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Any type of political activity is carried out in any organizational forms. The organization directs the actions of many people towards a single goal, regulates them in accordance with certain standards. Thanks to the organization, the ideological or moral attitudes inherent in it are transformed into a material force. The organization acts as the most important means of expressing interests, forming a single will, it is able to remove internal contradictions, conflicts, it becomes a single political entity. IN AND. Lenin pointed out: "Give us an organization of revolutionaries, and we will turn all of Russia over." Without political organization, the integration of society on a long period turns out to be simply impossible. First of all, such political organizations are parties.
Russian political scientists considering the political system modern Russia, note that the programs political parties differ little from each other, it has already become impossible to attribute certain political parties to the right or the left. The general ideology of the parties was the maximum possible expansion of their social base, forgetting about small social groups that also need representation and protection of rights and legitimate interests.
The political process in Russia is rather contradictory. What is the role of the multi-party system in it? This role cannot be called decisive, firstly, because the number and significance of many parties do not reflect the real distribution of the palette of public opinion, and secondly, the current electoral system is not focused on parties being the opposition to the current government, representatives of precisely the interests of society , not the state.
At the same time, the emergence of the institution of a multi-party system is one of the the most important features formation of a civil society in the country. The emergence and development of political parties to a large extent testifies to the effectiveness of the political system of society, is an important factor in strengthening the democratic nature of the state, ensuring political rights.
Some political scientists refer to parties as "intermediaries" between the citizen, society, and the state. In reality, however, parties are often just as little executors of the people's will as they are conductors of the aspirations of their members. About some of the prosaic goals of the party, the famous German sociologist M. Weber wrote: "All party battles are not only battles for substantive goals, but, above all, also for the patronage of positions."
Some believe that the most active citizens join the parties, striving for political activity, perceiving public interests as their personal ones. Others believe that people join the party to satisfy their careeristic urges, to satisfy their ambitions. K. Marx and F. Engels, characterizing, for example, the Communist Party, noted that “the Communists ... are the most resolute part of the workers’ parties of all countries, always encouraging them to move forward, and in theoretical terms they have an advantage over the rest of the mass of the proletariat in understanding of the conditions, course and general results of the proletarian movement. Far from all communist parties and far from everything justified such a general approach to defining the role and significance of the party, but a similar methodological approach is acceptable for today: the party must encourage movement forward, the party must thoroughly comprehend and determine the interests of the social group that it represents, the party is obliged to clearly represent the forms and methods of movement towards the implementation of these interests.
This means that the main thing in the activities of parties is the study of the interests social groups and layers and their protection. To protect interests, we need our own people in parliament. Therefore, parties cannot stand aside from the struggle for power.
A political party expresses the political interests of a certain social group, or at least claims to do so. In other words, it must represent someone else besides its own members and the people directly associated with them.
The interests expressed by the party should be national, not narrowly corporate. This means that the party must have a clearly formulated program goal, offering a specific project for the development of society. Of course, the interests of a particular social group can be put at the forefront, but the project must take into account the interests of society as a whole (or at least pretend to do so). Otherwise, we are dealing, at best, with corporate organization, if not just with a lobbying group.
Finally, a full-fledged party (in its developed state) must have a ramified structure, between various parts which there is a strictly defined division of powers and responsibilities. The party must have a sufficient number of activists, a network of regional branches and elected central bodies. Thus, numerous dwarf organizations claiming to actively participate in political life, but unable to be realized as real subjects of public policy.
The effective functioning of a multi-party system presupposes the existence and interaction of stable or actively emerging social groups with objectively determined and conscious social interests and with a real possibility of realizing these interests by influencing political structures through various kinds public associations.
The Federal Law "On Political Parties" dated July 11, 2001, gives the following definition of a political party - "it is a public association created for the purpose of participation of citizens Russian Federation in the political life of society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political events, in elections and referendums, as well as in order to represent the interests of citizens in the bodies state power and local self-government bodies” (Article 3 of the Law).
Abstract prepared by Fomenko V.
Political parties are an integral part of the political system of a modern democratic society. Party is political public organization which is for power or for participating in the exercise of power. The rivalry of political groups, united around influential families or popular leaders, has been a characteristic, essential feature for many centuries. political history. But such organizations, which we call political parties, arose in Europe and in the United States no earlier than the beginning of the 19th century. For example, in the text of the American Constitution. Declaration of the rights and freedoms of a citizen, in other political documents late 18th century there is not even a mention of political parties.
The formation of parties was quite lengthy and complex process. Initially, they were active only during the period of election campaigns. They did not have permanent local organizations.
Political parties with the signs we are accustomed to (registered party membership, party tickets, dues, internal party discipline) appeared in Europe with the emergence of a mass labor movement. According to the organizational structure, the existence of political parties now can be divided into two main types - organizationally formalized and organizationally unformed. In parties of the first type, party members receive party tickets and pay party dues. In organizationally unformed parties there is no official membership, and in order to be considered a member of such a party, it is enough to vote for the candidate nominated by it in the elections. Most famous examples the second type of parties are the republican and Democratic Party USA, UK Conservative Party.
What is common to modern political parties and what distinguishes them from the party of the early and first half of the 19th century is the presence of a party apparatus, i.e. organized group of people for whom the party, political activity is a profession. The structure of the party apparatus responds primarily to the tasks of conducting the electoral struggle.
Each party was created to protect the interests of a particular social group. Gradually, it attracted more and more layers of voters. As a result, the parties became, for the most part, associations in which, in one combination or another, the interests of various social groups are represented. For this reason, parties, as a rule, are heterogeneous and have factions within themselves - groups that put forward programs that differ from the general program of the party.
The existence of several factions and directions in the party does not weaken the party, but on the contrary, makes its policy more flexible, since it helps it maintain its influence among various groups of voters, take into account the diversity of social, economic, political interests in society. The policy of the party is worked out in the course of the inner-party struggle between various factions and tendencies.
Those strata of society among which the party enjoys the greatest influence and who support it for a long time, constitute its social base, and the voters who regularly cast their votes in elections constitute its electorate. The traditional social base of the social democratic parties in Europe was the working class; the liberal-democrats supported the middle strata (employees, intellectuals, small businessmen, etc.); the agrarian parties relied on the peasantry; parties that occupied conservative positions received the support of large proprietors, part of the peasantry and the middle strata. Approximately in the middle of the 20th century. the situation has changed. Major parties receive votes from voters belonging to various groups of the population in elections. Thus, not only the workers vote for the Social Democrats, but also the office workers, the intelligentsia, small and medium proprietors. Conservative parties are supported by workers and employees, trade union members and entrepreneurs.
Party programs usually emphasize their intention to serve the interests of various social groups, the majority of citizens throughout the country. In practical politics, parties strive to take into account the interests of various categories of voters, since this is the only way to win democratic elections. At the same time, in elections in European countries (largely in the USA), parties continue to retain their originality, their own political and ideological identity. For example, voters expect the Social Democrats to hold a strong social policy, adoption of new or improvement of existing programs of assistance to socially vulnerable groups of the population.
Political parties are forced to solve very diverse tasks in their activities, and therefore the number of functions attributed to them by some political scientists has exceeded a dozen.
Firstly, these are the functions of the link between the ruling and the ruled. The party always acts as a channel for the transmission of information circulating "from top to bottom" and "from bottom to top". The intensity of these two information flows may not coincide. For example, in the USSR under Stalin, the first was exceptionally powerful, the second almost dried up. But under conditions liberal democracy the importance of the party in shaping public opinion should not be underestimated. Another thing is that here the party simply cannot distract itself from the mood of ordinary members and voters. This allows parties to express social interests.
Secondly, the parties perform the functions of accumulation of social interests. In society, there are always diverse and heterogeneous interests, preferences, requirements. It is clear that it is impossible and unnecessary to transform each of them into a political decision: this would make political life chaotic and unpredictable. First of all, from the totality of interests it is necessary to single out the most socially significant ones. Further, these "choice" interests must be linked with each other in order to put them on the political agenda already in the form of a consistent program. This is what parties do.
Thirdly, an important function of parties is to set collective goals for the whole society. It would be a great distortion of the truth to believe that the party is capable of pursuing only those goals that are "in the air" and arise from the circumstances Everyday life its members and supporters. Neither in China nor in Russia did the need to build communism follow from the current interests of the population. But, having been formulated by the party, this goal inspired millions of people to implement a program of radical transformation of society.
Fourthly, the parties are engaged in recruiting the power elite and contribute to its political socialization. recruiting should be understood as the selection of personnel both for the party itself and for other organizations that are part of the political system, including the nomination of candidates for representative bodies of power, the executive apparatus and the bureaucracy.
Finally, the parties have great importance, acting as reference groups-groups to which the individual orients the behavior of his supporters. In many countries, people, in obedience to family traditions and upbringing, experience a strong emotional commitment to one party or another.
The classification of political parties usually begins on the basis of intra-party structures. Within one of them, cadre and mass parties are distinguished, differing in the number of members, main areas of activity, organizational stability and leadership principles. Mass parties are distinguished primarily by the large number of members.
Mass parties are distinguished by the close and constant interconnection of their members. The main activity of such parties has an ideological and educational orientation. They actively participate in the electoral process. The leaders in the mass parties belong to professional politicians, to a permanent professional bureaucracy, with the center of power located in the party organization itself. Another thing is the cadre parties. This is an association of so-called "notables" with the aim of preparing elections and maintaining contacts with already elected representatives.
There are several categories of "notables". Firstly, these are people who, by their name or prestige, increase the authority of a candidate for deputies and win him votes; secondly, skillful organizers of election campaigns; thirdly, financiers.
Cadre parties operate mainly during pre-election marathons, and in between their activity fades. As a rule, they are distinguished by the absence of a mechanism for official admission to these parties. Leadership is exercised by "notables", with especially broad powers concentrated in the hands of those who, on behalf of the party, participate in the government.
A number of batches are considered as semi-mass - intermediate type, which do not have their own place in the classification. These are parties consisting only of collective members, such as British Labor in the early years of its existence. From a financial point of view, it was a mass party, since the election expenses were covered by contributions from members of the trade unions (who were part of the party on the rights of collective membership)
By the nature of the primary organizations, four varieties are distinguished: parties-committees; parties-sections; cell parties; police parties.
1. Parties-committees are personnel. These are organizational loose associations of "notabels", and there are simply no primary organizations here. Examples are the Conservative and Liberal parties of Great Britain in the 19th century.
2. Party-sections have an extensive network of local organizations. These are centralized parties with rather strict internal discipline, but at the same time allowing "horizontal connections" between grassroots divisions.
3. Party-cells are distinguished by an even more rigid structure. "Cells" are created, as a rule, at workplaces (on a production or territorial-production basis). Intra-party relations are predominantly "vertical" in nature: directives come "from above", and reports on their implementation come "from below". Factional activity is prohibited, the leadership is strictly centralized and often authoritarian. Party members are required to actively participate in their work.
4. Police parties have a paramilitary structure with its main distinguishing feature - the principle of unity of command. Such parties are quite rare. Examples include the assault squads in Germany (although the NSDAP itself was a sectional type party), terrorist organizations, as well as some countries in which the war has been going on for decades (Lebanon, Northern Ireland).
The concept of a party system reflects the way different parties interact in the struggle for power. The oldest (and most popular to this day) criterion used to classify party systems is quantitative: there are non-partisan, one-party, two-party, and multi-party systems. The first two varieties are possible only in combination with authoritarian regimes and can be conditionally called party systems, because there is no significant political interaction between parties here. Non-party systems are rare in the world. These are the few surviving regimes and some surviving dictatorships that impose a ban on the activities of other parties. Examples include the idiosyncratic political structures of Iran (after the self-dissolution of the Islamic Republican Party) and Libya. One-party systems are characteristic mainly of egalitarian-authoritarian, authoritarian-ipegalitarian and populist regimes. Based on the existence of a one-party system in a particular country, one can fairly confidently attribute one of the listed regimes to it.
Quantitative classification distinguishes only two party systems, which are with liberal democracy - two-party and multi-party. The main difficulty associated with the use of these concepts stems from some conventionality of the term "two-party system" in the UK, which is considered its classic model, "third" parties are gaining up to 10% of the vote in elections, and the number of these parties has long exceeded one hundred. Justifying the legitimacy of using the term, they usually point out that power is nevertheless exercised alternately by two large parties.
Comparative analysis advantages and disadvantages of a bipartisan and multiparty systems has long occupied political scientists. The majority always leans towards the first of them, citing the following arguments:
1. It is argued that the two-party system contributes to the gradual mitigation of ideological conflicts between parties and their gradual transition to more moderate positions. And this makes the political system more stable.
2. Another advantage of a two-party system is seen as allowing the winning party to form a crisis-proof government. Indeed, if only two parties are represented in parliament, then one of them will certainly have an absolute majority of seats, and it is impossible to pass a vote of no confidence in its leader, the prime minister.
3. From the point of view of the voter, undeniable dignity a two-party system is that it will make it easier to choose when voting. There is no need to read dozens of party programs or sit in front of the TV for hours, to delve into the reasoning of "talking heads"; there are only two parties, and it is not so difficult to correlate one's own interests with their programs.
4. Finally, it is argued that only a two-party system allows one to approach the ideal of responsible government, which plays a crucial role in all theoretical models of democracy without exception. One party is in power, the other is in opposition. If voters are dissatisfied with the work of the government, they use the elections to send him to resign.
In conditions of a multi-party system, the political leadership is, as a rule, of a coalition character. This makes it possible for a defeated party to remain in government simply because it is a convenient coalition partner.
Two-party systems have indeed demonstrated a level of stability and efficiency that one can only dream of in a multi-party system.
Although political parties in the modern sense of the word arose not so long ago, now, according to the general opinion of political scientists and politicians, they are experiencing a period of decline.
The importance of grass-roots party organizations is waning, and the party press, long considered one of the hallmarks of liberal democracy, has now become an anachronism. The party's role in structuring election results has also noticeably diminished. Often people do not vote for a party, but for the "image" of a particular candidate, created by commercial means mass communication.
Nevertheless, there is no institution that would be more successful in coping with the three most important functions - the transfer of power, the political mobilization of the masses and the legitimation of existing regimes than parties.
Bibliography
2. Introduction to political science K.S. Gadzhieva M, Enlightenment, 1994
3. Fundamentals of political science, Dorofeev V.I., Rodionov V.A., SSU, 1993.
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Abstract prepared by Fomenko V.
Political parties are an integral part of the political system of a modern democratic society. A party is a political public organization that is for power or for participation in the exercise of power. The rivalry of political groups, united around influential families or popular leaders, has been a characteristic, essential feature of political history for many centuries. But such organizations, which we call political parties, arose in Europe and in the United States no earlier than the beginning of the 19th century. For example, in the text of the American Constitution. Declaration of the rights and freedoms of a citizen, in other political documents of the late 18th century. there is not even a mention of political parties.
The formation of parties was a rather lengthy and complex process. Initially, they were active only during the period of election campaigns. They did not have permanent local organizations.
Political parties with the signs we are accustomed to (registered party membership, party tickets, dues, internal party discipline) appeared in Europe with the emergence of a mass labor movement. According to the organizational structure, the existence of political parties now can be divided into two main types - organizationally formalized and organizationally unformed. In parties of the first type, party members receive party tickets and pay party dues. In organizationally unformed parties there is no official membership, and in order to be considered a member of such a party, it is enough to vote for the candidate nominated by it in the elections. The most famous examples of the second type of parties are the Republican and Democratic parties of the USA, the conservative party of Great Britain.
What is common to modern political parties and what distinguishes them from the party of the early and first half of the 19th century is the presence of a party apparatus, i.e. an organized group of people for whom party, political activity is a profession. The structure of the party apparatus responds primarily to the tasks of conducting the electoral struggle.
Each party was created to protect the interests of a particular social group. Gradually, it attracted more and more layers of voters. As a result, the parties became, for the most part, associations in which, in one combination or another, the interests of various social groups are represented. For this reason, parties, as a rule, are heterogeneous and have factions within themselves - groups that put forward programs that differ from the general program of the party.
The existence of several factions and directions in the party does not weaken the party, but on the contrary, makes its policy more flexible, since it helps it maintain its influence among various groups of voters, take into account the diversity of social, economic, political interests in society. The policy of the party is worked out in the course of the inner-party struggle between various factions and tendencies.
Those sections of society among which the party enjoys the greatest influence and which support it for a long time constitute its social base, and the voters who regularly vote for it in elections constitute its electorate. The traditional social base of the social democratic parties in Europe was the working class; the liberal-democrats supported the middle strata (employees, intellectuals, small businessmen, etc.); the agrarian parties relied on the peasantry; parties that occupied conservative positions received the support of large proprietors, part of the peasantry and the middle strata. Approximately in the middle of the 20th century. the situation has changed. Major parties receive votes from voters belonging to various groups of the population in elections. Thus, not only the workers vote for the Social Democrats, but also the office workers, the intelligentsia, small and medium proprietors. Conservative parties are supported by workers and employees, trade union members and entrepreneurs.
Party programs usually emphasize their intention to serve the interests of various social groups, the majority of citizens throughout the country. In practical politics, parties strive to take into account the interests of various categories of voters, since this is the only way to win democratic elections. At the same time, in elections in European countries (largely in the USA), parties continue to retain their originality, their own political and ideological identity. For example, voters expect the Social Democrats to pursue a strong social policy, adopt new or improve existing programs to help socially vulnerable groups of the population.
Political parties are forced to solve very diverse tasks in their activities, and therefore the number of functions attributed to them by some political scientists has exceeded a dozen.
Firstly, these are the functions of the link between the ruling and the ruled. The party always acts as a channel for the transmission of information circulating "from top to bottom" and "from bottom to top". The intensity of these two information flows may not coincide. For example, in the USSR under Stalin, the first was exceptionally powerful, the second almost dried up. But in a liberal democracy, the importance of the party in shaping public opinion should not be underestimated. Another thing is that here the party simply cannot distract itself from the mood of ordinary members and voters. This allows parties to express social interests.
Secondly, the parties perform the functions of accumulation of social interests. In society, there are always diverse and heterogeneous interests, preferences, requirements. It is clear that it is impossible and unnecessary to transform each of them into a political decision: this would make political life chaotic and unpredictable. First of all, from the totality of interests it is necessary to single out the most socially significant ones. Further, these "choice" interests must be linked with each other in order to put them on the political agenda already in the form of a consistent program. This is what parties do.
Thirdly, an important function of parties is to set collective goals for the whole society. It would be a great distortion of the truth to believe that the party is capable of pursuing only those goals that are "in the air" and flow from the circumstances of the daily life of its members and supporters. Neither in China nor in Russia did the need to build communism follow from the current interests of the population. But, having been formulated by the party, this goal inspired millions of people to implement a program of radical transformation of society.
Fourthly, the parties are engaged in recruiting the power elite and contribute to its political socialization. recruiting should be understood as the selection of personnel both for the party itself and for other organizations that are part of the political system, including the nomination of candidates for representative bodies of power, the executive apparatus and the bureaucracy.
Finally, parties are of great importance, acting as reference groups - groups to which the individual orients the behavior of his supporters. In many countries, people, in obedience to family traditions and upbringing, experience a strong emotional commitment to one party or another.
The classification of political parties usually begins on the basis of intra-party structures. Within one of them, cadre and mass parties are distinguished, differing in the number of members, main areas of activity, organizational stability and leadership principles. Mass parties are distinguished primarily by the large number of members.
Mass parties are distinguished by the close and constant interconnection of their members. The main activity of such parties has an ideological and educational orientation. They actively participate in the electoral process. The leaders in the mass parties belong to professional politicians, to a permanent professional bureaucracy, with the center of power located in the party organization itself. Another thing is the cadre parties. This is an association of so-called "notables" with the aim of preparing elections and maintaining contacts with already elected representatives.
There are several categories of "notables". Firstly, these are people who, by their name or prestige, increase the authority of a candidate for deputies and win him votes; secondly, skillful organizers of election campaigns; thirdly, financiers.
Cadre parties operate mainly during pre-election marathons, and in between their activity fades. As a rule, they are distinguished by the absence of a mechanism for official admission to these parties. Leadership is exercised by "notables", with especially broad powers concentrated in the hands of those who, on behalf of the party, participate in the government.
A number of batches are considered as semi-mass - intermediate type, which do not have their own place in the classification. These are parties consisting only of collective members, such as British Labor in the early years of its existence. From a financial point of view, it was a mass party, since the election expenses were covered by contributions from members of the trade unions (who were part of the party on the rights of collective membership)
By the nature of the primary organizations, four varieties are distinguished: parties-committees; parties-sections; cell parties; police parties.
1. Parties-committees are personnel. These are organizational loose associations of "notabels", and there are simply no primary organizations here. Examples are the Conservative and Liberal parties of Great Britain in the 19th century.
2. Party-sections have an extensive network of local organizations. These are centralized parties with rather strict internal discipline, but at the same time allowing "horizontal connections" between grassroots divisions.
3. Party-cells are distinguished by an even more rigid structure. "Cells" are created, as a rule, at workplaces (on a production or territorial-production basis). Intra-party relations are predominantly "vertical" in nature: directives come "from above", and reports on their implementation come "from below". Factional activity is prohibited, the leadership is strictly centralized and often authoritarian. Party members are required to actively participate in their work.
Answer: Political Party - an active and organized part of society, united by common interests, goals or ideals and striving to seize state power or decisively influence its implementation.
In political systems foreign countries political parties occupy one of the most important places. The term "party" in relation to the political system means a group of like-minded people with one common goal. with the strengthening of the role of parties in the political process, with the growth of their organization, parties began to be regarded as a kind of social mechanism, where both doctrine and organizational structure serve certain political goals.
Under a democratic regime, political parties of various trends and shades, depending on the situation, either act as ruling parties or play the role of a loyal opposition, which at any moment can itself form a government. A similar change is observed in all countries with strong social democratic parties (Great Britain, Germany, etc.)
Main types of political parties:
1) Conservatives - in favor of limited government regulation in the economic and social spheres, as well as tax cuts, which, in their opinion, allows to revive the economic situation, ensure the stabilization of finances and an increase in the standard of living of citizens. The slogan is expressed in the preservation of jobs and their increase. First of all, they express the interests of entrepreneurs, their employees, as well as peasants. The Conservative Party aims to protect or restore historically established institutions.
2) Social Democratic parties (Labor Party - Great Britain, Socialist - France, Italy, Spain, Social Democratic - Germany and the Scandinavian countries) traditionally advocate increased state intervention in the economy, including partial nationalization and financing of social programs by increasing taxes.
3) Communist parties democratic countries- as a rule, they advocate the nationalization of the economy, to one degree or another adhere to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism or its modifications.
4) Confessional (religious) parties - actively use religious ideology in their activities, they are often very influential political organizations. They can rely on a variety of religions (the Christian Democratic Union - Germany, the Social Christian and Christian People's Parties - Belgium, etc.).
The names of the parties do not always express their real "face". The true political orientation of parties is established not by their names, but by their activities.
Functions of political parties, those. the main activities of political parties are inextricably linked with the features of the party as a stable group of political like-minded people.
The main functions carried out by political parties simultaneously characterize and determine the specifics of their role and place in the political system.:
1) Political parties act as a means of struggle between separate rival groups for the possession of government power in the center and in the localities. Desiring to gain government power and influence in local and federal bodies, various social groups rely on any political party, with the help of which they seek to get their representatives into elected bodies, the forces of opponents are estimated by the number of votes received during the election struggle.
2) Political parties take an important part in the formation and activities of all parts of the state apparatus. Elected bodies of power and administration, both in the center and in the regions, are created with the direct participation of political parties, it is they who select candidates for elected positions and conduct election campaigns.
3) Political parties take a direct or indirect part in the development, formation and implementation of the domestic and foreign policy of the state. The ruling parties, through their governing bodies, governments and parliamentary functions, are directly involved in making political decisions and their implementation.
4) All political parties actively carry out an ideological function. They propagate the values that dominate in society, their own program settings, and are engaged in explaining their goals and election tasks.
The functions of the parties, arising from the above, include the recruitment of their activists and supporters, providing feedback between state authorities and citizens, smoothing out contradictions between social groups, etc.
Thus, the parties actively influence the adoption of political decisions by state authorities and administrations, which, being transformed into the relevant normative acts, become binding. The party system is turning into an essential factor in the formation of the central bodies of state power (parliament, government, head of state), as well as a means of influencing their activities.
Political parties are political public associations that unite the advanced part of certain social groups, which aims to achieve political power in society.
Parties occupy a special position in the political system, they are the most active of the links in the political system. Unlike many non-political formations, socio-political structures, parties perform purely political functions, they are created specifically for participation in politics as a special sphere of social relations. Parties differ from all other types of public associations primarily in their political nature, which is expressed in the fact that the party seeks to become the ruling party, to win state power in order to implement its program.
A party is an association of people of one political direction, which sets as its goal the exercise of state power and seeks to secure the support of the population.
Signs of a political party:
A party is always the bearer of an ideology;
A party is an organization, that is, a fairly long-term stable
bringing people together different levels politics - from local to international.
The purpose of the party is the conquest and exercise of state power.
The desire to secure broad public support (support can be
different: from participation in the election campaign to active membership).
The specific position of the party in the state (expressed in connection with the party
the state apparatus, that party members are members of parliament,
governments).
Functions of a political party:
Ensuring communication between society and the state;
Stimulate the active participation of citizens in political life;
Influence the formation of public policy;
Contribute to the development of political culture and political consciousness;
Carry out the nomination of candidates for elections to government bodies at all levels
Types of political parties.
According to the ideological orientation, they distinguish:
1. Conservative parties. Advocate for gradual transformation into
society, for the continuity of politics from earlier times.
2. Liberal parties. Proclaim the freedom of the individual, stand up for the priority of personal
interests, not public ones.
3. Social Democratic parties. They proclaim the ideas of socialism, universal brotherhood and equality.
4. Communist parties. Their ideology is based on the ideas of class struggle and
dictatorship of the proletariat.
5. Religious parties. They are created on the basis of any religious movement, express ideas of a corresponding religious orientation.
6. National Patriotic or Fascist Parties. Their ideology is based on the idea of the priority of any nation, the protection of national interests.
According to the method of communication with the state, parties are divided into:
ruling or government(are in power, have a majority of votes in
parliament, participate in the formation of the government);
Opposition(are in opposition to official power, carry out
opposing programs aspire to become ruling).
By type of membership:
a) personnel(closed type) hard membership constraint
b) massive(open type) do not have a clearly fixed membership, anyone can become
a member of this party
Parties participate in the formation of state bodies, develops the goals and objectives of society.
14. Public associations: concept, types, role in the political system
Public associations are voluntary, mass, non-profit associations created to satisfy their legitimate interests.
Signs of public associations:
1. a team of people
2. voluntariness (freedom to join and leave the association)
3. mass character (at least three members)
4. self-management (independent, under one's own responsibility solution of the tasks of a public association).
5. legality
6. Public associations must participate in the political life of society.
Types of public associations
1) The main classification is made depending on the organizational and legal forms of the association:
A) public organization
D) public fund
E) body of public initiative
2) By the territorial scale of activity:
a) international (GreenPeace)
b) all-Russian (44 subjects, in memory of soldiers' mothers)
c) interregional (less than 44 subjects, MASS)
d) "regional associations (on the territory of one subject of the federation, the Union of Entrepreneurs of the Tomsk Region)
e) local public associations (operating on the territory of one city, district, etc.).
3) By age criterion
a) children (8-14 years old) at least one adult
b) youth (14-17 years old) at least one adult
c) adults (18 and older)
All persons participating in the activities of the association can be divided into three groups:
· founders- These are the persons on whose initiative the association is created.
· members of a public association- these are persons whose interest in solving the problems of a public association and the very activity in it is documented
· society members nn wow meal Institutions are persons expressing support for the goals of this association and (or) its individual actions and taking part in its activities without obligatory documentation your participation.
The affiliation of a public association with political public associations must be stipulated in its charter.
Political public associations are subject to mandatory state registration.
The state and public associations do not interfere in each other's activities. The state cannot be a member or founder of a public association. The state is influenced by public associations, because the latter participate in the formation of state bodies (political public associations), can influence the appointment of persons to public office, participate in law-making by proposing certain bills, have the opportunity to influence decision-making by state bodies (including through the formation of public opinion). Thus, public associations participate in political activities.
