Hmm, yoda_daro claims that this is a test to determine their sexuality...
Instruction The frames of the film merge for us into continuous movement due to ...
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev. Born March 2, 1931 in the village. Privolnoye (North Caucasian Territory). Soviet, Russian state, political and public figure. The last General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The last Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, then the first Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The only President of the USSR.
Founder of the Gorbachev Foundation. Since 1993, co-founder of CJSC "New Daily Newspaper" (see. " New Newspaper"). Member of the editorial board since 1993.
He has a number of awards and honorary titles, the most famous of which is the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize. Included in the list of 100 most studied personalities in history.
During the period of Gorbachev's activity as head of state and head of the CPSU in the Soviet Union, there were major changes that affected the whole world, which were the result of the following events:
Large-scale attempt at reform Soviet system("Perestroika"). Introduction to the USSR of the policy of glasnost, freedom of speech and press, democratic elections.
End of the Cold War.
Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan (1989).
Rejection of the state status of the communist ideology and the persecution of dissidents.
The collapse of the USSR and the Warsaw block, the transition socialist countries of Eastern Europe to market economy and democracy.
Born on March 2, 1931 in the village of Privolnoye, Medvedensky District, Stavropol Territory (then the North Caucasian Territory), into a peasant family. Father - Sergey Andreevich Gorbachev (1909-1976), Russian.
Mother - Gopkalo Maria Panteleevna (1911-1993), Ukrainian.
Both grandfathers of M. S. Gorbachev were repressed in the 1930s. Paternal grandfather, Andrei Moiseevich Gorbachev (1890--1962), a peasant-individualist; for failure to fulfill the sowing plan in 1934, he was sent into exile in the Irkutsk region, released two years later, returned to his homeland and joined the collective farm, where he worked until the end of his life.
Maternal grandfather, Pantelei Efimovich Gopkalo (1894-1953), came from the peasants of the Chernigov province, was the eldest of five children, lost his father at the age of 13, and later moved to Stavropol. He became the chairman of the collective farm, in 1937 he was arrested on charges of Trotskyism. While under investigation, he spent 14 months in prison, endured torture and abuse. Panteley Efimovich was saved from execution by a change in the “party line”, the February 1938 plenum, dedicated to the “fight against excesses”. As a result, in September 1938, the head of the GPU of the Krasnogvardeisky district shot himself, and Pantelei Efimovich was acquitted and released. Already after the resignation and collapse of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev stated that his grandfather's stories were one of the factors that led him to reject the Soviet regime.
During the war, when Mikhail was more than 10 years old, his father went to the front. After some time they entered the village. German troops, the family spent more than five months in the occupation. On January 21-22, 1943, these areas were liberated by Soviet troops with a blow from under Ordzhonikidze. After his release, a notice came that his father had died. And a few days later a letter came from my father, it turned out that he was alive, the funeral was sent by mistake. Sergey Andreevich Gorbachev was awarded two orders of the Red Star and the medal "For Courage". Then the father supported Mikhail more than once in difficult moments of his life.
From the age of 13, he combined his studies at school with occasional work at the MTS and on the collective farm. From the age of 15 he worked as an assistant to the MTS combine operator. In 1949, the schoolboy Gorbachev was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for shock work in grain harvesting. In the tenth grade, at the age of 19, he became a candidate member of the CPSU, recommendations were given by the director and teachers of the school. In 1950 he graduated from high school with a silver medal and entered Lomonosov Moscow State University without exams, this opportunity was provided by a government award. In 1952 he was admitted to the CPSU. After graduating with honors from the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University in 1955, he was sent to Stavropol to the regional prosecutor's office, worked for 10 days by distribution - from August 5 to August 15, 1955. On his own initiative, he was invited to free Komsomol work, became deputy head of the Department of Agitation and Propaganda of the Stavropol Territory Komsomol Committee, from 1956 the first secretary of the Stavropol City Komsomol Committee, then from 1958 the second and in 1961-1962. the first secretary of the regional committee of the Komsomol.
While studying at Moscow State University, he met and on September 25, 1953 married Raisa Maksimovna Titarenko, a student at the Faculty of Philosophy (1932-1999). The wedding was played in the dining room of the student hostel on Stromynka.
Since March 1962, the party organizer of the regional committee of the CPSU of the Stavropol Territorial Production Collective Farm and State Farm Administration. In October 1961 - a delegate to the XXII Congress of the CPSU. Since 1963 - head of the department of party bodies of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU. F.D. Kulakov, who left the Stavropol region from the post of the first secretary of the regional party committee in 1964, called M.S. Gorbachev among the promising party workers. And although Efremov did not like him, there were strong recommendations from Moscow about his promotion.
September 26, 1966 Mikhail Gorbachev was elected First Secretary of the Stavropol City Committee of the CPSU. In the same year, he traveled abroad for the first time, to the GDR. In 1967, he graduated in absentia from the Faculty of Economics of the Stavropol Agricultural Institute with a degree in agronomist-economist.
Twice Gorbachev's candidacy was considered for a job in the KGB. In 1966, he was offered the post of head of the KGB department of the Stavropol Territory, but his candidacy was rejected by Vladimir Semichastny. In 1969, he considered Gorbachev as a possible candidate for the post of deputy chairman of the KGB of the USSR.
Gorbachev himself recalled that before being elected first secretary of the regional committee, he "had attempts to go into science ... I passed the minimum, wrote a dissertation."
Since August 5, 1968, the second secretary, since April 10, 1970 - the first secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU. His predecessor in this position, Leonid Efremov, argued that Gorbachev's promotion was at the insistence of Moscow, although Efremov found it possible to nominate him as his successor.
Deputy of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 9-11 convocations (1974-1989) from the Stavropol Territory. Until 1974, he was a member of the Commission of the Council of the Union for Nature Protection, then from 1974 to 1979 - Chairman of the Commission for Youth Affairs of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In 1973, a candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Pyotr Demichev made him an offer to head the Propaganda Department of the CPSU Central Committee, where Alexander Yakovlev was acting head for several years. After consulting with Mikhail Suslov, Gorbachev refused.
According to the former chairman of the State Planning Commission, Nikolai Baibakov, he offered Gorbachev the post of his deputy for Agriculture.
After the removal of Politburo member Dmitry Polyansky from the post of Minister of Agriculture of the USSR (1976), Gorbachev's mentor Fyodor Kulakov spoke about the post of Minister of Agriculture of the USSR, but Valentin Mesyats was appointed minister.
The administrative department of the CPSU Central Committee proposed Gorbachev to the post of Prosecutor General of the USSR instead of Roman Rudenko, but his candidacy for the future Secretary General was rejected by the Politburo member, Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Andrei Kirilenko.
In 1971-1991 he was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. According to Gorbachev himself, he was patronized by Yuri Andropov, who contributed to his transfer to Moscow, according to independent estimates, Mikhail Suslov and Andrei Gromyko were more sympathetic to Gorbachev.
September 17, 1978 at the station Mineral water North Caucasian railway the so-called “meeting of the four general secretaries” that later gained some fame took place - Konstantin Chernenko, who was traveling to Baku and accompanying him, met with Mikhail Gorbachev, as the “master” of Stavropol, and Yuri Andropov, who was on vacation there at the same time. Historians emphasize that 47-year-old Mikhail Gorbachev was the youngest party functionary, whose candidacy Brezhnev approved as Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Gorbachev himself mentioned several of his meetings with Brezhnev even before moving to Moscow.
As Yevgeny Chazov testified, in a conversation with him after the death of F.D. Kulakov in 1978, Brezhnev "began to sort out from memory possible candidates for the vacant seat of Secretary of the Central Committee and was the first to name Gorbachev."
On November 27, 1978, at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, he was elected Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. December 6, 1978 moved with his family to Moscow. From November 27, 1979 to October 21, 1980 - candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. Chairman of the Commission for Legislative Proposals of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1979-84.
From October 21, 1980 to August 24, 1991 - Member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, from December 9, 1989 to June 19, 1990 - Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the CPSU Central Committee, from March 11, 1985 to August 24, 1991 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. After the death of K. U. Chernenko, Gorbachev was nominated for the post of General Secretary at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU on March 11, 1985 by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.A. Gromyko, and Andrei Andreevich attributed this to his personal initiative. In the memoirs of the First Deputy Chairman of the KGB of the USSR F.D. Bobkov, it is mentioned that back in early 1985, due to Chernenko's illness, Gorbachev chaired the Politburo, from which the author concludes that Mikhail Sergeevich was already the second person in the state and successor to the post of general secretary.
On October 1, 1988, Mikhail Gorbachev took the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, that is, he began to combine the highest positions in the party and state hierarchy.
He was elected a delegate to the XXII (1961), XXIV (1971) and all subsequent (1976, 1981, 1986, 1990) Congresses of the CPSU. From 1970 to 1989 - Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from July 2, 1985 to October 1, 1988. Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (October 1, 1988 - May 25, 1989). Chairman of the Commission for Youth Affairs of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1974-79); Chairman of the Commission for Legislative Proposals of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1979-84); People's Deputy of the USSR from the CPSU - 1989 (March) - 1990 (March); Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (formed by the Congress of People's Deputies) - 1989 (May) - 1990 (March); Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1980-1990).
On March 15, 1990, at the Third Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev was elected President of the USSR. At the same time, until December 1991, he was Chairman of the USSR Defense Council, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Reserve colonel.
During the events of August 1991, the head of the State Emergency Committee, Vice-President of the USSR Gennady Yanaev announced his assumption of office and. about. President, citing Gorbachev's illness. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR declared this decision the actual removal of Gorbachev from power and demanded that it be canceled. According to Gorbachev himself and those who were with him, he was isolated in Foros (according to the statements of some former members of the State Emergency Committee, their accomplices and lawyers, there was no isolation). After the self-dissolution of the GKChP and the arrest of its former members, Gorbachev returned from Foros to Moscow, upon his return he said about his "imprisonment": "Keep in mind, no one will know the real truth." On August 24, 1991, he announced the resignation of the General Secretary of the Central Committee. In November 1991 Gorbachev left the CPSU.
On November 4, 1991, Viktor Ilyukhin, Senior Assistant to the Prosecutor General of the USSR, Head of the Department of the USSR Prosecutor General's Office for Supervision of the Execution of Laws on State Security, initiated a criminal case against Gorbachev under Article 64 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (Treason to the Motherland) in connection with his signing of resolutions of the USSR State Council dated 6 September 1991 on the recognition of the independence of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. As a result of the adoption of these resolutions, the USSR Law of April 3, 1990 "On the procedure for resolving issues related to the secession of a union republic from the USSR" was violated, since in these republics no referendums were held on secession from the USSR and no transitional period for consideration of all contentious issues. The Prosecutor General of the USSR Nikolai Trubin closed the case due to the fact that the decision to recognize the independence of the Baltic republics was made not by the president personally, but by the State Council. Two days later, Ilyukhin was fired from the prosecutor's office.
After the signing by the presidents of the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR and L. Kravchuk and the chairman of the Supreme Council of the Byelorussian SSR S. Shushkevich on December 8, 1991, the Belovezhskaya Agreement on the termination of the existence of the USSR and the creation of the CIS, Gorbachev 17 days later in a televised address to the people announced the termination of his activities in office President of the USSR and signed a decree on the transfer of control of strategic nuclear weapons to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. After that, over the Kremlin was lowered state flag THE USSR.
On the day of the signing of the Belovezhskaya Pact, Gorbachev met with Vice-President of the RSFSR Alexander Rutskoi. Rutskoi persuaded the President of the USSR to arrest Yeltsin, Shushkevich and Kravchuk. Gorbachev languidly objected to Rutskoi: “Don’t panic… The agreement has no legal basis... They will arrive, we will gather in Novo-Ogaryovo. By the New Year there will be a Union Treaty!
The day after the signing of the agreement, the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev made a statement saying that each union republic has the right to secede from the Union, but the fate of a multinational state cannot be determined by the will of the leaders of the three republics. This question must be decided only by constitutional means, with the participation of all the union republics and taking into account the will of their peoples. It also talks about the need to convene a Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
On December 18, in his message to the participants of the meeting in Alma-Ata on the formation of the CIS, Gorbachev proposed calling the CIS the "Commonwealth of European and Asian States" (SEAG). He also suggested that after the ratification of the agreement on the creation of the CIS by all the union republics (except the Baltic ones), the final meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR would be held, which would adopt its resolution on the termination of existence Soviet Union and the transfer of all its legal rights and obligations to the commonwealth of European and Asian states.
On December 21, 1991, by decision of the Council of Heads of State of the CIS, the outgoing President of the USSR received lifelong benefits: a special pension, medical care for the whole family, personal security, a state dacha, and a personal car was assigned to him. The solution of these issues was entrusted to the Government of the RSFSR.
Activities of Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU and President of the USSR:
Being at the pinnacle of power, Gorbachev in January 1987 at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU launched the policy of "perestroika", in the development of which he carried out numerous reforms and campaigns, which later led to a market economy, free elections, the destruction of the monopoly power of the CPSU and the collapse of the USSR.
Acceleration- the slogan put forward on April 20, 1985, associated with promises to dramatically increase the industry and the well-being of the people in a short time; the campaign led to an accelerated retirement of production capacity, contributed to the start of the cooperative movement, and paved the way for perestroika.
Anti-alcohol campaign in the USSR, launched on May 17, 1985, led to a 45% increase in prices for alcoholic drinks, reducing the production of alcohol, cutting down vineyards, the disappearance of sugar in stores due to home brewing and the introduction of cards for sugar, but also an increase in life expectancy among the population, a decrease in the level of crimes committed on the basis of alcoholism. The authors of the idea were Yegor Ligachev and Mikhail Solomentsev, whom Gorbachev actively supported. According to Nikolai Ryzhkov, Chairman of the USSR Government, the country lost 62 billion Soviet rubles in the "struggle for sobriety".
In December 1985, Gorbachev, after consulting with his closest associate, Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU E. K. Ligachev, against the advice of Prime Minister N. I. Ryzhkov, decided to appoint B. N. Yeltsin as the first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU.
On April 8, 1986, Gorbachev visited Tolyatti, where he visited the Volga Automobile Plant. The result of this visit was the decision to create a research and production enterprise on the basis of the flagship of the domestic engineering industry - the branch scientific and technical center (STC) of OJSC AVTOVAZ, which was a significant event in the Soviet automobile industry. At his speech in Tolyatti, Gorbachev for the first time distinctly pronounces the word "perestroika", this was picked up by the media and became the slogan of the new era that had begun in the USSR.
On May 1, 1986, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, at the direction of Gorbachev, in order to prevent panic among the population, May Day demonstrations were held in Kyiv, Minsk and other cities of the republics with a risk to the health of those present.
On May 15, 1986, a campaign began to intensify the fight against unearned income, which was understood locally as a fight against tutors, flower sellers, chauffeurs who brought passengers, and sellers homemade bread in Central Asia. The campaign was soon curtailed in connection with the introduction of the first elements of a market economy in the USSR.
November 19, 1986 is published USSR Law "On Individual labor activity» (according to the law - “socially useful activity of citizens in the production of goods and the provision of paid services, not related to their labor relations with state, cooperative, other public enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens, as well as with intra-collective farm labor relations"), for the first time in decades, securing the right of citizens of the USSR to private entrepreneurship (in small forms) and giving such legislative regulation.
Return at the end of 1986 from political exile of the Soviet scientist and dissident, Nobel Prize winner A. D. Sakharov, the termination of criminal prosecution for dissent.
Transfer of enterprises to self-support, self-sufficiency, self-financing- the introduction of the first elements of a market economy in the USSR, the widespread introduction of cooperatives - the forerunners of private enterprises, the removal of restrictions on foreign exchange transactions.
Perestroika with alternating indecisive and drastic measures and countermeasures to introduce or limit the market economy and democracy.
In January 1987, at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, which discussed the responsibility of senior party cadres, the first sharp public conflict between Gorbachev and Yeltsin took place. Since that time, Gorbachev has been regularly criticized by Yeltsin, and the confrontation between the two leaders begins.
The reform of power, the introduction of elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and local Soviets on an alternative basis.
Personnel changes in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the resignation of many party functionaries of advanced age (1988). In 1989, more than 100 members of the Central Committee of the CPSU were retired by Gorbachev.
Publicity, the actual removal of party censorship on funds mass media and works of culture. Posthumous cancellation in September 1989 of the awarding of L. I. Brezhnev with the Order of Victory - as contrary to the status of the order.
Tough measures to localize national conflicts, in particular, the dispersal of a youth rally in Alma-Ata, the entry of troops into Azerbaijan, the dispersal of a demonstration in Georgia on April 9, 1989, the beginning of a long-term conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh(1988), countering the separatist aspirations of the Baltic republics, and then recognizing on September 6, 1991 their independence from the USSR.
Disappearance of products from stores, hidden inflation, the introduction of a rationing system for many types of food in 1989. The period of Gorbachev's rule is characterized by the washing out of goods from stores, as a result of pumping the economy with non-cash rubles, and subsequently hyperinflation.
Under Gorbachev, the external debt of the Soviet Union continued to grow. Approximate data are as follows: 1985, external debt - $31.3 billion; 1991, external debt - $70.3 billion.
The reform of the CPSU, which led to the formation of several political platforms within it, and in the future - the abolition of the one-party system and the removal of the constitutional status of "leading and guiding force" from the CPSU.
Rehabilitation of victims Stalinist repressions, not previously rehabilitated at .
The weakening of control over the socialist camp (the Sinatra doctrine), which led, in particular, to a change of power in most socialist countries, the unification of Germany in 1990, the end of the Cold War (the latter in the United States is usually regarded as a victory for the American bloc.
The introduction of Soviet troops into Baku on the night of January 19-20, 1990, against the Popular Front of Azerbaijan. More than 130 dead, including women and children.
The revival since January 7, 1991 of the tradition of celebrating Orthodox Christmas at the state level, declaring it a non-working day.
During the years of his reign, Gorbachev put forward a number of peace initiatives and proclaimed a policy "new thinking" in international affairs. The government of the USSR unilaterally declared a moratorium on testing nuclear weapons. However, such initiatives of the Soviet leadership were sometimes regarded by Western partners as a sign of weakness and were not accompanied by reciprocal steps. Thus, with the abolition of the Warsaw Pact in 1991, the opposing NATO bloc not only continued its activities, but also advanced its borders far to the east, to the borders of Russia.
Mikhail Gorbachev's family:
Wife - (nee Titarenko), died in 1999 from leukemia. She has lived and worked in Moscow for over 30 years. As Mikhail Sergeyevich said in an interview for the press in September 2014, Raisa Maksimovna’s first pregnancy in 1954, back in Moscow, due to heart complications after suffering rheumatism, doctors, with his consent, were forced to interrupt artificially; the student spouses lost the boy whom Gorbachev wanted to name Sergei. In 1955, the Gorbachevs, having completed their studies, moved to the Stavropol Territory, where Raisa felt better with a change in climate, and soon the couple had a daughter.
Granddaughters: Ksenia Anatolyevna Virganskaya-Gorbacheva (January 21, 1980) First husband - Kirill Solod, son of a businessman (1982), got married on April 30, 2003. The second husband, Dmitry Pyrchenkov (former concert director of singer Abraham Russo), got married in 2009. Great-granddaughter - Alexandra Pyrchenkova (October 22, 2008).
Anastasia Anatolyevna Virganskaya (March 27, 1987) - a graduate of the journalism faculty of MGIMO, works as chief editor on the Trendspace.ru website, husband Dmitry Zangiev (1987), got married on March 20, 2010. Dmitry graduated from the Eastern University under the Russian Academy of Sciences, in 2010 he studied at the postgraduate course of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, in 2010 he worked in an advertising agency.
Brother - Alexander Sergeevich Gorbachev (September 7, 1947 - December 15, 2001) - military man, graduated from higher military school in Leningrad. He served in the strategic missile forces, retired with the rank of colonel.
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich was born on March 2, 1931, in the village. Privolnoye, Medvedensky district, Stavropol Territory. He came from a family of repressed peasants.
During the Second World War, he lost his father, who died at the front. From the age of thirteen, he combined schooling with collective farm work.
When the young man was 15 years old, he was appointed assistant to the MTS combine operator. In 1949, Mikhail was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
In 1950 he completed his studies with a silver medal and without exams he entered the Lomonosov Moscow State University. He was admitted to the CPSU in 1952.
Political activity
After graduating from university, he began his journey in the Stavropol prosecutor's office. In 1955, he received the post of first secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee. In 1966, he began to hold the post of first secretary of the party city committee.
In 1978, he took the post of Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1980 he became a member of the Politburo. In 1985, he accepted the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
In 1990, Gorbachev, without leaving the post of General Secretary, was elected President of the Soviet Union.
Domestic politics
On May 17, 1985, on the initiative of Gorbachev, an anti-alcohol campaign was launched. The price of alcoholic beverages increased by 45%. The production of alcohol and the cutting down of vineyards were reduced. Against the backdrop of moonshine that gained popularity, sugar disappeared from the sale.
In December 1985, on the advice of E. Ligachev, he appointed B. Yeltsin as the first secretary of the Moscow City Committee.
On May 1, 1986, after the Chernobyl tragedy, at the direction of Gorbachev, May Day demonstrations were held in Minsk and Kyiv.
November 19, 1986 became the initiator of the law "On individual labor activity." In the same year, cooperatives were gradually planted - the forerunner of modern emergency situations. Restrictions were removed from foreign exchange transactions.
In 1987 Perestroika was proclaimed.
In an effort to localize national conflicts, he took tough measures. In 1988, unprecedented measures were taken to disperse a Georgian demonstration and a rally of Alma-Ata youth. In the same year, a long-term conflict began in Nagorno-Karabakh.
The President actively opposed the separatist aspirations of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.
The years of life and rule of the first Soviet president were overshadowed by resounding failures. Products began to rapidly disappear from the shelves, a rationing system was introduced for many types of food. The result of the washing out of goods from stores was hyperinflation.
External debt under Gorbachev increased first to 31.3, and then to 70.3 billion US dollars.
Foreign policy
studying short biography Gorbachev, you should know that he always strove for close cooperation with Western countries. At the end of 1984, at the invitation of M. Thatcher, the president visited London.
In an effort to improve relations with the United States, he decided to reduce military spending. The USSR could not withstand the arms race with America and the NATO countries.
During the reign of Gorbachev, the collapse of the Warsaw Pact was carried out, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. The fall of the Berlin Wall also happened. All this, according to historians, led to the loss of the USSR in the Cold War and contributed to its imminent collapse.
Other biography options
- The president's “gray eminence” was his wife, R. M. Gorbacheva. She was also the editor of his books.
- Together with
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich - politician, statesman, the first and only President of the USSR.
Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for building relationships with foreign countries including ending the Cold War with the United States.
During his activity, the most significant events took place that had big influence for the further development of the country.
Childhood and youth
On March 2, 1931, Mikhail Gorbachev was born in the Stavropol Territory, in the village of Privolnoye. His parents were ordinary peasants.
Father - Sergey Andreevich Gorbachev was a foreman, and his father was the chairman of the local collective farm. Mom Gopkalo Maria Panteleevna was Ukrainian.
Childhood of the future statesman coincided with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.
Father immediately went to the front, and Misha and his mother ended up in a village occupied by the Nazis.
Michael with his parents in childhood
Under the yoke of German soldiers, they lived for 5 months. After the release, the family received news from the front about the death of their father.
Mikhail had to combine his studies at school with work on a collective farm. At the age of 15, he already held the position of assistant combine operator.
For conscientious work and overfulfillment of the plan in 1948, Mikhail was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
Despite the difficulties and work, Mikhail graduated from school with a "silver" medal.
This allowed him to enter the Faculty of Law at Moscow State University without entrance exams, where he became the head of the Komsomol organization.
Occupying a public position, he had rather free-thinking fellow students in his environment.
His circle of friends included Zdenek Mlynář, who would become one of the leaders of the Prague Spring in the future.
In 1952, he joined the CPSU party. After 3 years, he received a law degree and was assigned to work in the prosecutor's office in Stavropol.
In 1967 he received a second higher education as an agronomist.
The beginning of a career in politics
He worked at the prosecutor's office for only a week. He was immediately accepted into the regional committee of the Komsomol in the department of agitation and propaganda. He worked there for 7 years, from 1955 - 1962.
During this time, he served as the first secretary of the city Komsomol committee, then the post of 2nd and 1st secretary of the regional committee of the Komsomol.
After, having the support of F.D. Kulakov, Mikhail Gorbachev's career quickly began to grow upwards.
By 1970, he was the first secretary in the regional committee of the CPSU. In addition, Mikhail has gained a good reputation in the field of agriculture.
Then he was elected a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU. He served in this service for 12 years. He rose to the position of Chairman.
Presidency years and removal from office
In March 1985, a plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU was held, at which Mikhail Gorbachev officially assumed the post of general secretary of the central committee.
He became the political leader of one of the world's superpowers - the USSR. Subsequently, his career growth began to grow rapidly.
In 1989, he was a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR as its chairman.
A year later, he becomes President and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.
He initiated a number of major reforms, called "perestroika", which lasted 6 years in the country (1985-1991).
As head of state, he conducted an anti-alcohol campaign, which was recognized as a big mistake.
His decisions in the international arena led to the end of the Cold War, the reduction of the threat of the use of nuclear weapons, and the unification of Germany.
Mikhail Gorbachev sought to reduce tensions between countries.
However, discontent was growing inside the country, and against its background external achievements didn't look good.
On June 12, 1990, a decree was signed declaring the independence of the RSFSR. As a result, other republics began to follow this example.
In 1991, the August Putsch took place, which became the culmination of internal tensions, and its failure only completed the collapse of the allied power.
After such events, Mikhail Gorbachev was accused of treason and a criminal case was opened.
Some time later, it was closed, and M. Gorbachev himself resigned from the post of head of state.
This happened on December 25, 1991. He led the country for only 1 year.
After he became the head of an international foundation that was engaged in socio-economic and political research.
The people called it the "Gorbachev Fund". After 2 years, he led the international environmental organization "Green Cross".
Activities after retirement
In 1996, Mikhail re-participated in the election of the President of the Russian Federation. However, his candidacy was able to score only 0.51% of total number votes.
In 2000, he took over as head of the Social Democratic Russian party, which merged with the SDPR (Social Democratic Party) a year later.
For the next 3 years he was the leader of this party. In 2007, by a court decision, the SDPR was liquidated.
In the same year, Mikhail Gorbachev creates social movement"Union of Social Democrats" and heads it.
In 2008 he was invited to the transfer to Vladimir Pozner. In an interview, he admitted his mistakes that led to the collapse of the USSR.
By the 80th anniversary of March 2, 2011, the current President signed a decree on awarding M. Gorbachev the Order. Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called.
In 2014, he went to Germany, where he opens an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the fall of the barrier wall separating the eastern and western parts of Berlin.
On the last day of February, the ex-president of the USSR presented a book about himself, Gorbachev in Life, in his fund.
In the spring of 2016, a meeting was held with future economists at the Moscow School of Moscow State University.
At it, he publicly acknowledged responsibility for his state decisions.
Personal life
Mikhail Gorbachev was married once. Titarenko Raisa Maksimovna became his first, faithful and only legal companion.
They met in their student years at one of the parties organized by Raisa's friend.
Raisa was an exemplary student, she spent all her time in the library. And at first she did not like Michael.
However, the case changed everything. Raisa had serious health problems, and the only person who was around all the time was Mikhail.
With wife Raisa
On September 25, 1953, the young couple registered their relationship. Parents were simply put before the fact.
Family life almost immediately began to test the feelings of a young family for strength.
In the first year, Raisa became pregnant, but the doctors forbade her to give birth because of heart problems.
The couple had to make a difficult decision - to agree to an abortion. Then, on the recommendation of the doctor, Mikhail and his wife decide to change the climate.
They move to Stavropol, to a small village. There begins new life, and Raisa in 1957 safely gives birth to a girl - Irina.
At first, Raisa helps Mikhail in every possible way in his career. However, she also does not sit at home.
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (1931) - 5th General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, President of the USSR, Nobel Prize winner.
Biography of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeevich was born into an ordinary peasant family in the village of Privolnoye, Stavropol Territory. Until 1937, Gorbachev's grandfather did not join the collective farm, but was an individual farmer, in the same terrible year he was arrested. The accusation of the peasant in Trotskyism was complete nonsense, and a year later he was fired. But Mikhail absorbed his grandfather's stories about the Soviet regime from childhood, and hence his organic rejection of totalitarianism. However, he tried to somehow reconcile this with communist ideals and, like his father, he also became a communist, he joined the party as a young man. In general, his biography was a classic example of the political career of a simple worker. He worked in a rural way, from childhood, by the sweat of his brow. From the age of 13, he combined his studies at school with the work of a machine operator on a collective farm and MTS. At the age of 17 he was awarded the order as an advanced combine.
1953 Gorbachev becomes a member of the CPSU. In 1955 he graduated from the law faculty of Moscow University, after which he returned to Stavropol. Works as the first secretary of the Stavropol city committee of the Komsomol, later elected as the first secretary of the regional committee of the Komsomol.
- 1962 MS Gorbachev becomes the first secretary of the Stavropol City Committee of the CPSU.
- 1967 graduated in absentia from the Faculty of Economics of the Stavropol Agricultural Institute and after 3 years was elected First Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU, and in 1971 - a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
- since 1978 Gorbachev - Secretary of the Central Committee for Agriculture.
- 1980 he becomes a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
- March 11, 1984 M. Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the CPSU by 7 votes out of 10. Gorbachev was developing an ambitious program that was called "perestroika" to reform the Soviet system. The three principles in domestic politics that Gorbachev proclaimed were: glasnost - greater openness and accessibility of information and democracy - greater participation of citizens in the political process; economic restructuring of the centralized and bureaucratic planned state economy. Gorbachev unfolds a wide range of activities in foreign policy based on disarmament.
- after an unsuccessful summit meeting in Geneva in 1985 and a dramatic meeting in 1986 with the President of the United States in Reykjavik, the Treaty on the destruction of medium and short-range missiles was signed.
- the meetings of Gorbachev and R. Reagan in 1987 in Washington and 1988 in Moscow led to the establishment of relations between the USSR and the USA, in mutual understanding for the sake of peace. Gorbachev also made changes in Soviet policy on regional issues. The growth of Gorbachev's authority was also facilitated by the revelation of his will in the search for a peaceful settlement of conflicts in Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua, and Afghanistan. He put military doctrines on the table and turned them into defensive ones.
Education of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev
A simple peasant boy had a great thirst for knowledge. Gorbachev has two higher education. First, he graduated from the prestigious university of the USSR - Moscow State University. Lomonosov, Faculty of Law.
Later, already being a party worker, he graduated in absentia from the Stavropol Agricultural Institute with a degree in agronomist-economist. It is interesting that at Moscow State University Gorbachev, although he was a Komsomol activist (secretary of the Komsomol organization of the faculty), willingly communicated with many freethinkers, of whom there were many in those days of the Khrushchev "thaw". Among his acquaintances was, for example, one of the leaders of the future "Prague Spring" Zdenek Mlynarzh.
After receiving a law degree, Gorbachev worked for a short time in the prosecutor's office in the Stavropol Territory. Characteristically, already in these first years of his career, the young Gorbachev had no great illusions about the communist system.
Political views and early career of Mikhail Gorbachev
Perhaps he explained what he saw as a "distortion of the correct ideas" proclaimed by the party, the regime, but he saw the realities clearly.
Quite quickly, he was promoted to Komsomol and party work. In 1955-1962 he was the second, then the first secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the Komsomol. Then he moves to party work, where he goes through the steps from the head of the department to the first secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU. He became the head of a huge region at the age of 39!
Interestingly, in these 60s, his candidacy was considered twice for work in the state security bodies, first for the position of head of the KGB of the region, then in 1969 Andropov considered his candidacy for the post of deputy chairman of the KGB of the USSR. It is worth recalling this in order to understand how ambiguous the ideological searches for the future leader of perestroika were.
It was Andropov, the chairman of the KGB, who was one of those who initiated the transition of the young Gorbachev to Moscow, to the highest echelons of the party hierarchy. And the second was none other than Suslov, one of the ideologists political regime during the Brezhnev stagnation. Both Gorbachev considers his godparents in big politics, and not only because they were engaged in him as a countryman, he has a high opinion of both to this day. Especially about Andropov, who, according to Gorbachev, honestly wanted changes in the Soviet Union for the better, of course, without going beyond the system.
So, since November 1978, Gorbachev has been in Moscow, he is the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. And already in October 1980 he was elected a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, that is, at the age of 49 he was included in the highest Areopagus of the leadership of the USSR.
Gorbachev as a politician
After Stalin's death in March 1953, several years " palace coups"With the participation of his closest associates, Nikita Khrushchev established himself in Moscow. Almost a decade of his rule is, on the one hand, the debunking of the crimes of the totalitarian, on the other, a series of voluntaristic socio-economic experiments. Finally, the Communist Party elite received another quiet coup, sending in October Khrushchev resigned in 1964. Leonid Brezhnev was elected head of the Communist Party, and then the Union.
The 18 years of Brezhnev's rule were not accidentally called "stagnation": indeed, after decades of upheavals, the repressions of the regime formally gradually began to be forgotten, all the more, de-Stalinization slowly faded away. In political terms, there was a complete conservation of the hardened communist system, with a new personality cult, Brezhnev's, but in a modernized version, as a cult of the party. "Juviliads" began - almost an annual celebration of various party and Soviet anniversaries: 50-60 - to name the party, the Komsomol, the army, the USSR.
On the international stage, from Cuba to Vietnam, from Germany to Africa, support for the communist and Soviet regimes continued - from insane cash injections to them, to direct military aggression.
The economy began to rest on giant natural resources countries, especially oil and gas. Plus, some strange things kept going on. economic experiments under the guise of reforms. Of course, on a smaller scale than industrialization, collectivization or the development of virgin lands. But nevertheless, it was, they started either the "revival of the Nechornozem" (read - the salvation of the indigenous Russian regions brought to ruin), then the turn Siberian rivers in Central Asia, then melioration, then chemicalization. Finally, a high-profile polit-economic project-BAM. Who forgot - this is the Baikal-Amur Mainline. This epic was accompanied by an incredible propaganda noise. The construction of the BAM was calculated for 9 years (1974-1983), in fact, it stretched for decades.
Brezhnev's successor Yuri Andropov, who came to the chair of the Party Secretary General directly from the Lubyanka, from the post of chairman of the KGB of the USSR, was also seriously ill and died in February 1984. Already at that moment, Gorbachev could become General Secretary, head the Soviet Union, because he was the youngest, most energetic of the members of the Politburo and secretaries of the Central Committee. But it turns out that the turn of the Kremlin elders has not yet ended. It was necessary to wait out the reign of Konstantin Chernenko. Even under Brezhnev, this unremarkable party servant got into the trust of the weak leader, therefore he had support among the Kremlin elite. The fact that a person, physically and mentally, could not even lead a collective farm brigade, became, formally, at the head of largest country world, can only be explained by the very "role of the individual in history", in this case practically zero when the environment rule. "The heyday of stagnation" has not yet ended, the elders were still delaying the agony of the Union.
But not only the General Secretaries departed. Back in late 1980, Alexei Kosygin, the head of government, a pragmatist, who sought to somehow, within the framework of the system, reform the clumsy socialist economy, died. In January 1982, the "grey eminence" of the party and its main ideologist Mikhail Suslov dies. In May 1983 - another member of the Politburo, Pelshe. In December 1984 - Minister of Defense Ustinov.
Chernenko died on April 10, 1985. And on the second day, an emergency Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU elected Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The queue of those wishing (or, perhaps, capable) to Olympus has dried up. Characteristically, Gorbachev was supported (in reality, because formally they voted unanimously) and some representatives of the old elite, primarily Andrei Gromyko.
Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary and President
From March 1985 - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and from October 1989 to June 1990 - Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
During an attempted coup in 1991, he was removed from power by Vice President Gennady Yanaev and isolated in Foros, after the restoration of legal power, he returned to his post, which he held until the collapse of the USSR in December 1991.
He was elected a delegate of the XXII (1961), XXIV (1971) and all subsequent (1976, 1981, 1986, 1990) congresses of the CPSU. From 1970 to 1990 he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 8-12 convocations. Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1985 to 1988; Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from October 1988 to May 1989.
Chairman of the Commission for Youth Affairs of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1979-1984); Chairman of the Commission on foreign affairs Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1984-1985);
People's Deputy of the USSR from the CPSU - March 1989 - March 1990; Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (formed by the Congress of People's Deputies) - May 1989 - March 1990; Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR 10-11 convocations.
March 15, 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev was elected President of the USSR. At the same time, until December 1991, he was Chairman of the USSR Defense Council, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990, but his international reputation suffered due to the suppression of democratic uprisings in the Baltic republics. After the failed putsch in August 1991, the accelerated collapse of the USSR, Gorbachev's power weakened, and on December 25, 1991 he resigned.
On November 4, 1991, Viktor Ilyukhin, head of the Department for Supervision of the Execution of State Security Laws of the USSR General Prosecutor's Office, initiated a criminal case against M.S. on granting independence to Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia; USSR Prosecutor General Nikolai Trubin closed the case, and two days later Ilyukhin was fired from the prosecutor's office.
June 13, 1992, convened with the permission of the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR, the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU expelled MS Gorbachev from the party.
Gorbachev's role in "perestroika"
Perestroika began almost immediately, in 1985. Although the very term "perestroika" Gorbachev first used to define his policy only a year later.
Many media picked up the term "perestroika" and it quickly became a symbol of grandiose changes in the USSR, such changes finally led to the disappearance of this state from the world map.
What did all these changes mean? What was the goal of Gorbachev and the party-Soviet elite of the Soviet Union? What were the internal springs of the collapse of the USSR and to what extent did international factors contribute to this? All these questions are the subject of a colossal analysis of historians, politicians, economists, and civil society in general. And here, of course, it is impossible to give such a detailed analysis. Apparently, all this was intertwined in the complex. It is easier to take place with a banal, but reasonable phrase that everything has its age - a person, a tree, a bird, a state, including an empire. And to say that, probably, the time has come to die for the empire, taken by the Moscow rulers for several years, and for the communist experiment, which continued for more than 70 years (for the first time in history) in the largest country in the world.
Among the many reasons for this radical change are:
- the chronic lag of the USSR from the West in the economy, which could not be compensated for by raw materials.
- scientific and technological progress, despite the considerable achievements here and in the USSR (largely associated with military industrial complex), nevertheless left the country on the sidelines of world development.
The USSR simply could no longer withstand the arms race, competing with the West, because 25 percent of the Union's budget went to military spending.
One should also name such a rather curious circumstance as the planetary dissemination of information. The internet was just getting bigger. But satellite communications, heavy-duty radio and television transmitters no longer allowed keeping the USSR in an information blockade. Primitive jamming of radio voices no longer helped. To exaggerate, there was even such an opinion: they say that the West delivered an ultimatum to the leadership of the USSR with demands for democratic changes, otherwise the population of the Union would be “poured out” so much about the real inside of the communist empire, such propaganda against the Soviet regime would go (and was already going on)! This is, of course, a somewhat primitive version, but, like similar primitives, it is still not without reason.
Reforms of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev
During the period of Gorbachev's activity as head of state and head of the CPSU, serious changes took place in the country that affected the whole world, which were the result of the following events:
- Anti-alcohol campaign.
- The end of the Cold War.
- A large-scale attempt to reform the Soviet system ("Perestroika"). Introduction to the USSR of the policy of glasnost, freedom of speech and press.
- The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan (1989).
- Rejection of the state status of the communist ideology and the persecution of dissidents.
- The collapse of the USSR and the Warsaw bloc, the transition of most socialist countries to a market economy and capitalism.
The future head of the country of the Soviets was born on March 2, 1931 in the small village of Privolnoye, located in the Stavropol Territory. The young years of Gorbachev's life were spent in labor activity. At the age of thirteen, the boy began to help his father, a rural machine operator, at work. And at the age of sixteen, the young man received the Order of Labor from the state for high performance in grinding grain.
Start career
Graduated in 1950 high school and having received a silver medal, Mikhail Gorbachev enters the Faculty of Law at Lomonosov Moscow University. Two years later, he will be closely connected with all subsequent years of Gorbachev's life. After graduating from the university in 1955, the young man went on assignment to the city of Stavropol, to serve in the local prosecutor's office. Here he takes an active part in the activities of the Komsomol organization, works as a deputy propaganda and agitation of the local regional committee of the Komsomol. Later, he was promoted to the first secretary of the city committee of the Komsomol in Stavropol, and then the young man became the first secretary of the Stavropol regional committee of the Komsomol. The years of Gorbachev's life spent in Stavropol (1955-1962) gave the future invaluable experience and became an excellent launching pad for further success.
Party takeoff
In 1962, a little over thirty years old, Mikhail Gorbachev went to work directly in the party bodies. The years of his life are now inextricably linked with the party and the state. It was an epic era Khrushchev's reforms. The party career of Mikhail Sergeevich began from the position of a party organizer in the Stavropol Territorial Production Agricultural Administration. In September 1966, he held the position of first secretary of the local city party committee, and already in April 1970, Mikhail Gorbachev became the first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU in Stavropol. Since 1971, Mikhail Sergeevich has been a member of the Central Committee of the Party.
Moscow period
The successes of the regional manager do not go unnoticed by the capital's leadership. In 1978, an active official became the secretary of the Central Committee for the agro-industrial complex of the USSR, and two years later - a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.
At the helm of the state
In March 1985 Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The years of life of an energetic figure in the subsequent period were very active: he became one of the most public people not only in the Soviet state, but throughout the world. The new head of state had a fairly fresh vision further development countries. As early as May 1985, he announced
the need to finally overcome the "stagnation" and accelerate the economic and social development of the USSR. Initiatives and bold reforms were endorsed at subsequent plenums in 1986 and 1987. Counting on the support of the broad masses, Gorbachev announced a course towards democratization and glasnost. However, such reforms have led to widespread public criticism. Soviet government as well as his past activities. Since 1988, non-partisan and non-state organizations have begun to form throughout the country. public organizations. Previously hushed up inter-ethnic contradictions also came to light with the process of democratization. All this leads to well-known results, when the former republics, one by one, begin a "parade of sovereignties."
After collapse
Mikhail Sergeevich himself was the last head of the Soviet state until December 1991, when in Belarus were signed that marked the creation of the CIS and a new era in interstate relations in the region. The subsequent years of Gorbachev's life still to a certain extent passed and are passing in the sphere of political activity. It appears with some frequency in Russian politics new time. From 1992 to the present time he has been the head of the International Foundation for Political and Socio-Economic Research. In 2000, he headed the Russian Social Democratic Party, and since 2001 - the SDPR, being in office until 2004.
