Ivan Vi Antonovich (1740-1764). Years of location on the throne - 1740-1741. In some sources, it is mentioned as John III, conducting an account from the Russian ruler of John Grozny; Later, it was called John Vi, counting from Ivan I Calita.

He was the son of the niece Anna John - russian Empress, that is, the son of Anna Leopoldovna and Prince Anton Ulrich Braunschweig-Brenern-Lüneburg. After the death of Anna John, a little Ivan, who turned out only 2 months, was proclaimed by the Russian emperor. The regent was first appointed Duke Biron, and then the mother of the baby. Only two weeks, before the coup, Ivan Vi Antonovich was on the throne. Guardsmen who were commanded by Field Marshal mini, arrested Biron, having deprived him of power.

The new Emperor was born at the sunset of the board of Anna John, and the Empress very much wanted to be the throne for the descendants of her father, Ivan V. It was disturbed by the fact that the throne can take the descendants of Peter I. I wrote a will, she found that the throne would inherit John Antonovich, And if he dies, other children Anna Leopoldovna should be included on the throne on seniority.

Anna Leopoldovna could absolutely could not manage the country, and the authorities seized the mini. But he managed not long, until Osterman sent him to resign. But he briefly held power in his hands. A year later, Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter I, with the help of the Preobrazhensky regiment, was arrested not only Osterman, but also a small emperor, his family and all approximate, ordered them to put them in prison. Little Ivan is completely isolated from parents. All moving and excommunication from the son undermined the health of Anna Leopoldovna, she died in 1746.

Elizabeth so afraid of a new coup, which ordered Ivan from Holmogor to the Shlisselburg fortress, where he was prepared by the fate: to be isolated in a single chamber. Since 1756, the small emperor was in full insulation. He could not see anyone, even prison supervisors. But he still learned about his royal origin, he later learned to write and read and dreamed of going to the monastery. Life in a single chamber postponed his mark on his psyche and in 1759 he had signs of madness. In 1762, Ekaterina II saw Ivan VI and confirmed this fact. The jailers also believed that the prisoner simulates.

During the imprisonment of Ivan, they tried to release and raise the throne again. In 1764, when the Russian throne was busy with young Catherine II, a suborochka V. Ya. The world tried to release Ivan.

But Elizabeth, who did not want to produce power out of the hands, ordered to put the Captain Vassev and Lieutenant Captain from the camera, and as soon as he had a new conspiracy, the guards of Ivan's strokes. He was only 24 years old. Where Ivan VI was buried so far unknown.

This island at the very source of the cold and dark Neva from the Lake Ladoga was the first piece of the enemy Swedish land, on which Peter I foot came at the very beginning of the Northern War. No wonder he renamed the fortress of Noteburg, disheveled in 1702 by the Swedes, in Shlisselburg - "Key-City". With this key, he then opened the entire Baltic. And almost immediately the fortress became a political prison. It was very convenient for the ultra of this secluded island. It was possible to get here only through the same gate, while it was necessary to go through the water in the eyes of the guard almost the entire island. Yes, and it was impossible to run from here. Through history, there was no escape from the Shlisselburg prison. And only once a bold attempt was made to liberate one of the Schlisselburg prisoners.

Event happened B. white night From 5 to July 6, 1764. An attempt was made by one of the officers of the protection of the fortress, the porquet of Smolensky infantry regiment Vasily Yakovlevich Mirovich. With a detachment of soldiers, whom he hit on the riot, the world tried to seize a special prison in which he contained the secret prisoner. Running to the barracks where the prisoner lived, the world came out with real estate lying in a puddle of blood. Around were traces of a fierce struggle. During the battle, several soldiers, the security officers of Vassev and Chekin killed the prisoner, died between a squad of rebels and protect the secret prisoner. The world, having learned about the death of the prisoner, surrendered to the mercy of the authorities and was immediately arrested. All soldiers hitting them on the rebellion were also captured. Investigation of a terrible crime ...

But who was this prisoner? It was a terrible state secret, but everyone in Russia knew that the secret prisoner was Russian Emperor Ivan Antonovich, who was imprisoned almost a quarter of a century. In the early 1730s, the Romanov dynasty experienced a serious crisis - there was no one to inherit the throne. At the throne, Empress Anna Ioannovna was sitting, a childless widow. With her, Sister Catherine Ivanovna lived with the young daughter Anna Leopoldovna. That's all the relatives of the Empress. True, Liva was Cesarean Elizabeth Petrovna, who was not and thirty years old. In Kiel, the nephew of Elizabeth, the son of her deceased older sister Anna Petrovna Karl-Peter-Ulrich (future emperor Peter III). However, Anna John did not want a fragment of Peter I and "Liflyand Portoomi" - Catherine I - entered the throne Russian Empire.

That is why, when in 1731, the imperial decree was announced, the subjects did not believe their ears: according to him, they had to swear in loyalty to the bizarre will of Anna John. She declared his heir to the boy who would be born from the future marriage of the Empress Niece Anna Leopoldovna with an unknown foreign prince. Surprisingly, but as the empress was conceived, and it turned out: Anna Leopoldovna was married to the German prince Anton Ulrich and in August 1740 gave birth to a boy called Ivan. When in October of the same year, Anna Ioannovna died, she taught the throne to his two-month grandchildren. So the emperor Ivan Antonovich appeared on the Russian throne.

Well, to tell about the boy, which became a dealer at the age of two months and five days and overthrown with the throne, when he was one year old, three months and thirteen days? Neither the verbose decrees, they "signed" nor the military victories, whistled by his army, can not say anything about him. The baby is - he is a baby, lies in the cradle, sleeping or crying, sucks milk and dumpling diapers.

The engraving was preserved, on which we see the cradle of the emperor Ivan Vi Antonovich, surrounded by allegorical figures of justice, prosperity and science. Covered with a magnificent blanket, a mufflest kid is looking at us. Around his neck, a heavy chain, as Virigi, the Golden Chain of the Order of Andrei First Called - barely born, the emperor became a cavalier of the highest order of Russia. Such was the fate of Ivan Antonovich: all his life, from the first breathing to the last, he spent in chains. But in the gold chains, he "passed" for a short time. On November 25, 1741, Zesarevna Elizaveta Petrovna made a coup. She burst with the rebels in Winter Palace Deep night and arrested mother and father of the emperor. Soldiers were given a strict order not to raise noise in the imperial crowd and take the Emperor's child only when he wakes up. So about an hour they stood silently at the cradle, while the boy did not open his eyes and did not shout out of fear at the sight of ferocious grenadier physiognomy. The emperor Ivan was pulled out from the cradle and attributed to Elizabeth. "Ah, child! You are not guilty of anything!" - Screw the usurper and tightly grabbed the child so that - God forbid - he did not get to others.

And then began the procession of the family of Ivan Antonovich in prisons. First, the prisoners were kept under Riga, then in Voronezh province, in Oranienburg. Here parents were separated from four-year-old son. His, under the name of Grigory, was lucky on Solovki, but because of the autumn, the weather was notgered only to Holmogor, where Ivan Antonovich was placed in former house Local bishop. It must be said that the name of the Gregory is not the most successful in Russian history - unwittingly remember Grigory Oreprisee and Grigory Rasputin. Here, in the holkemo, the child was put in a single camera, and henceforth he saw only servants and guards. The living and cheerful boy continuously kept in a tightly closed room without windows - all his childhood, all his youth. He did not have toys, he had never seen flowers, birds, animals, trees. He did not know what daylight. Once a week under the cover of night darkness, he was taken to the bath in the courtyard of the bishop house, and he probably thought that the yard was always worth the night. And behind the walls of the Ivan's camera, in another part of the house, they were settled by his parents, brothers and sisters who were born after him and whom he also never saw.

Elizabeth never gave orders to kill Ivan, but did everything he died. The Empress forbade him to learn his diploma, banned him walks. When he, eight years, fell ill with smallpox and measles, the security was requested by Petersburg: Is it possible to invite a patient with a patient? Fastened by Decree: Doctor to the Uznar Do not allow! But Ivan recovered on his misfortune ... In 1756, the sixteen-year-old prisoner suddenly transported from Holmogor to Shlisselburg and settled in a separate, strictly protected barracks. The guards were given the strictest prescriptions to prevent unidnamed to Uznznaya Gregory. The windows of the room so as not to miss the daylight, thickly smeared the paint, the candles were constantly burned in the chamber, the duty officer was continuously watched. When the servants came to remove indoors, Gregory was started behind the screen. It was full isolation From the world ...

The very fact of the existence of Ivan Antonovich was a state secret. In the fight against his young predecessor, the throne of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna resorted to amazing, but, however, a familiar way to combat memory about him. His name was forbidden to mention official papers and in private conversations. One who uttered the name of Ivanushka (so called himself in the people), waited for arrest, torture in the secret office, reference to Siberia. The highest decree was prescribed to destroy all portraits of Ivan VI, to withdraw all coins with his image from circulation. Every time the consequence began, if among thousands of coins brought to the Treasury in the barrels, Rublev was found with the image of the Opel emperor. It was ordered from books dedicated to the Emperor-Baby, snatch the title pages, collect all the latest decrees published under it, protocols and report notes with the mention of Ivan Vi Antonovich. These papers were carefully sealed and hidden in the secret office. So in Russian history there was a huge "hole" from October 19, 1740, when he joined the throne, until November 25, 1741. On all the papers it turned out that after the end of the reign of Empress Anna John, the glorious reign of Elizabeth Petrovna immediately came. Well, if it was impossible to do without mentioning the time of the reign of Ivan VI, then they resorted to Eufemism: "On the Board of the famous person." Only a century later, in 1888, two huge volumes of the reign paper of Ivan Antonovich were published. So, finally, the secret has become clear ...

But, as often happened in Russia, the greatest state secret was known to everyone. And to someone who did not know, it was worth only to visit the Kholmogorsk or Shlisselburg bazaar. There or in the nearest kabaska behind the halftof vodka, curiously they would immediately be told who so carefully elate in prison and for what. All because they knew that Ivanushka sits for the loyalty of the "old faith" and he suffers, naturally, for the people. A well-known thing, otherwise for what is so tormented by a person?

It must be said that this dynastarian sin did not give rest, either Elizabet Petrovna, nor to the throne in December 1761 Peter III, nor Ekaterina II, who seized power in June 1762. And all these self-containers certainly wanted to see the mysterious prisoner. It so happened that in his life Ivan Antonovich saw only three women: his mother is the government Anna Leopoldna and two Empress! And then Elizabeth when meeting with him in 1757 (Ivana brought in a closed kibitka to St. Petersburg) was dressed in a male dress. In March 1762, Emperor Peter III himself went to Shlisselburg, under the guise of the inspector entered the chamber of the prisoner and even talked to him. It became clear from this conversation that the prisoner remembers that he was not Gregory at all, but a prince or emperor. It was unpleasantly struck by Peter III - he thought that the prisoner was crazy, an impere, sick person.

Catherine II received the problem of Ivan's inheritance from his unavoid her husband. And she, too, moving curiosity, went to Shlisselburg in August 1762 to look at the secret prisoner and, perhaps, talk to him. There is no doubt that Ivan Antonovich his wild look produced a serious impression on visitors. Twenty years of imprisonment in a single squeezed him, the life experience of the young man was deformed and defective. The child is not a kitten, which and in an empty room grows by a cat. Ivan the four-year-old kid was insulation. No one was engaged in his upbringing. He did not know caress, kindness, lived like a beast in a cage. Protection officers, people were ignorant and coarse, with evil and boredom teased Ivanushka, like a dog, beat him and planted "for disobedience" on the chain. According to M. A. Korf, the author of the book about Ivan Antonovich, "until the very end of his life was represented by one endless chain of torment and suffering from all sorts." And yet, in the depths of his consciousness, the memory of early childhood and terrible, similar to sleep, the history of his abduction and renaming was preserved. In 1759, one of the guards reported in his report: "Arstanta, who he asked, to which [that] previously said that he was a great man, and one darling officer took away from him and changed the name." It is clear that Ivan spoke about Captain Miller, who took a four-year-old boy from his parents in 1744. And the child remembered it!

Later, Ekaterina II wrote that she came to Shlisselburg to see the Prince and, "having learned his mental properties, and his life for its natural qualities and education to determine calm." But it was allegedly compiled by a complete failure, because "with the sensitivity, our our people saw in it, except for him, and other almost nerazenny-tonasias (Ivan was scared and, in order to speak clearly, supported his chin. - E.A.), deprivation of the mind and sense of human. " Therefore, he concluded the sovereign, no help to have an unhappy thing, and there will be nothing better for him to stay in the income. The conclusion about the madness of Ivanushka was not on the basis of a medical examination, but on the consensions of the protection. What psyche hiatras are guards, from soviet history We know well. The professional doctors to Ivan Antonovich were never allowed.

In a word, a humane sovereign so left the prisoner to conceive in the raw, dark barracks. Soon after the departure of the Empress from Shlisselburg, on August 3, 1762, the guards of the secret prisoner, the officers Vassev and Chekin, received a new instruction. In it (in an obvious contradiction with the statement of the insanity of the prisoner), it was said that with Gregory, it is necessary to talk such, "so that in it to excite the tendency to the spiritual rank, that is, to monastic ... Involve him that his life is already defined by the night and That his whole life happened that he had to sleep on himself to seek a break. " It is unlikely that with a crazy, "deprived of the mind and meaning of the human", you can conduct high conversations about God and tonsure the monks.

It is extremely important that in this instruction, in contrast to the previous ones, this paragraph was also introduced: "4. If, the wrath of the aspirations will happen, so that who came with the command or one, at least an officer ... And I wanted the arrestant to take you, then it's not to give it to anyone ... Budy, I will be strong, it will be a hand that you can not be saved, then the arrestant to kill, and live I do not give it to anyone. "

Attempting to liberate Ivan Antonovich, undertaken exactly two years later, it was as if he was guessed by the authors of the 1762 instruction. As a written scenario, an unknown officer appeared with the team, no security papers did not pretend, the battle was started, the attackers strengthened the onslaught and, seeing that "he had a strong hand," V. V.S. and Chekin rushed into the chamber. They, as the contemporary reported, "attacked naked swords on an unfortunate prince, who by this time woke up from noise and jumped out of bed. He was defended from their blows and, although he was injured in his hand, but broke the sword to one of them; Then, not having any weapons and almost absolutely naked, he continued to resist much, until they finally overcame and not stabbed in many places. Here, he finally was finally killed by one of the officers who pierced him through the rear. "

In general, the case was accomplished dark and unclean. There is reason to suspect Catherine II and its environment in the desire to destroy Ivan Antonovich, who, with all his defenselessness, remained for the reigning empress with a dangerous opponent, for was a legal sovereign, in 1741 overthrown Elizabeth. In society, they walked benevolent rumors about Ivan Antonovich. In 1763, a conspiracy was opened, the participants of which were assumed to kill Gregory Orlov, the favorite of the Empress, and to marry Ivan Antonovich and Catherine II, in order to close a long dynastic dispute. Such plans of the conspirators clearly did not like either Orlov or the sovereign itself. In general, there was a person - and there was a problem ...

This is where the companion of Vasily Govilov appeared, the poor, nervous, offended, ambitious young man. Once his ancestors, the companion of Mazepa, squatted to Siberia, and he wanted to restore justice, return the former riches of the family. When the world appealed for help to his influential countryman, Hetman Kirill Remumbovsky, he received not money from him, and advice: I myself put my way, try to grab the fortune behind the Chub - and you will become the same thing as others! After that, the world and conceived to release Ivan Antonovich, take him to St. Petersburg and raise the rebellion. However, it was frightened that some historians seemed quite natural, as they believe that the world was a victim of provocation, as a result of which the opponent was killed for Catherine.

During the trial of the world, the dispute unexpectedly broke out among the judges: how could the security officers raise a hand on the royal prisoner, shed royal blood? The fact is that the instructions from August 3, 1762, given by Vassev and Chekin, was used from the judges, and prescribed the prisoner when he was attempted to release. However, judges, not knowing about the instructions, were convinced that the guards did so severely own initiative, not fulfilling the order. It is asked why the authorities needed to take this instruction from the court?

The history of the murder of Ivan Antonovich again puts the eternal problem of compliance of morality and politics. Two truths are divine and state - faced here in an insoluble, terrible conflict. It turns out that the mortal sin of the murder of an innocent person can be justified if it provides for the instruction, if this sin is committed in the name of state security. But, justice for the sake of, we cannot ignore and the words of Catherine, who wrote that Vassev and Chekin managed to "stop the preventing life of one, unfortunately born" inevitable countless sacrifices who would undoubtedly respond in exempted in the case of the good luck of Moirovich's rebellion. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine what rivers of blood would flow through the streets of St. Petersburg, if the world would bring Ivan Antonovich (as he assumed) to the Foundry Slobodi, captured the guns there, raised the soldiers to the rebellion, masterful ... and this is in the center of a huge, densely populated city.

The death of Ivanushki did not upset Catherine and her environment. Nikita Panin wrote Empress, who at that time was in Liflandia: "The case was made by desperately grasp, which is extremely commemmed by the resolution Captain Vassev and Lieutenant Checkin is suppressed." Catherine answered: "I read your reports with great surprise and all the diva, what happened in Shliselburg: the leadership of God is wonderful and uneficated!" It turns out that the sovereign was satisfied and even delighted. Knowing Catherine as a man of humane and liberal, even believing that she was not involved in drama on the island, after all, agree that the objectively death of Ivan was beneficial to her: no man - no problem! After all, quite recently, in the summer of 1762, in St. Petersburg there was a joke of Field Marshal Miniha, who said that he had never lived in three emperors at the same time: one sits in Shlisselburg, another in Ropsh, and the third in winter. Now, after Peter III's death, "from hemorrhoid colic" and the death of Ivanushki, no one will be joking.

The investigation into the Morovica case was short-lived, and most importantly - unusually humane, which seems strange for affairs. Catherine forbade Moirovich torture, did not allow to interrogate many of his acquaintances and even the brother of the arrestant, having tried a joke: "My brother, and my mind." Usually, on the investigation of the political police, relatives became the first suspects in the amendment to the criminal. Worker Derl<ался невозмутимо и далее весело. Складывалось впечатление, что он получил какие-то заверения относительно своей безопасности. Он был спокоен, когда его вывели на эшафот, возведенный на Обжорке, - грязной площади у нынешнего Сытного рынка. Собравшиеся на казнь несметные толпы народа были убеждены, что преступника помилуют, - ведь уже больше двадцати лет людей в России не казнили. Палач поднял топор, толпа замерла…

Usually at that moment the secretary on Eshafote stopped the execution and announced a decree on pardon, complaining, as they said in the XVII century, "instead of the death of the belly." But this did not happen, the secretary was silent, the ax fell into the neck of Mimarovich, and his head was immediately raised by the pall for his hair ... (I would say that the execution should certainly take place. From the documents it is known: the executioners on the day before the execution of the skill on the rams and calves.) The people, as I wrote G. R. Derzhavin, who was an eyewitness of the execution, "I waited for some reason the mercy of the sovereign, when I saw my head in the hands of the executioner, unanimously painted and so shudder that from a strong movement bridge was shaking and railing collapsed. " People fell into the Kronverki fortress. True, the ends were caught in the water ... as well as to the ground. After all, even earlier, Mimarovich's execution Ekaterina ordered to bury the body of Ivanushka secretly somewhere in the fortress.

Passed century, tourists walk in the fortress, around quietly and peacefully. But, walking paths among the ruins on a thick, blooming grass of an extensive and empty courtyard of the Shleisselburg fortress, unwittingly think that somewhere here, under our legs, the remains of the real martyr, which has lived in a cage and, dying and not I understood, I did not recognize, in the name of what he was given by God, this unhappy from unfortunate lives.

Ivan Vi Antonovich(1740-1764), Russian emperor. 12 (23) August 1740 was born in St. Petersburg. The father of Anton Ulrich is the son of Ferdinand Albrecht, the Duke Braunschweig-Bevernsky. Anna Leopoldovna's mother is the daughter of Charles Leopold, the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerinsky, and Princess Elizabeth, the daughter of King Ivan V Alekseevich and the sisters of Empress Anna Ivanovna. The imperial manifesto 5 (16) October 1740 is proclaimed by the throne. After the death of Anna Ivanovna 17 (28) October 1740, a two-month-old child was erected into the Russian throne; 18 (29) October Regent is declared I.-E.Biron. On November 9 (20), as a result of organized by B.-H.Mini, the regency, Anna Leopoldovna passed to his mother.

Overthrown as a result of the state coup on November 24-25 (December 5-6) 1741. The new Empress Elizaveta Petrovna was originally commanded to send him together with his family and 12 (23) December, they left Petersburg, but soon, changed their decision, she ordered to delay They are in Riga. 13 (24) DECEMBER 1742 Braunschweig nameded in the suburb of Riga Dynamyund (Sovr. Daugavgriv), and in January 1744 - in Oranienburg in the Ryazan province (Sovr. Chaplygin). In June 1744 it was decided to send them to the Solovetsky monastery, but they reached only to Holmogor: accompanying them Chamber N.A. Corf, referring to the difficulties of the path and the inability to keep their stay in Solovki in secret, convinced the government to leave them there. A four-year-old boy was isolated from his parents and is given under the supervision of Major Miller. In 1746 he lost his mother who was deceased during childbirth.

The extensive rumors about the stay of Ivan in Khlemologians forced the government in 1756 secretly transported it to the Shlisselburg fortress, where it was concluded in a single chamber and contained in full insulation; access to it was allowed only to three officers; Even the commandant of the fortress did not know the name of his prisoner. In 1759 he had found signs of impairment of the psyche, but the jailers found them with simulation.

With the counterpart in December 1761 Peter III, Ivan Antonovich has not improved; Moreover, an indication was given to kill it when you try to liberation. In March 1762, the new emperor put the prisoner's visit, the remaining, however, without consequences. After the eight of the throne of Catherine II, a draft of her marriage appeared with Ivan Antonovich, who would allow her to legitimize her power. Probably, in August 1762, she visited the prisoner and found him crazy. After disclosure in the fall of 1762 of the Guards Statement in order to deploy Catherine II, Ivan's content regime has tightened; The Empress has confirmed the former instruction of Peter III.

On the night of 4 (15) on the 5th (16) of July, 1764 PRIODUKER V.Ya. Mirovich, who carried the guard in the Shlisselburg fortress, attracted part of the garrison, arrested commandant and, threatening to apply artillery, demanded the issuance of the prisoner. After a short resistance to the protection of capitula, after killing Ivana. In view of the meaninglessness of further actions, V.Y. Mirovich surrendered to the authorities and was executed. The body of the former emperor is buried in the Shlisselburg Fortress.

Ivan Krivushin