Once upon a time there was an old man and an old woman, they had a daughter, Alyonushka, and a son, Ivanushka. An old man...
Goals and objectives of the lesson: consolidate knowledge machine-building complex, its role, significance and development problems, consider the factors and geography of placement. Give the concept of the military-industrial complex, consider the role and significance.
Equipment: economic map of Russia, atlases.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Repetition.
1. Written test - several students work.
- Transfer of defense production to the production of peaceful products ...?
- A combination of related industries from different industries in one enterprise ...?
- Industrial relations between enterprises...?
- Mechanical engineering is divided into labor-intensive and ...?
- Labor-intensive mechanical engineering includes: a) instrument making; b) machine tool building; c) metallurgical.
- Enterprises gravitate toward metallurgical bases ... a) precision engineering; b) hard.
- Set match:
Naberezhnye Chelnya) KamAZ;
Togliattib) VAZ;
Moscowv) GAZ;
Ulyanovskd) UAZ. - The production of homogeneous products by the enterprise ...?
- Set match:
Engineering industry
Production of agricultural combines
Production of mining equipment
Electronic engineering
Automotive - An area favorable for the location of an aircraft plant: Norilsk 2) Cheboksary; 3) Vladivostok; 4) Yakutsk.
1. Conversion;
2. Combination;
3. Cooperation;
4. Metal intensive;
7 - 1 a, 2b, 3f, 4e;
8. Specialization;
9 - 1d, 2b, 3f, 4a; - 2.
2. Oral survey of the class, questions:
- What is a machine building complex? What is its main task?
- What is the significance of the machine-building complex, the main problems.
- What are the placement factors of engineering and explain how they affect placement?
- Describe the geography of mechanical engineering.
III. New topic.
Teacher's explanation:
1. The military-industrial complex is a system of production, research and development, research and development institutions that develop and produce military equipment, ammunition and weapons.
Before the collapse of the USSR, the military-industrial complex consisted of 1,100 factories with more than 9 million employees.
The military-industrial complex partially includes the production of other complexes, for example, in mechanical engineering, the share of defense plants is more than 60%. (Table 26 analysis, p.104)
The composition of the military-industrial complex (write in a notebook)
The military-industrial complex includes more than 1000 enterprises. In addition to factories, the military-industrial complex includes research institutes, design bureaus, and testing grounds.
The sectoral composition of the military-industrial complex:
- Production of nuclear weapons.
- Military shipbuilding.
- Aviation industry.
- Rocket and space industry.
- armored industry.
- Production of small arms.
- Manufacture of artillery systems.
Using maps (account fig. 48), determine the centers of production, write in a notebook:
- nuclear complex; (Kremlev-Arzamas-16; Zarechny-Penza-19; Novouralsk-Sverdlovsk-44; Lesnoy-Sverdlovsk-45; Snezhinsk-Chelyabinsk-70; Ozersk-Chelyabinsk-65; Trekhgorny-Zlatoust-36; Seversk-Tomsk-7; Zheleznogorsk -Krasnoyarsk-26; Zelenogorsk-Krasnoyarsk-45; Angarsk)
- Aviation industry; (St. Petersburg; Smolensk; Kaluga; Moscow; Voronezh; Taganrog; Rostov-on-Don; Saratov; Nizhny Novgorod; Kazan; Ulyanovsk; Samara; Ufa; Perm; Omsk; Novosibirsk; Irkutsk; Ulan-Ude; Komsomolsk-na -Amur; Arseniev)
- armored industry; (Arzamas; Nizhny Novgorod; Nizh. Tagil; Chelyabinsk; Kurgan; Omsk; Barnaul)
- Rocket and space industry; (Kaliningrad; St. Petersburg; Khimki; Tula; Moscow; Korolev; Kovrov; Voronezh; Rostov-on-Don; Volgograd; Saratov; Nizhny Novgorod; Kazan; Ulyanovsk; Samara; Kirov; Izhevsk; Votkinsk; Perm; Yekaterinburg; Zlatoust ; Omsk; Novosibirsk; Biysk; Zheleznogorsk-Krasnoyarsk-26; Krasnoyarsk; Irkutsk)
Factors of placement of the military-industrial complex
What should be taken into account when placing the military-industrial complex?
- Placement security: away from the borders, in the interior of the country.
- The principle of duplication: in different regions of the country, the location of understudy enterprises.
- The concentration of industries around Moscow, especially air defense systems.
Geography of military-industrial complex enterprises
Military-industrial complex enterprises were distinguished by secrecy, cities with military-industrial complex were protected on the map of the city did not appear, they did not have names, the numbers Chelyabinsk-70, Arzamas-16, Tomsk-7, etc. spoke about the closed city.
In the 1990s, cities came out of their closed position, having received names. Sometimes these cities are called "ghost towns".
Conversion
The military-industrial complex strives to produce as many weapons as possible.
But how many weapons does the country need? How to determine the need for weapons?
Huge expenditures on armaments were at one time one of the reasons that led the economy of the USSR to an economic crisis.
Need for weapons:
- Reasonable defensive needs;
- Real economic opportunities of the country.
Recording in notebook
Conversion - the transfer of military production to the production of civilian products. When carrying out the conversion, it is necessary to retain qualified personnel and use progressive technologies of military-industrial complex enterprises.
IV. Consolidation (students work on contour maps).
Assignment: to put on the contour map the major VP centers of Russia.
V. D / z. § 20 (to know the definitions).
Russia's military potential is initially perceived as quite impressive. At the same time, not every citizen of the Russian Federation can clearly imagine the structure of the defense sphere of his country. Moreover, this information was not always available. Therefore, there is every reason to pay attention to the structure of the military-industrial complex.
Military-industrial complex of Russia
Regarding this topic, it is initially worth noting that the military-industrial complex can be safely attributed to an industry that has had a more than tangible impact on the development of the economy over the many years of the existence of the Russian Federation.
And although some time ago such a thing as the military-industrial complex of Russia was somewhat vague, in the middle of the 2000s, progress in this area became obvious. If we talk about the situation that has developed at the moment, then it is worth voicing the fact that the military-industrial complex has many progressive industries:
Aviation industry;
Nuclear;
Rocket and space;
Release of ammunition and ammunition;
Military shipbuilding, etc.
The following enterprises can be identified as the main players that deserve attention within the framework of the military-industrial complex:
- Russian Technologies;
- "Rosoboronexport";
OJSC Air Defense Concern Almaz-Antey, etc.
What does the structure of the military industry look like?
Within the framework of this topic, it is necessary to initially highlight the following information: during the active 90s, the wave of privatization did not bypass the enterprises of the military-industrial complex of Russia. Therefore, if we now analyze the ownership structure of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, we can easily notice that joint-stock companies. More specifically, there are 57% of such joint-stock companies in the entire military-industrial complex. At the same time, the share of the state is absent in 28.2% of such enterprises.
You can refer to other data provided by Accounts Chamber. According to this information, approximately 230 enterprises operate within the aviation industry. But only 7 of them belong to the state (we are talking about a controlling stake).
One of the key features of Russian enterprises is their jurisdiction in various forms federal organizations. At the moment, the structure of the military-industrial complex of Russia includes 5 state agencies that oversee the defense industry and are located in:
RASU. Operates in the field of communications and radio industry.
- "Rossudostroenie". Responsible for supervising shipbuilding production.
RAKA. Controls processes within the rocket and space and aviation industries.
RAV. In this case, we are talking about the armaments industry.
- "Rosammunition". This agency specializes in working with the special chemicals and ammunition industry.
Key elements of the military-industrial complex
If we consider the features of the military-industrial complex of Russia, then we cannot ignore the types of organizations that are part of it:
Design bureaus that are focused on working with prototypes (prototypes) of weapons.
Organizations of a research profile. Their main task is theoretical developments.
Manufacturing enterprises. In this case, the resources are used for the mass production of weapons.
Polygons, as well as testing laboratories. Here it makes sense to talk about several important tasks. This is the so-called fine-tuning of prototypes in real-life conditions, as well as testing weapons that have just rolled off the production line.
In order to draw a complete picture of the functioning of the military-industrial complex and identify all the facets that the military-industrial complex of Russia has, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that enterprises that are part of the defense sector also produce products for civilian purposes.
Now it is worth taking a closer look at the military-industrial complex sectors
Nuclear weapons complex
It is difficult to imagine the development of the military-industrial without this direction. It includes several strategically important areas of production.
First of all, this is the subsequent production of a concentrate from this raw material. The next important step is the separation of uranium isotopes (the enrichment process). This task is performed at enterprises located in cities such as Angarsk, Novouralsk, Zelenogorsk and Seversk.
In fairness, it should be noted that 45% of all capacities that are concentrated in Russia are located in Russia. At the same time, it is important to pay attention to the fact that the production of nuclear weapons is declining and the industries described above focus on Western customers.
Another task this complex The military-industrial complex is both an operating time and an allocation. Its reserves concentrated in the Russian Federation will last for many more years.
Enterprises operating within the framework of the nuclear weapons complex are also engaged in the manufacture of fuel elements that are necessary for the operation of nuclear reactors, the assembly of nuclear weapons and the disposal of radioactive waste.
Rocket and space industry
It can rightly be called one of the most knowledge-intensive. What is one ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) worth, for the full operation of which approximately 300 thousand different systems, devices and parts are needed. And if we talk about a large space complex, then this figure increases to 10 million.
It is for this reason that most of the scientists, engineers and designers are concentrated in this industry.
Aviation industry
Studying the military-industrial complex of Russia, the branches and directions of this sphere, aviation must be paid attention in any case. Here it is relevant to talk about large industrial centers, since parent enterprises are needed to assemble products. Others simply do not have the necessary technical base to organize the processes required for fast and high-quality production.
At the same time, two key conditions must always be observed: the availability of qualified specialists and well-organized transport links. The military-industrial complex of Russia and specifically the aviation sector are in a state of constant development, which allows the Russian Federation to act as a major exporter of weapons, including aviation.
Artillery and small arms
It is also an important industry. The military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation can hardly be imagined without the famous Kalashnikov assault rifle. This is the most massive type of small arms currently produced in Russia.
Moreover, outside the CIS, it was adopted by 55 states. As for artillery systems, their production centers are located in cities such as Perm, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod.
armored industry
If you pay attention to the centers of the military-industrial complex of Russia, then after a simple analysis it will be possible to draw an obvious conclusion: this direction of the defense industry can be defined as one of the most developed.
The tanks themselves are produced directly in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil. The factories located in Chelyabinsk and St. Petersburg are at the stage of conversion. As for armored personnel carriers, enterprises in Kurgan and Arzamas are engaged in their production.
Military shipbuilding
Without it, Russia's military-industrial complex cannot be considered complete.
At the same time, the largest production center in this area is St. Petersburg. Within this city there are up to 40 enterprises related to shipbuilding.
Regarding the topic of nuclear submarines, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that at the moment their production is carried out only in Severodvinsk.
What you need to know about the conversion of the military-industrial complex
In this case, we are talking about changing the military industry, and more specifically, about its transition to the civilian market. The explanation for such a strategy is very simple: the production facilities that exist at the moment are capable of producing significantly more military products than actual demand requires. That is, neither Russia itself nor its current and potential clients need so much.
With such a prospect, one obvious maneuver remains: to reorient some of the military enterprises to the production of products that are relevant in the civilian sector. Thus, jobs will be preserved, factories will continue their stable operation, and the state will make a profit. Complete harmony.
The use of the military, so to speak, for peaceful purposes is also promising for the reason that at such enterprises there is a significant concentration of advanced technologies and specialists with a high level of qualification.
Using such a strategy, it is possible to solve at least some of the problems of the Russian military-industrial complex. At the same time, a stable production of the most relevant equipment for the army is maintained.
Obvious difficulties
Against the background of the above information, it is easy to conclude that the same conversion is not an easy task. In fact, it can be attributed to one of the most difficult tasks facing the military-industrial complex. There are no simple solutions here by definition. In order to see any progress in this area, you need to constantly make significant efforts.
Another problem that has to be faced is the uncertainty about the future financing of military-industrial complex enterprises. The military-industrial complex of Russia can receive funds from the state only for those enterprises that are part of any federal program or are among the state-owned production facilities.
As for foreign investments, there are no reasons to boldly count on them yet. At the same time, plants with production lines, which are already outdated or are not capable of producing a wide range of competitive products and military in particular.
If we try to assess the economic state of defense enterprises as a whole, we can conclude that it is very heterogeneous. The bottom line is that there are factories whose products have a certain demand. At the same time, there are those enterprises that are in a state of deep production crisis, regardless of whether they belong to the state or not.
Nevertheless, one must be aware that the government fixes the state of some components of the military-industrial complex. This confirms the fact that the Coordinating Council approved the main directions of development and stabilization of the situation.
In addition, Russia is actively combining the fundamental and applied scientific areas within the framework of the activities of military enterprises, which significantly increases the chances of the military-industrial complex for successful development and full-fledged functioning. Competently organized efforts are also being made to maximize the compliance of products that come off the assembly line of military-industrial complex enterprises with the investment expectations of the Russian and foreign markets.
Results
Obviously, with all the difficult situation that has developed around the military-industrial complex, there are definitely chances for a bright future and a progressive present. The government is constantly working to make the necessary changes that will allow defense enterprises to operate as efficiently as possible.
The military-industrial complex (abbreviated as the military-industrial complex) is a part of the industry of the state that is engaged in the production military equipment and focused on R&D in the defense sector. The formation of the military-industrial complex took place in the second half of the 20th century. The main prerequisites for its formation were the growth in the scale of hostilities and the expansion of the armed forces.
At that time, the best results were demonstrated by the military-industrial complex of the Soviet Union, America, Great Britain, Italy and the Warsaw Pact Organizations (OVD).
In connection with the transition from battles to a peaceful political dialogue between the warring parties, and then the split of the USSR and the Department of Internal Affairs, the number of weapons and armed forces produced was reduced by almost three times. So, since the 90s, the Russian military-industrial complex has been entrenched in sufficient level for the security of the state as a whole, there were no noticeable drops and rises. At the beginning of 2000, it included more than two thousand enterprises, but there was no clear understanding of what the military-industrial complex was. Today, the management commission includes 18 people headed by the President of the Russian Federation - Putin V.V. In addition, the scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex (the leader is Mikhailov Yu.M.) and the collegium of the military-industrial complex (the head is D. O. Rogozin, the head of the collegium apparatus is I. V. Borovkov) function under the commission.
The specifics of the military-industrial complex
Distinctive features of the military-industrial complex:
- the customer is always the state;
- non-standard requirements (manufacturability, capital intensity, long-term) to quality and technical properties weapons and military equipment;
- confidentiality of innovative projects;
- the inability of enterprises to enter the foreign market;
- high professionalism of the leaders of the military-industrial complex of Russia;
- producers are directly dependent on each other;
- the need for a large supply of material and labor resources;
- huge scale of defense enterprises.
The level of development of the military-industrial complex of Russia plays a key role in maintaining the security of the entire country, is largely responsible for the technical re-equipment of the main segments of the economy (medicine, transport, education, the fuel and energy complex (FEC), social security, etc.), is a sign of political sustainability.
By what principle are military-industrial complex enterprises located?
The military-industrial complex includes enterprises that manufacture and develop the necessary equipment for a successful attack, ammunition, firearms and chemical weapons.
The location of the enterprise is determined based on the following factors:
- safety;
- convenient logistics interchange;
- availability of qualified specialists and stocks of material resources;
- the city in which the enterprise is based must be closed;
- the possibility of creating duplicate production.
The main principle is the security of the location of the manufacturing enterprise of the military-industrial complex, taking into account the flight time of foreign missiles and aircraft, therefore enterprises and main centers are located in remote regions of Russia (Siberia or the Urals).
Branches of the military-industrial complex:
- manufacture of ammunition. For these purposes, the plant is located in the Central and Western regions of Russia;
- small arms industry (Izhevsk, Volgograd, Klimov, Nizhny Novgorod, Kovrovsk);
- nuclear production, including mining and processing of uranium ore (Zelenogorsk, Ozersk, etc.). Dispose of nuclear waste in Snezhinsk;
- space industry (launch and manufacture of rockets in Moscow, Samara, Omsk, Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk);
- production of military aircraft parts and their collection (Kazan, Moscow, Irkutsk, Taganrog, Saratov and other cities);
- tank industry (Volgograd, Arzamas);
- military shipbuilding (Komsomolsk-on-Amur and other closed cities).
In total, the complex includes more than a thousand enterprises throughout Russia, each of which is distinguished by special secrecy. The military-industrial complex includes factories, research centers, design bureaus and test sites.
State agents of Russia
For 2018, the structure of the military-industrial complex of Russia includes five state agents:
- RASU. Operates in the field of electronic industry (radio industry and other means of communication);
- RAV. Works in the armaments industry;
- "Rossudostroenie". Engaged in warships;
- RAKA. Enterprise associated with the aviation industry;
- "Rosammunition". A specialized agency that manufactures munitions and chemical weapons.
Each of the functioning agencies is included in the government and oversees the defense industry.
Due to what is the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation being revived and what are the prospects for development?
After several years of improvement and restructuring of the production process, Russia began to demonstrate positive results and take an active part in the implementation of innovative projects. The updating of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation takes place on the basis of the largest state corporation in the field of manufacturing and selling military equipment and weapons - Rostec. Today, the corporation includes more than 660 small enterprises throughout Russian Federation employing nearly half a million people. Most political observers regard such an act as copying the industrial model of the development of the USSR. If we analyze in more depth, we can see that Russian government adheres to a mixed position - a centralized type of planning and the formation of market relations. After Rostec entered the top 10 largest enterprises in the world, the head of the communications service Brovko V. stated with confidence that in the plans by 2035 the year would firmly gain a foothold in fifth position. In addition, the state corporation aims at a closer partnership with Latin American countries (today 16% of exports go to this region).
The restoration of the Russian military-industrial complex is based on the experience of the 90s. The main goal of the complex is to achieve independence from imports. To do this, Rostec companies depend on each other by expanding production.
Problems of the military-industrial complex in Russia and the USA
It's no secret that business sharks own the US economy. In this regard, the question arises: why is so much money in the United States inverted into the military-industrial complex? The economic situation leaves much to be desired, as the public debt is growing exponentially. As you know, the military industry does not generate income, and due to the cost of its maintenance, there are fewer funds left for the development of infrastructure, education and other segments of the economy. It is worth mentioning that the US military-industrial complex is the largest employer in the world (more than 3 million employees). In turn, the main problem of the Russian military-industrial complex is that the pricing system does not stimulate the employees of the enterprise to increase productivity. It is unprofitable to increase production efficiency, since most of profits go to the state budget, so the rationing and regulation of average wages does not bring the expected results.
Outcome
The military-industrial complex contributes to the development of many industries (aviation, electronics, space, science and even the banking sector). Russia is actively integrating the fundamental and practical areas of innovation within the framework of the effective operation of military organizations. Due to this, the military-industrial complex is fully functioning and successfully developing. In addition, efforts are being made to ensure that the military-industrial complex produces ideal products that justify investment expectations. It is obvious that in such a current situation of the military-industrial complex, the prospect for a wonderful future and a successful present undoubtedly exists. The government is constantly reorganizing work so that defense enterprises can function as efficiently and efficiently as possible.
If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.
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Military enterprises and facilities are nature users, they are assigned plots of land, water, forests. Military and defense bodies compensate for the damage caused to the environment.
As a result of such cooperation, the Pinellas plant closed as a military enterprise ahead of schedule, and its conversion cost no more than planned.
In the 60s, on the basis of the conversion of military enterprises and new industrial construction, the production of household appliances, the automotive industry, petrochemistry, the production of synthetic fibers and resins, and electronics were created from scratch.
At the same time, almost all coal mines were closed, unable to withstand the competition of cheap imported oil, which became the fuel base for the energy sector.
Kyiv ignoshg OrrDe, In a, Edamir from Rostov was transferred and the episcopal throne; The military enterprises of the prince, as well as the numerous stone construction carried out at that time, laid a heavy burden on the population.
Under the conditions of creating the necessary legislative and economic environment, legislative and regulatory acts are being adopted that regulate the process of reducing military orders, re-profiling and mothballing defense industries, and helping the territories most affected by the curtailment of military enterprises and facilities, and the labor collectives of converting enterprises.
many times many smart people asked me with great insistence how this could have happened to such a kind and famous king, who so many times for the sake of the fatherland neglected his health, endured misfortunes, countless sufferings and hard labour in military enterprises against the enemies of the cross of Christ and used to enjoy good reputation among all.
Economic conversion focuses on the sale of military products, i.e. for export. This type of conversion is preferable because military enterprises retain their personnel and advanced technologies, and the funds received from the sale are directed to the gradual re-profiling of production.
The debt crisis of 1992 was not related to military enterprises. The leaders of the defense enterprises really tried to develop a kind of entrepreneurial conversion, engaged in a hasty search for Western partners and new organizational models. Only when they realized that they did not have to wait for a reward for their efforts did discipline begin to fall, and then exports and an increase in the military budget began to be considered as an alternative to conversion.
In fact, the former military-industrial complex sector was initially less affected by the economic depression of 1992. This was partly due to better equipment, greater material reserves, and strong ties among defense industry leaders, which enabled them to better weather the shock of changing supply patterns that gripped the Russian economy.
Physical conversion means the conversion of defense plants to the production of civilian products.
This path creates many problems and is associated with large expenditures aimed at the physical destruction of military enterprises.
The gradual depletion of these deposits caused fears, especially increased during the Second World War due to a sharp increase in gas consumption by military enterprises.
Every organization of salvation within the universal institution of grace feels responsible before God for the souls of all, or at least for the souls of the people entrusted to it, and therefore considers itself entitled (and sees it as its duty) to counteract - if necessary by violent means - that so that they do not go astray in their faith, and apply saving means to them.
However, the holy or just war in fulfillment of the commandments of the Lord, the war for faith, which is always in some sense a religious war, is sharply separated from all other purely worldly and therefore worthless military enterprises. Therefore, the elect are not compelled to participate in the wars of political authorities, in wars that they do not recognize as sacred, in accordance with the will of God, which do not resonate in their hearts - this is exactly what the victorious Cromwellian army of saints did, defying compulsion and refusing to perform military service; They prefer mercenary service to compulsory military service.
In cases where people forcibly impede the implementation of the will of God, especially in matters of faith, Calvinists, remembering that obedience to God is more important than obedience to people, come to the conclusion about the need for active action, an uprising of believers.
Among the numerous military and trading campaigns of the Vikings in Eastern Europe Scandinavian sources are best known for the campaign of the late 30s-early 40s of the 11th century.
It ended tragically, and most of its participants died. This is the last military enterprise of the Vikings in Eastern Europe mentioned in the sagas.
In connection with the conscription of thousands of workers into the army, the evacuation of enterprises from the West, which sometimes have only 30-40 percent of the composition of workers, and the expansion of production, the question of providing industry with cadres of workers has become acute. The working day was extended and canceled regular holidays workers and employees who worked at military enterprises were declared mobilized until the end of the war, state bodies were created to record and distribute labor.
The working people, realizing the necessity of straining all their forces to defeat the enemy, gave their full support to these measures.
In connection with the conscription of thousands of workers into the army, the evacuation from the west of enterprises that sometimes have only 30-40 percent of the workforce, and the expansion of production, the question of providing industry with cadres of workers has become acute.
The working day was extended and the regular holidays of workers and employees were canceled, those who worked at military enterprises were declared mobilized until the end of the war, state bodies were created to record and distribute the workforce. The working people, realizing the necessity of straining all their forces to defeat the enemy, gave their full support to these measures.
Internal transfer means the introduction of economically favorable conditions already existing scientific developments and technological projects, equipment and new materials in the civil industry.
Legislative documents must reflect the specifics of the internal transfer of defense technologies, as opposed to conversion, which consists in the transition of military enterprises to the production of civilian products. The adoption of legislative acts on the declassification of military technologies is required, as well as the creation of a regulatory framework that determines the procedure and economic benefits of the transfer, both for developers of innovations and for enterprises that purchase them for development.
Laws and other regulations should provide economic benefits to foreign firms and investors representing modern and up-to-date technologies.
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Article 16. Production of weapons and cartridges for them
The production of weapons and cartridges for them is carried out by legal entities that have a license for production, in accordance with the Government of the Russian Federation. Legal entities that produce weapons and cartridges for them must ensure the safety of production, control over production, the appropriate quality of products and their safety.
Each unit of manufactured weapons, with the exception of mechanical dispensers, aerosols and other devices filled with tear or irritant substances, must have an individual number.
Combat small arms, with the exception of prototypes, are manufactured only for deliveries to state paramilitary organizations, as well as for deliveries to foreign states in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on military-technical cooperation with foreign states.
"MIC of Russia"
Federal Law of July 29, 2017 N 268-FZ)
(see text in previous)
Equipment of cartridges for hunting smooth-bore firearms may be carried out by the owner of this weapon for personal use if he has a permit to store and carry hunting smooth-bore firearms.
The repair and replacement of components of firearms, with the exception of the main parts of firearms, may be carried out by the owner of this weapon independently.
(as amended by Federal Law No. 398-FZ of December 28, 2010)
text in previous)
In organizations engaged in the production of weapons and cartridges for them, positions related to the production, accounting, storage and sale of weapons and cartridges for them, the main parts of firearms, cannot be replaced by persons who have an unexpunged or outstanding conviction for a crime committed intentionally, or in respect of whom a court has established a ban on filling such positions or engaging in certain professional or entrepreneurial activities in the field of arms trafficking.
(Part five was introduced by Federal Law No. 398-FZ of December 28, 2010)
In the production of firearms of limited destruction, gas weapons, signal weapons, pneumatic weapons and products structurally similar to weapons, it is prohibited to use the main parts of combat hand firearms and service firearms, including those deregistered in state paramilitary organizations, as well as decommissioned.
(Part six, ed.
Federal Law of July 6, 2016 N 374-FZ)
(see text in previous)
Geography
Textbook for grade 9
§ 12. The military-industrial complex of Russia
Will the Military-Industrial Complex (MIC) be able to serve as the basis further development Russia?
What is the VPK?
The military-industrial complex of Russia is a system of enterprises that develop and manufacture military equipment and weapons.
The terms “defense-industrial complex”, “military (defense) industry” are also used as synonyms for the military-industrial complex.
Russia inherited a huge military-industrial complex from the USSR. Taking into account family members, every tenth inhabitant of Russia was associated with the military-industrial complex.
The armament and military equipment of the Soviet military-industrial complex corresponded to the best world standards, and in many cases even surpassed them. This was facilitated by the high technological level of most enterprises of the complex.
The military-industrial complex concentrated the most qualified personnel, the best technique and skillful organizers of production.
Military-industrial complex enterprises also produced the most sophisticated civilian goods. For example, most of the tape recorders and computers came out of there. And VCRs, televisions and cameras were created only at military factories.
Weapons and equipment were produced on a scale that exceeded reasonable defensive needs and the real economic possibilities of the country.
The gigantic burden of military spending was one of the reasons that led the USSR to an economic and political crisis.
One of the tasks facing the military-industrial complex is its conversion (from Latin conversis - change, transformation). The conversion of the military-industrial complex means the transfer of military enterprises (in whole or in part) to the production of civilian products.
This is necessary for Russia, since it is economically impossible and unnecessary from a military-strategic point of view to maintain the previous volumes of arms production.
What are the features of the location of the branches of the military-industrial complex?
Virtually all significant cities of Russia became centers of military production, where it was closely connected with "civilian" mechanical engineering, the chemical industry and other industries.
The military-industrial complex led to the emergence in Russia of the so-called "closed cities" - science cities. More than a dozen such cities were created in our country for the development and production of atomic and other types of weapons.
They were not applied to any geographical map and had conditional names: Chelyabisk-70, Sverdlovsk-44, Krasnoyarsk-26, etc. These cities differed high level landscaping, good supply and complete privacy.
The special nature of the work, the strictest requirements for discipline and compliance with production technology, the highest qualifications of workers - all this has formed in these cities unique labor collectives capable of mastering the production of any, no matter how complex, products.
Arzamas-16, the most famous among them, created in 1946 on the site of the famous Sarbva monastery, can serve as an example of a closed city.
Surrounded by dense Mordovian forests, which then received the status of the Mordovian State Reserve, the center was especially secretive. He was tasked with eliminating the US monopoly on nuclear weapons. Such world-class theoretical physicists as three times Heroes of Socialist Labor Yu. B. Khariton, Ya. B. Zeldovich, A. D. Sakharov and many others worked in this scientific center.
It was in Arzamas-16 (now the city of Serov) that the first atomic and hydrogen bombs in the USSR were created, and subsequent generations of nuclear weapons were developed. Today the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in Sarov is a large multi-purpose research center. And the Sarov Avangard plant is dismantling the warheads it once produced as part of the nuclear arms reduction program.
Where are air and space weapons produced?
The aviation and rocket and space industry is located in large cities - centers of concentration of qualified personnel.
Finished products - airplanes, helicopters, ballistic missiles and others - are assembled from thousands of parts supplied by allied enterprises.
Military-industrial complex. 9th grade
Particularly distinguished by its complexity is the production of space complexes.
In most areas in space technology, our country is "ahead of the rest." Unique Russian technologies provide long-term human space flights.
Our designers have developed the world's best automatic docking system spaceships. Russia also holds the lead in the creation of large structures in open space, film and inflatable structures. Now our space industry is participating in many international projects.
The Baikonur Cosmodrome (in Kazakhstan) is now used by Russia on a lease basis. From here, Russian and foreign cosmonauts go into space.
In Russia itself, there are currently two spaceports. One of them is Plesetsk.
In the late 1950s among the forests, lakes and swamps of the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region, a test site for strategic missile forces and its "capital" - the city of Mirny were built.
Since 1966, spacecraft have been launched from here. Since that time, Plesetsk has become the most "working" cosmodrome in the world, which has no equal in terms of the number of launches (more than 1500). But it also remains a military training ground - it was here, for example, that the new Russian intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) Topol-M, which formed the backbone of our country's strategic nuclear forces in early XXI in.
AT Amur region Russia's second Svobodny Cosmodrome has recently been set up on the basis of the former garrison of a strategic missile division. The first satellite was launched from there in March 1997.
Control of almost all unmanned aerial vehicles spacecraft conducted from Krasnoznamensk near Moscow (Golitsyno-2), and manned - from the Mission Control Center (MCC) in the Queen of the Moscow Region.
Research and design organizations of the industry are concentrated to a large extent in the Moscow region. Almost all Russian aircraft and helicopters are designed here, intercontinental ballistic missiles and launch vehicles are being developed.
Rice. 41. Products of the military-industrial complex of Russia
A powerful aerospace complex was formed in the Volga region.
Among its many large centers, Samara occupies a special place in the Russian cosmonautics, where launch vehicles, rocket engines and satellites for various purposes, including photo reconnaissance satellites, are developed and manufactured. In Nizhny Novgorod, the Sokol aircraft building plant, which produced fighters designed by S.
A. Lavochkin La-5 and La-7. It was on such machines that the Soviet ace number one, three times Hero of the Soviet Union I. N. Kozhedub, won all his victories (shooting down 62 enemy aircraft). Among today's military products of the plant is the world's most powerful fighter-interceptor MiG-31.
Almost all Mi-24 combat helicopters that fought in Afghanistan were manufactured in Arseniev (Primorsky Territory), and now the world's first Ka-50 combat helicopter, better known as the Black Shark, is being produced.
Here they also make a unique anti-ship missile "Mosquito", called in the West "Sunburn" (" Sunburn"). Capable of destroying an aircraft carrier, this missile rushes to a target at a height of only 5 m at a speed of 2.5 times the speed of sound, automatically performing anti-aircraft maneuvers, which makes the Mosquito almost invulnerable.
The former artillery plant in Votkinsk (in Udmurtia), founded in the 19th century, is now the only enterprise in Russia for the production of intercontinental ballistic missiles (Topol-M).
Where are other military-industrial complex products produced?
Among the centers of artillery and small arms, we single out Izhevsk in Udmurtia.
Do you know which product of the Russian industry is the most common in the world? This is the famous AK-47 - a Kalashnikov assault rifle, produced in this city, and then produced in several other countries.
In total, several tens of millions of pieces were produced, and it was so popular that it even got on the state emblem of one of the African countries - Mozambique. Izhevsk became the “homeland” of not only the Kalashnikov assault rifle, but also the Makarov pistol and the Dragunov sniper rifle. A Nikonov assault rifle, a weapon of the 21st century, was created here, according to many constructive solutions unparalleled.
Motovilikha Plants in Perm continues to be one of the largest manufacturers of modern types of weapons, including Grad, Uragan and Smerch multiple launch rocket systems.
From the centers of the armored industry, find Nizhny Tagil, Kurgan and Omsk on the map.
The Nizhny Tagil production association Uralvagonzavod, which produces the most massive T-72 tanks of the last quarter of our century and the new T-90 rocket and gun tanks, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the world's largest industrial enterprise.
World-renowned infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) are produced in Kurgan.
After the war, Omsk tank builders mastered the production of new formidable vehicles. One of the tanks produced today - the T-80UM "Bars" - experts call powerful, like a "Dreadnought", fast and comfortable, like a "Mercedes". In Omsk, a new generation tank "Black Eagle" was also created, which is by far the best in the world.
The largest center of military shipbuilding in Russia since the time of Peter I is St. Petersburg. Local shipyards can build almost all types of warships from combat boats to nuclear missile cruisers. Severodvinsk is the largest in the world and the only center of nuclear submarine shipbuilding in Russia.
conclusions
Our country needs the military-industrial complex as a supplier of modern equipment and weapons for the Russian army (and for export) and as a “generator of high technologies” for civilian sectors of the economy.
The state has yet to decide challenging task on the partial transfer of the military industry to a peaceful track. This will make it possible to introduce new technologies in all spheres of the economy, retain highly qualified personnel, and achieve the competitiveness of high-quality civilian products.
Questions and tasks
- Name the main products of the military-industrial complex. What brands of military aircraft, tanks, small arms do you know?
- How to explain the concentration of various military industries in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Sverdlovsk regions?
- Write abstracts:
- "New technologies of the military-industrial complex and their significance for civilian production";
- "MIC and its impact on the state of the environment".
- How to explain that it was in the military-industrial complex that the most highly qualified labor resources? What qualities do you think people working at military-industrial complex enterprises should have? Why?
Military shipbuilding and armored industry
Military shipbuilding it is difficult to separate from the civil one, since until recently the majority of Russian shipyards worked for defense.
Nuclear submarines were previously produced in Nizhny Novgorod, Severodvinsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Currently, their production is preserved only in Severodvinsk.
A unique research and production base for submarine shipbuilding has been created in the country. Domestic designers have developed more than 300 submarine projects, of which more than half were implemented in metal.
Russia is the world leader in the export of submarines, which were supplied to the fleets of 14 countries. Domestic boats hold records for speed (up to 50 knots per hour) and diving depth (up to 1,000 meters).
Only in Russia was mastered the construction of submarines from titanium alloys. The first domestic nuclear submarine of project 627 was built in 1958,
Other centers of military shipbuilding are a number of cities on the rivers where small ships are produced (Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Zelenodolsk, etc.)
To date, the United Shipbuilding Corporation of Russia includes regional sub-holdings:
Northern Shipbuilding Center (Severodvinsk).
2. Western center of shipbuilding (St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad).
3. Far Eastern Shipbuilding Center (Vladivostok).
4. Southern Shipbuilding Center (planned).
In Severodvinsk (Arkhangelsk region) there are four military and civil shipbuilding("Northern Machine-Building Enterprise" - the world's largest center for the construction of nuclear submarines (APC); ship repair center "Zvezdochka", SPO "Arktika", JSC "Northern Raid").
Modern technologies make it possible to create frigates using carbon fiber stealth technology: they absorb or partially conduct radio waves through themselves, and this ensures invisibility from radars.
Such ships began to be built at Severnaya Verf in St. Petersburg.
armored industry. Before the revolution, despite the existence of several original projects, tanks were not produced in Russia (only two prototypes were built).
On the basis of domestic and mainly foreign cars, armored cars were assembled by the Izhora, Putilov and Obukhov plants in the country's leading engineering hub - Petrograd. During civil war continued production of armored vehicles, including half-tracks. The first small series of light tanks was built at the Sormovo plant in Nizhny Novgorod in 1920. A French captured tank was used as a model. As a result of the development of the concept of the first Soviet tank at the Leningrad plant "Bolshevik" (Obukhov plant) in 1927-1931.
the first large series of light tanks MS-1 was produced, and in Kharkov, the leading industrial hub of Ukraine, at the Kharkov Locomotive Plant named after the Comintern (KhPZ) in 1930.
Enterprises of the Military Industrial Complex of Russia
production of a small series of T-24 medium tanks was organized.
During the Great Patriotic War, the geography of domestic tank building expanded dramatically, especially to the territory of the Urals and the Volga region. The T-34 tanks, which were most widely used in the war, were produced at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant in Gorky, as well as at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant (STZ) and Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil.
The Moscow plant named after Ordzhonikidze was evacuated to Sverdlovsk, the Leningrad Kirov plant to Chelyabinsk, and the Leningrad plant named after Voroshilov to Omsk and Barnaul. There was the main production of armored vehicles.
In the post-war years until the end of the 80s.
continued mass production of armored vehicles. The main centers of tank building remained Nizhny Tagil, Omsk, Kharkov, Leningrad, Chelyabinsk.
The armored industry was one of the most developed branches of the military-industrial complex of the USSR. Over the past period, 100 thousand tanks have been produced at the factories of the former USSR. Of the four Russian factories Tanks are now being produced at only two, in Nizhny Tagil and Omsk, while factories in St. Petersburg and Chelyabinsk are being converted.
Armored personnel carriers (APCs) are produced in Arzamas, and infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) in Kurgan.
Referee Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution
higher professional education
Pomor State University
them. M.V. Lomonosov
Faculty of Natural Geography
Department of Geography
Test
on economic and social geography of Russia.
Completed by a student
Correspondence department of geography
Ryzhkova O.A.
Checked by teacher
Iglovskaya N.S.
Arkhangelsk 2010
Question 1
Significance and role in the economy. specific features.
The composition of the complex.
Communication with other branches and complexes.
Territorial organization, placement factors.
Problems and prospects for the development of the complex.
Question 2 Infrastructural complex of Russia.
The composition and significance of the complex.
Characteristics of the most important modes of transport.
Services sector.
Current state, development problems.
List of used literature
Characteristics of the military-industrial complex of Russia.
The military-industrial complex (MIC) of Russia is a powerful system of enterprises producing military equipment, weapons and ammunition.
As synonyms for the military-industrial complex, the terms "military industry" and "defense industry" are also used.
industry".
The VPK includes:
- research organizations (their task is theoretical developments);
- design bureaus (KB) that create prototypes (prototypes) of weapons;
- testing laboratories and testing grounds, where, firstly, the “finishing” of prototypes in real conditions takes place, and secondly, the testing of weapons that have just left the factory walls;
- manufacturing enterprises where mass production of weapons is carried out.
But in addition to military products, military-industrial complex enterprises produce civilian products.
Most refrigerators, tape recorders, computers, vacuum cleaners and washing machines Russia was produced at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex. Televisions, VCRs, cameras and sewing machines produced only in military factories.
Thus, the military-industrial complex concentrates the production of more complex products.
contributed to the high technical level of most enterprises in the military-industrial complex. This was the sector National economy, in which production was at the level of the best world samples, and in many cases even exceeded it.
The military-industrial complex concentrated the most qualified and initiative personnel, the best
technique and skillful organizers of production.
Its scope was enormous. At the end of the 80s. about 4.5 million people were employed at 1800 enterprises of the military-industrial complex of Russia, including 800 thousand in the field of science. This accounted for about a quarter of those employed in industry. Including family members, 12-15 million people were directly connected with him.
people, that is, every tenth inhabitant of Russia.
The costs of maintaining the army and the military-industrial complex lay on the entire population of the country, lowered
his standard of living. The defense industry was dominated by the conviction that the most important thing was to produce as many products as possible.
A feature of the military-industrial complex is the placement of many of its enterprises in "closed" cities.
childbirth, which until recently was not mentioned anywhere, they were not even plotted on geographical maps.
Only recently they received real names, and before that they were designated by numbers (for example, Chelyabinsk-70).
The military-industrial complex consists of several main branches:
— Production of nuclear weapons
— Aviation industry
— Rocket and space industry
— Manufacture of small arms
— Manufacture of artillery systems
— Military shipbuilding
— Armored industry.
The nuclear weapons complex is part of the Russian nuclear industry.
It includes the following productions.
1. Extraction of uranium ore and production of uranium concentrate. In Russia, only one uranium mine is currently operating in Krasnokamensk (Chita region). It also produces uranium concentrate.
2. Uranium enrichment (separation of uranium isotopes) takes place in the cities of Novouralsk (Svedlovsk-44), Zelenogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-45), Seversk (Tomsk-7) and Angarsk.
45% of the world's uranium enrichment capacities are concentrated in Russia. With the reduction in the production of nuclear weapons, these industries are increasingly export-oriented. The products of these enterprises are used both for civilian nuclear power plants and for the production of nuclear weapons and for industrial reactors for the production of plutonium.
The manufacture of fuel elements (TVELs) for nuclear reactors is carried out in Elektrostal and Novosibirsk.
4. Production and separation of weapons-grade plutonium is now carried out in Seversk (Tomsk-7) and Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26).
Russia's plutonium reserves have been accumulated for many years to come, but the nuclear reactors in these cities do not stop, as they provide them with heat and electricity. Previously, Ozersk (Chelyabinsk-65) was a major center for the production of plutonium, where in 1957, due to a failure in the cooling system, one of the tanks in which liquid production waste was stored exploded.
What is the role of the military-industrial complex in the Russian economy? Characteristics of the military-industrial complex of Russia
As a result, an area of 23,000 km was contaminated with radioactive waste.
5. The assembly of nuclear weapons took place in Sarov (Arzamas-16), Zarechny (Penza-19), Lesnoy (Sverdlovsk-45) and Trekhgorny (Zlatoust-16). The development of prototypes was carried out in Sarov and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70). The first atomic and hydrogen bombs were developed in Sarov, where the Russian Federal Nuclear Center is now located.
6. Disposal of nuclear waste is one of the most difficult environmental problems today.
The main center is Snezhinsk, where waste is processed and buried in rocks.
The aviation industry is located, as a rule, in large industrial centers, where finished goods are assembled at parent enterprises from parts and assemblies supplied by hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of subcontractors.
The main factors in the location of industrial enterprises are the convenience of transport links and the availability of skilled labor. And the design of almost all types of Russian aircraft is carried out by the Design Bureau of Moscow and the Moscow Region. The only exception is the Beriev Design Bureau in Taganrog, where amphibious aircraft are produced.
The rocket and space industry is one of the most science-intensive and technically complex industries.
For example, an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) contains up to 300 thousand systems, subsystems, individual devices and parts, and a large space complex - up to 10 million. Therefore, there are much more scientists, designers and engineers in this field than workers.
Research and development organizations of the industry are concentrated
largely in the Moscow region.
ICBMs (in Moscow and Reutov), rocket engines (in Khimki and Korolev), cruise missiles (in Dubna and Reutov), anti-aircraft missiles (in Khimki) are being developed here.
And the production of these products is scattered almost throughout Russia.
ICBMs are produced in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), ballistic missiles for submarines - in Zlatoust and Krasnoyarsk. Launch vehicles for launching spacecraft are produced in Moscow, Samara and Omsk.
Spacecraft are manufactured in the same place, as well as in St. Petersburg, Istra, Khimki, Korolev, Zheleznogorsk.
The main cosmodrome of the former USSR was Baikonur (in Kazakhstan), and in Russia now the only operating cosmodrome is in the city of Mirny, Arkhangelsk region (near Plesetsk station). Anti-aircraft missile systems are being tested at the Kapustin Yar test site in the Astrakhan region.
The control of the military space forces and all unmanned space vehicles is carried out from the city of Krasnoznamensk (Golitsyno-2), and manned ones - from the mission control center (MCC) in the city of Korolev, Moscow Region.
Artillery and small arms is a very important branch of the military-industrial complex.
The most famous and mass-produced type of small arms produced is the Kalashnikov assault rifle, which is used in at least 55 countries (and in some it is even depicted on the state emblem).
The main centers for the production of small arms are Tula, Kovrov, Izhevsk, Vyatskiye Polyany (Kirov region), and the leading scientific center is located in Klimovsk (Moscow region). Artillery systems are produced mainly in Yekaterinburg, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod.
The armored industry was one of the most developed branches of the military-industrial complex.
Over the past period, 100 thousand tanks have been produced at the factories of the former USSR. Now a significant part of them is subject to destruction under the treaty on the limitation of arms in Europe. Of the four Russian plants, tanks are now produced only at two - in Nizhny Tagil and Omsk, while the plants in St. Petersburg and Chelyabinsk are being redesigned.
Armored personnel carriers (APCs) are produced in Arzamas, and infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) in Kurgan.
It is difficult to separate military shipbuilding from civil shipbuilding, since until recently the majority of Russian shipyards worked for defense.
The largest shipbuilding center since the time of Peter I is St. Petersburg, where there are about 40 enterprises in this industry. Almost all types of ships were built here.
Nuclear submarines were previously produced in Nizhny Novgorod and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Currently, their production is preserved only in Severodvinsk. Other centers of military shipbuilding are a number of cities on the rivers where small ships are produced (Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Zelenodolsk, etc.)
Speaking about the military-industrial complex of Russia, one cannot fail to mention such a thing as the conversion of the military-industrial complex (from the Latin word conversic - change, transformation).
It means the transfer of military production to civilian production. For Russia, this is vital, since it is economically impossible to maintain the previous volumes of arms production, and even from a purely military point of view, it is not necessary, since former potential adversaries become Russia's partners.
At the same time, the most advanced technologies are concentrated in the military-industrial complex. It is necessary to preserve them during the conversion so that qualified personnel contribute to the creation of new civilian industries.
At the same time, it is necessary to maintain the production of the most effective types of military equipment in order to be able to arm Russian army the most modern weapons, as well as to supply weapons to other countries.
Until recently, all information on such a branch of the military-industrial complex as the production of armored vehicles was closed. AT last years, in connection with the general course towards greater openness, the commercial interest of manufacturers in advertising their products, the desire to expand exports in the media mass media and special literature, many publications appeared on the production in the military-industrial complex.
Russia has actually lost most of the traditional markets for its weapons.
Foreign firms compete not only in the trade in new equipment, but even in the modernization of Soviet equipment of the past decades, which is in service with the armies of a number of countries. The problem of the revival of domestic industries now
is becoming more and more relevant.
Another problem facing the military-industrial complex is the problem of conversion.
It is too complex, has no simple solutions, requires constant attention and time. Even in the United States, a country with a developed market economy and a powerful civilian sector of industry, it required the implementation of a large-scale structural maneuver and a radical change in the entire system of procurement of weapons and military equipment.
The economy of the USSR has historically evolved as a militarized economy, oriented towards a purely cost-based production structure, incapable of competition, oriented towards a closed domestic market.
Attempts to reform, undertaken in some years, failed. One got the impression that the created system was not capable of reforming in an evolutionary way.
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