INSTRUCTIONS AND PROPHECIES OF THE Blessed MOTHER ALIPIA GOLOSEEVSKY, Kyiv...
1. Rules for the design of architectural and construction drawings (according to GOST 21.501-93): implementation of the building plan.
General information.
The main and working drawings are carried out in line drawing, using lines of different thicknesses, due to which the necessary expressiveness of the image is achieved. In this case, the elements that fall into the cut are highlighted with a thicker line, and the visible areas behind the section are thinner. The smallest thickness of lines made in pencil is approximately 0.3 mm, in ink - 0.2 mm, the maximum line thickness is 1.5 mm. The thickness of the line is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and its content - plan, facade, section or detail.
Scales images in the drawings should be selected from next row: to decrease -1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:25; 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000; 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10,000; to increase - 2:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1; 100:1.
The choice of scale depends on the content of the drawing (plans, facades, sections, details) and the size of the object depicted in the drawing. Plans, facades, sections of small buildings are usually made on a scale of 1:50; drawings of large buildings are performed on a smaller scale - 1:100 or 1:200; very large industrial buildings sometimes require a scale of 1:400 - 1:500. Units and details of any buildings are performed on a scale of 1:2 - 1:25.
Coordination axes, dimension and extension lines. Coordination axes determine the position of the structural elements of the building, the dimensions of steps and spans. Axial lines are applied with a dash-dotted thin line with long strokes and are marked with marks that are put down in circles.
On the plans of buildings, the longitudinal axes, as a rule, are taken out to the left of the drawing, the transverse ones - from the bottom. If the location of the axes opposite sides plan does not match, then their markings are placed on all sides of the plan. In this case, the numbering is done through. The transverse axes are marked with ordinal Arabic numerals from left to right, and the longitudinal ones are marked with capital letters of the Russian alphabet (except for E, Z, Y, O, X, Y, E) upwards.
The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200-1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm - for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10..
The font size for designating the axes should be 1.5-2 times larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers used in the drawing. Marking of axes on sections, facades, nodes and details must comply with the plan. To apply dimensions on the drawing, dimension and extension lines are drawn. Dimension lines (external) are drawn outside the contour of the drawing in an amount of two to four in accordance with the nature of the object and the design stage. On the first line from the drawing indicate the dimensions of the smallest divisions, on the next - larger ones. On the last dimension line, the total size between the extreme axes is indicated with the binding of these axes to the outer faces of the walls. Dimension lines should be applied so that it is not difficult to read the drawing itself. Based on this, the first line is drawn at a distance from the drawing no closer than 15-21 mm. The distance between the dimension lines is taken at 6-8 mm. The segments on the dimension lines corresponding to the dimensions of the outer elements of the walls (windows, partition, etc.) are limited by extension lines, which should be applied starting at a small distance (3-4 mm) from the drawing, to the intersection with the dimension line. The intersections are fixed with serifs having a slope of 45 °. With very closely spaced small sizes in the drawings of parts and assemblies, serifs are allowed to be replaced by dots. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the extreme extension lines by 1-3 mm.
The internal dimension lines indicate the linear dimensions of the premises, the thickness of the partitions and internal walls, the width of the door openings, etc. These lines should be drawn at a sufficient distance from the internal edges of the walls or partitions so as not to obstruct the reading of the drawing. 
Rules for drawing up plans in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing): a - coordination axes; b - dimension lines; in-wire lines; g - area of premises; e - cut lines (dimensions are given in millimeters).
Dimensional and extension lines are drawn with a thin solid line. All dimensions are given in millimeters without a dimension designation. The numbers are applied above the dimension line parallel to it and, if possible, closer to the middle of the segment. The height of the numbers is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and must be at least 2.5 mm when done in ink and 3.5 mm when done in pencil. ^
Level marks and slopes. Marks determine the position of architectural and structural elements on sections and facades, and on plans - in the presence of differences in floor levels. The level marks are counted from the conditional zero mark, which, as a rule, is taken for buildings as the level of the finished floor or the upper edge of the floor of the first floor. Marks below zero are indicated with a "-" sign, marks above zero - without a sign. The numerical value of the marks is put down in meters with three decimal places without indicating the dimension. 
Rules for applying marks, sizes and other designations on sections in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing). To indicate the mark on facades, sections and sections, a symbol is used in the form of an arrow with sides inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 45 °, based on the contour line of the element (for example, the edge of the finished floor or ceiling plane) or on the extension line of the element level (for example, the top or the bottom of a window opening, horizontal ledges, exterior walls). In this case, the marks of the external elements are taken out of the drawing, and the internal ones are placed inside the drawing 
On the plans, marks are applied in a rectangle or on a leader line shelf with a “+” or “-” sign. On architectural plans, marks are usually placed in a rectangle, on structural drawings to indicate the bottom of channels, pits, various openings in the floors - on the leader line. 
The value of the slope on the sections should be indicated as a simple or decimal fraction (up to the third digit) and denoted special sign, sharp corner which is directed towards the slope. This designation is applied above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line 
On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes should be indicated by an arrow indicating the magnitude of the slope above it.
Designation of cuts and sections show an open line (trace of the beginning and end of the cutting plane), which is taken out of the image. With a complex broken cut, traces of the intersection of cutting planes are shown
At a distance of 2-3 mm from the ends of the open line extended beyond the drawing, arrows are drawn that indicate the direction of view. Sections and sections are marked with numbers or letters of the Russian alphabet, which are placed under the arrows in transverse sections and on the side of the outer side of the arrows - in longitudinal ones. See the illustration on the right for the arrows' style and size. ^
Designation of the areas of premises. Areas expressed in square meters with two decimal places without a dimension designation, they are usually put down in the lower right corner of the plan of each room. The numbers are underlined. In the drawings of projects of residential buildings, in addition, the residential and useful (total) area of \u200b\u200beach apartment is marked, which is indicated by a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the living area of the apartment, and the denominator is useful. The fraction is preceded by a number indicating the number of rooms in the apartment. This designation is placed on the plan of a large room or, if the area of \u200b\u200bthe drawing allows, on the plan of the front. ^
Remote inscriptions, explaining the names of individual parts of structures in nodes, are placed on a broken leader line, the inclined section of which with a dot or arrow at the end faces the part, and the horizontal one serves as a shelf - the basis for the inscription. With a small scale of the drawing, the leader line can be completed without an arrow and a dot. Remote inscriptions to multilayer structures are applied in the form of so-called "flags". The sequence of inscriptions relating to individual layers must correspond to the order of the layers in the structure from top to bottom or from left to right. The thickness of the layers is indicated in millimeters without dimension. Marks of structural elements on the layout diagrams are applied on the shelves of leader lines. It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or put a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the contour. The font size for designating brands should be larger than the font size numbers on the same drawing 
Marking nodes and fragments- an important element in the design of drawings that help to read them. The main purpose of marking is to link nodes and fragments taken out on a larger scale with detailed areas on the main drawing.
When placing nodes, the corresponding place on the facade, plan or section is marked with a closed solid line (circle or oval) with an indication on the shelf of the leader line with a number or letter of the serial number of the element to be taken out. If the node is located on another sheet, then under the shelf of the leader line, indicate the number of the sheet on which the node is placed 
Above the image or on the side of the rendered node (regardless of which sheet it is placed on), a double circle is placed with the designation of the serial number of the node. Circle diameter 10-14 mm
Technical construction drawings are accompanied by the names of individual images, textual explanations, tables of specifications, etc. For these purposes, a standard roman font with a letter height of 2.5 is used; 3.5; 7; ten; 14 mm. In this case, the font height is 5; 7; 10 mm is used for the names of the graphic part of the drawing; 2.5 and 3.5 mm high - for text material (notes, stamp filling, etc.), 10 and 14 mm high - mainly for illustrative drawings. Image titles are placed above the drawings. These names and headings of text explanations are underlined line by line with a solid line. Headings of specifications and other tables are placed above them, but not underlined.
^ Floor plan.
In the names of plans in the drawings, it is necessary to follow the accepted terminology; on the architectural plans you should indicate the mark of the finished floor or the floor number, for example, “Plan for elev. 0.000", "Plan of 3-16 floors", it is allowed to indicate the purpose of the premises of the floor in the names of the plans, for example, "Plan of the technical underground", "Plan of the attic"
Floor plan depicted as a section by a horizontal plane passing at the level of window and door openings (slightly above the window sill) or 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor. With a multi-tiered arrangement of windows on one floor, the plan is depicted within window openings lower tier. All structural elements that fall into the section (steles, pillars, columns) are outlined with a thickened line
On floor plans apply:
1) coordination axes of the building with a dash-dotted thin line;
2) chains of external and internal dimensions, including the distances between the coordination axes, wall thickness, partitions, dimensions of window and door openings (in this case, internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external - outside);
3) marks of the levels of clean floors (only if the floors are located at different levels);
4) cut lines (cut lines are carried out, as a rule, in such a way that the openings of windows, external gates and doors fall into the cut);
5) marking of window and door openings, lintels (it is allowed to mark the openings of gates and doors in circles with a diameter of 5 mm);
5) designations of nodes and fragments of plans;
6) names of premises, their area
The names of the premises are allowed, their areas are given in the explications in form 2. In this case, instead of the names of the premises, their numbers are put down on the plans.
Form 2
Explication of premises
Built-in premises and other sections of the building, on which separate drawings are made, are schematically depicted as a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures.
Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically by a dash-dotted thin line with two points
^
An example of a floor plan for a residential building:
Floor plan elements.
Conditional images of building elements are given in GOST 21.501-93.
In table. 10.2.1 conditional images of openings are given. It should be noted that when making drawings of building plans on a scale of 1:200 and smaller, quarters in window openings are not shown (a quarter is a protrusion in the opening, equal to approximately one-fourth of a brick).
On the facade, opening bindings are indicated by triangle A. The base of the triangle determines the place where the binding is hung. If the triangle is circled with a thin solid line, then it opens outward, and if it is thin dashed, then it opens inward. In the conditions of the image of lifting and sliding covers, the direction of movement of the wings is shown by an arrow, the blind (non-opening) cover is indicated by a dot.
Designations characterizing the method and direction of opening window sashes are applied to the drawings of facades and facade schemes for filling window openings.
At the same time, in the case of repeated rhythmic repetition of window openings with the same filling on the facade of a building, the opening designation can be indicated only in the first two or three openings of each type or in one rhythmically repeating group of openings.
The designation of the opening of window sashes is shown on each sash that is part of the filling of the opening.
When performing conditional images of windows, the pattern of bindings must correspond to the actual one.
In table. 10.2.2, conditional images of the direction of opening doors and gates on the plan are given. When depicting doors in plan, the angle of inclination of the door leaf to the plane of the wall is assumed to be 30°.
In table. 10.2.3 shows conditional images of stairs, ramps, blind areas, and in table. 10.2.4 - various channels in the walls. Channel dimensions are indicated only if they are not shown in other drawings.
According to GOST 21.201–2011 to designate on construction drawings such elements of building structures as window sashes facades, special symbols are used. At the same time, the number of bindings themselves is not graphically shown.
A thin solid line is used on the corresponding images to indicate those bindings that open outward, and a thin dashed line for those that open inward.
If the binding is not hung on the strapping shown on the construction drawing, then the top of the corresponding sign should be directed towards it. With regard to architectural drawings, which depict window blocks, then they must be part of project documentation or documentation of an order for the manufacture of a particular product.
On those construction drawings that are made on a scale of 1: 200 or less, quarters are not shown.
| Image | Name |
| Hanging the binding from the side and opening inwards | |
| Side suspension and outward opening | |
| Hanging the binding from below and opening inwards | |
| Suspension from below and opening outwards | |
| Top hanging and inward opening | |
| Top suspension and outward opening | |
| The suspension is located in the middle horizontally | |
| The suspension is located vertically in the middle | |
| Sliding window sash | |
| Window frame with lift | |
| Blank binding | |
| Side or bottom suspension and inward opening |
Window casing is a building structure necessary to strengthen and divide the glazing field, decorate it. It consists of several elements: transoms, vents, sashes. Window binding, in turn, together with the window frame makes up the window unit.
window blocks are designed in such a way that during their operation it is possible to replace glass, double-glazed windows, sealing gaskets, window devices, while maintaining the integrity of these parts.
All opening elements of windows installed in residential buildings should open only inside the premises. For individual structures (for example, windows that are installed in the premises of the first floors of buildings or overlook balconies), modern standards, building codes and rules provide for the possibility of opening to the outside.
In order to ensure ventilation of the room, in the windows with which they are equipped, either transoms, or vents-sashes, or ordinary vents are installed, or special supply valves are mounted in them. Transoms are either openable or deaf, mounted, as a rule, above the sashes, in the upper parts of the window boxes. To fix the opening transom in the window box, a horizontal impost is used.
If the box has a sufficiently large width, then a vertical impost is installed in it in such a way that the edges of the vertical bars of the wings adjoin it. According to such an indicator as the number of sashes in one row, windows are divided into:
- single leaf
- Bivalves
- Multi-leaf
As for the design of window sashes, they are:
- Single
- Paired
- separate
- Separate-paired
In window blocks with paired sashes, there are two of them: external and internal. They are interconnected, and the inner one, in addition, is hung on the box with the help of loops. Thus, the sashes, interconnected by fasteners, form a cover with a fairly high rigidity.
The design of a separate window block includes a box, vents, transoms and sashes that open either in one or in different sides. Window units of a separate-paired type are a combination of windows with separate and paired sashes. In these windows, the outer sashes are single, and the inner sashes are paired. In addition, a term such as "split-pair window sash" is often used to refer to a structure that divides a window into separate parts.
Windows are important elements of the interiors and exteriors of buildings. Often those of them that have the original, custom shape, are their decorations, at the same time playing their utilitarian role. Windows are necessary in order to create comfort in the house, they must have a design that saves money spent on heating the interior.
In construction drawings, graphic and alphabetic symbols are widely used. Graphic designations are used to designate building materials, elements of buildings, elements of load-bearing structures, sanitary devices, etc.
Picture 1 - Image of sanitary devices in the drawing
The material is not marked, if it is not necessary to specify it, if it is homogeneous or if the dimensions of the image in the drawing do not allow applying a conditional image. In sections of buildings and on floor plans, only areas that differ in material from the main structure are usually graphically distinguished (for example, areas brickwork in panel walls).
Figure 2 - Image of materials in drawings
In the images of doorways the plan shows the directions of opening the doors. The directions of the rise of the stairs and the slope of the ramps (inclined descents) are shown with an arrow.
Alphabetic and alphanumeric symbols (brands of structural elements, links to other drawings, callouts, etc.) serve to explain the drawing. Extension lines (leadouts) are directed to the elements being explained.
Figure 3 - The image of windows and doors in the drawings: a - outer door; b - inner door; c and d - windows; d - outer door; e - single-sided door; g - double door; h - window.
Modern industrial buildings are largely prefabricated- they are assembled from prefabricated structures. The most widespread unified teams reinforced concrete structures issued according to a series of standard drawings, common for different regions of the country. Such products are assigned the appropriate marks, which are affixed to the working drawings of buildings. Marks usually consist of initial letters the names of the corresponding elements; numbers are placed next to the letters that determine the dimensions of the elements in decimeters or meters, for example SK2-33 - a prefabricated column 200 mm wide, 3300 mm long; FTB 6-3 - reinforced concrete triangular truss with a span of 6000 mm, etc.
Information about all prefabricated products used for the construction of a building is drawn up in the form of tables - specifications containing a list of products and their technical characteristics. For each type of product (for example, reinforced concrete, metal, joinery) in the project, a separate specification is given.
DRAWINGS OF THE PLAN, SECTIONS, BUILDING FACADES. WORKING DRAWINGS OF PARTS OF BUILDINGS
Construction drawings are made according to general rules their rectangular projection onto the main projection planes. The projections of the building in the drawing have their own names.
Views of the building from the back, front, right and left are called building facades. If the facade faces the street or square, such a facade is called the main one. The name of the facade in the drawing is given according to the alignment axes to which it is attached: Facade 1-9 or along the axis along which it is located: Facade along the A axis.
A view of a building from above is called a roof plan. The roof plan and facades of the building give an idea of the shape of the building, the number of floors, the presence of balconies and loggias, the location of the entrance doors, the dimensions of the building, as well as its architectural appearance.
Information about the location of individual rooms of the building, their size, placement plumbing equipment, about the main building structures can be obtained from plans and sections.
A building plan is a horizontal plane cut through window and door openings. If you mentally cut the building with a horizontal plane and cut off its upper part, and project the remaining part onto the horizontal projection plane, then the resulting image will be the plan of the building. Horizontal cutting planes are usually drawn through the windows and doors of each floor and receive the plans of the 1st, 2nd and subsequent floors, respectively. If the layout of the 2nd and subsequent floors is the same, then it is drawn 1 time and called the plan typical floor. In an industrial building, the plan is carried out at the level of various elevations and the resulting plans are called according to these marks: Plan for elev. 6.00.
A section is an image of one part of a building, mentally dissected by a vertical plane. The position of the cutting plane is shown on the building plan. The section is called longitudinal if the cutting plane is parallel to the longitudinal walls of the building, and transverse if the cutting plane is perpendicular to the longitudinal walls. Sometimes, to obtain a cut, not one, but several parallel cutting planes are used. In this case, the cut is called stepped.
The direction of the cutting plane for the section is indicated on the plan of the 1st floor by an open line with arrows at the ends, which show the direction of projection and the gaze of the observer. Numbers are placed near the arrows, and an inscription of the type 1-1 is made on the section itself.
Plans, facades and sections of the building are called general architectural and construction drawings. Based on the general general architectural and construction drawings of the building, drawings are drawn up for the production of special construction works for water supply and sewerage, heating and ventilation, gas supply and electricity supply, etc.
working drawings intended for the production of a certain type of work are combined into sets by brand. In accordance with GOST 21.101-93 and GOST 21.501-93, each main set of working drawings is assigned an independent name, consisting of capital initial letters of the name of a certain part of the project.
Drawing brand maintained at all stages of design. For individual sets of working drawings, the following marks are established:
master plan - GP;
Architectural drawings - AR;
· building construction– KS;
· architectural and construction part (combination of AR and KS brands) – AS;
Reinforced concrete structures - KZh;
metal structures - KM;
electric lighting - EO, etc.
Drawings of facades, plans, frontal and profile sections.
Plan drawings
The plan is section of the building and structure imaginary horizontal plane. For residential and public buildings, this plane passes within the door and window openings by about 1/3 of the height of each floor, and for industrial buildings at a height of 1 m from the floor level.
The plan of the building is included in the main set of architectural and construction drawings, which gives an idea of the configuration and dimensions of the structure, reveals the shape and location of individual rooms, window and door openings, main walls, columns, stairs, partitions, sanitary equipment, smoke and ventilation ducts and etc. plans for residential and public buildings often show the placement of furniture and other equipment.
On the plans of industrial buildings, as a rule, various technological equipment, crane tracks, rail tracks, etc. are indicated.
The plans of amenity premises of industrial buildings indicate the location of cabinets, hangers, benches and other equipment.
The structures on the plans and section are depicted in a simplified way without detailing. In large-panel buildings, window openings are depicted without quarters. If the floor plans differ from each other in the arrangement of individual sections of the outer walls, then a plan of one floor is drawn, and according to its example, ribbon plans of different sections of the walls are located. With a two-tier arrangement of windows in a building, the opening of the lower tier is shown on the main plan. The plan of wall sections with openings of the second tier is located along the perimeter of the main plan in the form of separate ribbons. A complex section of the plan is carried out on separate fragments, made on a larger scale and with a greater degree of detail. For residential buildings of great length, plans of individual sections are drawn on a larger scale. Residential sections are several one, two, three, four or more room apartments located near the stairwell. Floor plans, basements, technical underground, attic, ceilings, roofs, installation plans, etc. differ.
On the floor plans are applied: coordination axes buildings and structures, dimensions that determine the distance between the coordination axes and openings, marks of sections located on different levels, cut lines drawn in such a way that the openings of windows, doors, external gates, etc. fall into the cut, positions (brands) of building elements, filling in the openings of gates and doors, lintels, stairs, etc., designation of nodes and fragments of plans, the name of the premises, technological sections, their area, categories for explosion and fire fire hazard, borders of zones of movement of technological cranes.
Positional designations of gate and door openings are indicated in circles 5 mm in diameter. Categories of technological sections are put down under their name in a rectangle measuring 58 mm. Built-in premises and other structures on which separate drawings are made are depicted schematically as a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures. Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically by a dash-dotted thin line with two points.
On floor plans apply: extreme coordination axes, coordination axes at expansion joints, along the edges of sections with various structural and other features with dimensional references of such sections, designations of floor slopes, type of floors, marks in places of difference.
The walls of the building and partitions on the floor plans depict one solid thick main line. The floor plans indicate building elements and devices that affect the floor structure (gate and door openings, expansion joints, channels, ladders, etc.), as well as the boundaries of areas with different floor designs.
expansion joints are depicted by two thin solid lines, and the boundaries of the floor sections are dotted lines.
It is allowed to combine floor plans with floor plans.
The following are applied to the roof (roof) plans: extreme coordination axes, coordination axes at expansion joints, as well as along the edges of roof sections with various structural and other features with dimensional references of such sections, designations of roof slopes, marks or a schematic transverse profile of the roof, positions (marks ) roof elements and devices, parapet slabs and other elements of roof fencing, funnels, deflectors, ventilation shafts, fire escapes.
The coordination axes of buildings and structures on the plans are applied by dash-dotted lines with long strokes 0.3-0.4 mm thick. The center axes are taken out of the contour of the walls and marked. The marking of axes on the side of the building with a large number of load-bearing walls and columns is made by Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3..., which most often run across the building. Marking of axes on the side of the building with a smaller number of them is made in capital letters of the Russian alphabet A. B. V ... Such axes, in most cases, go along the building. The axes of the elements located between the alignment axes of the main supporting structures are marked with a shot B/1, ... G/3, ... 2/1, ... 5/1, etc.
Drawing floor plans starts with drawing coordination axes. The first line of dimensions is drawn from the coordination axis at a distance of 20-30 mm, and the rest at a distance of 8 mm from each other. Therefore, it is necessary to have a total space around the building for drawing extension and three dimension lines, as well as marking circles with a total size of approximately 50 mm.
After drawing the coordination axes, the thickness of the outer walls is drawn. For example, if the thickness of the outer brick wall is 510 mm, the binding of the axis inside the wall will be 100 or 200 mm, and outside 410 or 310 mm, respectively. Capital interior walls are drawn symmetrically about the coordination axis. After that, the type of window and its dimensions are selected, taking into account the norms of illumination and the architecture of the facade. The height of the windows is taken constant for the entire floor, only their width varies. On the drawings technical project window openings are drawn without window frames, bindings and window sills. After breaking down the window openings, the dimensions of the windows are plotted in quarters, then the quarters are drawn so that the window expands inward, up to a size equal to two quarters. On the first dimension line, the size from the end of the wall to the window is indicated, and then the dimensions of the windows in quarters and the dimensions of the wall openings. The width of single-leaf windows according to GOST is taken equal to 720 and 870mm, double-leaf windows - 1170, 1320, 1470mm, three-leaf windows - 1770 and 2070mm. Then partitions and doorways are drawn. The doorway on the plan is drawn with reference to one of the nearest walls. In this case, the brand of the door is affixed. Door sizes are assigned according to GOST: external double-leaf entrance doors are taken in width equal to 1390 and 1790mm, and in height - 2300mm, in rooms the width of double-leaf doors is taken equal to 1202mm, and single-leaf 800 and 900mm 2000mm high. In kitchens, bathrooms and storerooms of residential buildings, single-leaf doors with a height of 2000m are installed. The width of the doors to the kitchen is assumed to be 700 mm, and in the bathrooms and pantries - 600 mm. Single doors from the apartments to the stairs, to the common apartment corridor or to the floor vestibule should open inside the apartment. Double doors can open in different directions. In public buildings, doors to the stairwell, in common corridors, as well as doors intended for evacuation, must open towards the exit. The location of the door panels is applied on the building plan in accordance with GOST 21.107-78. Furnaces and stoves on the plan are located near the main walls, where smoke channels are provided. Ventilation ducts in the walls of kitchens, latrines and bathrooms are depicted as rectangles measuring 140140mm or 140270mm, and smoke ducts - 140270mm. The plans indicate the thickness of the internal walls and partitions, the binding of the faces of the internal walls and partitions to the coordination axes or to the surface opposite walls, the net distance between the main walls, as well as between the partitions in the rooms, the area of \u200b\u200brooms and utility rooms (kitchens, corridors, bathrooms, bathrooms, pantries, etc.).
The roof plan is a view of the building from above. All roof slopes (roofs) have the same slope, therefore, the edges between the edges of the roof on the plan are angle bisectors. The roof plan is usually drawn on a scale of 1:200. For illustration in fig. 3.5 shows a four-pitched roof plan.
To determine the dimensions of the depicted product (structural element, assembly, building, structure) and its parts, the dimensional numbers printed on the drawing are used. Dimensions on construction drawings are applied in accordance with GOST 2.307-68 *, taking into account the requirements of GOST 21.501-93. Dimension and extension lines are drawn as a solid thin line with a thickness of s / 2 to s / 3.
The dimension line at its intersection with extension, contour or center lines should be limited by serifs, 2-4 mm long, S thick, with a slope of 45 °, from the extension line in the clockwise direction. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outermost extension lines by 1-3 mm, extension lines by 1-4 mm.
Minimum distance between parallel lines there must be at least 8 mm, and between the first dimensional and contour lines at least 10 mm.
Dimensional numbers in the drawings should be applied above the dimension line, possibly closer to the middle.
The slope of the surface on the cuts is indicated by the sign " Ð ”, and is applied before the dimension number. A sharp prick of the sign should be directed towards the slope (see Fig. 4). On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes is indicated by an arrow, above which, if necessary, the slope value is affixed (see Fig. 5).
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Captions related directly to the image can contain no more than two lines located above and below the leader line shelf. The leader line drawn from the lines of the visible and invisible contour ends with an arrow. Leader lines should not intersect with each other, if possible, do not cross the dimension line, and should not be parallel to the hatching.
When designating a node, the corresponding place is marked on the plan, section or section with a closed solid thin line - a circle, an oval, etc. with the designation of the node in Arabic numerals on the shelf of the leader line. If the node is placed on another sheet, then the sheet number is indicated under the leader line shelf, or on the shelf next to the node number in brackets (see Fig. 11)
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The designation of the node is shown where the node is drawn (see Fig. 12).
If the node is shown If the node is shown
on the same sheet on another sheet
Node number
12-15 Sheet on which the node is marked
The text part placed on the drawing field is placed above the main inscription. Between the text part and the main inscription it is not allowed to place an image, tables. Tables are placed in the free space of the drawing field to the right of the image or below it.
Coordination axes
Each individual building and structure is assigned an independent system of designations for the coordination axes.
Coordination axes - mutually perpendicular lines that determine the position on the plan of the building, structure, main and enclosing structures. The coordination axes are applied to the image with a thin stroke with dotted lines, with long strokes, with a thickness of S / 3, they are denoted by Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (with the exception of the letters: E, Z, Y, O, X, C, CH, SH, b, s, b) in circles with a diameter of 6-12 mm.
Omissions in numerical and alphabetic (except for those indicated) designations of the coordination axes are not allowed.
The numbers indicate the coordination axes along the side of the building and structures with a large number of axes.
The sequence of numerical and alphabetic designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top (see Fig. 13).
The designation of the coordination axes, as a rule, is applied on the left and lower sides of the plan of the building and structure. If the coordination axes of the opposite sides of the plan do not match, the designations of the indicated axes at the locations are additionally applied on the upper and right sides.
The font size for designating the coordination axes and positions should be one or two numbers larger than the font size adopted for dimensional numbers in the same drawing.
On the plans of residential buildings, arranged from block sections, the designations of the extreme coordination axes of the sections are indicated without an index in accordance with Fig. 14.
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Basic concepts
On architectural and construction drawings, views and sections have the following definitions:
a) floor plan - a horizontal section made at 1/3 of the height of the floor or at the level of windows;
b) facade - front, rear, side view, defining a visual image of a building or structure;
c) cross section - a vertical section made across the building;
d) longitudinal section - a vertical section made along the building.
The coordination of all sizes of buildings and their structures is associated with a modular coordinate system. This system is a set of rules for mutual coordination of the dimensions of space-planning and structural elements of buildings and structures, building products and equipment based on the module.
A module is a conventional unit of measurement used to coordinate the dimensions in a building and structure, their elements, parts and building products. The module is conventionally designated M and is equal to 100 mm. In addition to the main module, there are enlarged and fractional modules. The enlarged module is larger than the main one by an integer number of times - 3M, 6M, 12M, 15M, 30M, 60M, 72M, 84M, 90M. The fractional module is less than the main one - 1/2M, 1/5M, 1/10M, 1/20M, 1/50M, 1/100M.
On the basis of enlarged modules, buildings are designed, they are tied to the terrain, for this purpose coordination axes are used.
The modular step between the longitudinal axes is called the span.
The modular pitch between the transverse axes is called pitch.
Modular height is the distance from the clean floor of the given floor, to the clean floor of the overlying floor - the height of the floor.
Depending on the purpose, the elements of the building are divided into the following structures:
a) zero cycle structures - foundations, basement walls;
b) enclosing structures - load-bearing walls (perceiving loads from overlying structures and their own weight) and self-supporting (perceiving only their own weight);
c) floor and roof structures - floor and roof slabs, monolithic sections, ceilings, roofs;
d) internal structures - walls, partitions, stairs.
Depending on the material, purpose, construction site, the walls have a certain thickness.
External brick walls - (B) 510, 640, 770, 900, 1030, 1160.
Internal brick walls - (B) 380, 250. Foundations are made under all walls, coordination axes pass through them.
Brick partitions - (B) 120, 65. Under the partitions, special concrete pillows are made.
Depending on the purpose and bearing capacity, the walls are tied to the coordination axes (see Fig. 15).
ATFor external load-bearing walls For external
Central binding
For interior load-bearing walls
Coordination axes are not marked on the partitions.
Thickness brick walls consists of brick size (250x120x65) and mortar thickness (10). Then the size of the piers and openings from brick walls will be presented, as shown in Fig. 16.
C - width of the window opening, h - height of the window opening, are given in table 6, H - floor height - 2800, 3000, 3300, 3600, E - width of the doorway, h - height of the doorway - table 7, B - horizontal brick multiplicity , D - vertical multiplicity of bricks - in table 8.
Table 6
| Coordination dimensions according to GOST, dm | Structural dimensions hхС, mm. | ||
| Residential and public buildings | |||
| 6 –9 | 610 x 910 | 15 – 9 | 1510 x 910 |
| 6 –12 | 610 x 1210 | 15 - 12 | 1510 x 1210 |
| 9 – 9 | 910 x 910 | 15 – 13.5 | 1510 x 1360 |
| 9 – 12 | 910 x 1210 | 15 – 15 | 1510 x 1510 |
| 9 – 13.5 | 910 x 1360 | 15 – 18 | 1510 x 1810 |
| 12 – 7.5 | 1210 x 760 | 15 – 21 | 1510 x 2110 |
| 12 – 9 | 1210 x 910 | 18 – 7.5 | 1810 x 760 |
| 12 – 12 | 1210 x 1210 | 18 – 9 | 1810 x 910 |
| 12 – 13.5 | 1210 x1360 | 18 – 12 | 1810 x 1210 |
| 12 – 15 | 1210 x 1510 | 18 – 13.5 | 1810 x 1360 |
| 15 – 6 | 1510 x 610 | 18 – 15 | 1810 x 1510 |
| 15 – 7.5 | 1510 x 760 | 18 – 18 | 1810 x 1810 |
| Public buildings (optional) | |||
| 12 – 18 | 1210 x 1810 | 21 – 9 | 2110 x 910 |
| 12 – 21 | 1210 x 2110 | 21 – 12 | 2110 x 1210 |
| 12 – 24 | 1210 x 2410 | 21 – 15 | 2110 x 1510 |
| 12 – 27 | 1210 x 2710 | 21 – 18 | 2110 x 1810 |
| 18 – 21 | 1810 x 2110 | 21 –21 | 2110 x 2110 |
| 18 – 24 | 1810 x 2410 | 21 – 24 | 2110 x 2410 |
| 18 – 27 | 1810 x 2710 | 21 – 27 | 2110 x 2710 |
Table 7
| Coordination dimensions according to GOST 24698 - 81, dm | Coordination dimensions according to GOST 6629 - 88, dm | Structural dimensions hхЕ, mm. | |
| External doors | Internal doors | ||
| 21 - 9 | 2070 x 910 | 21 – 7 | 2070 x 710 |
| 21 -10 | 2070 x 1010 | 21 – 8 | 2070 x 810 |
| 21 – 13 | 2070 x 1310 | 21 – 9 | 2070 x 910 |
| 21 – 15 | 2070 x 1510 | 21 – 10 | 2070 x 1010 |
| 21 – 19 | 2070 x 1910 | 21 – 12 | 2070 x 1210 |
| 24 – 10 | 2370 x 1010 | 21 – 13 | 2070 x 1310 |
| 24 –13 | 2370 x 1310 | 24 – 8 | 2370 x 810 |
| 24 – 15 | 2370 x 1510 | 24 – 9 | 2370 x 910 |
| 24 -19 | 2370 x 1910 | 24 – 10 | 2370 x 1010 |
| Service doors | 24 – 12 | 2370 x 1210 | |
| 16 – 9 | 1570 x 910 | 24 – 15 | 2370 x 1510 |
| 19 –9 | 1870 x 9110 | 24 – 19 | 2370 x 1910 |
| 21 -13 | 2070 x 1310 |
Table 8
| B - horizontal multiplicity | D - vertical multiplicity | ||||||
2. COMPLETION OF THE MISSION "RESIDENTIAL HOUSE"
The composition of the task for the AP brand
1. Building plan
2. Architectural section
4. Roof plan
5. Knots, filling specifications
The composition of the task for the grade OB
1. Building plan with wiring
4. Wiring diagram
Building plan
The floor plan (building) gives an idea of the space-planning composition of the building, the location of walls, columns and other enclosing and supporting structures, their binding to the grid of coordination axes, the location of all rooms on the floor, their purpose, size, shape, location of stairs , windows, doors, technical openings and their dimensions, the location of equipment, rail tracks, sanitary equipment.
Floor plan designate: Plan at elev. 0.000 or at el. +3.000, First or second floor plan, Standard floor plan, Basement plan, Technical floor plan and are performed on a scale of M 1: 100, M 1: 200.
On floor plans apply:
1) coordination axes of the building;
2) dimensions that determine the distance between the coordination axes and openings, the thickness of walls and partitions, other necessary dimensions, marks of sections located at different levels;
3) cut lines, they are usually carried out in such a way that the openings of windows, external gates and doors fall into the cut;
4) positions (brands) of building (structure) elements, filling of gate and door openings, lintels, stairs, etc. It is allowed to indicate the positional designation of gate and door openings in circles with a diameter of 5 mm;
5) designation of nodes and fragments of plans;
6) the name of the premises, their area, categories for explosion and fire hazard (except for residential buildings). The areas are put down in the lower right corner of the room and underlined, if necessary, on the plans indicate the type and area of apartments. In this case, the area is put down as a fraction, in the numerator of which indicate living space, and in the denominator - useful. It is allowed to give the names of the premises in the explications (form 1). In this case, on the plans, their numbers are put down in place of the names.
Explication of premises
For residential buildings, the explication of premises, as a rule, is not performed;
7) the boundaries of the zones of movement of technological cranes (if necessary).
Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically by a dash-dotted thin line with two points.
To the floor plans perform:
1) a list of jumpers in form 2
2) specifications for filling elements of window, door, and other openings, shield partitions, lintels, marked on plans, sections and facades - in form 3.
List of jumpers
15 60 65 10 15 20
Note: in the column "Pos" indicate the positions (brands) of structural elements, installations; in the column "Designation" - the designation of the main documents for the structural elements, equipment and products or standards recorded in the specification ( specifications) on them; in the column "Name" - the names of structural elements, equipment, products and their brands .; in the column "Number." - amount of elements; in the column "Mass" - the mass in kilograms. It is allowed to indicate the quantity in other units; in the column "Note" - additional information.
The sequence of drawing the building plan (Fig. 17):
1. Drawing a grid of coordination axes;
2. Binding of external and internal walls;
3. Drawing details;
4. Drawing sizes and inscriptions;
5. Design. (The staircase is drawn after the development of the section).
Coordination axes, bindings and wall thickness are selected according to the task. The building plan is drawn in the lower left corner of the sheet (A1 format). The designation of the coordination axes is adopted in accordance with clause 1.6. At the design stage, a solid thick main line shows the elements that fall into the cut plane. Filling window, door openings, sanitary, built-in equipment - a solid thin line.
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2.1.1 Sequence of dimensioning on the building plan.
1. Outside the dimensions of the floor plan, three to four chains are affixed:
· 1st, 2nd chains: binding of piers and outer faces of walls to coordination axes, dimensions of piers and openings. For openings with quarters, the dimensions are shown according to the smallest value opening;
· 3rd chain: distance between all coordination axes, binding of axes of extreme columns;
· 4th chain: overall dimensions of the building or dimensions between the extreme coordination axes.
The dimension line of the first dimension chain is drawn at a sufficient distance from the outline of the plan so that there is room for explanatory inscriptions and marks and not to obstruct the reading of the plan.
2. Inside the floor plan put down the dimensions:
binding of walls and partitions to the coordination axes;
thickness of walls and partitions;
dimensions of the premises (width and length);
The dimensions of the openings internal walls and stationary partitions;
binding of openings to coordination axes or characteristic wall nodes.
Architectural cut
Depending on the brand of drawings, sections are architectural and constructive. architectural- contain data on the general volume-composition solution. They contain simplified images of the elements of the ground part of the building without detailing the structures of walls, ceilings, and coatings. constructive- in addition to the space-planning solution, they contain images of structures, marking of nodes and structural elements, all the necessary dimensions and elevations. Sections are drawn on a scale of M 1:100; M 1: 200.
The contour lines of structural elements in the section are depicted as a solid thick main line, visible contour lines that do not fall into the section plane are depicted as a solid thin line.
On the cut put:
1) coordination axes of the building (structure), passing in the characteristic places of the section (extreme, at expansion joints, load-bearing structures, in places of height difference, etc.), with dimensions that determine the distance between them and the total distance between the extreme axes;
2) marks characterizing the location of elements of load-bearing and enclosing structures in height;
3) dimensions and height bindings of openings, openings, niches and nests in walls and partitions;
4) positions (brands) of elements of the building (structure) not indicated on the plans;
5) designation of nodes and fragments.
The sequence of making the cut (Fig. 18):
1. The layout of the drawing and the construction of a vertical coordination grid.
2. Drawing the main contours.
3. Drawing the staircase and details (Fig. 19).
4. Dimensioning and graphic design of the section.
When drawing elements, it should be taken into account that the floor on the ground is depicted as one solid thick line, the floor on the ceiling and the roof - one solid thin line, regardless of the number of layers in their design.
The composition and thickness of the words overlap and roof are indicated in the portable inscription.
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1 stage 2 stage
Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 1 - 1
The secant planes along which the cuts are made are indicated by Arabic numerals, it is allowed to denote them by capital letters of the Russian alphabet. The numbering of cuts must be through for this brand of drawings.
2.2.1 Drawing a staircase.
The staircase consists of flights of stairs, landings and railings. Flights of stairs are installed with a slope of 1:2, 1:1.75, 1:1.5.
Landings at the level of each floor are called storey, between floors - intermediate. Each march for one of the landings will be ascending, for the other descending. The ascending march begins with the lower frieze step, which serves as a transition to the site, the descending march begins with the upper frieze step. The frieze steps have a special outline, different from the rest of the steps of the flight of stairs (see Fig. 19).
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| Marks of the clean floor are put down on the landings. After a preliminary calculation of the number of steps, depending on the height of the floor and the width of the landings, the coordination axes are drawn, the walls are drawn, the levels of the landings (floor and intermediate) are marked with horizontal lines. Then, on any horizontal cut line, the width of the landings together with the frieze steps and the length of the flight of stairs are laid down (only treads 300 long are taken into account). Next, the length of the march is divided into thin vertical lines with a distance of 300. The height from the storey to the intermediate platform is divided into horizontal lines, at intervals of 150 (155). We get the grid on which we build flights of stairs. The march falling into the cut is outlined with a solid thick main one, located in the imaginary plane - with a solid thin line. All sites are surrounded by a solid thick line. The plane of the cut along the stairs is always carried out along the marches closest to the observer. Facade drawing The facades of the building give an idea of appearance of the designed building and its architectural composition. Above the facade is given a corresponding inscription such as "Facade 1 - 5", or "Facade A - C" in accordance with the extreme axes. Facades are performed on a scale of M 1:100, M 1:200. Facades can be made in linear, black and white or color graphics, with shadows. On the facades are applied: 1) extreme coordination axes without indicating the size between them; 2) marks of the ground level, entrance platforms, top of walls, bottom of window openings, entrance visors, balcony slabs; 3) types of filling of window openings, if they are not included in the elements of prefabricated wall structures (they are not shown in training tasks); 5) the type of finishing material for individual sections of the walls that differ from the main (predominant); 6) outdoor fire and evacuation stairs, adjoining galleries. The source documents for the layout and drawing of the facade are the plan and section of the building. All preliminary constructions are performed with thin lines. The construction sequence is as follows (Fig. 21): 1. general layout - according to the plan and section, the dimensions of the overall rectangle of the facade are determined, a grid of window and door openings is built on it; 2. drawing the main contours and details - a detailed display of the filling of window and door openings, elements of entrance canopies, railings for balconies and loggias, ventilation and chimneys, parapet slabs. Lines for cutting walls into blocks and panels; 3. making marks and marks for filling window openings (do not show in educational tasks); 4. graphic design of the drawing of the facade - the construction of shadows, the implementation of hillshade or graphic presentation, the stroke of the image. Stroke line thickness S - 0.8-1 for pencil, S - 0.4-0.6 for ink. The ground level line has a thickness of 2S. The type of finishing materials is shown by symbols.
2.4 Drawing a roof plan On the roof plan (roof) put: 1) coordination axes; extreme, at expansion joints, along the edges of roof sections with various designs and other features with dimensional references of such areas; 2) designation of slopes of the roof (roof); 3) marks or schematic transverse profile of the roof (roof); 4) positions of elements and devices of the roof (roof). On the roof (roof) plan, expansion joints are indicated with two thin lines, parapet slabs and other roof (roof) fencing elements, funnels, deflectors, ventilation shafts, fire escapes, drain funnels. The transverse profile of the roof is shown with a thick line indicating the slope. An example of a roof plan, see Fig.22.
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Instruction
First decide on the scale of the drawing. As a rule, they have clearly structured meanings. So, for example, plans, facades and sections are made on a scale of 1:50, 1:100, 1:200. The sections of the foundations are usually executed on a scale of 1 to 50, and the details of the structures in the figure are shown 1:5, 1:10, 1:20 and 1:50. Floor plans and rafters are given a scale of 1 to 100. But wiring diagrams usually correlate with real ones as 1 to 100 or 1 to 200. When deciphering the size values, remember that they are all in millimeters, and the level marks of the facades and cuts are in meters.
When reading the drawing, note that the building plan is displayed as a horizontal section. Moreover, it necessarily passes through window and door openings. Also on the plan you can see a grid of center axes. They are designated in directions: those that go along the facade wall - in Arabic numerals; those that are located on the side - in capital letters of the Russian alphabet.
If you see that some designations are outside the dimensions of the plan, then they, as a rule, indicate the distance between the extreme stakeout axes; the distance between the center axes tied to the outer edges of the wall; binding of piers to the center axes, as well as the dimensions of piers and openings. Everything that is within the plan is the binding of internal walls and partitions to the center axes; thickness of walls and partitions, as well as the dimensions of openings in internal walls and partitions; dimensions of openings in ceilings. Remember that the sum of the dimensions for each section can be easily calculated from the length of the wall. She equals her.
The projections of the building, which can be seen both in front and behind, both to the right and to the left along the vertical plane, are the facade. The numbers placed outside its contour in the drawing indicate elevation marks from ground level. If you see the axes of walls or columns on the facade drawing, this will help you determine which type of facade is shown in this diagram. It is possible to determine from the sections in the diagram what are the dimensions of the building between the extreme axes, what is the level of the ground, the distance from the floor to the floor, the dimensions of the openings, the height of the openings, the marks where the stairs should be.
A drawing of a house on the site will allow you to determine how you can plan the use of the site, where to make entrances and approaches to the house, how you can plant trees and greenery and improve the territory. If you want to bring these ideas of yours into the drawing, then you will need to calculate them exactly by the standards of the scheme and then place them on the drawn area, of course, observing the required scale.
Plan- this is an image of a section of a building, dissected by an imaginary horizontal plane passing at a certain level (Fig. 10.3.1).
According to GOST 21.501-93, this plane should be located at 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor or 1 m from the depicted level for industrial buildings. For residential and public buildings, the imaginary secant plane is located within the door and window openings of each floor.
The building plan gives an idea of its configuration and size, reveals the shape and location of individual rooms, window and door openings, main walls, columns, stairs, partitions. The contours of the building elements (walls, piers, pillars, partitions, etc.) that fall into the cut and are located below or above the cutting plane are applied to the plan.
As a rule, invisible structural elements are not shown on the plans. But if it is impossible to show this element as visible in other drawings, it is shown on the plan with strokes. In this case, the depicted element can be located both below the cutting plane (niche for radiators) and above it (mezzanine) (Fig. 10.3.2). Building plans usually show sanitary equipment (baths, toilets, sinks, etc.). If the building uses stove heating, then the plan indicates the location of furnaces, as well as smoke and ventilation ducts. These channels are also depicted on the plans of buildings with central heating.
Sanitary equipment is drawn on the building plan on the same scale as the building plan, the dimensions of the most common sanitary equipment, as well as stoves in accordance with GOST 21.205-93, are given in fig. 10.3.3.
On the floor plan of residential and public buildings, the placement of furniture or other equipment is sometimes shown (Fig. 10.3.4, a). The layout of industrial buildings can show the location technological equipment affecting constructive solution. The contours of the equipment are drawn to scale (sometimes with dimensions) and outlined with thin lines. The name of the equipment is indicated in the explication, the positions of which correspond to the numbers indicated on the plan.
The layout of technological equipment can be given separately (Fig. 10.3.4, b). In this case, the contours of the plan are drawn with thin lines 0.2-0.3 mm thick, and the contours of the equipment - with lines 0.6 mm thick. Detailed dimensions, graphic symbols and inscriptions related to the building part are not given on this plan. On the plans of industrial buildings, solid lines 0.4-0.6 mm thick depict the rail tracks of normal and narrow gauge.
Crane tracks, overhead cranes, beam cranes, underground channels intended for power supply lines, sanitary pipelines, etc., overlapping with removable plates are drawn with dashed lines (Fig. 10.3.5). If necessary, indicate the area of the crane. All these images can be given explanatory inscriptions.
On the plans of amenity premises of industrial buildings, they show the location of cabinets, hangers, benches and other equipment (Fig. 10.3.6).
If platforms and mezzanines in industrial buildings are located at a height of more than 2 m from the floor level, they are shown by intersecting dashed lines (see Fig. 10.3.5) with two points.
Extensions to an industrial building on the main plan can be omitted, limited to drawing break lines (see Fig. 10.3.5). Built-in and attached auxiliary premises, platforms, mezzanines and some sections of industrial buildings can be depicted schematically on the plan, but then separate drawings are made for these elements of the plan, most often on a larger scale, and on the main plan they give a link to these drawings (see, fig. 10.3.6).
If the floor plans differ from each other only in the arrangement of individual sections of the outer walls, a plan of one floor should be drawn, and only along its perimeter should plans (ribbons) of any different sections of the walls be placed. With a two-tier arrangement of windows in a room, the openings of the lower tier are shown on the main plan. Plans for wall sections with openings of the second tier are placed along the perimeter of the main plan in the form of separate ribbons (Fig. 10.3.7). When carrying out plans for civil and industrial buildings on a small scale, complex sections of it should be depicted in fragments. A fragment is a separate section of any part of the plan, made on a larger scale and with a greater degree of detail. All the necessary dimensions and designations are applied on it. On the drawings of the plans, the place that will later be given on the fragment should be indicated by a curly bracket. At the image from where the fragment is taken out, and near it, the name assigned to the fragment is applied according to the type “Plan fragment 1” (Fig. 10.3.8). The inscription next to the plan may indicate the sheet on which it is located: “Fragment of plan 1, sheet 7”. On sections of plans that are detailed on fragments, private dimensions are not affixed. In such cases, they are limited to the main and binding.
Separate sections of the plans that cannot be shown in sufficient detail on a small scale and which are not included in the drawings of the fragments are shown in detail; reference markings should be given on the plans (Fig. 10.3.9). For residential (premises) buildings of both industrial and non-industrial construction, plans for individual sections can be drawn, made on a larger scale.
Plans of sectional houses are long and drawn on a small scale, so they are supplemented with drawings of section plans.
The residential section consists of several apartments with different number living roomslocated near the stairwell. Depending on the position of the section on the building plan, it has the appropriate name and marking. The end section is called the end section and is branded T.
The intermediate section is called an ordinary one and has the R mark. Types of apartments that differ in the size of the area have marks A and B. The number of living rooms is indicated by numbers, So, the end section, consisting of one one-room apartment and three two-room apartments, will have the following marking: T-1A , 2B, 2B, 2B.
On fig. 10.3.10, a is a typical floor plan of a five-story residential building. The main purpose of the plan is to give a general idea of the shape and size of the house, the number of sections, the layout of the apartments, and the technical and economic characteristics of the apartments and sections. On fig. 10.3.10b shows section T-1A, 2B, 2B, 2B.
For buildings assembled from large elements (panels, large blocks), plans can be drawn up in the form of layouts for prefabricated structural elements.
Usually Wall panels delivered to the construction site with installed window and door blocks. In this case, the dimensions of the panels and openings are not indicated on the plan.
It is allowed to depict panels schematically as rectangles (Fig. 10.3.11).
On fig. 10.3.11, a is a typical floor plan of a large-panel building.
The plan of a panel residential building is shown in fig. 10.3.11, b.
On the plan of such buildings, abbreviated or complete brands of panels are given (H - external wall panels, B - internal, P - partitions), floor numbers, grades of nodes, distance between coordination axes.
An example of a graphic design of the layout is given in fig. 10.3.11, c.
When starting to draw a plan, it should be remembered that the image of the building plan must be placed with the long side along the sheet. It is recommended that the side of the plan corresponding to the main facade of the building be turned to the bottom edge of the sheet. The building plan on the sheet should be located, if possible, in the same way as on the master plan. It is not allowed to draw a mirror image of the plan relative to its position on the general plan. Building plans are placed on the sheet in ascending order of floor numbering from bottom to top or from left to right.
When determining the composition of the various elements of the building plan, one should take into account the dimensions applied and the marking of the coordination axes. Therefore, the drawing of the plan should be located approximately at a distance of 75-80 mm from the sheet frame. In specific cases, these dimensions may vary.
After determining the location of the plan on the sheet and its scale, they begin to draw.
1. Coordination axes are applied, first longitudinal, then transverse (Fig. 10.3.12, a). These axes are conditional geometric lines. They serve to bind the building to the building coordination grid and master plan reference points, as well as to determine the position of load-bearing structures, since these axes are drawn only along the main walls and columns. In some cases, they may not coincide with the axes of symmetry of the walls.
On fig. 10.3.13 shows an example of a plan for the second floor of a residential building.
The coordination axes of buildings and structures are applied by dash-dotted lines with long strokes 0.3-0.4 mm thick. It is allowed, after tracing the drawing, to leave the axes only at the intersections of the walls. On the plans, the center axes are taken out of the contour of the walls and mar
kiruyut. To mark the axes on the side of the building with a large number of them, Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, etc. are used. Most often, a greater number of axes run across the building.
To mark the axes on the side of the building with a smaller number, they use the letters of the Russian alphabet A, B, C, etc. Letters mark, as a rule, the axis running along the building. At the same time, it is not recommended to use the letters: Ё, 3, Y, O, X, C, H, SH, Y, b, b. .d. The axes of the elements located between the alignment axes of the main supporting structures can be marked with shot B/1, B/2, 1/1, 2/1, etc.
In this case, the numerator indicates the designation of the previous coordination axis, and the denominator - serial number additional axis within the area between adjacent coordination axes (Fig. 10,3,14). Such elements are half-timbered columns, built-in structures, installed equipment.
To designate the coordination axes of block sections of residential buildings, the index "c" is used (Fig. 10.3.15, a).
On the plans of residential buildings, arranged from block sections, the designations of the extreme coordination axes of the block sections are applied without an index (Fig. 10.3.15, b).
Marking starts from left to right and from bottom to top. Omissions in serial numbering and the alphabet when using alphabetic designations are not allowed. Typically, marking circles (their diameter is 6-12 mm) are placed on the left and lower sides of buildings (Fig. 10.3.16). If the location of the axes on the right and upper side of the plan does not coincide with the breakdown of the axes of its left and lower sides, then the coordination axes are marked on all sides of the plan or on those two sides where the axes do not coincide (Fig. 10.3.17).
On the image of an element attached to several coordination axes, these axes are denoted by:
- when the number of coordination axes is not more than three - as shown in Fig. 10.3.18;
- with three or more coordination axes - as shown in Fig. 10.3.19.
- if it is necessary to orient the coordination axis, to which this element is attached, in relation to the neighboring axis, the direction is indicated by an arrow (Fig. 10.3.20).
2. Draw with thin lines (0.3-0.4 mm thick) the contours of the longitudinal and transverse external and internal capital walls and columns (see Fig. 10.3.12, b).
Capital external and internal walls, columns and other structural elements are tied to the coordination axes, i.e. determine the distances from the inner or outer plane of the wall or the geometric axis of the element to the coordination axis of the building.
In buildings with load-bearing longitudinal and transverse walls, the binding is performed in accordance with the following guidelines.
In external bearing walls, the coordination axis passes from the inner plane of the walls at a distance equal to half the nominal thickness of the inner bearing wall (Fig. 10.3.21, Fig. 10.3.22, a), a multiple of the module or its half. In brick walls, this distance is most often taken equal to 200 mm, or equal to the module, i.e. 100 mm. It is allowed to draw coordination axes along the inner plane of the outer walls (Fig. 10.3.22, d). If the floor elements rest on the outer wall throughout its entire thickness, the modular coordination axis is aligned with the outer edge of the wall (Fig. 10.3.22, c).
In the inner walls, the geometric axis of symmetry is combined with the coordination axis (see Fig. 10.3.21). Deviation from this rule is allowed for walls staircases and for walls with ventilation ducts.
In external self-supporting and curtain walls, their inner face is often combined with the coordination axis (see Fig. 10.3.22, d), but if the floor or coating panels partially go into the wall or completely cover it, then the coordination center axis is combined with the outer edges of the coating or floors (Fig. 10.3.22, e).
When beams of girders or trusses are supported on the inner pilasters of the outer walls, the pilaster face at the level of the upper part of the wall is taken as the inner face of the wall (Fig. 10.3.22r b). In brick walls, it is allowed to adjust the binding value taking into account the dimensions of the brick.
In frame buildings, the geometric center of the section of the column of the inner row coincides with the intersection of the modular coordination axes (Fig. 10.3.23, Fig. 10.3.24).
In the extreme rows of columns of frame buildings, the coordination axis can pass:
- along the outer face of the column, if the crossbar, beam or truss overlaps the column;
- at a distance equal to half the thickness of the inner column, if the crossbars rest on the consoles of the columns or the floor panels rest on the consoles of the crossbars;
- at a distance that is a multiple of the module or half of it from the outer face of the columns in a one-story building with heavy crane loads(see fig. 10.3.24).
Modular center axes, perpendicular to the direction of the columns of the extreme row, should be combined with the geometric axis of the columns.
3. Draw the contours of the partitions with thin lines (Fig. 10.3.12, c). Attention should be paid to the difference in the connection of external and internal main walls and main walls and partitions (Fig. 10.3.25, a, b, c).
4. Perform a breakdown of window and door openings and outline the contours of the main walls and partitions with lines of appropriate thickness (see Table 9.5.2).
The symbol for window and door openings with and without filling is depicted in accordance with GOST 21.501-93. When drawing a plan on a scale of 1:50 or 1:100, if there are quarters in the openings, their conditional image is given in the drawing.
Quarter- this is a protrusion in the upper and side parts of the openings of brick walls, which reduces the airflow and facilitates the fastening of the boxes (Fig. 10.3.26, a-c).
When choosing the thickness of the stroke lines, it should be taken into account that non-load-bearing structures, in particular, the contours of partitions, are outlined with lines of smaller thickness than load-bearing main walls and columns.
5. Draw symbols for stairs, sanitary and other equipment, and also indicate the direction of door opening (Fig. 10.3.12, e). On the plans of industrial buildings, the axes of rail tracks and monorails are applied.
When making drawings of building plans, the graphic designation of stoves or sanitary equipment should be drawn on the scale adopted for this plan.
6. Apply extension, dimension lines and marking circles (Fig. 10.3.12, e).
The first dimension line, both inside the outline of the plan and outside it, should be placed no closer than 10 mm from the outline of the drawing. However, due to the fact that brands of various building elements are often placed in front of the first dimension line behind the outline of the plan, this distance is increased to 14-21 mm or more. Subsequent dimension lines are placed at a distance of at least 7 mm from each other. Dimensions that go beyond the size of the plan are most often applied in the form of three or more dimensional "chains" (see Fig. 9.5.5). The marking circles of the coordination axes are placed at a distance of 4 mm from the last dimension line.
7. Put down the required dimensions, brands of axles and other elements (see Fig. 10.3.13). The dimensions of the plan indicate the dimensions of the premises, the thickness of the walls, partitions, the binding of the internal walls to the coordination axes, the partitions to the internal and external walls or to the coordination axes. Apply the dimensions of openings in the internal walls, in brick partitions, as well as their binding to the contour of the walls or to the coordination axes. The dimensions of the doorways in the partitions are not shown on the plan. They also indicate the dimensions of the holes in the walls and partitions and their binding, or make a link to the corresponding drawings. On the plans of industrial buildings, floor slopes, dimensions and binding of channels, trays and ladders arranged in the floor structure are applied.
Behind the dimension of the plan, usually in the first chain, counting from the contour of the plan, there are dimensions indicating the width of window and door openings, walls and protruding parts of the building with their binding to the axes. The second chain contains the size between the axes of the main walls and columns. In the third chain, the size is put down between the coordination axes of the outermost walls. With the same arrangement of openings on two opposite facades of the building, it is allowed to apply dimensions only on the left and bottom sides of the plan. In all other cases, dimensions are placed on all sides of the plan. On the plans of industrial buildings, with repeated repetition of the same size, you can indicate it only once on each side of the building, and instead of other dimensional numbers, give the total size between the extreme elements as a product of the number of repetitions by the repeating size (see Fig. 9.5.6 ). The plans of industrial buildings also indicate the types of openings for gates and doors (in circles with a diameter of 5-6 mm), brands of lintels and transoms, numbers of partition schemes, etc. If the area of the premises is put down on the plan, then it is better to place the figure of its size in the corner of the drawing of each room, preferably in the lower right, and underline it. The areas of premises, most often, are given on the plans of civil buildings.
When drawing building plans made of large blocks or panels, the number of dimensions outside the outline of the plan, as a rule, decreases. Most often, only the dimensions are indicated between all the coordination axes and between the extreme axes (Fig. 10.3.12, a, b). In more detail, the position of window and door openings is shown on the layout diagrams of blocks or panels.
When drawing up a plan drawing, the numbers and letters of the marks of the axes and the numbers indicating the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises or their marking should be written in a larger font than the dimensional ones.
8. Perform the necessary inscriptions (see Fig. 10.3.13).
On the plans of industrial buildings, they write the name of the premises or technological sections, indicating the category of production for explosive, explosion and fire hazards. It is allowed to place the names of premises and categories of production in the explication with the numbering of premises on the plan in circles with a diameter of 6-8 mm. The name of the premises can also be indicated on the drawings of plans for civil buildings. An inscription is made above the plan drawing. For industrial buildings, this will be an indication of the floor level of the production facility or site according to the “Plan for elev. 2.350". The word "mark" is abbreviated.
For civil buildings in the inscription, you can write the name of the floor according to the type “Plan of the 1st floor”, or “Plan of the 3rd floor in axes 3-7”. For multi-storey buildings, plan drawings are drawn up separately for each floor. But if a number of floors have the same layout, then a plan of one of them is drawn, and all floors with a similar layout are indicated in the inscription. For example, "Plan of the 2nd and 3rd floors." If the building is one-story, then the floor is not indicated. The inscription is not underlined.
In the main inscription, the name of the plans is written according to the type “Plan of the technical underground”.
9. Designate the secant planes of the cuts (see Fig. 10.3.13). Horizontal traces of imaginary cut planes are also applied on the plans, along which images of the sections of the building are then built. These traces are thick open strokes (1 mm thick) with arrows (Fig. 10.3.27). If necessary, the imaginary plane of the cut can be depicted as a thickened dash-dotted line.
The direction of the arrows, i.e. direction of view, it is recommended to take from the bottom up or from right to left. However, if necessary, you can choose another direction. Thick strokes with arrows should not go through the outline of the plan or come close to it. Depending on the position of the dimensional chains and the workload of the drawing, they can be placed at the contour of the plan or behind the extreme dimensional chain (see Fig. 10.3.13). Cuts along two or more cutting planes should be avoided. The secant planes of the cuts are denoted by letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers.
Drawings of floor plans are accompanied by specifications of structural elements (carpentry, etc.); wardrobe equipment specifications; explication of premises (moreover, in the explication for residential and public buildings, the column “Category of production for explosive, explosion and fire hazard” is excluded); lists of interior decoration, in which the number of columns is determined by the presence of interior elements to be finished; a list of gate openings and lintels, etc. The shape and dimensions of the tables are shown in fig. 10.3.28 and fig. 10.3.29.
If necessary, special-purpose plans can also be carried out. So, for structural elements of buildings of industrial manufacture (Fig. 10.3.30), the mounting plans of the walls are drawn.
Installation plans should show:
- coordination axes of the building, distances between them and between the extreme axes;
- structural elements of the building with reference to the coordination axes or structures and marking;
- window and door openings;
- stairs within the floor (schematically);
- notation of cutting planes of nodes and fragments;
- floor marks (when the floors are located on the same level, their marks are not put down);
- the thickness of walls and partitions, their binding to the coordination axes or to the surfaces of the nearest structures.
For buildings made of bricks or small blocks, masonry plans are carried out.
Masonry plans should contain:
- dimensions of window and door openings, piers with their binding to the center axes or to the building structures;
- section of columns, pillars and other elements;
- place of laying and marking of jumpers;
- openings, channels, niches, ducts, chimneys, ventilation ducts, openings for ventilation ducts (on the attic plan) with reference to the coordination axes or building structures.
On the masonry plans of buildings, reinforced sections of walls or piers are also indicated or reference is made to reinforcement drawings. For complex sections of the plan, fragments should be developed. Window and door blocks or schemes for filling openings on the plans of public buildings are marked.
The plan indicates the name and area of the premises. If the size of the image does not allow making an inscription on the drawing, then the rooms are numbered, and their name and area are given in the explication, which can be combined with the statement for finishing the premises. Marking numbers are placed in circles with a diameter of 6-8 mm. On the plans of public buildings, jumpers are marked by the type and number of elements included in the jumper, as well as by their location in the section. Data on marked jumpers are given in the statements.
If necessary (due to the strong saturation of the image), the jumper plan can be performed separately.
Separately for residential and public buildings, plans for finishing works can be drawn. This plan indicates the areas of the premises, the brands of window and door blocks, built-in wardrobes, mezzanines, etc. with an assembly or masonry floor plan, and for public buildings- with a schematic floor plan. With simple finishing methods, these plans can be combined. The drawings of the plan are accompanied by a statement of the finishing of the premises.
5.10 To designate the coordination axes of block sections of residential buildings, the index "c" is used.
Example - 1s, 2s, As, Bs.
On the plans of residential buildings, arranged from block sections, the designations of the extreme coordination axes of the block sections are indicated without an index in accordance with Figure 3.
Picture3
Application of dimensions, slopes, marks, inscriptions
5.11 The dimension line at its intersection with extension lines, contour lines or center lines is limited by serifs in the form of thick main lines 2–4 mm long, drawn at an angle of 45 ° to the right at an angle of 45 ° to the dimension line by 1–3 mm.
When applying a diameter or radius dimension inside a circle, as well as an angular dimension, the dimension line is limited by arrows. Arrows are also used when dimensioning radii and internal fillets.
5.12 Level marks (height, depth) of structural elements, equipment, pipelines, air ducts, etc. from the reference level (conditional "zero" mark) indicate symbol in accordance with Figure 4 and are indicated in meters with three decimal places separated from the whole number by a comma.
The “zero” mark, usually taken for the surface of any structural element of a building or structure located near the planning surface of the earth, is indicated without a sign; marks above zero - with a "+" sign; below zero - with a "-" sign.
On views (facades), sections and sections, marks indicate extension lines or contour lines in accordance with the figure, on plans - in a rectangle in accordance with figure 6, except as specified in the relevant SPDS standards.
Picture4 Figure 5 Figure 6
5. 13 On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes is indicated by an arrow, above which, if necessary, the slope is indicated as a percentage in accordance with Figure 7 or as a ratio of height and length (for example, 1: 7).
It is allowed, if necessary, to indicate the value of the slope in ppm, as a decimal fraction with an accuracy of the third decimal place. On the drawings and diagrams, in front of the dimension number that determines the magnitude of the slope, the sign “? ”, the acute angle of which should be directed towards the slope.
The designation of the slope is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line.
5.14 Remote inscriptions for multilayer structures should be made in accordance with Figure 8.
5.15 Position numbers (brands of elements) are applied on the shelves of leader lines drawn from images constituent parts object, next to the image without a leader line or within the contours of the depicted parts of the object in accordance with Figure 9.
With a small-scale image, leader lines end without an arrow and a dot.
Picture9
5.16 The font size for designating the coordination axes and positions (marks) should be one or two numbers larger than the font size adopted for dimensional numbers in the same drawing.
Dimensions on construction drawings are applied in accordance with GOST 2.307-68 *, taking into account the requirements of GOST 21.101-97.
The basis for determining the size of the depicted product and its elements are the dimensional numbers printed on the drawings.
Let us dwell on the main features of applying dimensions on construction drawings:
1. The dimension line at its intersection with extension, contour or center lines is limited not by arrows, but by serifs in the form of segments of the main lines 2-4 mm long, drawn at an angle of 45 (tilt to the right) to the dimension line (Fig. 46).
Figure 46 - Inscription:
a) - serifs on dimension lines; b) – gaze direction arrow
2. Not only the extension lines should protrude beyond the dimension lines by 1-5mm, but the dimension lines should also protrude beyond the extreme extension lines by 1-3mm (Fig. 47).
3. It is allowed to intersect the dimension line with an extension line and other dimension lines.
4. On construction drawings, it is allowed to repeat the dimensions of the same element, as well as to apply dimensions in the form of a closed chain. Recall here that the distance from the outer contour of the image to the first dimension line must be at least 10 mm, and between parallel dimension lines at least 7 mm (Fig. 47). When placing various building elements outside the plan dimensions, the distance from the first dimension line to the plan outline can be increased to 20 mm or more.
Figure 47 - Dimensioning in construction drawings
On facades, sections and sections, elevation marks of levels (heights, depths) of a building or structure element are applied from any calculated level, taken as "zero". Marks are placed on extension lines or contour lines and are marked with a sign, which is an arrow with a shelf. The arrow is depicted as a right angle, resting with its top on the extension line and having sides drawn by the main lines (0.7-0.8mm) at an angle of 45 ° to the extension line or contour line (Fig. 48). The vertical segment, shelf and extension line are made with a thin solid line (0.2-0.3 mm). The marks characterizing the height of the levels are indicated in meters with three decimal places after the decimal point. The plane, from which the subsequent levels start, is called the zero level and denotes the mark without a sign - "0.000". The marks lying above the zero level, which is taken as the clean floor of the first floor, are indicated with a plus sign (for example, +2.500), and the levels below are indicated with a minus sign (for example, - 0.800). If near one of the images there are several level marks located one above the other, then it is recommended to place the vertical lines of marks with arrows on the same vertical, and make the shelves the same length. On the images, the level marks are put down, if possible, in one column. Marks may be accompanied by explanatory inscriptions, for example: Ur.ch.p.- clean floor level, Ur.z.- ground level (Fig. 48). On the drawings of plans, it is allowed to apply elevation marks of buildings in rectangular or on the shelf of leader lines.
Figure 48 - Drawing level marks on facades, sections, sections:
a) - dimensions of the level mark;
b) - examples of the location and design of signs on the images;
c) - examples of level signs with explanatory inscriptions.
4. On construction drawings, it often becomes necessary to put down the magnitude of the slope (the tangent of the angle of inclination - the ratio of the excess to the foundation). The slope itself in the drawings (except for plans) is indicated by the conventional sign “Р”, the acute angle of which should be directed towards the slope and which is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line (Fig. 49). The slope value is indicated by a dimensional number in the form of a simple fraction or a decimal fraction with an accuracy of up to the third decimal place. In some cases, the designation of the slope of the element (rod) is used as a right-angled triangle with vertical and horizontal legs, the hypotenuse of which coincides with the axis or the outer contour line of the depicted element. Above the legs put down the absolute or relative value of their values, for example, 50 and 125.
Figure 49 - Examples of drawing on the drawing the magnitude of the slope
