5 main world major ports. The largest sea and river ports in the world

Since 2008, the American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA) has been publishing data on the cargo turnover of the largest ports in the world. Based on these data, the current article reflects the change in the cargo turnover of the TOP-100 ports for the foreseeable period: 2008-2015.

Abbreviations used in the material: MT - metric tons, FT - freight, RT - registered tons.

It is worth bearing in mind that ratings based on tonnage (MT, FT, RT) should be interpreted with caution as these measures (MT, FT, RT) are not directly comparable and cannot be converted into a single standardized unit.

It should be noted that the figures for Russia cause some bewilderment. Since the cargo turnover of the commercial port of Novorossiysk (according to the annual report of Novorossiysk MTP OJSC) amounted to 127.1 million tons in 2015, Ust-Luga - 87.9 million tons, Vostochny - 65.2 million tons. AARA believes that it is much less - 73.3 million tons in the port of Novorossiysk, 17.785 million tons - Vostochny. There are no data for Ust-Luga at all.

The AARA data for the ports of Primorsk and St. Petersburg for 2015 are the same for AARA and Novorossiysk Shipping Port.

The table includes three Russian ports data of JSC "Novorossiysk MTP", since the AARA information on Vostochny, Ust-Luga and Novorossiysk is doubtful. Although the sources of AARA stated the websites of the ports. It is strange that there is such a discrepancy from the fact.

Table - TOP-100 world ports in terms of cargo turnover in 2008-2015, thousand tons.

*2009

** MT - metric tons, FT - freight, RT - register tons

Ports from the TOP-100 are located in:

USA - 13 ports;

China - 10 ports;

Japan - 7 ports;

South Korea - 6 ports;

Brazil - 6 ports;

India - 6 ports;

Russia - 5 ports;

Australia - 5 ports;

Malaysia - 3 ports;

France - 3 ports;

Spain - 3 ports;

Saudi Arabia - 3 ports;

Turkey - 3 ports;

In other countries, 2 ports or less from the TOP-100.

Of the TOP-10, 6 ports are Chinese. And one each is located in Singapore, the Netherlands, Australia and South Korea.

Novorossiysk (according to NCSP) takes 32nd place in the TOP-100, overtaking such well-known ports as the port of New York or Amsterdam. Ust-Luga (takes 46th place according to NCSP) corresponds to the volume of cargo turnover of Tokyo or Marseille.

The most significant increase (+1200%) in 2008-2015 noted in the cargo turnover of the port of Ust-Luga. Biggest failure: Pohang (Korea) and Kaohsiung (Taiwan) ports - (minus) 24% each.

(image is clickable)

Global consumer demand dictates the international flow of container shipping, so if you want to know where goods in local stores come from - computers, phones, parts, cars and more - more than 70% of all world goods are transported using containers across the oceans. Six of the world's 10 largest ports are in China - measured in standard containers, or TEU (Twenty Foot Equivalent).

Singapore

The busiest port in the world, the incredible port can handle over 25.8 million containers a year!. Although the Singapore Seaport grew by 10% in March compared to the previous year, 2,400,000 containers shipped in the same month is still below the port's monthly report of 2.7 million containers reached in July 2008. The port's main operator, PSA International, is state-owned and operates in five of the port's six terminals.

Shanghai, China

China has become the world's largest exporter after Germany last year, and Shanghai is one of the world's busiest ports, with more than 25 million containers a year passing through it. The country's largest port operator, Shanghai International Port Group, posted a profit of 1 billion yuan ($149 million) in the first quarter after boosting container handling by 15.5%.

Hong Kong, China

China's second largest port is controlled by billionaires named Li Ka Shing. The port is operated by Hutchison Port Holdings, the world's largest container operator, with terminals in six of the nine largest ports worldwide. In Hong Kong, it operates 12 berths through its subsidiary and another through two joint ventures with COSCO. Last year, the port in Hong Kong received 21 million containers.

Shenzhen, China

The mainland's second-busiest port is expanding its market share in southern China to Hong Kong thanks to its proximity to factories and the nearby Pearl River Delta. China Merchants Holdings is the largest port operator in Shenzhen, which unloaded over 18 million containers in 2009.

Busan, South Korea

Busy port in South Korea. Last year almost 12 million containers came here. Hanjin Shipping, the country's largest container company, expects to return to profitability this year. CEO The company, Kim Yong Min, is the current chairman of the 12-member Transpacific Stabilization Accord, a shipping cartel that aims to raise rates through cooperation rather than competition.

Guangzhou, China

The third port in the southern Chinese city of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou. Last year, the port received a little over 11.1 million containers. The largest port operator is Guangzhou Port Group.

Dubai, UAE

DP World, the world's fourth largest container terminal operator, is controlled by Dubai World, a state-owned holding company, which recently had to restructure the business for $23.5 billion due to debt. DP World is seeking to list its shares on the London Stock Exchange. Last year, 11.1 million containers passed through the port of Dubai.

Ningbo, China

Another port of China, in 2009 more than 10.5 million containers were handled at the port of Ningbo, which competes with the larger and nearby rival Shanghai International Port. The Port of Ningbo announced in December that it plans to collect about 10 billion yuan ($1.500 million) via Shanghai in the first half of 2010.

Qingdao, China

Huge ships filled with dry mixes are lining up in ports like Qingdao and Newcastle in Australia reflecting the growing demand for raw materials. Qingdao port terminals handled 10.2 million containers last year.

Rotterdam, Netherlands

The largest port in Europe reported that throughput increased by 16% to 2.6 million containers during the first quarter, such demand is attributed to trade with Asia. Almost 10 million containers were unloaded at the Port of Rotterdam in 2009. Port information sources reported that shipping increased sharply in the last quarter, in particular, it became more iron ore and scrap metal, other bulk products and oil products.

The total number of seaports in the literature is estimated differently. L. I. Vasilevsky once gave a figure of 25-30 thousand, apparently taking into account the smallest ports of purely local significance. There is also a figure of 10 thousand ports. However, there are approximately 2.2 thousand larger ports involved not only in local cabotage, but also in international transportation. About 900 of them are located in Europe, more than 500 in America, about 400 in Asia, and the rest in other parts of the world.

Main indicator the work of the seaport is its cargo turnover. There are several hundred ports in the world with a cargo turnover of more than 1 million tons per year. But the “weather” in world maritime transport is made by those that have a cargo turnover of more than 10–30 million, and in particular more than 50 and 100 million tons per year. The last two categories fall under the concept "ports of the world" which characterizes their role in the world economy. There are about 40 such ports in the world.

All seaports are divided into two main types.

The first type includes universal ports, i.e., ports that receive and process a wide variety of cargoes - general, bulk, bulk, bulk. In this regard, their separate sections are usually designed for loading and unloading containers, oil, coal, ore, grain, timber, etc. Such ports sharply prevail in the economic developed countries ah with a diversified economy, and in the whole world they are the vast majority. Data on the cargo turnover of the largest of the universal ports are presented in table 150.

Table 150

UNIVERSAL SEA PORTS OF THE WORLD WITH A CARGO TURNOVER OF MORE THAN 75 M TONS IN 2005

An analysis of table 150 leads to several interesting conclusions. For example, that of the 22 ports included in it, 14 are in Asia, which in itself can serve as an indicator of the growing role of the Asia-Pacific region. Or, for example, that from individual countries largest number China (8) has the largest ports, followed by the USA (4) and Japan (3) and the Republic of Korea (2), while all other countries have only one such port. It is also interesting to compare this list with the list of the world's largest ports in the mid-1980s. It turns out that relatively a short time such European ports as Le Havre and Genoa, Canadian Vancouver, Japanese Kure and even New York, which occupied the second place after Rotterdam, dropped out of it.

There are about 50 universal ports with an annual cargo turnover of 20 million tons to 50 million tons in the world. Most of them are in the USA and Italy (6 each), followed by Great Britain, France and Japan (3 each). This category also includes Amsterdam, Gdansk-Gdynia, Bremen, Gothenburg in Europe, Mumbai, Bangkok, Dalian, Qingdao in Asia, Alexandria in Africa, Montreal, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro in America, Sydney in Australia.

The second type includes specialized ports. Unlike universal ones, they are usually oriented towards the loading of any one mass product that is the export item of this country. Specialized ports are especially characteristic of developing countries. The largest of them arose in connection with the export of oil and are located in the Persian Gulf. This is Ras Tanura Saudi Arabia, Minael-Ahmadi in Kuwait, about. Khark in Iran. All of them accept the largest supertankers, and their turnover during the period of maximum production and export exceeded the turnover of Rotterdam. Bonnie in Nigeria and Tampico in Mexico, Es-Sider in Libya, Think in Indonesia, Valdiz in Alaska are also among the very large oil export ports. The world's largest iron ore export port has recently become the Brazilian port of Tubaran, which receives ore carriers with a tonnage of 250 thousand tons.

There are also specialized ports in the developed countries of the West, which export mining products to the world market. Most of them are located in Canada, Australia, South Africa and the USA. These are the largest ports for the export of coal - Hampton Roads (USA), Richards Bay (South Africa), Newcastle (Australia); iron ore - Port Hedland (Australia), St. Ile (Canada); phosphorites - Tampa (USA).

Rice. 108. Yokohama port plan

Rice. 109. Plan of the Port of Casablanca

Seaports are also classified according to the peculiarities of their transport and geographical position.

If we take into account microposition, taking into account primarily the morphology of the coasts, it is customary to divide the ports into: 1) located in deep natural bays, protected from high seas capes acting as natural breakwaters; 2) located in shallow bays or on coastal plains, when protection from the open sea is provided by artificial breakwaters; 3) located far from the mouth in the estuaries of navigable rivers. Examples of such ports are Yokohama, Casablanca and Hamburg, respectively. (Fig. 108-110). In addition, there are ports equipped with locks to retain water in port basins at low tide (for example, London) and other subspecies.

When talking about mesolocation seaports, then first of all they mean their hinterland. This term, which became widespread in Germany as early as the middle of the 19th century, is used to designate a land area gravitating towards a port in economic terms. So, the hinterland for Rotterdam is not only the whole of the Netherlands, but also a significant part of the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as Belgium and France. Actually, this is what main reason its transformation into the first or second port of the world. The less commonly used term foreland, used to characterize the gravity zone to the port from the sea side.

Finally, macro position The port is determined by its position on the sea routes of regional and global importance. The particular benefits of this position can be seen, say, in the example of the port city of Singapore.

Of these three types of transport-geographical position of seaports, the micro-position is somewhat more stable. Although the territory of the port often continues to expand, it has a deep-water outport for receiving large-capacity vessels, and its interaction with the port city itself is becoming more complicated all the time. Big changes have recently been taking place in the mesoposition of ports. Increasingly, they are no longer talking about individual ports, but about port (port-industrial) complexes, which are not a simple sum of two or more ports coexisting in a particular area coastal zone, but complement each other. A striking example of this kind is the Japanese Keihin port complex in Tokyo Bay, which includes the ports of Chiba, Yokohama, Tokyo, and Kawasaki. There are such port complexes both in Western Europe and in the USA (for example, in the Delaware Bay). It also happens that ports and port complexes in the contact zone "sea - land" form whole chains. Just look at the map of the English Channel and North Sea from Le Havre to Hamburg, or on a map of the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, owned by the United States.

Rice. 110. Plan of the port of Hamburg

Russia has 43 seaports, which is 3/5 of the ports former USSR. But there are only a few relatively large and well-equipped among them, and only Novorossiysk has recently reached a turnover of 75 million tons. As a result, more than a third of the country's foreign trade turnover is carried out through the ports of the Baltic countries, Ukraine and Finland. The already mentioned revival program Russian fleet provides for, among other things, the reconstruction of existing and the construction of new seaports.

Maritime transport is of paramount importance for the implementation of foreign economic (interstate, intercontinental) relations. It provides more than 4/5 of all international traffic. In their composition, the share of bulk cargoes (oil, oil products, ores, coal, grain, etc.) is especially large. But recently, the share of container transportation of the so-called general cargo has been increasing ( finished products and semi-finished products).

Backgammon with intercontinental, interstate transportation, maritime transport carries out in large sizes transportation of goods by large and small cabotage within their own country. Large cabotage is the navigation of ships between different ports (for example, Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk - Arkhangelsk); small cabotage - transportation between ports of the same sea (Novorossiysk - Tuapse).

In terms of freight turnover (29 trillion t-km) and labor productivity, maritime transport significantly outperforms other modes of transport. The cost of transporting goods by sea is the lowest in transport. The most effective use of maritime transport is when transporting goods over long distances. Sea transportation in internal messages less efficient.

For the implementation of transportation, maritime transport has a complex diversified economy: the fleet, seaports, shipyards, etc.

Maritime transportation is served by several tens of thousands of ships, with a total tonnage of more than 550 million gross registered tons (br-reg t). countries, but floats under the "convenient" (cheap) flags of developing countries, less than 1/5 - the share of developing countries, the rest falls on the share of countries with economies in transition. The largest fleets are Panama (112 million breg tons), Liberia (50), Bahamas (30), (27), (26), Cyprus (23), (22), (22), Japan (17) , China (15). However, world leadership, and very conditional, since a significant proportion of their fleets is also the property of Western European countries (including Germany), which use the flag of convenience policy to evade high taxes.

Approximately 40% of the entire fleet of the world are tankers carrying out international transportation of oil and oil products.
The total number of seaports on Earth exceeds 2.2 thousand, but the so-called world ports, i.e. giant ports handling annually more than 100 million tons of cargo 17 (see table). Seaports with a cargo turnover of 50-100 million tons - 20; there are about fifty ports with a cargo turnover of 20-50 million tons in the world.

The largest seaports in the world

An analysis of the list of the largest ports in the world shows that a significant part of them (11 of the 17 largest) are located in Asia. This indicates the growing role of the Asia-Pacific region in the world economy.
All major seaports are divided into two types: universal and specialized. Most of ports of the world of universal type. But along with universal ports, there are ports specialized in exporting oil (for example, Ras Tanura, Mina El Ahmadi, Kharq, Tampico, Valdiz), ore and coal (Tubaran, Richards Bay, Duluth, Port Cartier, Port Hedlen ), grain, timber and other goods. Specialized ports are common mainly in developing countries. They are focused on the loading of goods that are the subject of export of a given country.

Changes have taken place in the structure of world maritime transport in recent decades: before the onset of the energy crisis main feature of these changes was an increase in the share of liquid cargoes (oil, oil products and gas). In connection with the crisis, their share began to decline, while the share of dry cargo and general cargo (finished products and semi-finished products) is increasing. Although it should be noted that, in general, the volume of shipping, including oil products, is growing.

The main directions of sea transportation:

Among the ocean basins, the first place in terms of the volume of sea freight is occupied by Atlantic Ocean(1/2 of all shipping), along the coast of which the largest seaports are located foreign Europe and America (2/3 of all ports). Several areas of maritime shipping have been formed:

1. North Atlantic (the largest in the world), connecting Europe with North America.
2. South Atlantic connecting Europe with South America.
3. West Atlantic linking Europe with Africa.

It occupies the second place in terms of sea transportation. It is still far behind the Atlantic, but it has the highest growth rates in cargo turnover. The potential of this ocean is very great. 30 states with a population of 2.5 billion people come to its shores, many of which (Japan and the NIS countries) have high rates of economic development. On the banks Pacific Ocean there are many major ports in Japan, South-East countries Asia Australia, USA and . The largest cargo traffic here is observed between the USA and Japan.

Ranked third in terms of maritime traffic Indian Ocean, to the shores of which there are 30 states with a population of 1 billion people. The most powerful cargo flows here fall on the Persian Gulf region.
On the geography of shipping big influence provide sea straits ((most ships pass through it - 800 per day), Gibraltar (200 ships per day), Hormuz (100), Malacca (80), Bosphorus (40), Bab el-Mandeb, Dardanelles, Skagerrak, Polksky, Beringov, Mozambique, etc.), as well as maritime shipping channels (Suez, Panama, Kiel).

The main directions of world cargo transportation:

Oil and oil products:

• from the Middle East to , USA and ;
• from the area caribbean in the USA and Western Europe.

• from Australia, South Africa, USA to Western Europe and Japan.

Iron ore:

• from to Japan;
• from Australia to Western Europe and Japan.

Cereal crops:

• from the USA, Canada, Australia and to developing countries in Africa and Latin America.

Seaports are important transport hubs connecting regions, countries and continents. Today, like many centuries ago, maritime transport remains the largest logistics channel. It accounts for more than 70% of the world's cargo turnover. Cars, computers, spare parts, food, clothes and much more are transported across the seas and oceans with the help of containers. Not surprisingly, the largest port in the world is located in Shanghai, because it is China that is considered the largest producer of everything that can be found on store shelves.

giant port

Shanghai seaport is located in the western part of the Pacific coast, serving vessels engaged in sea and river transportation. The area of ​​its cargo terminals is more than 3619.6 square meters. km. From here, containers are sent to almost all countries of the world. It accounts for more than 20% of China's total cargo turnover by sea. But it was not always so...

Just some 20 years ago, Shanghai was not even among the 20 largest ports in the world. The leading position then was occupied by Rotterdam. It is located along the Niuwe Waterweh and Maas rivers off the coast of the North Sea, and its area is about 100 square kilometers. km. More than 30 thousand units of sea transport moor here every year. The main part of the port's cargo turnover is oil, ore and coal. Its throughput in 2010 was 430 million tons. From 1962 to 1986, the port of Rotterdam was the largest in the world, but then lost ground. However, it still remains the leader among seaports in Europe.

Crossing six continents

After Rotterdam, the world leadership in the field of container transportation passed to Singapore. The population of this small city-state is only 5 million people. If we divide the number of containers passing through the local port by the number of city residents, then there will be 5 of them per person.

The port of Singapore is located at the crossroads of traffic flows of six continents. It is connected to more than 600 ports from at least 100 countries of the world. Until 2009, the transit of containers through the port increased annually, which allowed it to become the largest in the world. However, the global economic crisis affected the trade turnover, and in 2010 Singapore yielded in terms of its performance to the seaport in Shanghai.

Patriotic leader

Maritime transport is for Russia the most profitable means of economic ties with the far abroad. It accounts for about 90% of the international cargo turnover in the state. The largest port in Russia is located in Novorossiysk ( Krasnodar region) and is located on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea.

It is the only ice-free deep-water port in the southern basin of Russia. In the past few years, its cargo turnover has been in the range of 110-116 million tons per year, which has ensured its place in the top five among European seaports.