Mechanical engineering in Russia. Geography and structure

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SAMARA STATE ACADEMY OF ECONOMY

Department of Economic and Social Geography

TEST

on the course "ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY"

on the topic "Geography of industries

machine-building complex of the Russian Federation"

Head Voronin V.V.

SAMARA 2003

1. The place of the machine-building complex in the economy of the Russian Federation.

Factors and features of its placement

The machine-building complex is an integral part of the unified national economic complex of the country. This is primarily due to the fact that mechanical engineering:

* creates machines and equipment used in other industries and thus creates conditions for the development of all other industries;

* is the largest consumer of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy products, as well as a number of other industries;

* provides employment for a fairly large share of labor resources;

* acts as a district-forming factor;

* is a reflection of the degree of development of productive forces in the region;

* gives a significant impetus to the development of progressive technologies.

That is, we can say that the economy of the whole country directly depends on the state of this industrial complex.

The machine-building complex refers to complex, diversified complexes, including the components shown in Figure 1.

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of industry. Mechanical engineering is engaged in the production of machinery and equipment, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Consequently, engineering products are consumed by all branches of the national economy without exception.

Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment.

Mechanical engineering also produces commodities, mostly durables. This industry is of great importance for the national economy of the country, as it serves as the basis for scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy.

The machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, it accounts for almost 25% of the cost of manufactured products and almost 35% of all employees in the Russian economy, as well as about 25% of the cost of fixed industrial and production assets. In our country, this complex is underdeveloped. In economically highly developed countries, the products of the engineering industry account for 35-40% of the cost of industrial production and 25-35% of those employed in industry, in developing countries it is much less.

Compared with industry as a whole, machine building and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprise sizes (the average size of an enterprise in the industry is about 1,700 workers in terms of the number of workers, compared with less than 850 in industry as a whole), greater capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of products. The complex products of mechanical engineering require a diverse and highly skilled workforce.

Among all industries, mechanical engineering ranks first in terms of its share in gross output and industrial production personnel, second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial and production assets, as well as in the structure of exports.

The structure of mechanical engineering is very complex, this industry includes both independent industries, such as heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and oil engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc., as well as many specialized sub-sectors and industries.

Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, at home, in transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy materializes through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, the electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and the production of electronic computers. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out.

Therefore, its industries are developing at an accelerated pace, and their number is constantly growing. According to their role and importance in the national economy, they can be combined into 3 interrelated groups:

1. The sectors that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in the entire national economy are instrument making, chemical engineering, electrical and power engineering.

2. The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering are the machine tool industry and the tool industry.

3. Industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in certain sectors of the economy are road construction, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive, etc.

Over the past decades, a number of new industries have emerged related to the production of automation, electronics and telemechanics, equipment for nuclear energy, jet aircraft, household machines. The nature of products in the old branches of engineering has changed radically.

The main economic purpose of engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all branches of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

The machine-building complex is the most important complex, which plays a huge role in the production process, is interconnected with many sectors of the country's economy, has its own sectoral structure, specialization within it, and distinctive features. Gamma factors influence its development and placement. The development and placement of its branches is based on the same principles as all branches of a single national complex. The principles of development and placement are refracted in general and specific factors influencing the development and placement of branches of the machine-building complex:

· Natural conditions, geography of natural and raw materials.

· Volumes of capital investments, sources of financing.

· Specialization and level of development of farms in economic regions.

· The basic level of development of science and technology.

· Ways of communication and transport network.

· Labor resources, their composition, skill level.

Forms of organization of production

· Scale, structure and geography of product consumption.

· Transportability of raw materials and finished products.

· Ecological situation in the region.

The most important is the existence of a public need for products, skilled labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying structural materials and electricity. And although, in general, mechanical engineering belongs to the “free placement” industries, since it is less influenced by such factors as the natural environment, the presence of minerals, water, etc. At the same time, a number of other factors have a strong influence on the location of engineering enterprises. These include:

Science intensity: It is difficult to imagine modern engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most sophisticated modern technology (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Orientation to the scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the placement of machine-building enterprises.

Metal content: Mechanical engineering industries engaged in the production of such products as, for example, metallurgical, energy, mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of such products usually try to be as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.

Labor intensity: From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high qualifications of labor. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of engineering industries gravitate towards regions of the country where the concentration of the population is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and engineering and technical personnel. The following branches of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).

Consumer proximity: The products of some branches of engineering, such as the production of energy, mining, metallurgical equipment, which consume a large amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, are not economically feasible to transport over long distances due to their large size and high transportation costs. Therefore, enterprises in many branches of engineering are located in areas where end products are consumed.

As a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering can be taken out military-strategic aspect. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are removed from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities.

Table 1.

Grouping of engineering industries by location factors:

Under the sectoral structure is understood the quantitative ratio between the branches and industries that are part of the mechanical engineering. Its formation occurs under the influence of economic, organizational and technical factors:

· The level of development of science and technology in the country;

· The pace of development of sectors of the national economy;

· Material and cultural level of the population of the country;

· Place of the country in the system of international division of labor;

· Level of specialization and cooperation.

The degree of influence of specific factors on the location of mechanical engineering

The most important features in the machine-building industry that affect the location of enterprises across the country are also formed under the influence of the following principles and factors:

Diversity and complexity of products, technological processes;

· The use of engineering products is not limited to one area;

· Wide dissemination of integration structures, both within the country and in relation to foreign countries;

Possibility of using metal waste from machine-building plants in areas of developed mechanical engineering (secondary use)

· The need for a certain level of production culture, the availability of laboratories, research institutes, the exchange of experience between enterprises;

· Procurement enterprises gravitate towards sources of raw materials; assembly to the consumer; mechanical - to a complex of factors;

Lesser degree of influence of the natural environment, the presence of water, etc.;

Widespread use of various forms of specialization;

· More effective specialization and cooperation of enterprises within the region.

According to the degree of influence of certain factors on the location of engineering enterprises throughout the country, they are conventionally divided into the following groups:

According to the forms of specialization of machine-building industries, there are:

1. industries of technological specialization

casting production;

production of forging and pressing products

2. Branches of detailed specialization

· Manufacture of spare parts

· Production of bearings

· Manufacture of metal structures

3. Production of repair work

4. Branches of subject specialization

· Energy, transport and agricultural engineering;

· Manufacture of technological equipment for industry and construction.

Specialization in mechanical engineering contributes to:

· Complication of communications and development of cooperation;

· Growth of production volumes;

· Spatial separation of the production of individual machines and equipment, their units and assemblies;

· Creation of more advanced types of machines, automatic lines, robots;

· Saving material, financial and labor resources;

· Changing the degree of transportability of products.

The placement of machine-building industries is carried out according to a certain type:

Mechanical engineering of large centers;

Mechanical engineering at metallurgical bases;

Mechanical engineering in the served industry;

Mechanical engineering on the site of traditional metal-industrial centers;

Mechanical engineering of transport hubs.

At present, the structure of mechanical engineering includes 19 independent industries, which include over 100 specialized sub-sectors and industries. Complex independent industries include: heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and oil engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc.

Expansion of the network of metalworking industries in cooperation with large factories.

Also, the development of the machine-building complex depends on the conditions of rational placement, such as:

A clear definition of the production profile of each enterprise of the machine-building complex;

Organization of machine-building production in the form of complexes based on specialization;

Creation of a wide network of repair and mechanical enterprises;

Approaching metallurgical bases;

Expansion of the network of metalworking industries in cooperation with large factories.

Therefore, mechanical engineering is developed in all economic regions of Russia, although its role in the economy of the regions is not the same (Table 2).

Table 2.

Consequently, 87.5% of machine-building products are produced by the Western economic zone and only 12.5% ​​are produced by the Eastern economic zone. In the Eastern zone, mechanical engineering does not work for local needs, but for the European zone (79% of products are exported to European regions, and 67% of products come from European regions).

Depending on the features of placement in mechanical engineering, several groups of industries can be conditionally distinguished, including:

1. Heavy engineering (67% of production).

2. General engineering (18% of production).

3. Medium mechanical engineering and instrument making (15% of production).

2. Territorial structure of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation

Enterprises of this industry are widespread in Russia everywhere. But in some areas, mechanical engineering is of primary importance, while in others its functions are limited mainly to satisfying the internal needs for the industry's products. Sometimes it only complements the profile of those industrial complexes, the creation of which is due to the use of natural resources, for example, in Eastern Siberia.

heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining, large power equipment, heavy machine tools and press-forging machines, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and wagons. Features of the production of heavy engineering products are casting, machining and assembly of large-sized parts, assemblies, assemblies and entire sections. For this purpose, industries are characterized as enterprises of a complete production cycle, independently carrying out the procurement, processing and assembly of parts and assemblies, and plants that combine these operations with the installation of imported parts, assemblies and sections that come in the order of cooperative connections. The industry also includes highly specialized plants. Heavy engineering produces 60% of the industry's marketable output; the cost of raw materials and materials here ranges from 40 to 85%, wage costs 8-15%, transport costs from 15 to 25%, electricity costs 8-15%. Heavy engineering plants can be oriented both to metallurgical bases and to consumption areas. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European zone, the rest is in Western Siberia and in the Far East. The main areas and centers of heavy engineering include:

- Central(Electrostal).

- Ural economic region(plant "Uralmash" in Yekaterinburg.)

- Siberia(production of metallurgical and mining equipment in the cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, production of turbines in Novosibirsk)

- Northwest: St. Petersburg is a historically established center of heavy engineering (the Electrosila plant, which produces turbogenerators)

New centers associated with the production of nuclear reactors - the plant "Avtommash" in Volgodonsk.

The production of metallurgical equipment has taken shape both in large areas of metal production and outside these areas. Enterprises of this profile specialize in the manufacture of certain types of equipment for ore mining, its preparation, blast furnace, steelmaking, foundry, rolling equipment or individual units.

The production of excavators for ore mining, sintering machines, equipment for blast furnaces and electrothermal furnaces is concentrated at the factories of the Urals (Yekaterinburg, Orsk).

Equipment for open-hearth furnaces, rolling and welding of pipes is produced in the Central District (Elektrostal). Ore grinding equipment is supplied by the Volga region (Syzran). Casting machines - Far East (Komsomolsk-on-Amur), etc.

The production of large power equipment arose and developed mainly outside the metallurgical bases in large centers of developed mechanical engineering, which specialize in the production of certain types of this complex product requiring skilled labor. Powerful turbines and generators for power plants provide the Northwestern (St. Petersburg), Ural (Yekaterinburg) and West Siberian (Novosibirsk) regions. The largest center for the production of this metal-intensive, but small-scale or individual products is St. Petersburg. In these regions and centers, specialization has developed in the production of certain types of equipment. Almost all of them produce steam or hydraulic turbines and generators for them, but of different capacities and designs, especially for different types of hydroelectric power plants. The rapid development of nuclear power has forced the transition to the production of complex equipment at existing plants. Power equipment - powerful diesel engines for ships - are produced in St. Petersburg, Bryansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Khabarovsk, for diesel locomotives and power plants - in Balakovo, Penza, Kolomna.

High-performance boilers, producing hundreds and thousands of tons of steam per hour, are produced in the Central Region (Podolsk), Central Chernozemny (Belgorod), North Caucasus (Taganrog), West Siberian (Barnaul).

Mostly outside the metallurgical bases, the production of heavy machine tools and forging and pressing equipment. They are produced in small batches and often on individual orders for domestic and foreign factories. Enterprises of this industry are located in the West Siberian (Novosibirsk), Central (Kolomna, Ivanovo), Central Chernozemny (Voronezh), Volga (Yekaterinburg), etc.

The production of mining equipment has developed in the main coal regions of the country, West Siberian (Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo); Ural (Yekaterinburg, Kopeysk); East Siberian (Cheremkhovo, Krasnoyarsk). Often, such a location of enterprises for the manufacture of mining equipment is associated with taking into account the local characteristics of the extraction of coal, ore and other minerals.

Outside the metallurgical bases, most enterprises of the shipbuilding industry are also located, despite their consumption of a large number of metal profiles that are inconvenient for transportation. Shipyards specialize in the production of ships for a specific purpose, with different types of marine engines. The complexity of modern vessels determines the installation of a variety of standard and special equipment on them. Therefore, in shipbuilding, cooperative ties with numerous allied enterprises are extremely well developed, supplying not only equipment, but often entire units and sections of ships. The construction of ships begins on land, and they are completed afloat. Therefore, many shipyards are located in sheltered estuaries. major rivers(Neva, Amur), or harbors protected from the sea. The largest area of ​​maritime shipbuilding has developed on the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories specializing in the construction of linear passenger, cargo-passenger, tankers, nuclear-powered icebreakers, river vessels. There are shipyards in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. Marine shipyards are also located in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Astrakhan, Vladivostok. Shipyards are located in Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river routes: on the Volga (Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd), Ob (Tyumen, Tobolsk), Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk), Amur (Blagoveshchensk). The creation of deep-water fairways on rivers, the construction of canals that connected the most important river arteries with each other, made it possible to move on to the construction of "river-sea" ships not only in the lower reaches of the rivers, but also in the middle and upper ones. These river shipyards also build lake-type ships and small sea-type ships. Profitable geographical position such river shipyards in relation to related enterprises in the central regions makes the construction of ships on them very effective.

Railway engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering, relatively well developed. pre-revolutionary Russia and refurbished in the 1960s. The technical process in transport in the post-war years led to a change in the types of traction: the replacement of inefficient steam locomotives with more efficient and powerful electric locomotives and diesel locomotives, an increase in the carrying capacity of wagons, and the creation of new types of wagons for the transport of specialized, liquid, bulk cargo. Modern diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger and special freight cars are not only material-intensive products that use a variety of structural materials - ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, wood, glass, but are also equipped with sophisticated equipment - powerful diesel engines, electric motors, refrigeration units, installations for heating special tanks, pneumatic installations for unloading bulk materials.

The concentration of locomotive production has sharply increased in the Central District (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga); in the city of Saint Petersburg.

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for broad and narrow gauges are mainly supplied by enterprises in the Central Region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).

Freight cars are produced in Nizhny Tagil, Altaysk, Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Urals); for the subway - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg.

General mechanical engineering

The group of branches of general engineering is characterized by average consumption rates of metal, energy, and low labor intensity. General engineering enterprises produce technological equipment for oil refining, chemical, paper, timber, construction industries, road and simple agricultural machines. Dominated by specialized enterprises associated with the manufacture of blanks and the assembly of structures, units and parts supplied in cooperation. A number of enterprises producing equipment for industries with chemical technology need special types of steel, non-ferrous metals and plastics. General engineering enterprises are among the largest in the industry and are located in many regions of the country. General engineering produces 25% of the industry's marketable output. The cost of wages for the cost of production here is from 12 to 33%, the cost of raw materials and materials in this group is not very large - from 4 to 8%, the cost of electricity is 3 - 5%.

Agricultural engineering has numerous and large enterprises for the production of various agricultural implements for tillage, sowing crops, and harvesting. Agricultural engineering gravitates towards areas of consumption, given the profile of agricultural production:

Production of grain combines - in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog), in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk);

Production of potato harvesters - in the Central region (Ryazan, Tula), flax harvesters (Bezhetsk), forage harvesters (Lyubertsy). Various agricultural machinery and equipment are produced by factories located in Voronezh, Syzran, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk.

Equipment for enterprises with chemical processing of raw materials (oil refining, chemical, paper) is produced in Penza, Tuymazy, Kurgan, Yekaterinburg, Izhevsk, Petrozavodsk.

Secondary engineering unites enterprises of small metal consumption, but increased energy intensity and labor intensity. The main technological processes in medium mechanical engineering are the machining of parts, their assembly on conveyors into units, assemblies and finished machines. This industry consumes a large variety of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, rubber, and glass. Enterprises of medium machine building are the most numerous, highly specialized, and have extensive cooperative ties. Their products are mass and large-scale, it includes the production of cars and aircraft, tractors, combines, engines for them, medium and small metal-cutting machines and forging machines, pumps and compressors, machines and various technological equipment for the light, food, and printing industries.

The automotive industry is the leading branch of engineering in industrialized countries. It stimulates the development of many industries, employment of the population in the production and maintenance of automotive equipment, increases trade turnover, strengthens the monetary system, and determines the need for the products of the entire industry. In countries with the most developed automotive industry, the share of the industry in the total volume of engineering products is 38-40% in Western Europe, 40% in the USA, and 50% in Japan. As a result, the share of the automotive industry in the gross domestic product of the United States and France is 5%, in Japan and Germany 9-10%. Countries leading in terms of GDP are also leaders in the global automotive industry.

Figure 2

In the export of industrialized countries, the share of finished passenger cars by value is 7-8% of the total volume and 13-15% of exports of machinery and equipment. The automobile industry was one of the levers for the rise of all material production in post-war Japan and Germany. It plays a progressive role in the nationwide rise in manufacturing and services in Spain, South Korea, Mexico and Brazil, Poland and the Czech Republic. Many countries including the USA, the leading countries of Western Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand have almost reached their limit in saturation with cars (USA 740 cars per 1000 inhabitants). In Russia, the achievement in 5 years of the level of motorization of 150 cars per 1000 inhabitants can be considered the most important socio-economic task.

Currently, up to 1 million people are employed in the automotive industry in Russia, and the share of the automotive industry in the engineering industry of the Russian Federation is 33%, which is a fairly high indicator of the economic situation in the industry. Due to excises, VAT, contributions to pension and other funds, automobile plants are one of the main sources of income for the state budget system. After vodka and tobacco, a car is one of the most profitable types of goods for the budget. On average, from one ton of mass of a produced car, income to the budget is equivalent to approximately 2.0-3.0 thousand US dollars.

The automotive industry, represented by 22 production associations, which include more than 200 factories, includes, in addition to the production of cars, the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced at independent enterprises.

The largest factories have created numerous branches. Thus, ZIL JSC, in addition to four factories in Moscow, has branches specialized in the production of units, components, parts, blanks and spare parts in Smolensk, Yartsevo (Smolensk region), Petrovsk, Penza, Ryazan, Yekaterinburg.

Automobile motors are made not only by the parent enterprises themselves, but also by a number of specialized plants. Most of these factories are located outside the centers of the automotive industry. They supply their products in cooperation with several car factories at once. The automotive industry produces bearings for all sectors of the economy. It includes more than a dozen factories located in most economic regions of the country. Each of the plants specializes in the production of certain sizes of bearings and supplies them different enterprises country.

Automotive enterprises are located in various regions of the country, however, the vast majority of production is concentrated in the old industrial regions of the European part with a high concentration of road transport. The main areas for the automotive industry are: central, Volga-Vyatsky, Volga. The role of the Moscow region is especially great, where ZIL, the Likinsky bus plant, plants for the production of bearings and components are located.

- Cars upper and middle class produce in the Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Ural (Izhevsk) regions; subcompact- in the Volga region (Tolyatti), minicars- in Serpukhov.

- Medium duty trucks - produce factories in the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions.

- -Small tonnage and heavy vehicles produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)

Network created bus factories in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volga-Vyatka (Pavlovo), Ural (Kurgan), North Caucasian (Krasnodar) regions.

In Engels operates trolleybus factory.

Specialized enterprises for motor production are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen, Zavolzhye.

The Russian tractor industry is one of the largest in the world. According to the features of placement, it resembles a car. Various types of tractors are produced not only for agriculture, but also for industry. The range of produced tractors in terms of power has sharply increased: from small garden tractors of several horsepower to powerful machines several hundred horsepower. With the increase in the number of tractors for processing crops, the share of caterpillar tractors, which are used mainly for plowing, harvesting in agriculture and for industrial needs, has sharply decreased. This determines the specialization of enterprises and regions in the production of individual brands of tractors (by purpose, power, design). The changes that have taken place in the types of tractors produced, the improvement of their design, have increased the dependence of tractor factories on allied enterprises (foundries, rubber, electrical equipment, etc.). The most complex product of agricultural engineering enterprises is the production of combines. In combine construction, cooperative ties with allied enterprises have acquired great importance. 225 factories are involved in the production of the Niva combine.

Major changes have taken place in the location of the tractor industry in recent years. Originating in the main agricultural regions of the country (Volga-Volgograd, in the Urals-Chelyabinsk) to provide these regions with arable machines, the tractor industry was located near metallurgical bases. Tractors are intended not only for agricultural work, but also for industrial needs (on their basis, earth-moving machines - bulldozers, scrapers, etc.) are produced. Tractors and skidders are produced for other industries. For the needs of agriculture, the production of special types and modifications of tractors (except for tilled tractors - gardening, for working on steep slopes, on moist soils, in sugar beet fields), intended for use in different regions of the country, has been launched. This led to the specialization of tractor factories and a wide inter-regional exchange of manufactured products. Therefore, in subsequent years, new tractor factories sprang up both in the central industrial regions and in other European regions.

Tractor plants are located in St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk, Rubtsovsk. For the timber industry, the production of skidders was created in Petrozavodsk, industrial - in Cheboksary.

The production of grain harvesters is concentrated at the Rostselmash plant, as well as at the Taganrog and Krasnoyarsk plants, potato harvesters in Ryazan, flax harvesters in Bezhetsk (Tver region). Wheeled row-crop tractors are produced by factories in Vladimir and Lipetsk; caterpillar tilled - in Volgograd, Vladimir; industrial - in Barnaul, Chelyabinsk, Bryansk, Cheboksary.

machine tool industry- the technical base of all mechanical engineering. Metal consumption in it, as a rule, is small, most of the blanks and parts are produced at the enterprises themselves, cooperation with other plants is most often reduced to the supply of engines, molded products, and electrical equipment. For their placement big influence renders the labor intensity of products, the availability of qualified workers, engineering and technical personnel and designers. Industry enterprises are equipped with sophisticated equipment. The increase in the production of more modern machine tools - semi-automatic and automatic, milling, grinding, modular, precision, machine tools with program control, machine lines and, finally, automated workshops and factories - strengthened the role of large scientific and design centers in the location of machine tool building. The role of cooperative links has increased (unification of standard units in different types of machine tools, special electrical equipment, etc.). The narrow specialization of machine-tool enterprises predetermined the wide development of interregional ties: each of them provides most of the country's regions with its products.

At present, there are machine tool enterprises in many cities of the Central region, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Urals, and Western Siberia. The leading regions for the production of metal-cutting machine tools included Ural (30%), Central (28%), Volga (13%).

major centers machine tool industries are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, Saratov, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk.

The most typical placement features for medium machine building are very clearly seen in the placement aviation industry. In this most complex branch of modern mechanical engineering, enterprises of almost all branches of heavy industry cooperate, and especially mechanical engineering itself, supplying a variety of structural materials from ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical materials, electrical, electronic and radio engineering equipment. Aviation industry enterprises differ exclusively high level classification of engineering and technical personnel, workers. This led to the emergence and development of the aviation industry in large industrial centers, where, in addition to experienced personnel, there are research institutes and design bureaus in production. In such large industrial centers, as a rule, there are allied enterprises. Aircraft factories in individual cities specialize in the production of certain types of aircraft.

Modern passenger aircraft of international class are produced: in Moscow - Il-96-300, Il-114, Yak-42M; Smolensk - Yak-42; Voronezh - Il-86, Il-96-300; Kazan-IL-62; Ulyanovsk - Tu-204, An-124; Samara - Tu-154, An70; Saratov - Yak-42, Omsk - An-74; Novosibirsk - An-38. Helicopters are produced in Moscow and Kazan. Rocket and space industry(Moscow, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara, Primorsk, etc.) produces various kinds of orbital spaceships, rockets for launching satellites and orbital stations and reusable spacecraft of the Buran type, combining the most modern, high technologies with a wide inter-sectoral complexity of production. Our aerospace industry is one of the most advanced in the world.

Instrumentation concentrated in the Central region (Moscow), and also developed in the North-Western (St. Petersburg and Leningrad region) and North Caucasus regions. The production of electronic equipment is concentrated in Moscow, Orel, Zelenograd, Smolensk, Penza.

Enterprises radio engineering industry, specializing in the production of radio receivers and televisions, were created in the Central (Moscow, Alexandrov), North-Western (St. Petersburg), Central Chernozemny (Voronezh) regions.

Production of low-current equipment, precision machines , tools associated with stamping and precision casting of blanks, precision machining of parts, assembly of parts, assemblies and assemblies. The mass-flow organization of production prevails, in which highly qualified personnel are employed, and a large number of labor forces are used. Industry enterprises consume a relatively small amount of materials, but a wide range (black, colored, noble, rare metals, various types of glass, plastics, etc.). The complexity and accuracy of the manufactured products makes very high demands on the culture of production, equipment equipment. Many enterprises in the industry (especially low-voltage - electrical, electronic and other equipment) are mainly engaged in the installation and assembly of parts and assemblies coming in the order of cooperation. Enterprises of this industry are located in areas with developed mechanical engineering, where there are research and development centers (Moscow, St. Petersburg).

3. Modern problems and prospects for the development and deployment of the machine-building complex

Mechanical engineering is one of the leading sectors of the economy of our country, which consists of a large number of sub-sectors and industries. The enterprises of this branch are connected with each other and with enterprises of other branches of the national economy.
In recent years, the situation in the machine-building complex of Russia has been characterized as a crisis. By 1996, the total decline in output amounted to 57% compared to 1991. In the machine tool industry, 80% of enterprises changed their profile. The output of machine tools fell to 30%, forging and pressing machines to 11%. The production of potato harvesters, fertilizer spreaders, flax harvesters, seeders, tractor trailers has almost completely ceased. The capacities for the production of tractors are used by 15%, grain harvesters - by 14%, trucks - by 27%, trolleybuses - by 20%, etc.
Machine-building enterprises suffered the most from the rupture of production ties with enterprises of the former Soviet republics of the USSR. Compared to imported goods, the engineering products of our country are of lower quality and therefore are not competitive on the world market.

The structure of the final products of the domestic engineering industry at the turn of the last decades was characterized by "heaviness" and a high degree of militarization. share military equipment remained prohibitively high, with a sharp lag in the output of consumer goods and especially equipment for the non-manufacturing sector. In the first half of the 1980s, the growth in the production of investment engineering products completely stopped, and in the second half a decline began, which turned into a landslide in the early 1990s.

The decrease in demand in consumer industries forced the mechanical engineering industry to adapt to the conditions for using its products, increasing the output of universal equipment and introducing primitive technologies. This will lead to the cessation of the production of science-intensive products, the further curtailment of machine-building production and, ultimately, to the attenuation of the investment process and the elimination of the basic sectors of the economy (except for raw materials, which have export potential).

The sharp decline in production at the beginning of the 1990s had less effect on the production of durable goods, the share of which was above average - mainly the passenger car industry and manufacturing household appliances, with the most rapid growth in prices for them and high profitability of production. Thus, the main feature of the ongoing changes was the focus on the production of relatively prestigious products, while the conditions for the production of many others worsened, which was largely due to the patronizing customs policy of the state, for example, in relation to the automotive industry. Therefore, the relative well-being of some enterprises in this industry is temporary and in the context of a constant increase in production costs and growing competition from foreign manufacturers, a recession and periodic stoppages of production are inevitable. The position of mechanical engineering was also aggravated by the high level of concentration and monopoly of production. Among 2/3 enterprises, each produces more than 75% of products of a certain type, that is, in fact, it is its monopoly producer.

A distinctive feature of the recession was the relative stability of the development of industries and sub-sectors that manufacture mobile equipment, while output fell in industries that produce technological equipment. The reason lies in the higher liquidity of mobile equipment in relation to equipment that requires installation, the output of which began to exceed effective demand as a result of the overaccumulation of the fleet of this equipment from the consumer. This gave rise to serious financial and production problems, which led to the shutdown of a number of major enterprises. The main reason for this situation is a sharp drop in investment activity and a decrease in demand for machinery and equipment. The volume of capital investments in the production of equipment for construction and in agricultural engineering has especially decreased.

Due to the considered unfavorable factors, the share of knowledge-intensive industries has decreased, while the share of the automotive industry has stabilized. The conditions for this stabilization are the containment of tariffs for energy carriers, products of the metallurgical and chemical complexes, rail transportation, and the prolongation of protectionist customs measures. The release structure itself should also undergo changes, since it does not yet respond modern requirements. The implementation of structural target programs is associated with significant investment costs and time. But the necessity, and most importantly, the success, of a comprehensive restructuring has been proven by the experience of GAZ JSC. The timely restructuring of production with the organization of the production of cars with a carrying capacity of one and a half tons and cars with diesel engines made it possible to increase production volumes. For example, for 10 months of 1997 the growth rate was 122.4% against the corresponding period of the previous year.

In the machine-tool industry of Russia today, production is more and more oriented towards effective demand. But on the part of the former main consumer - the state, it has sharply decreased, and business entities do not compensate for this reduction (especially for complex science-intensive products), preferring cheaper and simpler equipment, which entails a loss of orders, painful for the machine tool industry. In fact, there was a threat of Russia losing its own machine tool industry. The development of non-core products for the machine tool industry in order to survive has become a mass practice. Weak private and foreign investment, little non-public sector demand for technological equipment makes it necessary to implement state support enterprises in this industry. This is economically, and sometimes strategically, effective, especially in the case of import substitution. Thus, the funds allocated for this purpose made it possible to create production facilities for the production of linear rolling bearings under the license of the company "TNK" (Japan) at JSC "Lipetsk Machine Tool Plant". These units are the basis of Russian precision machine tool building, until now they were mainly imported from far abroad. The developed capacities for the production of synthetic diamonds at JSC "Tomal" make it possible to completely switch to the production of diamond tools based on Russian raw materials instead of its imports from Ukraine and Armenia, as well as to form an export potential in the amount of $10 million a year. These examples show the high efficiency of state support for priority areas of development of the machine tool industry.

In the context of a strong contraction in demand for agricultural machinery, it is now planned to take measures to accelerate the process of adapting enterprises to the market (structural restructuring of production, expanding the market for exporting equipment, creating trading houses at enterprises, holding fairs and exhibitions). To solve the problem of non-payments, barter transactions and offsets will be carried out at the enterprises of the industry, bills and state treasury bills will be used more widely. A particularly promising form of normalization of sales is the already practiced provision of the agro-industrial complex with machine-building products on the basis of long-term lease - leasing. At present, there is a tendency towards stabilization of production volumes for some types of heavy engineering products, and for others - an increase in output. This applies to the production of equipment for the ferrous metallurgy and mining industry: machines for continuous casting and sinter production, drilling rigs for the needs of the mining industry. Enterprises have become more active in finding solvent customers due to competition from foreign suppliers of similar equipment.

The situation in the power engineering industry has stabilized due to some increase in the production of steam turbines due to export deliveries of equipment, mainly to China, Iran and the countries of Eastern Europe. At the same time, there has been a tendency to master the production of diesel engines under licenses from foreign companies, which makes it possible for the plants of this sub-sector to enter into competition in the world market.

In the coming years, even with investment activity, one should not expect a significant increase in demand for construction and road equipment. Over the past 3 years, the intensity of renewal has fallen by 40%, and the share of equipment being mastered for the first time has fallen by 2 times. The enterprises of this industry are able to replicate outdated equipment and technologies.

Summing up all of the above, it can be definitely stated that the state of development of the Russian machine-building complex is determined not just by demand, but by investment restrictions. It is they who hinder the restructuring of production, which should be based on improving the quality of products, and, consequently, increasing their competitiveness. Finally, it is necessary to give a generalized idea of ​​the complex socio-economic situation that has developed in industry in recent years. It is due to the fact that the wave of non-payments that has been growing in recent years has increased the share of unprofitable enterprises. The number of unemployed in this complex increased to a greater extent than in industry as a whole. The official statistics of recent years show that hidden unemployment (employment with part-time work or a week) in industry as a whole has decreased. A survey conducted at the end of last year by the St. Petersburg center "Trud-monitoring" showed that the proportion of workers in the engineering industry who are employed part-time or sent on vacation at the initiative of the administration has increased. Among those employed in machine-building enterprises, the need for secondary employment is growing. This was stated by 86.9% of the surveyed workers, and 84.6% said that they regularly have a month or more delay in paying wages.

A particularly difficult situation has developed in the defense complex, where the number of production personnel is declining even faster than in the engineering industry as a whole. Employment fell most noticeably in the electronics industry and in the production of special communications equipment.

All this causes the outflow of highly qualified specialists from research organizations and design bureaus, including abroad. A particularly difficult situation has developed in those regions where military-industrial complex enterprises play the role of city-forming enterprises (Urals, Udmurtia, some regions of the Central Economic Region). It is necessary to take measures now to correct the chosen market course. If this is not done, then in the near future pessimistic moods and social tension will grow, which will create a threat to the further construction of a socially oriented market economy in Russia.

So, among the main reasons that led to a decrease in the pace and volume of production in the machine-building complex as a whole and in its individual vital types, such as machine tool building, railway engineering, and tractor building, the following reasons should be mentioned:

· General economic crisis hitting the country;

· Existing costly economic mechanism with its inherent non-obligation of deliveries through cooperative relations;

· Low technical equipment of machine-building enterprises;

· Large physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets at the enterprises of the complex;

· Lack of a unified management body for the complex and transition to weak regulation with insufficient accounting and control;

· Absence of a scheme for the development and placement of the machine-building complex as a whole;

· Impossibility of fast development in the Russian Federation of new types of mechanical engineering produced in the union republics of the former USSR;

· Restriction of demand for products due to their high selling prices in other sectors of the economy;

· Insufficient flexibility of machine-building industries in the conditions of market formation;

· Lack of equipment for the reproduction process in the economy;

· Aging of the labor force employed in the branches of the machine-building complex.

Directions for eliminating negative phenomena that have manifested themselves in mechanical engineering:

1. Stop the decline in production with a number of specific measures of a state nature:

Maintaining through the state order at the proper level the production of such types of equipment that ensure the reproduction process of the country's economy;

Termination of the liberalization of prices for fuel and energy, as the main raw material for the machine-building complex;

Change in depreciation policy;

The introduction of tax incentives for the machine-building complex, its investors, suppliers of metal, fuel, energy, components.

2. Raise the scientific level of substantiation of the location of the branches of the complex throughout the country.

3. Improve repair production in the following areas:

Formation of territorial intersectoral repair complexes, an extensive network of enterprises with detailed aggregate and substantive specialization;

Expansion of corporate repair and maintenance by territorial service organizations.

4. Increase investment in the development of the complex from all sources.

For a feasibility study of options for locating branches of the machine-building complex, it is necessary to use the main indicators and calculations that characterize:

Balances: production and consumption of specific types of products and production capacities;

Transport links;

The volume of capital investments;

Production cost;

labor productivity;

Need in material resources and labor force;

Relations with enterprises on the main types of semi-finished products and components.

Prospects for the development of the machine-building complex depend on the implementation of targeted comprehensive programs aimed at improving the machine-building complex. The most important areas for improving the machine-building complex are:

Integrated mechanization of all stages technological processes from the extraction of raw materials to the transportation of finished products;

Production of technical means corresponding in their parameters to specific industry and climatic conditions operation;

Further production of machines, equipment, automatic manipulators of a higher class, allowing the use of resource-saving technologies, re-equipment of enterprises of the machine-building complex with them;

Development of microprocessor technology;

Optimization of the location of enterprises of the machine-building complex throughout the country;

Using world experience in theory and practice on the development and placement of branches of the machine-building complex.

Summarizing the results of the study, we can conclude that the machine-building complex, which is of great importance for further development of the Russian economy is in a systemic crisis caused by the collapse of the USSR and a change in the structure of the national economic complex of Russia. Carrying out a radical reform of the engineering industry will allow Russia to enter the world market with high-tech products and take an advantageous position on it. This will serve as a basis for stabilizing the economy and boosting Russian industry as a whole.

Used sources

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3. Voronin V.V. Economic Geography of the Russian Federation: Textbook / Samara State Economic Academy, Samara 1995 - p.142-157

4. Borisov V.N. Restructuring of mechanical engineering as a factor in the development of the Russian economy // Problems of forecasting. - 1997. - No. 6. - P. 81-89

5. Borisov V .P. Prospects for mechanical engineering // Economist.-1998.-№1.-p.53-61

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