Nikolai Drozdov - Soviet and Russian zoologist, professor, TV host. Russian zoologists

Gardening 25.09.2019

Gardening

Aristotle
(384-322 BC). Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist. Plato's student. Educator Alexander Macedonsky. Founded at 335 BC. e. Liqukey (Lyceum). He lived mainly in Athens. Creator of formal logic and zoology.
Described 520 species of animals and created the first classification: 1. Animals with blood - these are mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, cetacean, fish; 2. Animals without blood - cephalopod, crustaceans, igblerine and shellfish, insects.
Main works: "Animal History", "Animal Appearance", "On the Parts of Animals".

Karl Linny
(1707-1778) Swedish doctor, naturalist, academician, author of the classification of plant and animal world. Born in the family of the priest. In 1729, I got acquainted with W. Celsius, who played an important role in the formation of Linneia as Botany. He worked as a doctor, a teacher, chairman of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Professor at the University of Uppsa. In 1750 he became a rector of the university. In 1761 he received the status of nobleman.
The main work "System of Nature". Animals he divided into 6 classes: mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects and worms.

Louis Buffon
(1707-1788) Born in the family of a parliament adviser in Dijon. Got a good education. Traveled a lot. At the end of the life was dedicated to the columns. Engaged in mineralogy, geology, botany and zoology.
In the work of the "Theory of Earth" (1749) put forward the hypothesis of the formation of the globe as a fragment torn off from the Sun.
In the "Natural History of Animals" (36 volumes, 1749 - 1983) considered mammals, birds and most of the fish. In it, he described many species of animals and put forward the situation on the unity of the plant and animal world. Expressed progressive ideas about the variability of species under the influence of environmental conditions (climate, nutrition, etc.).

Georges Cuwier
(1769-1832) French zoologist, reformer comparative anatomy, paleontology and animal systematics, foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1802). Born in the family of an officer. Introduced the concept of type in zoology. Established the principle of "correlation of organs", on the basis of which the structure of extinct animals reconstructed. Did not recognize the variability of species. Put forward the theory of disaster.
After graduating from the university, he worked as a home teacher, he taught in Sorbonne, was elected a member of the French Academy, Pyr France.
Animals allocated 4 types of structure: vertebrate, segic, soft and radiant. The main work is the "kingdom of animals" (3 volumes), where the anatomical structure of animals was described in detail.

Henri Blenville (1777-1850) French Zoologist and Anatas, Foreign Corresponding Member of St. Petersburg Academy (1840). Professor of Anatomy and Zoology of the University of Paris (1812), Professor of the Museum of Natural History (1830), Premier J. Kuvier at the Department of Comparative Anatomy (1832).
The main works on the systematics of animals. Suggested the term "type". Finally separated the group of amphibians from the reptiles, divided mammals on poultryty-based (single-pass), two-util (sample) and single-rod (placental).

Etienne Joffroi Saint-Ilher
(1772-1844) French zoologist, evolutionist, one of the predecessors Ch. Darwin. Developed the doctrine of the unity of the plan for the structure of all animals, which explained the community of their origin; Approved slowness and gradual continuity of changes in nature. Investigated the systematics of mammals. He marked the beginning of experimental teratology (the study of deformities and anomalies of development) and the teachings on the acclimatization of animals.

Jean Batist Lamark
(1744-1828) French naturalist, the creator of the first integral theory of evolution. The founder of zoopsychology. Introduced the term "biology". The founder of the paleontology of invertebrates. Divided the kingdom of animals on vertebrates and invertebrates. Take a self-raising. It believed that the animal kingdom developed from two source points: worms and infusories.
Born in the impoverished noble family. During the seven-year war, he served in the army. Before the revolution, he worked as the keeper of herbarium in the Royal Garden, after - headed the Zoological Department.
Main works: Flora France (3 volumes, 1778), "Invertebrates system" (1801), "zoology philosophy" (1809), "Natural history of invertebrates" (7 volumes, 1815-1822).
In 1818 Lamarck Olep. He died in poverty.

Scientists who studied animals in Russia

Karl Maksimovich Baer (1792-1876) naturalist, founder of embryology, one of the founders of the Russian geographical society, academician of St. Petersburg An. Born in Estlandia. He worked in Austria and Germany (1829-30) and from 1834 - in Russia. Opened an egg in mammals, described the staging of Blastuly; He studied embryogenesis of chicken. Established the similarity of the embryos of higher and lower animals.
Had noble origin. He studied medicine. Then he got carried away by science, began to teach.
He explored a new land, the Caspian Sea.
The main work: "animal development history" (1828).

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
(1845 – 1916)
Russian and french biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist). One of the founders of the evolutionary embryology, the phagocytosis discoverer, the creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation, the phagocytic theory of immunity, the founder of scientific geontology.
Parents - landowners of the Kharkiv province. He graduated from Kharkov University (1864), specialized in Germany and Italy. He defended Master's (1867) and Doctoral (1868) dissertations at the University of St. Petersburg. Professor of the University in Odessa (1870-1882). In 1887 he moved to Paris. Honorary member of the St. Petersburg An (1902). Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine (1908).

Konstantin Ivanovich Scriabin (1878-1972) Russian biologist, founder of gelminthology, academician, hero of socialist labor, Laureate of Lenin and Stalinist premiums.
Worked as a veterinarian in Central Asia, then in St. Petersburg, Novocherkassk, Moscow.
Field of research - morphology, biology, phylogens, systematics, ecology, epizootology and epidemiology of helminthoses.
He led more than 300 expeditions. Developed a complex of wellness activities in medicine and veterinary medicine.

Lev Alexandrovich Zenkevich
(1889 – 1970)
Outstanding Russian oceanologist, zoologist and hydrobiologist, creator of domestic biological oceanology, a valid member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Laureate of the State Prize, Honorary Member Geographical society.
Born in the city of Tsareva Astrakhan province in the family of a veterinary doctor. He graduated from Orenburg classical gymnasium, Moscow State University. Since 1948, Head of the Benthos Laboratory of the Institute of Oceanology. From 1930 to 1970 He headed the Department of Zoology invertebrates MSU. Awarded by many orders and medals.
The author of many works on oceanology.

Mercury Sergeevich Gilyarov
(1912-1985) Russian zoologist, creator of soil zoology, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1974). The main works on the evolution of arthropods, zoological methods for diagnosing soils, the role of invertebrates in the soil formation, laws natural selection.
The winner of the three state bonuses of the USSR, was awarded several orders and medals.

Ivanov Artemia Vasilyevich
(1906-1992) Russian zoologist, academician RAS (1991; Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1981). The main works on the morphology, embryology and evolution of invertebrates (mollusks, worms, etc.). Discovered and explored a new type of animal - pursuit, installed new Class Flat worms - addelld. Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1961).

Nikolai Nikolayevich Madilgers (1892 - 1962) Russian zoologist, popularizer of science, entomologist, the world's largest specialist in systematics and faunistics of Zhukov-Usach, Professor.
He worked at the MSU Zoological Museum. Posted several scientific and popular books.
The most significant work is the compilation of several volumes of the "Faunas of the USSR".

Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov
(1711 - 1755) Russian botanist, ethnographer, geographer, zoologist, traveler, researcher Siberia and Kamchatka.
Born in Moscow in the poor family of a soldier. However, it was possible to get a good education. He became the first Russian professor of natural history and nerds of the Academy of Sciences (1750). Rector of the University of the Academy of Sciences and Inspector of Academic Gymnasium (1750).
For several years spent on expeditions in Siberia and Kamchatka. The book "Description of the Earth Kamchatka" came out after his death.

Georg Wilhelm Steller
1709 – 1746
German naturalist, natural history and botany adjunct. He worked under the contract at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Doctor, geologist and naturalist of the second Kamchatka expedition of V. Bering (1737-1742). The first European investigator of the Nature of Kamchatka and the North-West part of America.
It is considered the first white man who pulled on the land of Alaska.

Johann Georg Gmelin
(1709 – 1755)
German natural scientist in Russian service, doctor, botanist, ethnographer, traveler, researcher Siberia and Urals, chemistry adjunct and natural history of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Professor, a valid member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Naturalist of the academic detachment of the I academic expedition (1733-1743) - the second Kamchatka expedition.
According to the results of studies in Siberia, the books "Flora Siberia" (1747-1769) were published in 4 volumes in Russian, which describes 1178 species of growing plants in Siberia, and "Journey through Siberia" in 4 volumes in German.
Academician and honorary member of the Stockholm Academy of Sciences.

Ivan Ivanovich Lepёhin
(1740 –1802)
Russian traveler, naturalist and lexicographer. Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1771).
He studied at the academic gymnasium, then studied medicine at Strasbourg University (graduated from 1767 with a degree of doctor of medicine). Returning to Petersburg was determined by adjunct, and from 1771 academician on natural sciences.
He participated in many scientific expeditions in the Urals, Volga, Western Siberia, in the Russian North, Western Russian provinces of Russia, etc.

Peter Simon Pallas.
(1741-1811) German and Russian scientist encyclopedist, naturalist, geographer and traveler. He became famous for scientific expeditions through the territory of Russia in the second half of the XVIII century, a significant contribution to the world and russian science - biology, geography, geology, philology and ethnography.
Born in Berlin in the doctor's family. He studied at the universities Galle, Gotting, Leiden University. In 1767, he arrived in Russia to work as an adjunct of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He led the expedition to the Volga region, to the Urals, Western Siberia, Altai, Baikal and Transbaikalia and other regions. A unique material on zoology, botanic, paleontology, geology was assembled physical geography, economics, history, ethnography, culture and everybody of the peoples of Russia.
Pallas discovered and described many new animal species (425 species of birds, 240 species of fish, 151 species of mammals, 21 types of helminths, etc.)

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky
(1839 - 1888) Russian traveler and naturalist. Made several expeditions in Central Asia. In 1878 he was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences. Major General.
Born in the Smolensk region in the family of the retired lieutenant. After graduating from the gymnasium went to military service.
Making several expeditions on the Ussuri Territory and Central Asia. They were opened new types of animals: wild camel, Przhevalsky horse, Tibetan bear, etc., also collected huge zoological and botanical collections.
In 1888, during the expedition, the abdominal typhoid was infected and died.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Knipovich
(1862 –1939)
Russian zoologist, Corresponding Member (1927) and Honorary Member (1935) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He studied at St. Petersburg University. He studied fauna and physical geography of the seas. He led an expedition to the Murmansk Coast.

Website:

Essay on zoology on the topic:

"Outstanding scientists"

novosibirsk city

1. Kraschinnikov Stepan Petrovich (1713-1755)

2. Pallas Peter Simon (1741-1811)

3. Steering wheel Karl (1814-1858)

4. Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888)

5. Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich (1840-1901)

6. Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich (1842-1883)

7. Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich (1855-1935)

8. Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich (1866-1936)

9. Sushkin Petr Petrovich (1868-1928)

10. Ognev Sergey Ivanovich (1886-1951)

11. Zenkevich Lev Alexandrovich (1889-1970)

12. Silver Alexander Sergeevich (1892-1933)

13. Heptner Vladimir Georgievich (1901-1975)

Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich

Kraschiennikov Stepan Petrovich (10/18/1713-12.02.1755) - the first Russian academician-geographer, a participant in the second Kamchatka expedition, researcher of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Born in Moscow in the family of a soldier. In 1724-1732 he studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy (Moscow), then in the class of philosophy of the Academy of Sciences and Arts (St. Petersburg). In 1733, he was credited as a "student's student" in the academic detachment of the second Kamchatka expedition and went to the Okhotsk. Here he conducted hydrometeorological studies, he was engaged in ichthyology, amounted to the dictionary "Lamut Language". On October 4, 1737, the Fortuna ship was released from Okhotsk to Kamchatka, where he was engaged in research for 4 years, having committed many expeditions by peninsula. For four years, he crossed the peninsula in different directions: went on foot, went to the narts, melted along the rivers, climbed the mountains. He conducted comprehensive research as a geologist and geographer, like a botanist and a zoologist, as a historian and ethnographer, meteorologist and linguist. Crashinnikov conducted a comprehensive study of the Kamchatka in the field of natural sciences (geography, geology, seismology, volcanology), the first of the Russians studied Tsunami, produced meteorials, made a lot of attention to the ethnography of local peoples (Itelmen, Koryaki, Aina) was the vanity of Aboriginal, collected folklore inhabitants of Kamchatka . In Nizhne-Kamchatsk, Verkhne-Kamchatsk, Bolshetsek, the archives and questions of the locals restored the history of the region. He studied the flora and fauna of Kamchatka, and the ichthyology of rivers and surrounding sea waters. In February 1743, with the young wife of Stepanida Tsibulskaya (from Yakutsk) returned to St. Petersburg. From 1748 he was a rector of academic university and gymnasium with him. Based on the assembled material, the books "Description of the Kamchatka people", "On the conquest of Kamchatka Earth" (1751), the capital labor "Description of the Earth Kamchatka" (1756) with the appendix of two cards. It was the first solid work about Kamchatka. In 1745, Krasheninnikov was elected an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1750 he was appointed Professor (academician) of natural history and botany. In 1751, he finished his book "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", but the author could not see her printed. On February 25, 1755, Kraschiennikova did not become, and his book was published in 1756.

His work was the first in the Russian and world scientific literature on the study of Kamchatka dedicated to its geography, natural history, the description of the life and languages \u200b\u200bof local peoples. "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", which does not lose its scientific value for more than 200 years, is a sample of a complex country-friendly description of the low-investment territory, a sample of the Russian literary language of that time. Died S.P. Krasheninnikov in St. Petersburg. In 1989, his name was assigned to the Kamchatka Regional Library. The name of Kraschinnikov called 10 geographical objects, including in Kamchatka - Peninsula, Bay, Mountain, Island; On the island Karaginsky - Cape, on the island of Paramushir - the bay, Cape, near him - the underwater valley; On the new land - Peninsula and Cape, in Antarctica - Mountain.

Pallas Peter Simon

In 1767, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences chose Pallas by his actual member. Despite its incomplete 27 years, Pallas already had the glory of a brilliant biologist, launching new paths in the systematics of animals. He gave a new homeland for more than 40 years of his scientific life.

The first big deal Pallas was an expedition to East Russia and Siberia. From 1768-1774 Scientist examined central RussiaThe areas of the Lower Volga region, the Caspian lowland, the Middle and South Urals, crossed Siberia, visited Baikal, in Transbaikalia, in Altai.

Pallas hardly tolerated travel. Several times he sick with dysentery, suffered from chronic colitis, rheumatism, his eyes were constantly inflamed. In St. Petersburg, 33 years old scientist returned completely exhausted and gray.

Thanks to Pallas, Zoology has been enriched with new techniques of research related to ecology and ethology.

In six expeditionary years, a unique material on zoology, botany, paleontology, geology, physical geography, economics, history, ethnography, culture and the life of the peoples of Russia is assembled.

Peter Simon ordered the structure of the structure Ural MountainsIn 1777, first made a topographic scheme of Siberia. Collected material The scientist outlined the animal and plant world of these territories of these territories in the work of "Travels in different provinces of the Russian Empire".

Pallas described more than 250 species of animals inhabited in Russia, additionally, informing the distribution, seasonal and geographical variability, migrations, nutrition, behavior of the animals described by him. Pallas often expressed ideas about the physico-geographical factors of their settlement, so it can be considered one of the founders of zoogeography.

In the 1780s, it works hard on the preparation of the general arch of the plants of Russia. Due to lack of funds, it was possible to publish only two releases of this extensive work "Flora of Russia", 1784 and 1788, containing a description of about 300 species of plants and amazing illustrations.

At the same time, Pallas publishes articles on geography, paleontology, ethnography, two thousand labor on the history of the Mongolian people is published. On behalf of Catherine II Pallas issued a comparative dictionary of all languages \u200b\u200band the shortcomings of Russia.

In 1793-1794, Pallas took his second large trip, this time in the southern provisions of Russia. He explored the Crimea. The collections collected during this journey were based on the collections of academic kunstkamera, and part of them came to the University of Berlin.

The work of Pallas provides detailed information about the climate, rivers, soils, flora and the fauna of the Crimean Peninsula, contains descriptions of many historical sites (Mangup, Ay - Todor, Ayu - Dag, Sudak, etc.). The scientist was the initiator of the bookmarks of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and gardens in the Sudak and solar valleys, founded the Salagarka Park in Simferopol. In honor of the geographer, one of the species of the Crimean pine received the name of Pallas pine.

In 1797, the work of Pallas "List of wild plants of Crimea was published. The author first described the vegetation cover of the Crimean Peninsula for the first time, compiled an exhaustive list of 969 species for that time.

The scientist was the initiator of the bookmarks of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and gardens in the Sudak and solar valleys, founded the Salagarka Park in Simferopol. In honor of the geographer, one of the species of the Crimean pine received the name of Pallas pine.

Rule Karl

Rule Karl (1814-1858) - Russian Zoologist and Doctor of Medicine - Born 8 (20) of April 1814 in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire.

In 1829, the steering wheel entered the Moscow branch of the Medical and Surgery Academy, which on August 18, 1833 he graduated from a silver medal and received the title of Lekary. On August 6, 1836, he was approved by a tutor (assistant) under G. I. Fishera von Waldheim. With Fisher, the steering wheel worked one year. In September 1837, Fisher was resigned, and the Department of Natural History went to Professor I.O. Shikhovsky, and the steering wheel was appointed Adjunct by Professor. By this time, he already received a doctor of medicine. She was assigned to him for the dissertation dedicated to bleeding in general and hemorrhoidal in particular.

On March 5, 1838, the Council of the Academy instructed the steering wheel independent reading of the course of zoology and mineralogy. At the same time, he was entrusted with the Zoological and Mineralogical Cabinets of the Academy, the exhibits of which the steering wheel was widely used to demonstrate on their lectures. Even before that - on July 13, 1837, the steering wheel was appointed Guardian of the Museum of Natural History of Moscow University. On November 18, 1837, he was elected a valid member of the Moscow Society of Tests of Nature. September 20, 1838 The Rule was elected the second secretary of this society. July 13, 1840 due to the movement of I.O. Shikhovsky in St. Petersburg The steering wheel was elected first secretary of the Moscow Society of Nature Tests and stayed to them until 1851.

At the same time, the steering wheel began great work on the study of the history of zoology in Russia. The work of the steering wheel did not see the light, but by treating a huge actual zoological material, the steering wheel was able to quickly understand the main directions of modern zoological science and understand the prospects for its development.

On February 28, 1840, the Moscow University's Council invited the steering wheel to take the liberated after the death of Professor A. L. Tsettsky Department of Zoology. In 1842 he was elected extraordinary, and in 1850 an ordinary professor.

Sergey Fokin

"Do not miss such wealth"

(from the book "Russian Sicily", 2nd ed. / Ed. M. G. Talalaya. M.: Old Basmannaya, 2013. P. 225-244)

Sicily, one of the pearls of the Italian Mediterranean, has long been attracted travelers, among which, in addition to just tourists, there were a lot of "scientific tourists" - scientists. Naturally extending zoologists were especially commonly guests of the city of Messina, located in a semicircle along the bay, in view of the Calabrian shore and surrounded by low, but very picturesque mountains. The originality of winds, flows and the common hydrological features of this strait separating Sicily from Calabria has long created a unique opportunity to collect representatives of the seaside fauna, primarily pelagic invertebrates and lower chord, whose diversity is famous for the Mediterranean Sea. As our famous zoologist-embryologist A.O. wrote about it. Kovalevsky:

Do not lose such wealth as Messina. Of such an abundance of Coelenterat and transparent caviar of mollusks, like here, I will not find anywhere<…>. Tonight, the weather is great, and I count tomorrow on a rich catch.

One of the first peculiarities of the Messin coast was noticed in the second half of the XVIII century. The famous Italian naturalist and one of the first experimental biologists of L. Spallazenia, who studied there in 1788. Pelagic fauna. Since then, this place on the northeast coast of Sicily has become a long-faced native for naturalists interested in the life of sea, especially invertebrates, animals.

Here's how I remembered Messina one of the Russian zoologists S.S. Chakhhotin, who spent several years at the beginning of the XX century. And the miracle saved during the catastrophic messinical earthquake 1908:

Love for scientific research abandoned me in Messina - this distant, wonderful corner of the south of Europe. Everything is peculiar here, and tells you that you are far from modern life with her outer culture, with her sinking in the clouds of smoke and dust with cities, with a flooded electric light streets and lumbroble cars tram, with a luminous, running crowd.<…> No, everything froze here; Gondo stretches to dark blue sky on palm areas, sharp spines are cut on its background of cacti.<…> Slowly and stepwise steps pairly swapped in funny motley forms of order workers - Carabinier<…>. Somewhere near the Trattoria, the Charmana caught and sings a juicy, a sonorous voice of a dark girl fiery melodic south songs.

Among the "scientific tourists" in Sicily, the number of which has increased markedly over the XIX century, German zoologic scientists prevailed. First of all, I need to remember I. Muller, K. Fogt, E. Geckel, O. and R. Gertov and their students. How to joke the Italians - in the middle of the XIX century. Messina became Mecca for German professors. However, no special conditions - scientific stations, laboratories, equipment for field biological research in Messina, as in general on the coasts Mediterranean Sea Then did not exist. Scientists had to carry everything required tools And devices with themselves and, having settled in a hotel or a private apartment, to your fear and risk to go with fishermen to collect material. The animals collected into the sea or even purchased in the market were then studied in the place remained alive in various-caliber glass jars, and (or) were studied under a relatively primitive microscope. Basically, in a fixed form, the material was taken for a serious study sometimes for thousands of kilometers to universities in Germany, England, Russia.

The first of this tradition of "scientific tourism" tried to violate the student of the famous German professor-zoologist E. Gekkel, Privat-Associate Professor, and subsequently a professor Anton Dorn(1840-1909), who came to Sicily in the fall of 1868 from the University of Jena and organized a temporary marine laboratory in Messina. For this laboratory from Glasgow, a large aquarium with water circulation system was specifically delivered. Having experienced the difficulties of expeditionary work with a constant shortage of the necessary equipment, literature, with a stranger with local conditions, Dorn thought about the need for organizing permanent (stationary) research in nature. Then, in Messina, Dorn worked privately in one of the rooms of Palazzo Vitali and with his colleague in the University of Jen, a young Russian zoologist N.N. Mikulukho-Maklai they actively engaged in the study of biology and morphology of marine inhabitants.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay (1846-1888) - Then only a novice zoologist (he was 6 years younger than Dorn) was interested in, above all, the fauna of the sea sponges and the morphology of the brain of primitive fish. Dorn at this time developed questions life cycle Some crustaceans. All these studies demanded long observations of living objects, both in nature and in the laboratory and established in the Palazzo aquarium turned out to be very powerful. Understanding the benefits of working in a equipped laboratory, friends began to discuss the possibility of organizing a permanent biological station to study the life of the inhabitants of the sea. The meeting of Dorn and Miklukho-Maclay in Messina had for the first and other consequence, since Miklukho-Maclay introduced Dorn to the Russian-Polish family of Egor Ivanovich Baranovsky. According to some sources, Baranovsky, together with his mother brother Andrey, represented in Sicily a Russian shipping company. On the daughter of Egor Ivanovich, Maria Baranovskaya (1856-1918) six years later, Anton married. It was subsequently spent the strong links of the Dorn family with Russia.

Friends have taken, like most travelers who visited Sicily, climbing Etna's volcano - the highest volcano of Europe. This excursion, committed at the beginning of January 1869, almost ended for Dorn tragically. Already in the top plateau, Anton slipped and rolled down on a rocky glaced slope of several tens of meters, having received, fortunately, only numerous bruises and abrasions. Miklukho-Maclay, who studied in Jena at the medical faculty, was able to inspect the comrades and help him go down. Treatment took several weeks, during which Nikolai continued to work alone. In Messina, it was completed by work dedicated to the structure of the brain of cartilage fish chimeras. March 12, 1869 N.N. Miklukho-Maclay left Messina. There was no longer destined to return to him, but he consisted in a constant correspondence with Dorn and was aware of the implementation in Naples of their common dream of a permanent marine zoological station.

Among the major Russian scientists who worked in Messina should, first of all, remember A.O. Kovalevsky, I.I. Mechnikova, N.N. Miklukho-Maclay and N.P. Wagner, although, of course, domestic biologists who worked in Sicily was much more. Further, in the last quarter of the XIX century, the number of Russian zoologists who arrived at Sicily in Sicily, as it became possible to work on an organized A. Dorny Neapolitan zoological station and in other Mediterranean (Russian and French) biological hospitals - Villefranche-sur-Mer, Marseille , Baewles. Quite isolated in this row worth the life history of biologist S.S. Chakhhotin, graduate of Heidelberg University, Germany (1907) and an assistant at the Institute of Pharmacology in Messina in 1907-1908.

It so happened that most Russian zoologists began to attend Messina in order to study marine organisms at the end of the 1860s. This was certain prerequisites. The development of zoological science, and biology in general in the second half of the XIX century. In many respects, it was determined published in 1859 by the famous labor of Ch. Darwin "The origin of species". After the exit in England, this book appeared first in the German translation of Bronno (1860), in 1864 it was translated into Russian S.A. Rachinsky, withstanding three editions in Russia in Russia. For several further decades, biologists of the whole world were partly engaged in verification and confirmation of Darwinian evolutionary ideas. For this, the study of the organization, development and phylogenetic links of the lower groups of marine invertebrates turned out to be the most promising. Thus, evolutionary studies based on the comparative anatomical and embryology study of a variety of inhabitants of the sea amounted to a significant part of the "zoological results" of the XIX century.

The total efforts of numerous domestic biologists, the Russian Zoological School took one of the leading seats in the global scientific community during the period under review. Such an approval is especially true for the evolutionary comparative embryography of invertebrates, the foundations of which in 1865-1885. were laid by classics of domestic natural science A.O. Kovalevsky and I.I. Meschnikov primarily as a result of their many years of work on the Mediterranean Sea.

Starting in 1864 in Italy, its embryology studies from work on the development of the lancing agent, Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky(1840-1901) consistently made a number of remarkable discoveries on the development of almost all groups of invertebrates and animals unclear (to Kovalevsky) systematic situation. Corals, jellyfish, comb, ringed worms, igblerike, plechenogues, insects, finally, ascidates - the study of representatives of all these and some other groups, conducted by scientists in most of the Mediterranean, (including Messina!) Dented by Alexander Onufrievich invaluable comparative-embryological material. Kovalevsky's work with extraordinary clarity showed the presence of a number of common features in the development of all animals. His studies met for the celebration of the evolutionary teaching of Darwin more than the largest ideas of other defenders of Darwinism.

During this period of heyday of embryology in Russia, Kovalevsky was by no means alone. First of all, you should point to a friend, and partly on the scientific opponent Alexander Onufrievich - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikova (1845-1916). His work on the development of insects, Ichalkin, the intestines, also made in the majority in Italy, complemented the discoveries of Kovalevsky. Development of sponges, jellyfish, siphonophore, analysis of the structure of the lower cereal worms - the area of \u200b\u200bthe unconditional scientific priority of Ilya Ilyich. His "parenchymal" theory of origin of multicellular animals, created in opposition to the Geekkelev "Gastreye", is now recognized by many scientists, and the developed scientist based on experiments made in Messina, the phagocytic inflammatory theory brought the author of the Nobel Prize of 1908 on immunology.

For the first time, the swords came to Messina in April 1868, when Covalevsky worked there for about a month, for which this place was familiar from 1866 in his memoirs Ilya Ilyich described his appearance in Sicily:

For the first time I took me there my unforgettable comrade and friend A.O. Kovalevsky, who went there in the spring of 1868. In his letters, he so enthusiastically described me the wealth of the Messinskaya Sea Fauna and so hard to call me to himself that I would not think that I would not think that I left Naples and swam in Messina<…>. In general, the city of Messina did not imagine anything outstanding in beauty, but it was extremely picturesque of its surroundings. It was worth climbing some height to see a wonderful view of the sea and to Kalabria, or to walk, or drive along the seashore, towards the village of Faro to enjoy the wondrous nature.

It was the time of the struggle for the union of Italy, led by J. Garibaldi and even in the distance from the metropolis of Messina social activity was very noticeable. Kovalevsky, who appeared in Messina in March, wrote a common with a swamp familiar, Professor Zoologist from Kazan Nikolay Petrovich Vagneru (1829-1907) :

I live in Hotel Di Milano, No. 6 (Strada Garibaldi). Will - Neils I see all the processes and manifestations of liberal messiters or messinians in favor of Garibaldi and Mazzini, and yesterday and the third day had to watch all the torments of Christ, since all this was presented in the faces and traveled by my windows<…>. The inconvenience of messina is that there is no Giovanni and the like and you need to catch yourself<…>. As for the fish market, he is not rich.

Nevertheless, Kovalevsky successfully examined in Messina, the development of sifoforphor, jellyfish and shells. Near him and swords:

I worked hard on the development of lower animals in the hope of finding the key to understanding the genealogy of organisms. After a day spent behind the microscope, I and Covalevsky exchanged the produced results, argued and checked each other. But reinforced microcopying in Messina with her bright sun upset my vision. I had to break away from classes for several hours in a row<…>. Despite the obstacles, I managed to get some interesting results (especially on the history of Iglinodi); But nevertheless, the eyes of the eyes have forced me to leave Messina and return to Naples again.

In April, a wife came to Kovalevsky to Messina with a newborn daughter Olga, who was baptized by a local Greek priest. The godfather of the child became swords:

I kept a child as great Father. Kovalevsky was particularly concerned about how the remains of wax candles used during the ceremony were not lost, and would serve as a material for filling the drugs, which at that time were to mix the wax and olive oil.

In the consequence of swords worked in Messina 2 more times. In 1880, it was a short enough visit. The scientist in his memoirs wrote:

For the first two weeks of May, I was held in Messina, where I went with a special purpose to explore the formation of Maurotin Gastruly and where, in addition, I managed to find the above-mentioned ortonctide.

The next, the last visit of Mechnikov in Messina (1882-83), turned out to be a landmark in his scientific destiny. Ilya Ilyich recalled:

This time we settled not in the Messina itself, but in its surroundings, in the town of Ringo, on the very seashore<…>. In the wonderful atmosphere of the Messinsky Strait, resting from the university stroke, I was given to work with passion.

Meschnikov was found that in lower animals with intestinal digestion, there are wandering cells that preserve the ability to intracellular digestion. Partly studying these cells he took up. The idea of \u200b\u200bMechnikov was that, apparently, such cells in the body can absorb not only food particles, but also alien bodies. These cells called Phagocytes (devouring cells). In the future, Ilya Ilyich developed the idea of \u200b\u200bit in a detailed phagocytic theory, explaining many phenomena of inflammation and immunity of organisms to infectious diseases. The scientist wrote:

It occurred to me that such cells should serve in the body to counter harmful figures<…>. I told myself that if my assumption is true, then the zanoza, inserted into the body of the larva, the marine star should be surrounded by moving cells in a short time, just as it is observed in a person who has erected his finger<…>. I threw several pink spikes and immediately inserted them under the skin of the magnificent, transparent like water, larvae star<…>. And the other morning with joy stated the success of the experiment. This last and amounted to the basis of the "theory of phagocytes", the development of which was devoted to the next 25 years of my life<…>. Thus, in Messina, a fracture in my scientific life was accomplished. Before that zoologist, I immediately became a pathologist.

Fracture associated with Messina, occurred in life Sergey Stepanovich Chakhhotin (1883-1993) - Biophysics scientist and experimental cellular biologist, like many of the Russians mentioned above, conducted part of life in the Mediterranean Sea. The biography of this scientist was closely related to the history of Messina and requires a more detailed consideration.

A student of the Medical Faculty of Moscow University Chakhhotin was arrested for participating in the riots in 1902 and after imprisonment in "Butyrov" was sent "to his homeland." Since according to the passport of Motherland at S.S. Chakhhotin was a member of Constantinople, he was forced to leave abroad and decided to continue his studies in Germany.

Sergei Stepanovich studied 3 semesters at the medical faculty at the University of Munich, 2 semesters at the University of Berlin and 5 semesters on the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Heidelberg University. Among his main biology teachers in Germany - Professor Brothers O. and R. Geidelburg and O. Burechley, in the Heidelberg Zoological Institute of which Chakhhotin specialized from 1904. During the training of Sergey Stepanovich twice worked on the Sea Austrian Zoological Station in Trieste (4 months ), three times - in the Russian zoological station in Villafranke (10 months) and half a year in the Pharmacological Institute in Messina. In 1907 in Heidelberg University S.S. Chakhhotin defended his thesis for the doctor's degree of Philosophy "Die Statocyste Der Heteropoden" (Structure and physiology of equilibrium organs in mollusks) with the highest rating - Summa Cum Laude. In 1912, this work was awarded the Small Barho Prize of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. The first published article of a young scientist - "On bioelectric currents in invertebrates" was written on the materials of the studies of Chakhtyin, made in Messina (1907). After that, he received a place of assistant at the local institution of pharmacology.

Chakhotin so recalled his impressions from collecting animals in Messina Bay:

So I went out into the laughing port flooded by the sun, hired a boat, and drove on his middle of the sea as a mirror. Although outside, in the Strait, there are powerful currents between Scylla and Charibda, the thunderstorm of fishermen, however, in the port, closed on all sides, except for a small northern entrance, absolute smooth<…>. Here and jellyfish with bizarre tentacles, and amazing, transparent as a crystal, siphonophores, and hitting their fins, exactly wings, so-called marine butterflies, and countless chains of small boobies, salp, and fat, transparent kylene clams<…>. My life between science and family proceed peacefully: I lived in Messina with my wife and a two-year-old child. All day is absorbed by work in the laboratory, among new and new experiences, new and new thoughts.

It would seem that the prospect of a successful scientific career in Italy opened before the young scientist. But at the end of December 1908, the well-promising started studies of Sergey Stepanovich in the field of electrophysiologists were interrupted by the famous Messinsky earthquake, when Chakhhotin was filled with a bold house and, spending 12 hours under the rubble, miraculously remained alive.

After recovery, on the presentation of the Imperial Academy of Sciences for three months, the scientist worked at the Neapolitan zoological station. In Naples, he tried to restore the materials collected by him in Messin on the electorophysiology of the muscles of the invertebrates and the phenomenon of glow of marine animals, but lost under the ruins of the Messin laboratory. It was not quite successful for him and, returning to Russia in 1909, Chakhotin began prepared for the Master's exams, which he had to pass at St. Petersburg University. However, the ideas of developing new methods for the study of the living cell, which Sergey Stepanovich appeared in Messina, did not give him peace and forced him to return abroad. In 1910-1912 He worked again in Heidelberg in prof. Bureck and at the Institute of Experimental Research of Cancer in prof. Flowers, and later at the Pharmaceutical Institute of the University of Genoa.

It was about microfractions on a living cage, for what already in 1910 in Heidelberg charotin, the first micromanipulator was constructed. Next, he occurred to replace the mechanical tool for the ultraviolet ray (UV). The first sample of the device for UV microhukol of living facilities was designed by the Institute of Experimental Research of Cancer in Heidelberg, and was assembled and tested on the basis of the Pharmacological Institute in Genoa (1912), where Chakhothina sheltered A. Benediči, his former professor in Messina. After two years of persistent experimental work, operations on the eggs of the sea hedgehog were convincingly shown - the UV beam can serve as the finest and selective tool for influencing live cage.

Hopefully, to continue his research in Russia, Chakhhotin appeared in St. Petersburg, and after the conversation with Academician I.P. Pavlov, who was very interested in his invention, was invited to become a laboratory assistant (assistant) in his academic laboratory of physiology. There, Sergey Stepanovich created a material base for a new branch - experimental cell physiology and continued working with UV microfol.

From science, like many, Chakhhotin tearned the First World War for a long time, and then, as once in Messina, life in Russia fell on one day - October 25, 1917. Among the hundreds of scientists who left Russia after this collapse of 1917 , was S.S. Chakhotin. The fate of this, then the young one more man turned out to be more than unusual. He left Russia in 1919 - for many 39 years and one of the few returned to the USSR after the start of Khrushchev thaw in 1958

A variety of hobbies and talents may be too numerous, led to the fact that charotin now recalls more than a person of amazing fate than as a major scientist, and a policy, one of the first domestic esperantists, an artist, a fighter for peace. As often happens, none of the faces of his rich nature turned out to be decisive, but still, first of all, Sergey Stepanovich was a scientist and scientist uncommon. Even at the beginning of the XX century. It was invented by the devices, widely used in experimental biological studies around the world - one of the first micromanipulators (1910) and the installation for local ultraviolet irradiation of the living cell structures (1912). Famous zoologist, President of the French Academy of Sciences, prof. M. Collery so characterized his Russian colleague in the late 1930s:

Mr. Chakhhotin worked for a long time in my institute, and I had the opportunity to estimate its inexhaustible activity and experimental ingenuity. He is rich in original ideas and is distinguished by the ability to embody them. Its method of radiation microhukol is highly acute and accurate. It allows you to approach many new experimental tasks.

Looking around 1965 from Moscow, prof. Chakhhotin with a tendency of any information peculiar to him:

So, I'm not academician, but just a professor, doctor biological Sciences And Doctor of Philosophy of Heidelberg University. My life was full of adventure and many experiences. Summarizing it in the form of the following scheme. For eighty years, I passed 5 stages, each of which (especially three last) covered the period at 10 years or a multiple dozen. 1. 1883 - 1893 (childhood); 2. 1893 - 1902 (studies); 3. First creative biological - search for a new scientific methodology of cyto-physiological works. Its result was the discovery of the microcoil cell micro-operating methods and the publication of the relevant work; 4. 1912 - 1932 (second creative, public). The search and opening of the principle of "psychological violence over the masses" and the fight against fascism and war - its result was the publication of my big book "Le Viol Des Foules Par La Propagande Politique" published in France Gallimar publisher and translated into English, Italian, Danish and German . Scientific work, too, of course, continued during this period; 5. 1933 - 1964 (the third creative is organizational). Works in the field of raising the productivity of scientific and mental labor at all. His completion is my last work - "cybenization" of my laboratory. Creating systems for algorithms for research laboratory. Of course, in this period, as in the first and in the second, scientific and public works went.

As not strange, political flair, inherent S.S. Chakhotin, to the old age he clearly changed. It seems that in the 1960s. He really believed in the "Communist Future" of Russia. Although attempts to publish their book about psychological violence on the masses and applications for departure from the country for treatment and scientific conferences (dedicated to his scientific invention!), Remaining unrealized, would have to open his eyes. European Chakhhotin turned out to be "locked" in his small Moscow apartment-laboratory.

Sergey Stepanovich managed to return to the places of his youth, as he bequeathed to bury himself on the island of Corsica, where he was in young years. The fulfillment of this desire of the Russian citizen of Europe took place only 32 years after death - his ashes was dispelled over the Mediterranean Sea, where Chakhhotin worked, he loved, was happy. Where in 1908 he was "born again" - in Messina!

Pelagic animals are the inhabitants of the thickness of sea water, where the prevailing forms are the larvae of many groups of invertebrates and lower chord - shells (ascdias, appendiculine, salp), as well as jellyfish, kenyphores and fish.

Excerpt from the letter to Mesnikov sent by Kovalevsky from Messina on March 21, 1868. Coelenterata is the type of intestinal - lower multicellular animals (letters of A.O. Kovalevsky to I.I. Mesnikov (1866-1900). M.-L.: Ed. Academy Sciences of the USSR, 1955. P. 43).

Chakhhotin S.S. Under the ruins of messines. The story is buried alive in the earthquake of 1908 / Ed. J. Yannello. Messina: Intilla Editore, 2008. C. 81.

On December 28 and 29, 2012, the staging of Chakhhotin's story took place in Messina, in the interpretation of the actor Dzhanni di Giacomo and translated to Ital. Giuseppe Janello (Curator - Association "Messina-Russia"). - Approx. ed.

Schmalhausen I.I. Anton Dorn and its role in the development of evolutionary morphology. In the book: Dorn A. The origin of the vertebral animals and the principle of changing the function. M.-L.: Oziz, 1937.

Miklukho-Maclay studied at St. Petersburg, Heidelberg, Leipzig and Jen's Universities (1864-1868), the student E. Geckel who worked as an assistant; Originally engaged in the systematics of sea sponges and the morphology of the brain of the lower fish (1867-1869). Since 1870, he switched to anthropo-ethnographic studies, spending 2 years on New Guinea, and then, studying the indigenous population of Philippines, Indonesia and Oceania; For a long time, lived in Australia (Sydney), where in 1884 married. In Russia, there were only departures (1883, 1886-1888). It is considered the largest domestic ethnographer, a pioneer of research of the indigenous population of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania.

At first, such a station was supposed to be organized in Messina. Then life made adjustments to the dreams of young zoologists. As you know, in 1873, Dorn founded the first zoological station at the Mediterranean Sea in Naples, and his comrade Miklukho-Maclay, who became the famous ethnographer, researcher of New Guinea and contributed to the emergence of the first Russian biological station in Sevastopol (1871), created himself in 1881 . The first marine biological station in the vicinity of Sydney, Australia. They worked together in Messina until spring 1869; cm. Fokin S.I. Russian scientists in Naples. Aleitea, St. Petersburg, 2006; Fokin. S.., Talalay. M.. Flora E Fauna Nelle Acque Caprese: Testimonianze Dei Zoologi Russi, Ospiti Della Stazione 'Anton Dohrn' [Flora and Fauna of Capriysk Waters: Certificates of Russian Zoologists, guests of Dorn Station] // Con Are Capri. № 8-9, 2010. P. 89-104; Tumarkin D. Miklukho Maclay. Two lives of white papuas. M.: Young Guard, 2012.

21.02.2012 | Scientific discoveries in zoology and biology. February 2012.

Zoologists discovered new types of the smallest reptiles

A group of German and American scientists discovered four new types of dwarf chameleons on the islands of the North of Madagascar. The discovers believe that these lizards can be the most small reptiles in the world.

Very young individuals of the Brookesia Micra species fit on the match head (photo Jorn Kohler).

According to Wired, all new species belong to the genus Brookesia. The length of the smallest of the newly new Brueksium, named B. Micra, together with the tail is 24 mm, and it became, it is the smallest chameleon on Earth. The individuals of three other species do not exceed a length of 29 mm.

Researchers say that representatives of new species appearance are very similar to each other, however, they have wonderful genetic differences, judging by which, we can say that millions of years could pass between the appearance of these chameleons on Earth.

Scientists note that all new lizards have a very small area (it is limited to several square kilometers), and for this reason, chameleons are under threat of extinction along with their tiny habitat.

Males (left) and females (right) of new species. A and B - B. TRISTIS. C and D - B. Confidens. E and F - B. MICRA. G and H - B. desperata (Frank Glaw photo).

So, B. Micra lives only on one island of Nosy Hara, and species B. desperata and B. Tristis rely on small forest arrays, which are officially considered reserves, but suffer from illegal deforestation, and it has recently increased significantly, partly due to with a political crisis in Madagascar. Zoologists deliberately gave species screaming about the help of the title: Desperata means desperate, and Tristis is sad. (In the name of the fourth species, B. confidens, there is no such call.)

Portrait of an adult male "Desperate View" B. desperata (Frank Glaw photo).

"The striking examples of miniaturization and microendemism" scientists described in an article published in free access by Plos One magazine.

Biologists have discovered drosophil and alcohol

If the potential victims of this wasp, the larvae of fruit fly, took on the chest, the aggressor will not only fail their plan, but also die in terrible flour.

According to LiveScience, American biologists from the University of Emory experimented with the Black Drosophila (Drosophila Melanogaster). The larvae of these flyers feed on fungi and bacteria with rotten fruits.

"Essentially, they live in surge," explains Schlenke (Todd A. Schlenke). - The amount of alcohol in their natural habitat may vary from 5 to 15 percent. Imagine that all your daily diet of food and drink consists of a 5 percent alcohol. We could not live like that, and the fruit flies acts good mechanism detoxification. "

However, some drosophiles can resist the aspen poison and the immune response to fight the OS eggs. Cells of blood of these flies emit chemicals kill for eggs.

"A continuous evolutionary battle is underway between the immune system of flies and poison of the wasa. Any new drossophil protection mechanism is usually distributed by natural selection, "comments Todd Schlenka, which assumed that such protection for D. Melanogaster can be alcohol.

To verify the theory, the researchers filled with yeast a cup of Petri. On one side of the saucer, scientists have noticed 6 percent alcohol, and on the other - no, after which they were released in the cups of Drozophila larvae and allowed them to move freely to any side.

After 24 hours, 80% of the larvae infected with the larvae were on the "alcohol side" of the saucer, whereas an unrelated bar like a bar was only 30%.

Meanwhile, those few OS, which bit on the "plenized" larvae, was waiting for terrible death. "In many cases, the internal bodies of the wasps dropped out of her anus," Schägken says. - The wasps were turned inside out. "

Zologi explained the appearance of strips from Zebras

Before creating your model for analysis, scientists carefully recalculated the width of black and white stripes at different parts of the body, using the skins three species Zebras (ADAM EGRI ET AL./ Journal of Experimental Biology).

Hungarian researchers offered a new version of the appointment of black and white bands that were still challez Darwin. The reasons for their appearance were unexpectedly associated with insects.

Adam Egri (EGRI) from Loorend Tudomanyegyeehem University (Etvos Lorand Tudomanyegyetem) and his colleagues believe that the alternation of black and white stripes protects ZEBR from bloodsowing insects.

Biologists from Budapest decided to revive and tweak the hypothesis, first expressed in the 1930s. Scientists argue that striped horses attract much more blindly than homogeneous black, brown, gray or white equivalents.

The point is in the features of insects. A decrease in the attractiveness of the striped surface occurs not so much due to the alternation of brightness, as due to polarization effects.

White and black stripes reflect the light with different polarization, explain scientists, and it confuses the blind way (the strips are confused in their heads, violate the operation of the orientation system in space).

For experimental testing hypothesis, biologists used oil trays, reports New Scientist. It was necessary for the capture of annoying flies. Researchers have hunted near Budapest on farms, where there are a lot of desired insects.

Black trays were covered with white patterns of various types - fastened and thin stripes were tested, ribbons running parallel and intersecting crosswise, and so on.

The authors note that along the horizontal polarization of the light, the blind way was learned to determine the water. After all, insects drink insects, pair, lay eggs. In the pictures, several options for test trays. From top to bottom - a color image, a polarization degree, polarization angle and the proportion of the surface determined to be kept as water, that is, attracting it attention (ADAM EGRI ET AL./ Journal of Experimental Biology).

The tests have shown that they are blinding less eagerly flying into thin stripes than in thick, and less fall into trays with parallel stripes than with intersecting.

Well, because diseases are transmitted through blinding bites, it is clear that striped creatures in Ancient Africa have statistically had more chances to grow and give offspring than options with different color. The authors of the work believe that the insect version can explain the stripes of the skin of the beasts and in some other cases, in addition to ZEBR.

Scientists reported on the results of research to Journal of Experimental Biology.

In this set of tests, the biologists gradually reduced the width of the strips and watched how many insects will fall into a tray (ADAM EGRI ET AL./ Journal of Experimental Biology).

Other known explanations of the strips, the reasons for their appearance and functions are numerous, but no one is finally approved.

One of them says that Zebra "came up with" such a painting for masking in high grass. (But it does not work well on open plains.) The second is that the bands are confused by major predators by creating optical illusions. Especially this melting confuses when several animals are moving nearby. (This is probable, but not indisputable reason.) The third version - strips are needed for social interactionAs an identification mark, especially important when courtcan. (Such an appointment is possible, but it does not follow from this that they appeared for this reason.) The fourth version is needed for thermoregulation. (And this hypothesis has not been proven.)

Voluntary castration has become a reply of spiders on the cannibalism of females

Spiders of Nephilengys Malabarensis came up with an unusual tactics of salvation from bloodthirsty females - to increase the chances of survival of their offspring and at the same time not to be eaten, they "lazy" their sexual authority after mating.

The results of the study of biologists from the National University of Singapore (National University of Singapore) sent even segments of scientists. They could not understand for a long time, why the males actually sterilize themselves.

However, it turned out that this way males "bring started to the end" and at the same time they manage to escape before Pouchikha decides that the partner will go for a snack.

Separated from the body of male, the sexual body, while in the body of female, continues to emit cum for a long time, they write biologists in the article in Biology Letters. It would be possible to stay and finish the process, but voluntary castration saves a spider life.

A long insemination of "afar" increases the chances of the male to continue the genus, since more of his sperm falls into the genital organs of the female individual, in addition, the tip covers the hole, not allowing other spiders to coincide with the same female.

It is curious that the females are also sometimes interrupted by the process of copulation, thickening the tip of the spider's genital organ, so they probably regulate the duration of the act of fertilization.

At this picture, the red square was allocated a broken tip of the gender organ, sticking out of the female body (photo D. Li et al., Biol. Lett., The Royal Society).

Scientists also do not exclude that the eunuch spiders acquire some advantage for themselves personally. Voluntary castration can make them aggressively and more promptly, which helps in the hunt and fighting other individuals.

Scientists: Dogs smarter than chimpanzees

The team of researchers from the Institute of Max Punk (Leipzig, Germany) conducted a study, the results of which surprised everyone - it turned out that the dogs in terms of intelligence exceed chimpanzees, although the latter are considered the most reasonable creatures after a person.

During the work, scientists offered animals, among whom were only dogs and chimpanzees, bring from the long part of the room in which they were, various subjects. All objects were similar pairs, such as a piece of hose and cut rope. For the correctly defined thing, the test animal was awarded food.

A person can perform such tasks already at the age of 14 months, so the test was qualified as a fairly easy. Nevertheless, none of the tested chimpanzees could cope with him as quickly as dogs made. In addition, the number of dogs that fully fulfilled the task was 25% more than the number of chimpanzees of coping with work.

However, this phenomenon scientists found a rather logical explanation: "Dogs are bred in order for them to perform the orders of a person. They have high susceptibility to cooperative human relations, which makes them an indispensable tool in such activities such as hunting and grazing. "

One of the hypotheses confirmed during the study suggests that dogs perceive human speech as a certain set of imperatives and spatial directives that regulate their behavior.

This study relates to the previous work of British scientists who decided to figure out what kind of pet smarter is a dog or a cat. For this, 11 criteria for cognitive activity was allocated, in 5 of which cats were stronger, and in 6 - dogs, which proved a minor superiority of dogs over cats. However, it turned out to be rejected early - as statistics, residents of the United Kingdom, having a higher education, often prefer a cat as a pet, rather than a dog.

Eyes of spiders "blur" image for estimating distance - scientists

Front Eyes- "Rangelings" Spider-Jumping Hasarius Adansoni

Spiders are razing the distance to their victim with the help of the "blur" of the image that allows them to calculate the exact distance to the target by the fact that the green component is becoming the green component on the retina of their front eye, the Japanese biologists are stated in the article published in the Science magazine.

Vertebrates and invertebrate animals use several methods for determining the distance using eye. For example, people assess the distance to the items using the binocularity of their vision, which allows you to determine the distance along the difference between images in the right and left eyes. Other animals and insects turn their heads, estimating the distance to the displacement of the subject relative to the remote background.

A group of scientists under the leadership of Akihis Terakita (Akihisa Terakita) from the University of Osaka (Japan) studied the device eye spiders of the type of Hasarius Adansoni, trying to find out the secret of the extraordinary accuracy of the jumps of these arthropods.

These arthropods possess a pair of well-developed front-eye, which are one of the most important hunting tools. As a rule, damage to the data of the organs is accompanied by the loss of the ability to make accurate jumps. According to scientists, the front eyes of the jumps should use a special mechanism to estimate the distance, as they are not binocular and do not know how to focus on a specific point to determine the offset.

According to researchers, the retina Hasarius Adansoni and many other spiders are arranged in a special way. It has four layers with different sets of photosensitive receptors. Each layer is responsible for recognizing four separate colors. This is explained by the fact that the spider does not know how to arbitrarily focus the image and therefore it has to read different components of light separately on those layers on which the picture will be the clearer.

Terakit and his colleagues noticed that green light receptors are not where the waves of green light are focused. Scientists suggested that the spider uses this part of the retina not to recognize the green part of the visible spectrum, but to estimate the distance by the fact that the image will be "blurred" compared with the picture of other colors.

To check this hypothesis, biologists caught a few horses and put them in a cage, which was covered with a monochrome lamp of green or red light. According to the study of researchers, the red radiation was to shoot down "sight" of spiders and their jumps would be shorter than the real distance to their goal.

As scientists were expected, the jumps were very accurately jumped and captured their prey when illuminated with green light. The light of the Red "Sun" forced their wards to make mistakes. In such cases, spiders have not exceeded up to 10% of the distance to the target. This result is in good agreement with theoretical calculations explaining the physics of "misses".

Scientists believe that such a distance estimation technique is well suited for imitation using digital devices and can serve as the basis for creating artificial analogs of the eye.

Calvators can destroy modern marine ecosystems

The tales, hunting in the crushing waters of the Arctic, can disrupt marine ecosystems, reported today in Canadian University of Manitoba. According to scientists, mammals are increasingly mastering the Northern Water Space due to the fact that the Arctic ice melt is very fast. As a result, the tales are embedded in those ecosystems, which previously almost did not have a relationship.

Researchers are trying to understand what changes will occur in the food chain. His predators will behave in the near future, how their diet will change in connection with new departments, how to behave in changing conditions mammals less, as well as how to preserve the available types of mammals in connection with global warming? - All these questions still remain without answers.

As long as scientific observations, largely based on the experience and knowledge of the indigenous Canadian peoples, show that in areas occupied by the kids, smaller marine inhabitants prefer to "catch" in shallow water or, on the contrary, at a depth and to wait for the hunting time of large predators.

Essay on zoology on the topic:

"Outstanding scientists"

novosibirsk city

1. Kraschinnikov Stepan Petrovich (1713-1755)

2. Pallas Peter Simon (1741-1811)

3. Steering wheel Karl (1814-1858)

4. Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888)

5. Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich (1840-1901)

6. Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich (1842-1883)

7. Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich (1855-1935)

8. Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich (1866-1936)

9. Sushkin Petr Petrovich (1868-1928)

10. Ognev Sergey Ivanovich (1886-1951)

11. Zenkevich Lev Alexandrovich (1889-1970)

12. Silver Alexander Sergeevich (1892-1933)

13. Heptner Vladimir Georgievich (1901-1975)

Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich

Kraschiennikov Stepan Petrovich (10/18/1713-12.02.1755) - the first Russian academician-geographer, a participant in the second Kamchatka expedition, researcher of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Born in Moscow in the family of a soldier. In 1724-1732 he studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy (Moscow), then in the class of philosophy of the Academy of Sciences and Arts (St. Petersburg). In 1733, he was credited as a "student's student" in the academic detachment of the second Kamchatka expedition and went to the Okhotsk. Here he conducted hydrometeorological studies, he was engaged in ichthyology, amounted to the dictionary "Lamut Language". On October 4, 1737, the Fortuna ship was released from Okhotsk to Kamchatka, where he was engaged in research for 4 years, having committed many expeditions by peninsula. For four years, he crossed the peninsula in different directions: went on foot, went to the narts, melted along the rivers, climbed the mountains. He conducted comprehensive research as a geologist and geographer, like a botanist and a zoologist, as a historian and ethnographer, meteorologist and linguist. Crashinnikov conducted a comprehensive study of the Kamchatka in the field of natural sciences (geography, geology, seismology, volcanology), the first of the Russians studied Tsunami, produced meteorials, made a lot of attention to the ethnography of local peoples (Itelmen, Koryaki, Aina) was the vanity of Aboriginal, collected folklore inhabitants of Kamchatka . In Nizhne-Kamchatsk, Verkhne-Kamchatsk, Bolshetsek, the archives and questions of the locals restored the history of the region. He studied the flora and fauna of Kamchatka, and the ichthyology of rivers and surrounding sea waters. In February 1743, with the young wife of Stepanida Tsibulskaya (from Yakutsk) returned to St. Petersburg. From 1748 he was a rector of academic university and gymnasium with him. Based on the assembled material, the books "Description of the Kamchatka people", "On the conquest of Kamchatka Earth" (1751), the capital labor "Description of the Earth Kamchatka" (1756) with the appendix of two cards. It was the first solid work about Kamchatka. In 1745, Krasheninnikov was elected an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1750 he was appointed Professor (academician) of natural history and botany. In 1751, he finished his book "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", but the author could not see her printed. On February 25, 1755, Kraschiennikova did not become, and his book was published in 1756. His work was the first in the Russian and world scientific literature on the study of Kamchatka dedicated to its geography, natural history, the description of the life and languages \u200b\u200bof local peoples. "Description of the Earth of Kamchatka", which does not lose its scientific value for more than 200 years, is a sample of a complex country-friendly description of the low-investment territory, a sample of the Russian literary language of that time. Died S.P. Krasheninnikov in St. Petersburg. In 1989, his name was assigned to the Kamchatka Regional Library. The name of Kraschinnikov called 10 geographical objects, including in Kamchatka - Peninsula, Bay, Mountain, Island; On the island Karaginsky - Cape, on the island of Paramushir - the bay, Cape, near him - the underwater valley; On the new land - Peninsula and Cape, in Antarctica - Mountain.

Pallas Peter Simon

The first big deal Pallas was an expedition to East Russia and Siberia. From 1768-1774 The scientist explored Central Russia, the areas of the Lower Volga region, the Caspian lowland, the Middle and South Urals, crossed Siberia, visited Baikal, in Transbaikalia, in Altai.

Thanks to Pallas, Zoology has been enriched with new techniques of research related to ecology and ethology.

Peter Simon ordered the scheme of the structure of the Ural Mountains, in 1777 first made up the topographic scheme of Siberia. The scientist composed about the animal and plant world of these territories in the work of these territories in the work of "Travels in different provinces of the Russian Empire" in labor.

Rule Karl

Rule Karl (1814-1858) - Russian Zoologist and Doctor of Medicine - Born 8 (20) of April 1814 in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire.

In the article "Doubts in zoology as in science" (1842), the steering wheel showed that the main direction of the modern zoology - systematics - does not have reliable scientific principles Classification that "Where the strictest laws should be, a clean arbitrariness should be guiding" and, therefore, many representations that dominate in zoology are completely untenable. Taking the idea of \u200b\u200bthe evolution of organisms, the steering wheel believed that its evidence, nominated by Lamarcom, Joffwru and others, insufficient.

The steering wheel believed that numerous observations and "historical evidence" were needed to prove the variable species - data from geology and paleontology. Until 1849, the steering wheel was intensively conducted by field geological and paleontological studies and studied in detail all the most interesting outcrops of the pool near Moscow.

The study of geology and fossil organisms increasingly convinced the steering wheel in the historical development of the earth's surface and life on it, in the presence of the relationship of the phenomena of nature and the materiality of the reasons that determine the development of the organic world. Proof of this and were essentially devoted to his classical work "On Animals of the Moscow Governor" and many others.

The steering wheel developed the idea that the evolution of the earth's surface was accompanied by the evolution of the organic world, which the changes caused consecutive continuity changes in organic forms.

The path to whom the organic world researcher should go, the steering wheel called the comparative historical method of research. He was deeply confident in the historical development of nature and the organic world, in the obligation of the unity of the body and the conditions of existence.

An essential contribution to the development of the theory of evolution was that it included in the concept of the environment interaction between organisms.

The steering wheel was the first Russian biologist, which began the development of problems of zoopsychology as a special branch of biology, pointed out the need to create a "comparative psychology". He proved the dependence of the mental activity of animals, their instincts and lifestyle from the conditions of existence, in which they stayed throughout the history this species. The steering wheel first approached the problems of zoopsychology as an integral part of animal ecology.

The steering wheel opposed the consideration of instincts and mental activity of animals as phenomena, not scientific explanation. "Or there is no instinct, or it makes sense," so he formulated his approach to the study of instincts, which understood as developed by the view throughout its history of the reaction to certain impacts ambient.

In 1854, the steering wheel founded and before death (1858) edited the magazine "Vestnik of Natural Sciences".

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (31.03 1839 -20.11.1888) - scientist, geographer, traveler, researcher of Central Asia, Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1878, Major General from 1886.

Born in the village of Kimborovo Smolensk province in the noble family. Since childhood, I dreamed of travel. His father, Mikhail Kuzmich, served in the Russian army. He was his uncle P. A. Karetnikov, a passionate hunter, who was nominating this passion and with her love for nature and wandering.

In 1855 he graduated from Smolensk gymnasium. At the end of the course in the Smolensk gymnasium, Przhevalsky decided in Moscow by a non-commissioned officer in the Ryazan Infantry Regiment; After receiving an officer rank, he moved to Polotsk Regiment, then entered the Academy of General Staff. In the midst of Sevastopol Defense, he entered overly determined to the army, but he did not have to fight. After 5 years, unloved Przhevalsky N.M. Military service received a refusal to transfer it to CMUR for research work.

In 1861 he entered the Academy of General Staff, where he fulfilled his first geographic work "Military Geographical Review of the Pria Amur Region", for which the Russian geographical society elected him with his member.

In 1863 he graduated from the academic course and went to the Volunteer to Poland to suppress the uprising. He served in Warsaw by the teacher of history and geography in the UNCER school, where he was seriously engaged in self-education, preparing to become a professional researcher of little studied countries.

In 1866 he received an appointment to Eastern Siberia. Made a number of expeditions to the Ussuri region (1867-1869), as well as in 1870-10 -1885 in Mongolia, on Tibet and China. Made a shooting more than 30 thousand km. The path passed by him, opened unknown mountain ranges and lakes, wild camel, Tibetan bear, a wild horse called him name. She talked about his travels in the books, giving a bright description of Central Asia: her flora, fauna, climate, peoples in her who lived; Collected unique collections, becoming a generally accepted classic of geographic science.

The result of the first trip was the books "Journey to the Ussuri Territory" and rich collections for a geographical society. First described the nature of many areas of Asia, unknown to Europeans of lakes and mountain ranges; Assembled collections of plants and animals, described a wild camel, a wild horse (Przhevalsky horse) and others.

He died of abdominal typhus (11/20/1888), preparing to make his fifth expedition to Central Asia. Its name is called a number of geographical objects, animal species and plants. In 1892, a monument to Przhevalsky N.M. was opened in St. Petersburg. Sculptors Schröder I.N. and Runeberg R.A.

Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich

Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich (1840-1901) - the famous domestic scientist, was born on November 19, 1840 in the estate of the Vorkovo Dinaburg County of the Vitebsk province. Alexander Onufrievich entered the corps of engineers of ways to communicate, but soon left him and entered the freelance listener on the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. In 1960, Kovalevsky went to Germany, where he soon began his scientific work in the laboratory of the famous Chemist Bunzen. He carried the zoology, Alexander Onufrievich began to study histology and microscopic equipment from Professor F. Leidig. Returning to Petersburg, in 1863 Kovalevsky passed the university examinations and received a degree of candidate of natural sciences for labor dedicated to the anatomy of the sea cockroach.

In 1864, the scientist again went abroad. On the coast of the Mediterranean Sea A.O. Kovalevsky conducted a study of the larval development of ascidium, which showed similar development with the larva of the lancing. Zoologist studied the structure of the intestines, observed the embryonic development of the comb, Mshanok, Foronid, Ichalkinski.

In 1865, Kovalevsky defended his master's thesis: "The history of the development of the Lanctress - Amphioxus Lanceolatus", two years later, a doctorate degree for the dissertation: "On the development of Phoronis". After completing a number of comparative-embryological studies, Kovalevsky formulated its provisions on the full compliance of the germinal leaflets in vertebrates and invertebrates, making evolutional conclusions from this situation. For work on the development of worms and arthropods (1871), the scientist was awarded by the Barov Prize of the Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Onufrievich consistently consisted of a professor of zoology in Kazan and Kiev Universities. In Kiev, he took an active part in the organization of natural scientists, and published his work in his publications. In 1870 - 73, the scientist committed scientific expeditions to the Red Sea and to Algeria, where, studying the biology of the bravery, established their similarity in embryogenesis with Mshanki and ringled worms. It became clear that Brachiopoda can not be combined with mollusks. Later, the lamps were highlighted in a separate type.

In 1874, I.I Mesnikov persuaded Kovalevsky to go to Novorossiysk (Odessa) University. The scientist often traveled abroad, in Villafranke, a town near Nice, in 1886, with the participation of Kovalevsky, a Russian zoological station was organized, in our time she was managed by the University of Paris. His article "Observation on the Development of Coelencerata" (1873) was published, where the author led data on the development of hydroids and jellyfish, whiffs and coral polyps.

In Odessa, Kovalevsky continued its embryological observations and began comparatively-physiological studies of the bodies of invertebrates. Kovalevsky A.O., applying Mechnikov's teachings to explain the processes of dissolving the larval organs and dolls of flies, showed that the larval organs are destroyed and eaten by blood cells of the pupa, and the special cell accumulations (imaginal primitives) remain intact and subsequently organized an adult insect.

After the election of the ordinary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in 1890 A.O. Kovalevsky moved to Petersburg, where in 1891 he took the Department of Histology of St. Petersburg University. On the Black Sea coast, the scientist founded the Sevastopol zoological station, and for a long time he was its director.

Since 1897, Kovalevsky was one of the editors of the biological science department in the 82-languid "encyclopedic dictionary" of Brockhaus - Efron.

In recent years, he has been studying a lot of leeches, exploring their anatomical structure, physiological features and lifestyle.

Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky died after cerebral hemorrhage on November 22, 1901 in St. Petersburg.

Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich

Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich (1842-1883) - Russian Paleontologist was born on August 12, 1842 in the village of Shustyanka Vitebsk province. Since 1851 V.O. Kovalevsky studied in private boarding school V.F. Mekina in St. Petersburg. In March 1855 he entered the sixth grade of the School of Law, which he graduated in 1861. He was carried away by natural science after his brother (the famous embryologist Alexander Kovalevsky) Vladimir Kovalevsky earned the life of the translations of books in natural science.

In 1861 he went to Germany, then in England, where first time continued to engage in legal sciences. In early 1863 V.O. Kovalevsky went to Poland, where together with P.I. Jacobi participated in the Polish uprising. Returning to Petersburg at the end of the year, Kovalevsky met with I.M. Sechenov and Dr. P.I. Side. Soon V.O. Kovalevsky refused the profession of a lawyer, and, again, engaged in translations, finally carried away natural sciences.

In the autumn of 1868 V.O. Kovalevsky married Sophieus Vasilyevna Korvin-Krukovskaya, who later became an outstanding scientist-mathematician. Family circumstances forced spouses to leave Russia to Germany: only there Sofya could enter the university.

In 1870, with difficulty moved to London because of the Franco-Prussian war, Kovalevsky settled close to the British Museum. The scientist began an in-depth study of geology in all its directions. He spent a lot of time in the museum library, engaged in the systematics of mollusks, fishes reptiles. Taking advantage of the works of Kuvier, Owen, and Blenville, according to the skeletons available in the anatomical museum on the dental system, Vladimir Onufrievich studied mammals.

One of the most important tasks of Paleontology V.O. Kovalevsky considered the clarification of the kindred relations in the animal world. He traced the phylogenetic ranks, considering them the best proof of evolution. IN. Kovalevsky made the first attempt to build a pedigree hoofs, based on the principles of the theory of Ch. Darwin. The classical monograph "On Anchitheria and the Paleontological History Horses" (1873) is devoted to this issue.

In his writings, the scientist put and correctly resolved such problems as monophilia and polyfiilia in evolution, the discrepancy of signs (principles of divergence and adaptive radiation). It was worried about the problem of the relationship of progress and specialization, the role of jumps in the process of the development of organic world, factors and patterns of extinction of organisms, changes in bodies due to changes in functions, the problem of correlations (relationships) in the development of organs and some other patterns of the evolutionary process. V. O. Kovalevsky became the pioneer of the Paleoecological direction in Paleontology.

Despite the fact that the approach of V.O. Kovalevsky to the study of paleontological material, based on the theory of Darwin, was fresh and new, world glory came to a scientist only after death: V.O. Kovalevsky was recognized as the founder of evolutionary paleontology, a new stage in the development of this science.

In November 1874 V.O. Kovalevsky St. Petersburg University successfully passed the exams on the Master's degree in and on March 21, 1875 in the same university defended his thesis on the topic "Osteology Anchitherium Aurelianense CUV, as a form that finds the genealogy type of horse (Equus)."

On December 22, 1874, the St. Petersburg mineralogical society has awarded VO. Kovalevsky Prize for work on Entelodon Gelocus and the dissertation about Anchiteria.

Vladimir Onufrievich established a number of patterns in the evolution of hoofs. Of particular importance is the discovery of the law of adaptive and non-adaptive changes to the Kovalevsky of 1875. This law is subject to the environmental distribution of almost all living organisms: the relative feasibility of the structure of the body is generated in connection with certain changes in the medium as a result of natural selection.

In 1875, in connection with the worsening material situation, the Paleontologist had to resume publishing and start a number of commercial affairs, in particular on the construction of profitable houses and baths. In 1883, after severe illness, it died.

Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich

Menzbir Mikhail Alexandrovich (1855-1935) - Born on October 4, 1855 in Tula, the Russian Empire, in a poor noble family. His father was military; When Mikhail Alexandrovich was 11 years old, he lost his mother who deceased from tuberculosis. After graduating from Tula Gymnasium in 1874 with a silver medal, Menzbir entered Moscow University for the Natural Branch of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. His teachers were Jacob Andreevich Borzenkov (1825-1883) and Sergey Aleksandrovich Usov (1827-1886), - Pupils K.F. Rule (1814-1858).

Mikhail Alexandrovich graduated from the University in 1878, was left to prepare for the professorship at the Department of Zoology in the laboratory Ya.A. Borzenkova. First scientific work Menzibra - "Ornithological fauna of the Tula province" (1879) was devoted to faunil and zoogeography.

In 1879, having acquainted with N.A. Severstov, Mikhail Alexandrovich began working on the master's thesis "Ornithological geography of European Russia," successfully defending it in 1882.

After the defense of the dissertation MA Menzbier has conducted a mandatory foreign business trip to Europe. The scientist was engaged not only by zoogeography, but also the comparative anatomy of vertebrates and invertebrate animals.

To work on their monograph, he collected material on the predatory birds, acquainted with the formulation of the museum business, studied evolutionary problems, explored and described many new subspecies and forms of day predators. Despite the long period of the rejection of the triple systematics and, critical statements about her, Mikhail Alexandrovich was one of the first in our country for the use of triple (fading) nomenclature and supported the interest in the new systematics subsequently from his students - Zoologov B.M. Zhitkov, S.I. Ogneva, N.A. Bobrinsky, G.P. Dementieva.

Returning to Moscow University in 1884, M.A. Menzbir took the post of associate professor and began teaching. Mikhail Alexandrovich was a brilliant lecturer, he led lecture courses on zoology, comparative anatomy, zoogeography.

At the age of 31, Mikhail Alexandrovich became one of the most young professors-zoologists in the history of Moscow University, he was approved as Professor of the Department of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology.

Mikhail Alexandrovich "Comparative osteology of penguins in the appendix to the main divisions of the bird class" (1885) the principles of morphological and taxonomic analyzes were further developed by one of his talented students - pp. Dryshkin.

In 1914, MA Menzbir made a number of fundamental amendments and additions in the scheme of zonal zoning proposed by N.A. Severzov, Zogeographic schemes A. Wallace, completing its research "Zoological sections Turkestan region And the likely origin of the fauna of the latter. "

In the two-volume bird "Birds of Russia" for the first time, the synthesis of all knowledge was carried out on the systematics, the spread and biology of birds of our country. In this monograph, modern principles and traditions of systematics, zoogeography and ecology were laid.

In 1911, in protest against the arbitrariness of the authorities, together with other professors and teachers, Menzbir left the university. After the revolution, the scientist returned and became his first rector (1917-1919). In 1896, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, in 1927 he became an honorary member, and in 1929 - a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Also M.A. Menzbier was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Society of Nature Tests, and for many years he was his president.

In 1930 MA Menzbir having committed a large foreign trip, headed by the Zogeographic Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

However, in 1932, Mikhail Alexandrovich was chained by Mikhail Alexandrovich, and on October 10, 1935 he did not.

Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich

Severstez Alexey Nikolaevich (1866-1936) is a domestic evolutionist, the author of the research on the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Created the theory of morphophysiological and biological progress and regression. In 1889, he graduated from Moscow University, in 1890 for the composition of the "Code of Information on the Organization and History of Development Gymnophion" received a gold medal from the university. In 1896, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Metamer of the head of an electric slope." He consisted of Professor Yuryevsky (1898-1902), Kiev (1902-1911) and Moscow (1911-1930) universities. In 1930, organized and headed the laboratory of evolutionary morphology and animal ecology (now the Institute for Ecology Problems and Evolution. A.N. Seversow).

Basic Scientific Research A.N. Seversow is devoted to evolutionary morphology, the establishment of the patterns of the evolutionary process, the problems of ontogenesis. Each theoretical judgment of A.N. Seversow is a generalization arising from specific many years of own research and studies of his students. He paid a lot of time to study the scalp and the origin of the limbs of vertebrate animals, the evolution of the lower vertebrates. As a result, created the theory of origin of the five-pall limb and steam fins in vertebrate animals, which is now generally accepted in world science.

Based on the analysis of morphological patterns of evolution A.N. Severs residents created two theories: the morphobiological theory of pathways of evolution and the theory of phylumbriogenesis. Working out the first theory, A.N. Seversteers came to the conclusion about the existence of only two main directions of the evolutionary process: biological progress and biological regression. He established four main directions of biological progress: aromorphosis, idioadaptation, centries, general degeneration. His teaching about the types of phylogenetic changes of organs and functions, the phylogenetic correlations made a significant contribution to the largest wholebiological problem of the relationship between the form and function in the process of evolution. It gave a detailed classification of the methods of phylogenetic aimed organs, proved that changes in the habitat are the only cause of phylogenetic changes.

For 26 years, developing the value of the role of embryonic changes in the process of evolution A.N. Seversarov created a slender theory of phylumbriogenesis, which in a new one highlighted the problem of the relationship of ontogenesis and phylogenesis. This theory develops a provision on the possibility of hereditary changes at any stage of ontogenesis and their influence on the structure of descendants.

Your ideas and works A.N. Severstech developed to death, Ie up to 1936.

Sushkin Peter Petrovich

Sushkin Petr Petrovich (1868-1928) - a prominent Russian zoologist. Widely known as an ornithologist, zogeograph, an anata and a paleontologist.

Born in Tula in a merchant family on January 27 (February 8) of 1868. The secondary education received in the Tula classical gymnasium, at the end of which in 1885 entered the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University.

The brilliant abilities of Sushkina early highlighted it from the environment of students. Professor M. A. Menzbir (also Tulyak), from which he studied the ornithology and comparative anatomy of vertebrates, immediately estimated the observation and other important qualities of the student and tried to help him every way.

In 1892, the first scientific work of Sushkina "Birds of the Tula province" was published.

After graduating from the university in 1889 with the Gold Medal, Sushkin was left at the Department to prepare for the professorship. In 1904, successfully defended his doctoral dissertation.

Led a great teaching job in Moscow and other universities. Students appreciated the extremely high level of his teaching.

P.P. Sushkin early to the ranks of large zoologists, deserved recognition at home and abroad. He was not only a theorist, but also a first-class field naturalist, continued his activities of a field researcher and traveler until old age and personally examined the fauna of a huge territory from Smolensk and Tula provinces to Altai. The result of the journey was numerous observations and rich collections.

In 1921, Sushkin headed the ornithological department of the Zoological Institute of An In 1922, he began working at the Geological Museum of the Academy of Sciences and was able to do a lot for the development of paleontological studies.

In 1923, P.P. Sushkin was elected a valid member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. His scientific heritage includes 103 work.

P.P. Sushkin died suddenly from the inflammation of the lungs on September 17, 1928. Buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk cemetery.

Ognev Sergey Ivanovich

Ognev Sergey Ivanovich (5.11.1886-20.12.1951) - Soviet Zoologist, Honored Worker of Science of the RSFSR (1947). An outstanding zoologist-spine, head of the Moscow School of Teriology in 1930-1940. Comes from the family of the hereditary Moscow intelligentsia. He graduated from Moscow University in 1910, left at the Department of Zoology (from which at that time the Zoological Museum was a single integer) an assistant in prof. G.A. Kozhevnikova.

I read a number of courses at the department, in 1926 received the title of associate professor, in 1928 - the title of professor, in 1935 - Doctor of Science.

All his professional activities were associated with scientific collecting and learning the teriology collections. He was one of the first in Russia to collect serial materials on small mammals.

Already in 1910, on the basis of these fees, his first solid monograph "Mammals of the Moscow Governor" was published, which laid the foundations of the Fauno-ecological direction of research both the Fiene himself and his students. S.I. The fire traveled a lot in the country in order to study the local terrophown. Starting from the mid-1920s. He began to collect his personal collection of small mammals, which later became one of the largest meetings of this kind in Russia and was acquired by the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University.

The main labor of the whole of his life was a multi-volume summary of the fauna and the ecology of mammals of Russia and adjacent territories: the first two volumes were called "Beasts of Eastern Europe and North Asia", the next five - "animals of the USSR and the adjacent countries".

In addition, S.I. Fogne, being the head of the Department of MSU Zoology, published a number of textbooks, including the fundamental work "Zoology of Vertems". Main works are also on systematics and mammalian faunistics; Works on the fauna of birds, the history of zoology, biogeography, the evolution of animals. Conducted field research in Central Russia, in the Caucasus, Urals, Semirchye and Turkmenistan.

I described a number of new types of mammals, much attention paid for the case of nature conservation. Founder of the Moscow School of Theriologists - Mammal Specialists, among whom: S.S. Tours, V.G. Heptner, A.N. Formozov, N.A. Bobrinsky, A.G. Tomilin and others. State Prize of the USSR (1942, 1951). He was awarded the Order of Lenin and medals. He died after severe illness in 1951.

Zenkevich Lev Alexandrovich

Lev Alexandrovich Zenkevich (1889-1970) - Born in the city of Tsareva, the Astrakhan province of the Russian Empire in the family of a veterinary doctor. In 1916 he graduated from the natural department of the Physical and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University. At the end of study was left at the university to prepare for the professorship. Since 1930, before the death, he headed the department of zoology and comparative anatomy of invertebrate Moscow University.

All life L.A. Zenkevich was devoted to the study of the biology of the sea. He was one of the founders of the first oceanographic institution of our country - a floating marine scientific Institute. He was directly involved in the construction and equipment of Perseus - Pioneer of our research fleet, and then headed the integrated expeditions on it in Barents, White, and then in the Kara Sea. During work in the Barents Sea, the quantitative methods of studying the bottom fauna applied for the first time across the whole sea.

In the 30s, L.A. Zenkevich attracts our southern seas and primarily the Caspian Sea, extremely rich in valuable sturgeon fish. Studies of the bottom fauna of the Northern Caspian, who showed its relative poverty, lead L.A. Zenkevich to search for ways to increase the biological productivity of this sea. Together with Ya.A. Birstein, he developed a project on acclimatization in the Caspian Sea of \u200b\u200bvaluable feed invertebrates from the Azov Sea, which was successfully implemented.

In the years Patriotic War, interrupted expeditionary studies on the seas, L.A. Zenkevich is engaged in experimental and theoretical development of the problem of evolution muscular system animals.

His scientific baggage is great. They published more than 300 scientific articles in journals and collections, over 10 monographs and textbooks, a lot of popular articles and correspondence. He made the editor of the seven volumes of the works of the Institute of Oceanology and a number of thematic collections of scientific articles. His work covers a wide range of issues on the anatomy, systematics and ecology of aquatic organisms, biocenology and the productivity of sea fauna and flora, their quantitative distribution and biogeography. In recent years special attention He paid the problems of studying deep-water fauna and its origin in connection with the ancient nature of the ocean as aquatic environment. Theoretical works are distinguished associated with the development of ideas about the biological structure of the ocean and ocean ecosystems. From applied research it should be noted on the use of biological and mineral resources of the oceans and seas, forecasts about the prospects for the development of fisheries, the development of mariculture and much more. His monograph "Biology of the Seas of the USSR" is exceptional importance, which in 1965 was marked by the Leninist Prize. Being a high-end zoologist, L.A. Zenkevich acted as a pioneer in the field of wide comprehensive research of the sea fauna. It significantly expanded the concept of the biological productivity of the reservoir, introduced a quantitative method in the study of nutrition of fish, which caused literally scientific revolution in marine biological studies. Working out the theoretical problems of oceanology, he proceeded from the ideas about the ocean, as a unified whole, where the physical, chemical, biological processes occurring in it are interrelated and interdependent. His concept of the biological structure of the ocean has become the methodological basis for perennial biological research of the Institute of Oceanology in the World Ocean. Years of L. L.A. Zenkevich fell for a difficult period in the history of our country. He headed the department for 40 years (from 1930 to 1970) and can be represented as incredibly difficult to preserve the department and not losing the face in either the years of Stalinist repression, nor during the rampant Lysenkovskoye! All your life L.A. Zenkevich dedicated to science, he worked for his country and for world science. His scientific and organizational activities are extensive. He was the creator and permanent president since 1952 of the All-Union Hydrobiological Society, the organizer of the Interdepartmental Oceanographic Commission under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1951, the Vice-President of the Moscow Society of Tests of Nature since 1956, the founder and editor-in-chief of Oceanology magazine since 1961, a member of the editorial board Many other scientific journals, including foreign ones. His merits in science are marked by the orders of Lenin, a labor red banner, a medal "For Valiant Labor", Lomonosovskaya Award of Moscow State University (1954), Gold Medal. F.P. A liter of the Geographical Society of the USSR (1956), the Gold Medal of Prince Monk Alberta I - the highest award of the French Oceanographic Institute (1959). He was a recognized head of domestic oceanology, an outstanding biologist, the creator of the extensive school of Russian marine biologists, the largest organizer of research on the World Ocean, an exclusive latitude and versatility scientist, a man with a capital letter. The edge underwater shaft, barking smoky-Kamchatsky chute in the Pacific and studied in the expeditions of Vityaz, was named after him.

In the postwar years with the advent of the new research vessel "Vityaz", a new stage begins in the research of the biology of the World Ocean, in which L.A. Zenkevich owns a leading role. He led the comprehensive long-term oceanographic expedition of the Oceanology Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which covered the research by almost the world's ocean. He became the initiator, the organizer and participant in the deep-water studies of the ocean fauna, in particular in the area of \u200b\u200bKurilo-Kamchatka Vpadina, where the depths of 9.5 km were studied.

L.A. Zenkevich was a magnificent lecturer and teacher. He laid the foundations of the zoological education system in our country, which is still valid.

Silver Alexander Sergeevich

Silver Alexander Sergeevich (1892-1933) - Born in Tula, the Russian Empire in 1892. Silver belonged to a group of those biologic scientists who had a huge influence on the development of genetics and selection in the USSR. Research work A.S. Silver began in the first years after the Great October Socialist Revolution and continued until his premature death. In addition to 120 printed works, about 30 unpublished, including several large monographs remained in his scientific archive.

Circle of Interests A.S. Silver as a researcher was very wide - from issues of general biology and evolutionary teaching, to specific issues of selection of certain types of farm animals.

At the same time, he was a very strong analyst and mathematician. The mathematical warehouse of the thoughts of Sererovsky revealed back in his first works, for example, in the article "Experience of the Floor Statistical Analysis" (1921). "Polygons with focus and their value for biometrics" (1925), etc.

Starting the development of homemade chicken genetics, he inevitably faced the need to develop the theory of genetic analysis, those issues that are now included in the so-called mathematical or statistical genetics. The work in this area was then very little and A. S. Sererovsky had to be largely their own, original paths. The results of the long-term work A. S. Sererovsky on the development of the theory of genetic analysis reported in the monograph "Genetic analysis".

In 1928, the theory of indivisibility of the gene has undergone the first limitation. Immediately after the detection of the mutagenic action of X-rays, they were used in many laboratories of the world to receive mutations. In the silver laboratory, evidence was obtained that the gene is not an indivisible genetic structure, but is a region of chromosome, some sections of which can mutate independently of each other. This phenomenon was called the silver stepped allerphism.

Developing a system that allows you to quantify the result of each mutation, Silver, Dubinin and other authors at the same time revealed the phenomenon of addition of one mutant gene to others. In this case, the disturbed function of one gene was corrected by the normal function of the other. The second gene, in turn, could be defect in another area, normal at the first gene. This phenomenon was subsequently reverted on microorganisms and got the name of complement.

In the 1930s, A.S. Silver promoted the ideas of the so-called genodeography, developed her methods and he himself conducted several genographographic studies. Unfortunately, these methods are now forgotten.

Silver was engaged in one of the main methods for studying the effectiveness of natural selection, analysis of complex protective devices (body shape, painting, behavior, etc.). The presence of such devices has evidenced that their evolution cannot be explained by the direct influence of the medium nor the exercise or non-exercise of organs, nor the unit mutation. She could not be understood only on the basis of the recognition of the complex relationship between predators and their victims, in which the first play the role of the brackets of the second. A brilliant analysis of these relationships was given by Sererovsky in 1929 in the article "Experience of the qualitative characteristics of the evolutionary process".

Heptner Vladimir Georgievich

Heptner Vladimir Georgievich (06/22/1901-5.07.1975) - June 22, 1901 in Moscow, in the Russified German family. His father was an accountant. Having finished the gymnasium in 1919, immediately enters the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University. From 1925 - in graduate school of famous figures for the protection of the nature of professors hectares. Kozhevnikova and S.I. Ogneva. From 1929 he has been working in MSU Zoomusee, participates in expeditions in Central Asia. From 1934 - and until the end of his days - Professor of the Department of Zoology of Vertem MSU.

Since 1938, Vladimir Georgievich is becoming the Deputy Chairman of the Mammals Protection Section, and since 1943 its chairman. From 1938 to 1955 - Member of the Presidium of this one then in the USSR of the Environmental Public Organization. From 1952 to 1964 - Member of the Commission on Reserves (Nature Protection) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the 60-70s - participates in the Scientific and Technical Councils of the Glavohoty RSFSR and the Glavprints of the USSR, was a member of the IUCN.

The sphere of its interests in environmental protection is the protection of mammals and the protected matter. As the chairman of the mammalian security section, he made a lot to protect the bison, saiga, exhaust, spotted deer, white bear, Sable, Birza.

It was thanks to his support to Zoologist L. Kaplanov managed so much to catch the protection of the Amur Tiger. Heptner was headed by the Soviet Commission on Bison Recovery. At the initiative of V.G. Heptner in the priocar terrace reserve was created a sewer, work began to restore the bison.

In August 1946, he, together with V. Makarov, Dementiev and other members of the Presidium VOP prepared a report on the needs of nature of nature, participated in the meeting of the Russian Council of Ministers, as a result of which the first post-war resolution of the Summina RSFSR was adopted " On the protection of nature in the territory of the RSFSR. " Edited two-volume "USSR Reserves" (1951).

Unusually made a lot of Professor Heptner for a protected case. He is one of the few who defended the reserves from the reduction in 1951 and 1961. In April 1954, he signed a collective letter of scientists to the name of G. Malenkov with a request to restore closed reserves, and in April 1957 publishes in Izvestia, together with other biologists, quite boldly in the case of the article "in defense of the reserves".

Vladimir Georgievich - one of the main developers " Perspective Plan The Geographical Network of the USSR Reserves ", which was prepared by the Commission under the leadership of Academician E.M. Lavrenko in 1957 and a lot advanced the creation of other USSR reserves. Heptner is one of the organizers and participants of all-unionic environmental meetings at MYUP 1954, 1957 and 1958.

It is impossible not to note the honesty, decency and the principle that V.G. was approaching Heptner to the protection of nature. When in August 1951, the threat of disbandment was hung over the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature, along with other activists, he went to the Deputy Chairman of the Summina of the RSFSR Bessonov, and convinced him not to close society.

In January 1952, after numerous complaints and slanderous statements, the enemies achieved the removal of the head of the VOP VOP. Makarova. Many friends and colleagues rejected him. But not hepterer, who at a meeting of the CA WEP on January 24, 1952 defended V.N. Makarova: "Not alone is to blame. Makarov - even though we were offered to resign, and this is wrong. Makarov's activities are known, name V.N. Makarova will enter the history of nature .. V.N. Makarov - the patient, overwhelmed by the main job, worked selflessly in society, but the presidium did not help him ... "(RGAE, F. 600, op. 1, d. 59, LL.161-179).

In 1965, a scientist together with his wife and son on fish poaching was detained by a major co-owned officer, Chairman of the CA Warp M. Bochkarev. And I brought the case before the publication of the facts in the Crocodile, after which Bochkarev with a crash left the walls of the Society of Nature Protection.

Many made heptner and to popularize the nature. He is the author of more than 20 scientific and many popular articles on nature conservation (by the way, its very first scientific publication is devoted to environmental protection), a participant in various congresses and conferences on the protection of nature and the protected business. The scientist helped a lot of first in the USSR a student environmental friend of Biofak MSU.

V.G. Heptner participated in the development of many government environmental resolutions.

The wheel of Stalin's repression touched upon Vladimir Georgievich. On February 16, 1933, he, being the Senior Researcher of the Museum of the MSU Zoology, was arrested and a decree of the OSO at the OGPU College of March 22, 1933 under Art. 58-11 (Organizational activities) of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR is concluded in a correctional labor camp for 3 years. Initially, stupid to Mariinsky, then Novosibirsk Camps Sibrag. Decree of the OSO under the college of OGPU dated July 9, 1933, ahead of schedule was released and he was allowed to reside in the USSR. The time of the Great Patriotic War, living with his family in Sverdlovsk, V.G. Heptner almost was arrested secondly (this time as a German), and only the case saved him from Gulag.

List of used literature

1. Belyaev DK; Ruvinsky A.O. - General biology. Moscow - 1991.

2. Brockauz F.A.; Efron I.A. - Encyclopedic Dictionary. Moscow - 1990.

3. MARKIN VA - Great travel. Moscow "AST" - 1999.

4. Filatova Z.A., Vinogradova N.G. Academician L.A. Zenkevich: to the 90th anniversary of his birth // Vestn. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1979. No. 7. P. 92-101.

5. http://www.libex.ru/detail/book48293.

Animals. The merit of bringing the zoological material system belongs to Karl Linneu (Linn E, 1707-78). In addition to the concept of the form established by RE, the tourware introduced in the XVIII century. first to botany; And then in zoology, the concept of genus, the Aradson began to apply a system for the molluscs by the dual name (genus and species) - a double nomenclature. This system was accepted and Linnem, which ...

The decisive stage of a brilliously conceived expedition Professor G. Retzius describes as follows: "Thousands of people gathered around the shipyard of Colin Archer, thousands scrupted to the surrounding mountains. At the stage arranged near the nose of the ship, Furoof Nansen with his wife rises. She comes to the ship's nose, strong blows Slogs a bottle of champagne about him and speaks a loud and clear voice: "Fram name to him." In the same ...

Based on the artificial classification, it became an accurate part of the studies, in which the search for causes and natural ties was summarized. Conclusion as a result of the study

We recommend to read

That in Rus was waiting for their wrong wives

"The woman is created for a man, not a man for a woman" - such a postulate ...

Skin manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS

How is HIV on different time segments manifest? The reasons for the development of AIDS is ...

Diet after removing the stomach during cancer: what is forbidden and allowed to use

Stomach Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment of Stomach Cancer is a change in cell type ...