St. Petersburg University successfully passed the exams on the Master's degree in and on March 21, 1875 in the same university defended his thesis on the topic "Osteology Anchitherium Aurelianense CUV, as a form that finds the genealogy type of horse (Equus)."

On December 22, 1874, the St. Petersburg mineralogical society has awarded VO. Kovalevsky Prize for work on Entelodon Gelocus and the dissertation about Anchiteria.

Vladimir Onufrievich established a number of patterns in the evolution of hoofs. Of particular importance is the discovery of the law of adaptive and non-adaptive changes. This law is subject to the environmental distribution of almost all living organisms: the relative feasibility of the structure of the body is generated in connection with certain changes in the medium as a result of natural selection.

In 1875, in connection with the worsening material situation, the Paleontologist had to resume publishing and start a number of commercial affairs, in particular on the construction of profitable houses and baths. In 1883, after severe illness, it died.

Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich

Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich (1855-1935) - Born on October 4, 1855 in Tula, the Russian Empire, in a poor noble family. His father was military; When Mikhail Alexandrovich was 11 years old, he lost his mother who deceased from tuberculosis. After graduating from Tula Gymnasium in 1874 with a silver medal, Menzbir entered Moscow University for the Natural Branch of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. His teachers were Jacob Andreevich Borzenkov (1825-1883) and Sergey Aleksandrovich Usov (1827-1886), - Pupils K.F. Rule (1814-1858).

Mikhail Alexandrovich graduated from the University in 1878, was left to prepare for the professorship at the Department of Zoology in the laboratory Ya.A. Borzenkova. The first scientific work of Menzibers - "Ornithological fauna of the Tula province" (1879) was devoted to faunistics and zoogeography.

In 1879, having acquainted with N.A. Severstov, Mikhail Alexandrovich began working on the master's thesis "Ornithological geography of European Russia," successfully defending it in 1882.

After the defense of the dissertation MA Menzbier has conducted a mandatory foreign business trip to Europe. The scientist was engaged not only by zoogeography, but also the comparative anatomy of vertebrates and invertebrate animals.

To work on their monograph, he collected material on the predatory birds, acquainted with the formulation of the museum business, studied evolutionary problems, explored and described many new subspecies and forms of day predators. Despite the long period of the rejection of the triple systematics and, critical statements about her, Mikhail Alexandrovich was one of the first in our country for the use of triple (fading) nomenclature and supported the interest in the new systematics subsequently from his students - Zoologov B.M. Zhitkov, S.I. Ogneva, N.A. Bobrinsky, G.P. Dementieva.

Returning to Moscow University in 1884, M.A. Menzbir took the post of associate professor and began teaching. Mikhail Alexandrovich was a brilliant lecturer, he led lecture courses on zoology, comparative anatomy, zoogeography.

At the age of 31, Mikhail Alexandrovich became one of the most young professors-zoologists in the history of Moscow University, he was approved as Professor of the Department of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology.

Mikhail Alexandrovich "Comparative osteology of penguins in the appendix to the main divisions of the bird class" (1885) the principles of morphological and taxonomic analyzes were further developed by one of his talented students - pp. Dryshkin.

In 1914, MA Menzbir made a number of fundamental amendments and additions in the scheme of zonal zoning proposed by N.A. Severchant, Zogeographic schemes A. Wallace, completed its study "Zoological sections of the Turkestan Territory and the likely origin of the fauna of the latter."

In the two-volume bird "Birds of Russia" for the first time, the synthesis of all knowledge was carried out on the systematics, the spread and biology of birds of our country. In this monograph, modern principles and traditions of systematics, zoogeography and ecology were laid.

In 1911, in protest against the arbitrariness of the authorities, together with other professors and teachers, Menzbir left the university. After the revolution, the scientist returned and became his first rector (1917-1919). In 1896, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, in 1927 he became an honorary member, and in 1929 - a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Also M.A. Menzbier was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Society of Nature Tests, and for many years he was his president.

In 1930 MA Menzbir having committed a large foreign trip, headed by the Zogeographic Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

However, in 1932, Mikhail Alexandrovich was chained by Mikhail Alexandrovich, and on October 10, 1935 he did not.

Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich

Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich (1866-1936) is a domestic evolutionist, the author of the research on the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Created the theory of morphophysiological and biological progress and regression. In 1889, he graduated from Moscow University, in 1890 for the composition of the "Code of Information on the Organization and History of Development Gymnophion" received a gold medal from the university. In 1896, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Metamer of the head of an electric slope." He consisted of Professor Yuryevsky (1898-1902), Kiev (1902-1911) and Moscow (1911-1930) universities. In 1930, organized and headed the laboratory of evolutionary morphology and animal ecology (now the Institute for Ecology Problems and Evolution. A.N. Seversow).

Basic Scientific Research A.N. Seversow is devoted to evolutionary morphology, the establishment of the patterns of the evolutionary process, the problems of ontogenesis. Each theoretical judgment of A.N. Seversow is a generalization arising from specific many years of own research and studies of his students. He paid a lot of time to study the scalp and the origin of the limbs of vertebrate animals, the evolution of the lower vertebrates. As a result, created the theory of origin of the five-pall limb and steam fins in vertebrate animals, which is now generally accepted in world science.

Based on the analysis of morphological patterns of evolution A.N. Severs residents created two theories: the morphobiological theory of pathways of evolution and the theory of phylumbriogenesis. Working out the first theory, A.N. Seversteers came to the conclusion about the existence of only two main directions of the evolutionary process: biological progress and biological regression. He established four main directions of biological progress: aromorphosis, idioadaptation, centries, general degeneration. His teaching about the types of phylogenetic changes of organs and functions, the phylogenetic correlations made a significant contribution to the largest wholebiological problem of the relationship between the form and function in the process of evolution. It gave a detailed classification of the methods of phylogenetic aimed organs, proved that changes in the habitat are the only cause of phylogenetic changes.

For 26 years, developing the value of the role of embryonic changes in the process of evolution A.N. Seversarov created a slender theory of phylumbriogenesis, which in a new one highlighted the problem of the relationship of ontogenesis and phylogenesis. This theory develops a provision on the possibility of hereditary changes at any stage of ontogenesis and their influence on the structure of descendants.

Your ideas and works A.N. Severstech developed to death, Ie up to 1936.

Sushkin Peter Petrovich

Sushkin Petr Petrovich (1868-1928) - a prominent Russian zoologist. Widely known as an ornithologist, zogeograph, an anata and a paleontologist.

Born in Tula in a merchant family on January 27 (February 8) of 1868. The secondary education received in the Tula classical gymnasium, at the end of which in 1885 entered the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University.

The brilliant abilities of Sushkina early highlighted it from the environment of students. Professor M. A. Menzbir (also Tulyak), from which he studied the ornithology and comparative anatomy of vertebrates, immediately estimated the observation and other important qualities of the student and tried to help him every way.

In 1892, the first scientific work of Sushkina "Birds of the Tula province" was published.

After graduating from the university in 1889 with the Gold Medal, Sushkin was left at the Department to prepare for the professorship. In 1904, successfully defended his doctoral dissertation.

Led a great teaching job in Moscow and other universities. Students appreciated the extremely high level of his teaching.

P.P. Sushkin early to the ranks of large zoologists, deserved recognition at home and abroad. He was not only a theorist, but also a first-class field naturalist, continued his activities of a field researcher and traveler until old age and personally examined the fauna of a huge territory from Smolensk and Tula provinces to Altai. The result of the journey was numerous observations and rich collections.

In 1921, Sushkin headed the ornithological department of the Zoological Institute of An In 1922, he began working at the Geological Museum of the Academy of Sciences and was able to do a lot for the development of paleontological studies.

The article will talk about Russian biologists. We will look at the very following meaningful names Owners, and also get acquainted with their achievements. From the article you will learn about those Russian biologists, who really made a significant contribution to the development of this science. Everyone who is interested in animals and floral world, it's just obliged to know the names that we call below.

Ivan Pavlov

This scientist in Soviet times did not even need it to be represented. However B. modern world Not every person can say for sure who Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. The man was born in 1849. The most weightful achievement is the creation of the teachings on the activities of the Higher nervous system. He also wrote a lot of books on the features of blood circulation and digestion. This is the first Russian scientist who received Nobel Prize For achievements in the consideration of digestive mechanisms.

Experiments on dogs

Ivan Pavlov is a Russian biologist who is known for conducting experiments on dogs. In our country there are many jokes and caricatures associated with this. Moreover, when it comes to instincts, everyone immediately recalls Pavlov's dog. The scientist began experiments from 1890. He managed to develop conditional reflexes in animals. For example, he achieved the fact that the dogs had a gastric juice after they heard the sound of the call, and before that the call was always preceded by reception of food. The peculiarity of this scientist's technique is that he has seen the relationship between mental and physiological processes. Multiple subsequent studies have confirmed its presence.

The first work was published in 1923. In 1926, began research in the field of genetics. For several years he worked in psychiatric clinics. The discoveries of Ivan Pavlov helped a lot to learn about mental illness, as well as the possible methods of their treatment. Thanks to the support of the Government of the USSR, Pavlov had enough resources in order to conduct all his experiments, which made it possible to achieve other outstanding results.

Ilya Misnokov

The list of Russian biologists continue to the famous name I. I. Mechnikov. This is a famous microbiologist who in 1908 received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine. Born in Kharkov in 1845. In the same city he studied. He studied embryology in Italy, in 1868 he defended his doctoral dissertation. In 1886, together with other scientists, created a bacteriological station, which at that time was the first in Russia.

His first books wrote on the topic of zoology and evolutionary embryology. He is the author of the theory of phagotitella. He opened the phenomenon of phagocytosis, developed the theory of comparative pathology of inflammation. Posted a huge set of work on bacteriology. I put the experiments on yourself, and thus proved that the causative agent of Asian cholera is cholera vibrion. He died in 1916 in Paris.

Alexander Kovalevsky

The list of famous Russian-scientists of biologists will continue the named after Alexander Kovalevsky. This is a great scientist who was a zoologist. Worked at the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Born in 1842. First, he studied at home, and then entered the case of the communication engineers. After that he graduated from the St. Petersburg University at the Department of Natural Sciences. He defended his master's and doctoral dissertation.

In 1868, he was already a professor of zoology and worked at the University of Kazan. Three years spent in Algeria and on the Red Sea, where he was engaged in his research. Most of them are devoted to the embryography of invertebrates. In the 1860s conducted studies that allowed to open germinal layers in organisms.

Nikolay Vavilov

It is simply impossible to submit a list of Russian great scientists of biologists without the name of Nikolai Vavilov. This man created the doctrine of the immunity of plants. He also owns the opening of the law on hereditary changes in the body and homologous series. Maintain a significant contribution to the development of teachings on biological species, created a huge collection of seeds of various plants. She, by the way, is recognized as the biggest in the world.

The future scientist was born in Moscow in 1887 in the family family. He was a leaving of the peasants. For some time, he worked as director of the firm of the Father, which was engaged in invoices. Vavilov's mother was from the artist's family. In total, there were 7 children in the family, but three of them died at an early age.

Training and achievements

Nikolai Vavilov studied in a commercial school, later entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute, which graduated in 1911. After that, it began working at the department of private farming. From 1917 he read lectures at the University of Saratov, after 4 years already worked in Petrograd. Thanks to its research, there was almost all the plants of the Volga region and the Volga region.

A scientist has dedicated an expedition for more than 20 years, which he spent in the Mediterranean and Central Asia. For a long time I remembered my trip to Afghanistan in 1924. Everything collected materials Wavilov helped to determine not only the origin, but also the spread of plants. His contribution is simply invaluable, because he strongly simplified the further work of breeders and botany. It seems incredible, but Nicholas managed to collect more than 300 thousand different samples.

In 1926 he received a premium for its activities on the study of immunity, origin of plants, the discovery of the law of homologous series. Nikolay Vavilov is the owner of a huge range of awards and several medals.

However, there is a dark spot in his biography. A lot of party ideologues were configured against the scientist due to scientific activity His student T. Lysenko. The opposition campaign was directed against the research of the scientist in the field of genetics. In 1940, Vavilov had to finish all scientific work. Moreover, he was accused of hydration, and he was even arrested. Not easy fate suffered this great scientist in his last years. He died in prison from hunger in a foreign city of Saratov in 1943.

Rehabilitation

The investigation lasted more than 10 months during which the scientist caused to interrogations more than 400 times. After the death of this, the Great Russian scientist refused even in a separate grave, as a result, he was buried with other prisoners. Only in 1955 was rehabilitated. All accusations regarding his activities were removed.

Alexander Venevak

About Russian-based biologists who received the Nobel Prize, we have already talked, but this does not mean that they should be forgotten about other researchers, because their contribution is also essential. Alexander Venevak is a Russian oceanologist, a doctor of biological sciences, a professor and a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

He studied at Moscow State University at the Biological Faculty. In 1990 he became a doctor of science. Since 2007, he headed the laboratory that belonged to the Oceanology Institute. So smoothly we moved to the consideration of Russian biologists of the 21st century. The scientist wrote more than 100 scientific papers. Its main achievements are related to how it can be used modern methods Analysis in geoecology and oceanology.

I spent more than 20 dives and 200 expeditions. It is the creator of the model of the hydrothermal system. Developed the concept of the ecosystem inhabited by a special fauna. Employees from other countries jointly created a technique that allows to determine the role of marine nano- and microbiotes. Opened and described more than 50 types of crustaceans.

Gennady Rosenberg

He was born in 1949 in Ufa. His name, we also continue to consider the list of Russian scientists-biologists of the 21st century. She planned to become an engineer, but soon headed the laboratory at the Institute of Biology. In 1987 he moved to Togliatti. It is the creator of the method for analyzing the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Created his own ecology system large regions For analytics purposes.

Yuri Ilyin

The future scientist was born in the winter of 1941 in Asbest. Famous molecular biologist. He was a specialist in molecular genetics and biology. In 1976 he conducted a study of mobile genes. It is extremely difficult to overestimate its value, as it greatly advanced the whole science forward. He studied mobile elements of eukaryot. It is the creator of the theory on the role of mobile genes in carcinogenesis, evolution and mutagenesis.

Zinaida Donets.

Other names

It is worth noting that Russian scientists-biologists and their discoveries are not always evaluated. There are many researchers who know only those who also associated their lives with this science. For example, it is worth mentioning the name of Nikolai Koltsov - a Russian biologist, which is considered the founder of experimental biology. He first created a hypothesis about molecular structure chromosome and their matrix reproduction. The discovery was made in 1928. Thus, this outstanding scientist anticipated all the basic provisions of modern biology and genetics.

It is impossible not to mark the Russian natural scientist Timiryazev. He was born in 1843. It is an opener of the patterns of photosynthesis. He opened and substantiated the process of the influence of light on the formation of organic substances in plants layers.

Sergey Chetverikov is a talented Soviet geneticist, which is rightfully considered one of the founders of population and evolutionary genetics. This is one of the first researchers who found the relationship between the patterns of selection of individuals in the population and speed of dynamics in evolutionary processes.

Alexander Tikhomirov is a Russian scientist who opened an artificial parthenogenesis. But this phenomenon is considered the most important section of the teachings about individual Development living creature. Made a great contribution to the development of silverhood in our country.

So we reviewed the information briefly about Russian biologists and discoveries. However, I would also like to mention a few names that very few people know about.

It is worth mentioning Ivan Gmelin - a participant in the Great Northern Expedition and Naturalist. The scientist is an academic researcher of Siberia, Ethnographer and Botany. Described more than 500 species of Siberia plants. There was more than 34,000 km. Posted by a surround work on the flora of the region.

Nikolay Turchaninov is the first scientist who described the fauna of Transbaikalia and Baikalia. Collected a huge private herbarium. I described only more than 2000 species of plants from around the world. It is the most significant researcher asian flora.

It is also worth mentioning the name of Andrei Faminzina, who is a dedicator of the semiotic nature of lichens. Also opened the algae symbiosis and radilation. Globally investigated artificial lighting for plants.

On this and completed the consideration of the biographies of Russian biologists and their discoveries (briefly). We mentioned all the most significant names, without which it is simply impossible to submit Russian biology. However, despite this, there are many other scientists, the contribution to the development of this science is simply invaluable. Russian scientists - biologists worthy of attention, because they literally created basic principles modern science And actually laid the first bases.

To know these names should every person, if only because biology is a science of life itself. Summing up the article, I would like to once again express respect for Russian biologists, thanks to which we have the opportunity to study a holistic complex science. Remember that these names can be proud of these names. Of course, the contribution of scientists from around the world is important, but we need to know and respect their own heroes.