Palace table. The beginning of the era of palace coups

Palace coups were mainly associated with three things. First, the decree on the succession to the throne 1722 granted the monarch the right to appoint an heir, and with each new reign the question of a successor to the throne arose. Secondly, the immaturity of Russian society, which was a consequence of the Petrine reforms, contributed to the coups. Thirdly, after the death of Peter, not a single palace coup was complete without the intervention of the guards. She was military and political force, which was closest to the authorities, clearly aware of its interests in this or that coup. This is explained by the composition of the guards regiments - they included mostly nobles, so the guards reflected the interests of a significant part of their class. with reinforcement political role the nobility grew and their privileges (in this a significant role belongs to palace coups).

Peter died (January 1725) without leaving a will. Under pressure from the guards and A.D. Menshikov, the Senate made Peter's wife, Ekaterina Alekseevna, empress. During the years of her brief reign, Menshikov acquired enormous power, becoming the de facto ruler of the state. This caused strong dissatisfaction among the group of the ruling elite and the old boyars, who remained in power under Peter. As a result of a compromise in February 1726, the Supreme Privy Council, which included representatives of the old and new nobility. He became the supreme authority government controlled depriving the Senate of its former importance.

After the death of Catherine I, according to her will, the 11-year-old grandson of Peter I, Peter Alekseevich (son of Tsarevich Alexei), was proclaimed emperor. Until he came of age, the regency of the Supreme Privy Council was established. Under the new emperor, Menshikov initially retained his position, then the princes Dolgorukovs became the favorites of Peter II. Menshikov fell into disgrace, was sent into exile, where he soon died.

In January 1730 just before his marriage to Princess E. Dolgorukova, Peter II suddenly fell ill and died. The members of the Supreme Privy Council (“the leaders”) intended to offer the throne to Anna Ioannovna, the niece of Peter I. They believed that the Dowager Duchess of Courland, who had long lived in Mitau, had little connection with the court circles and the guards, would not interfere with them, according to D.M. Golitsyn, "add the will to yourself." Anna was offered condition(conditions) of eight points, the main of which ordered her to resolve all important matters only with the "supervisors". Rumors about this venture spread throughout Moscow and caused discontent among the nobility, who were afraid to get several rulers instead of one autocrat. Using the support of the guards, Anna tore up the previously signed conditions and, in essence, stopped all talk about limiting autocracy.

With the accession of Anna Ioannovna, the process of turning the nobility from a servant into a privileged class began. The service life has been reduced to 25 years. The role of the Secret Chancellery (political police), investigation and denunciations increased.

While still the Duchess of Courland, Anna surrounded herself with German favorites, among whom the first and most influential was the son of the court groom of the dukes - E. Biron. By his name, the reign of Anna Ioannovna (1730–1740) got the name Bironism

Anna's sister, Catherine, was married to the Duke of Mecklenburg, and their daughter, Anna Leopoldovna, married Prince Anton of Brunswick. Shortly before her death, Anna Ioannovna appointed their two-month-old son Ivan Antonovich as her heir, and Biron as regent. But after a short time after the accession of Ivan VI, Biron was deprived of power and sent into exile. The regency post was occupied by the mother of the emperor Anna Leopoldovna, assigning herself the title of ruler, but the real power remained in the hands of B.K. Minikha, and then A.I. Osterman.

A conspiracy has matured in favor of the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth, who was removed from the court during the time of the previous rulers. On the night of 25 to 26 November 1741 With the help of the guardsmen of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Elizabeth made a palace coup. Ivan VI and his parents were arrested and sent into exile. The slogan of the new reign was a return to the traditions of Peter I.

The empress herself paid little attention to state affairs, her reign was called the time of "merry Elizabeth". She loved balls, masquerades, pleasure trips and other entertainments.

In estate politics, there was an increase in noble privileges and the strengthening of serfdom. The government transferred a significant part of its power over the peasants to the nobles.

continued the economic growth country. For the development of entrepreneurship, the Noble Loan Bank was opened, and the Merchant Bank was established.

In foreign policy under Elizabeth, Russia gradually freed itself from the influence of France and renewed a defensive alliance with Austria against the increasing aggression of Prussia, whose king at that time was Frederick II. The alliance between Prussia and England became the diplomatic preparation for the Seven Years' War between the European powers. Russia, after some hesitation, took the side of Austria, France and Saxony. V 1756 she declared war on Prussia.

In December 1761, Elizabeth died. The accession of Peter III dramatically changed the political situation, saved Frederick from the final defeat. V 1762 the new emperor signed an agreement according to which all the lands occupied by Russian troops during the war were returned to Prussia.

The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna was a relatively quiet time. The sinister Secret Chancellery ceased to exist, the practice of "the words and deeds of the sovereign" was eliminated. The twenty-year reign of Elizabeth was marked by a unique phenomenon in Russian history - assuming the throne, she vowed to abolish death penalty and kept her promise.

On February 8, 1725, the era of palace coups began in Russia. On this day, Peter the Great passed away. The death of the 52-year-old emperor was heavy and painful. The king was tormented not only by terrible physical pains, but by thoughts about the future of the state he had created. Pyotr Alekseevich did not know to whom to transfer the throne, who would continue his great work.

Eight of the eleven children of Peter Alekseevich and Ekaterina died at an early age, only three daughters remained: Anna, Elizabeth and Natalya. The last hope of Peter to pass the throne to his son was destroyed with the death of his favorite Peter Petrovich. The child was healthy, and Ekaterina already called her son "St. Petersburg master." But the 4-year-old boy fell ill and died in April 1719. So last years Peter was in anguish and loneliness.

Peter did not dare to write a will in favor of one of his daughters. He feared for their fate and believed that the young princesses Anna or Elizabeth would not be able to keep in their weak hands Russia. In addition, after the tragic death of the eldest son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, his son, the grandson of Peter the Great, remained Grand Duke Petr Alekseevich. Peter did not want to give the throne to Peter Alekseevich, who was backed by traditionalists, although they had lost the opportunity to determine the course of the country, but a strong elite group. The son of Tsarevich Alexei enjoyed the special love of all those who hated the modernization of Russia in a European way, new Russia, which Peter created with great difficulty and blood. Although, according to the old Russian tradition, the throne rightfully belonged to Peter Alekseevich. The accession to the throne of Peter II, who, due to his age, could not be an independent ruler, could lead to power in the country an opposition capable of destroying a significant part of the building of new Russia built by Peter.

Previously, the emperor seemed to have solved the problem of succession to the throne. In 1722, he signed the Decree of Succession, which repealed ancient tradition transfer the royal throne to direct descendants in the male line. As a result, the king got the opportunity to appoint an heir himself. According to Peter's will of 1724, his wife, a former servant Marta Skavronskaya, became the heiress, from the spring of 1724 Russian empress Ekaterina I Alekseevna. However, in the fall of 1724, Peter unexpectedly found out that his beloved wife, as he wrote in letters - “Katerinushka, my dear friend”, was cheating on him with the chamber junker Vilim (Willim) Mons. As a joke of fate, Vilim Mons was the brother of Anna Mons, the former mistress of the tsar, who, due to her frivolity, missed the chance to become the Empress of Russia - she also cheated on Peter, which led to her disgrace. Peter I was furious. Mons was executed. True, under the pretext of "economic crimes." Taking into account the then fashion for embezzlement (a long-standing disease of the Russian bureaucracy), it was easy to find a reason. Catherine's associates were beaten with a whip and exiled to hard labor. Alienation ensued between the spouses. Peter reversed his decision - he destroyed the will written in favor of his wife.

In the last years of his life, Peter I was ill a lot. An organism shattered by hard trials, a life of wear and tear, drunkenness and immoderate entertainment let Peter down. At the same time, he was tormented by severe doubts. To whom to pass the throne, so that his cause would not be destroyed by any nimble favorite who would be in Catherine's bed. At the same time, Peter himself believed that he still had time and the disease was not fatal. As soon as he found out about his wife's betrayal and destroyed the will in favor of Catherine, Peter agreed to the marriage of the Holstein Duke Karl-Friedrich and Anna Petrovna's eldest daughter. The marriage contract included important condition- at the birth of a boy, he should immediately be transferred to the upbringing of his grandfather. This boy was to become the emperor of Russia. However, man proposes and God disposes. Fate decided otherwise. According to one version, they helped her by poisoning the emperor. There is an opinion that there were certain foreign forces that did not suit the course of Peter in the last period of his reign, when the sovereign began to decide strategic, national objectives turning Russia into a "superpower".

Be that as it may, the death of the emperor was beneficial to the enemies of Russia. She plunged Russia into another turmoil associated with Peter's unwillingness to give the throne to the rightful heir - Peter Alekseevich, who was backed by the conservative circles of Russian society, the absence of a successor to Peter's work, and the presence of a group of secular nobles who wanted to take advantage of the current situation to strengthen their position, redistribute power and income for their own benefit. At the same time, these dignitaries, who during the life of Peter were bound by his iron will, which forced these people not only to “live beautifully”, but also to work tirelessly, for the most part wanted to enjoy life without bearing responsibility for the development of the state.

The uncertain state of the country did not last long. Seeing that Peter the Great was dying, his closest associates, those who, during his reign, demonstrated the greatest activity and abilities, quickly orientated themselves and decided to seize the initiative and enthrone Catherine. Among the most prominent conspirators were the powerful Alexander Menshikov, Pyotr Tolstoy, Fyodor Apraksin, Feofan Prokopovich and others who had risen from the bottom.

All of them, one way or another, were interested in the accession of Catherine. Menshikov had a former mistress (the future Catherine had previously come to Peter, was Menshikov's concubine) big influence and taking into account the weak mental abilities of the cook on the throne, he expected to become the real ruler of Russia. Without Catherine on the throne, Menshikov could have fallen into a very difficult situation, since aristocratic families would no doubt deprive him of power and wealth, and possibly life. In addition, already at the end of Peter's reign, Menshikov's career began to decline. In 1724, the patience of Peter the Great snapped, the exorbitant abuses of Menshikov, who, like many other people “from mud to riches”, experienced an insatiable craving for power and wealth, pissed off the tsar. Menshikov lost his main positions - the posts of the head of the Military Collegium, and the governor-general of the St. Petersburg province. Therefore, the change of power was beneficial to the prince.

An outstanding diplomat and one of the leaders of the secret service (Preobrazhensky Prikaz) P. Tolstoy played a key role in the case of Tsarevich Alexei. The case of Tsarevich Alexei brought him closer to Empress Catherine, and the success of another candidate, the infant Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich, would have put an end to his brilliant career.

Relying on the guard, the “thin-born” prevented the accession to the throne of the grandson of Peter I, Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich. No money, no promises, no wine were spared to attract the Semenovites and Preobrazhenians. Immediately after the death of Peter the Great in the hall Winter Palace the highest nobles, dignitaries and commanders gathered. They argued bitterly about who to hand over the throne to. However, when the roar of drums was heard outside the walls of the palace and everyone saw the green uniforms of the guard in the windows, everything fell into place. Strength was on the side of Menshikov and other conspirators. Soldiers and officers, inflamed with wine and rumors of "treason", poured into the hall. All the objections of the supporters of Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich were drowned in the greetings of the guardsmen in honor of the “mother empress”. The most recalcitrant dignitaries were promised to "split their heads."

Having seized a convenient moment, Alexander Menshikov shouted: “Vivat, our august empress Empress Catherine!” The guards picked up: “Vivat! Vivat! The entire assembly had to repeat after them, or blood might have been shed. In the morning, the manifesto on the accession of Catherine was announced.

Thus, the first palace coup passed quickly and bloodlessly. ex girl in the kitchen, the laundress and the "war trophy" became the empress of a huge Russian Empire. However, all real power during the reign of Catherine I Alekseevna belonged to the now omnipotent Alexander Danilovich Menshikov. Former servant in 1727-1729 became the real ruler of Russia.

The instigators of the first palace coup were dignitaries who wanted to maintain and strengthen their position, as well as those who had the political will and determination to become the initiators of the conspiracy. driving force the coup became the elite part of the army - the guard. Russian guard in XVIII century was controversial. Well-equipped, trained and with a high morale, the guardsmen were the backbone of the throne. Their courage, steadfastness and selflessness more than once inscribed heroic pages in the Russian military chronicle. However, there was another side of the guard. The Guard has become an instrument in the political game. It turned out that promises, flattery, women, money and wine easily direct the strength of the guard in the right direction for the intriguers.

The organizer of the first palace coup Alexander Danilovich Menshikov

The death of Emperor Peter I in 1725 led to a long crisis of power. According to the figurative expression of V. O. Klyuchevsky, this period of our history was called "palace coups". For "37 years from the death of Peter I to the accession of Catherine II (1725-1762), the throne was occupied by six reigning persons who received the throne as a result of complex palace intrigues or coups.

Causes of palace coups:

1. moving away from the national political tradition, according to which the throne passed only to the direct heirs of the king, Peter himself prepared a “crisis of power” (by not implementing the Decree of 1722 on the succession to the throne, without appointing himself an heir);

2. on Russian throne after the death of Peter, a large number of direct and indirect heirs claimed;

3. the existing corporate interests of the nobility and noble nobility manifested themselves in their entirety.

Palace coups that they were not state coups, that is, they did not pursue the goal of radical changes political power and state structure

When analyzing the era of palace coups, it is important to pay attention to the following points.

1. The initiators of the coups were various palace groups that sought to elevate their protege to the throne.

2. The most important consequence of the palace coups was the strengthening of the economic and political positions of the nobility.

3. The guard was the driving force behind the coups.

Catherine's reign I (1725-1727). The guards took the side of Catherine.

In 1726, under Catherine I, the Supreme Privy Council was established, which, according to the historian S. F. Platonov, replaced the Petrine Senate. The Supreme Privy Council included A.D. Menshikov, F.M. Apraksin, G.I. Golovkin, D.M. Golitsyn, A.I. Osterman and P.A. Tolstoy. The Council was not an oligarchic body limiting the autocracy. It remained a bureaucratic, albeit highly influential, institution in the system of absolutism, placed under the control of the empress.

During this period, the following happened:

Reduction of bureaucratic structures;

Revision of the customs tariff;

Changing the location of the army and its content;

Liquidation of the system of self-government;

Restoring the significance of the county as the main territorial-administrative unit;

Changing the taxation system, reducing the poll tax.

On the whole, the activities of Catherine I and her "supreme leaders" were characterized by the rejection of the broad reform program of Peter I, and the decline in the role of the Senate. Trade and industry, having lost the financial and administrative support of the state in the post-Petrine era, were placed in unfavourable conditions. The beginning of the revision of the results of Peter's reforms.

Peter II (1727-1730). Shortly before her death in 1727, Catherine I signed a will that determined the sequence of succession to the throne. The closest heir was determined by Peter II.

The throne was occupied by 12-year-old Peter II under the regency of the Supreme Privy Council.

The Supreme Privy Council under Peter II underwent significant changes. In it, all the affairs were managed by the four princes Dolgoruky and two Golitsyns, as well as A. I. Osterman. Dolgoruky came to the fore. Peter II died on his wedding day (to Ivan Dolgoruky's sister Ekaterina). The Romanov dynasty ended in the male line. The issue of the emperor was to be decided by the Supreme Privy Council.

The short stay in power of young Peter II did not make significant changes in state and public life. Russian society. The transfer of the royal court from St. Petersburg to Moscow at the end of 1727, the abolition of the Chief Magistrate in 1728.

Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740). After long consultations, the leaders chose the senior line of the dynasty associated with the brother of Peter I - Ivan V.

D. M. Golitsyn and V. L. Dolgoruky developed the so-called conditions - the conditions under which Anna Ioannovna could accept the Russian crown from the hands of the leaders:

Do not issue new laws;

Do not start wars with anyone and do not conclude peace;

Loyal subjects should not be burdened with any taxes;

Do not dispose of the treasury income;

Noble ranks above the colonel's rank are not favored;

Do not take away the belly, estate and honor from the nobility;

Estates and villages do not favor.

Already two weeks after her arrival in Moscow, Anna broke the conditions in front of the leaders and announced "her perception of autocracy." The Supreme Privy Council in 1731 was replaced by a Cabinet of three ministers headed by A. I. Osterman. Four years later, Anna Ioannovna equated the signatures of three cabinet ministers with one of her own.

Main directions domestic policy:

The abolition of the Supreme Privy Council and the return to the Senate of its former significance;

The return of the Petrovsky system of deployment of regiments in the provinces and the responsibility of the landowners for the payments of their peasants;

Continuation of the punitive policy towards the Old Believers;

Creation of a new body - the Cabinet of Ministers (1731);

Resumption of the activities of the Secret Chancellery;

The establishment of the Corps of Cadets (1732), after which the children of the nobility received officer ranks;

Cancellation of the indefinite service of the nobles (1736). In addition, one of the sons of a noble family was released from service to manage the estate.

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, the autocracy was strengthened, the duties of the nobles were reduced and their rights over the peasants were expanded.

Ivan VI Antonovich. After the death of Anna Ioannovna in 1740, according to her will, the Russian throne was inherited by her great-grandson, Ivan Antonovich. Anna's favorite, E. I. Biron, was appointed regent until he came of age, and less than a month later he was arrested by the guards on the orders of Field Marshal B. K. Minich. His mother, Anna Leopoldovna, was proclaimed regent for the royal child.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). Another coup d'état was carried out with the direct participation of the guardsmen of the Preobrazhensky Regiment.

The reign of Elizabeth was marked by the flourishing of favoritism. On the one hand, it was an indicator of the dependence of the nobility on royal generosity, and on the other hand, it was a kind of, albeit rather timid, attempt to adapt the state to the needs of the nobility.

During the reign of Elizabeth, certain transformations were carried out:

1. there was a significant expansion of noble benefits, the socio-economic and legal position of the Russian nobility was strengthened;

2. an attempt was made to restore some of the orders and state institutions created by Peter I. To this end, the Cabinet of Ministers was abolished, the functions of the Senate were significantly expanded, the Berg and Manufacture Colleges, the chief and city magistrates were restored;

3. eliminated many foreigners from the spheres of public administration and the education system;

4. a new supreme body was created - the Conference at the highest court (1756) to solve important government issues, which largely duplicated the functions of the Senate;

5. The Empress also tried to develop new legislation;

6. there was a tightening of religious policy.

On the whole, the reign of Elizabeth did not become the "second edition" of Peter's policy. Elizabeth's policy was distinguished by caution, and in some aspects - and unusual gentleness. By refusing to sanction the death penalty, it was in fact the first in Europe to abolish the death penalty.

Peter III (December 25, 1761 - June 28, 1762). After the death of Elizabeth Petrovna in 1761, 33-year-old Peter III became Emperor of Russia.

Peter III announced to Frederick II of Russia's intention to make peace with Prussia separately, without the allies of France and Austria (1762). Russia returned to Prussia all the lands occupied during the Seven Years' War, refused indemnification to compensate for the losses incurred, and concluded an alliance with the former enemy. In addition, Peter began to prepare for an absolutely unnecessary Russian war with Denmark. In society, this was perceived as a betrayal of Russian national interests.

During the six-month reign of Peter III, 192 decrees were adopted.

The secularization of church lands in favor of the state was announced, which strengthened the state treasury (the decree was finally implemented by Catherine II in 1764);

He stopped the persecution of the Old Believers and wanted to equalize the rights of all religions.

Liquidation of the Secret Chancellery and return from exile and people convicted under Elizabeth Petrovna;

Trade monopolies that hampered the development of entrepreneurship were abolished;

Freedom was proclaimed foreign trade and etc.

Politically wise and economically sound, these internal transformations did not add popularity to the emperor. His denial of everything Russian as "archaic", the break with traditions, the redrawing of many orders according to the Western model, offended the national feelings of the Russian people. The fall of Emperor Peter III was a foregone conclusion, and it happened as a result of a palace coup on June 28, 1762. Peter was forced to abdicate, and a few days later he was killed.

Socio-economic development. hallmark social development Russia was a significant expansion of the privileges of the nobility, the receipt of which was facilitated by the relative instability of state power.

Similar information.

Palace coups- a period in the history of the Russian Empire XVIII c., when the highest government was achieved through palace coups carried out with the help of the guards or courtiers. In the presence of absolutism, such a method of changing power remained one of the few ways in which society (noble elite) influenced the supreme power in the state.

The origins of palace coups should be sought in the policy of Peter I. "Decree of Succession" (1722), he maximized the number of potential candidates for the throne. The current monarch had the right to leave anyone as heir. If he did not do this, the question of succession to the throne remained open.

In the political situation that developed in Russia in the 18th century, coups performed a regulatory function in the relationship between the key systems of absolutism - the autocracy, the ruling elite and the ruling nobility.

Brief chronology of events

After the death of Peter I, his wife reigns Catherine I(1725-1727). Created with her Supreme Privy Council (1726), who helped her in the administration of the country.

her heir Peter II(1727-1730), grandson of Peter I, moved the capital of Russia from St. Petersburg to Moscow.

The Supreme Privy Council, forcing the signing of "conditions" - conditions limiting the power of the monarch (1730), invited Anna Ioannovna(1730-1740), Duchess of Courland, daughter of Ivan V, to the Russian throne. The future empress first accepted them, and then rejected them. Her reign is known as "Bironism" (name of her favorite). Under her rule, the Supreme Privy Council was liquidated, the decree on single inheritance was canceled (1730), the Cabinet of Ministers was created (1731), the gentry corps was created (1731), the term of noble service was limited to 25 years (1736).

In 1740, the throne inherits five months nephew of Anna Ioannovna Ivan VI(1740-1741) (regents: Biron, Anna Leopoldovna). The Supreme Privy Council was restored. Biron reduced the poll tax, introduced restrictions on luxury in court life, issued a manifesto on strict observance laws.

In 1741, the daughter of Peter - Elizabeth I(1741-1761) makes another coup d'état. Eliminates the Supreme Privy Council, abolishes the Cabinet of Ministers (1741), restores the rights of the Senate, abolishes internal customs duties (1753), creates the State Loan Bank (1754), adopted a decree allowing landlords to exile peasants to settle in Siberia (1760).

From 1761-1762 nephew of Elizabeth I rules, Peter III. He issues a decree on the secularization of church lands - this is the process of converting Church property into state property (1761), liquidates the Secret Chancellery, issues a Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility (1762).

Main dates:

1725-1762 - era of palace coups
1725-1727 - CATHERINE I (second wife of Peter I), years of reign.
1727-1730 - PETER II (son of Tsarevich Alexei, grandson of Peter I), years of reign.
1730-1740 - ANNA Ioannovna (niece of Peter I, daughter of his brother co-ruler Ivan V)
1740-1741 - IVAN VI (second cousin great-grandson of Peter I). Regency of Biron, then Anna Leopoldovna.
1741-1761 - ELIZAVETA PETROVNA (daughter of Peter I), years of reign
1761-1762 — PETER III(grandson of Peter I and Charles XII, nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna).

Table "Palace coups"

1725-1727 - the reign of Empress Catherine I, the widow of Peter Alekseevich, who came to power as a result of a palace coup led by A.D. Menshikov

725, December - the formation of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, under which an academic gymnasium and an academic university were opened

1725-1730 - Bering's first expedition

1727-1730 - reign of Emperor Peter II Alekseevich (grandson of Peter I)

1727, September 8 - by order of the Supreme Privy Council, A.D. Menshikov was placed under house arrest, and then exiled to the city of Berezov ( Western Siberia). As a result, under Peter II, a prominent place was occupied by temporary worker princes Dolgoruky.

1730-1740 - reign of Anna I Ioannovna, Peter's niece. Members of the Supreme Privy Council decided to crown Anna Ioannovna, Duchess of Courland, and not Peter's daughter Elizabeth. Anna Ioannovna was offered to sign "conditions", according to which the empress pledged not to appoint senior government officials, not to resolve issues of war and peace, not to manage finances and not to appoint an heir to the throne without the consent of the Supreme Privy Council. "Verkhovnikov's idea" provoked protests among the nobility and clergy. February 28, 1730, taking advantage of this, Anna broke the "conditions".

1730, March 4 - the Supreme Privy Council was abolished by the manifesto of Anna I and the Governing Senate was restored. In reality, the reins of government were carried out by the Cabinet of Ministers of 3 people, established on October 18, 1731, which included Osterman, Count Golovkin, Prince Cherkassky

1730-1740 - "Bironism" - the period of the reign of Anna I, when her favorite E. Biron actually ruled the state. This period is characterized in historiography as "the dominance of foreigners" in power.

1731 - the right to dispose of estates was returned to the nobles, limited by the Decree on single inheritance. Noble estates could again be divided among the heirs

1736 - decree on the "eternal fixing" of artisans in manufactories

1739 - a law came into force limiting the term of service of the nobles to 25 years

1740-1741 - John VI Antonovich (son of Anna Ioannovna's niece Anna Leopoldovna). Initially, Biron's favorite was appointed regent for the infant John by the late empress. In November 1740 Biron was arrested as a result of a conspiracy. John's mother, Anna Leopoldovna, was declared regent. However, in the fall of 1741, as a result of a coup d'état of the guards, Elizaveta Petrovna became empress.

1741-1761 - the reign of Elizabeth I Petrovna

1741 - Elizabeth abolished the Cabinet of Ministers and established a personal office - "Her Majesty's Cabinet"

1752 - formation of the Naval gentry corps

1754 - establishment of the Noble Bank, which issued loans secured by estates

1755 - foundation of Moscow University

1756 - the public "Russian theater for the presentation of comedies and tragedies" was formed

1757 - establishment of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg

1760 - the nobles are given the right to exile peasants to Siberia for misconduct to the settlement

1761-1762 - reign of Peter Sh Petrovich, grandson of Peter II and great-nephew Swedish king Charles XII

1762, February 18 - Manifesto "On the Liberty of the Nobility", which freed the nobles from the mandatory public service in peacetime

1762, February 21 - the abolition of the Secret Office, which carried out extrajudicial arbitrariness in political cases

1762, February 28 - Manifesto, allowing schismatics who fled abroad to return to their homeland "without any fear or fear"

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