Chemical pollution of the environment and human health. The impact of environmental factors on human health

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Moscow State Technical University university

them. N. E. Bauman

Kaluga branch

environmental factors and human HEALTH

Kaluga 2002

UDC 7A

This textbook is published in accordance with the work program of the academic discipline "Valeology" of the KF MSTU. N. E. Bauman.

Guidelines reviewed and approved by:

Department of "Physical Education" (SE-7 KF) Protocol No. 1 dated 31.08.02

head Department of V. V. Chuvilin

methodological commission of the KF MSTU. N. E. Bauman, protocol No. 1 dated 10.29.02

chairman method. Commission V. T. Degtyarev

Reviewer Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor G. A. Shestakova

Berdus Mikhail Grigorievich

The textbook was developed as part of the theoretical course of the academic discipline "Valeology" of the KF MSTU. N. E. Bauman and are intended for students studying the topic “The influence of omnigenic factors on health” and teachers developing new aspects of the content of this course.

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………..4

Chapter 1. Social environmental factors of negative impact ... ... 5

Chapter 2. Sociogenic environmental factors of negative impact ....10

Chapter 3. Natural environmental factors of negative impact ... ..33

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….38

LITERATURE…………………………………………………..……………...39

INTRODUCTION

The habitat is understood by us as everything that surrounds organisms, everything with which they come into contact and interact. The habitat is an ecological category. Therefore, an ecological factor (especially in the general context of the scientific discipline "ecology") should be considered any manifestation of the environment, in particular - in relation to organisms, in this case - to humans. Using the terms exogenous (of external origin) and endogenous (of internal origin), we can give the following definition: an environmental factor is an exogenous impact.

We consider the human environment in three aspects - social (interaction, communication with individuals, social groups, public institutions, etc.), sociogenic (interaction with the materialized results of human activity) and natural (interaction with manifestations of bio-, hydro-, litho-, atmosphere, space phenomena). Therefore, environmental factors, with a certain degree of conventionality, can also be divided into social, sociogenic, natural, and also complex (because some of the factors represent an integrative integrity of components of various origins, in relation to which distinction is possible, but not separation).

The term "sociogenic" in this context seems to be more correct, since the term "anthropogenic" means "derived from a person, produced by a person", i.e. the subject of influence is rather an individual, special person, an individual, while the factors usually denoted by this term, especially in terms of real impact on the environment, are created by society or its part, i.e. they are characterized by "social origin, production" - "sociogenic".

Health is an objective state and a subjective sense of the complete physical, mental and social well-being of an individual, and not just the absence of disease and infirmity (wording of the World Health Organization). At the heart of health is a phenomenon of life provided by typical specialized structures, the activity of which is realized by the constant circulation of flows of plastic substances, energy and information within the body, as well as between it and the environment, which is the basis of self-organization (self-renewal, self-regulation, self-reproduction) of living systems. However, nothing social is realized without the participation of a biological substrate, and the somatic, mental and social characteristics of an individual, reflecting his health, are formed as a result of the interaction of a very complex set of environmental and internal factors.

To reflect the systematic diversity of the content of such interaction is the task of this tutorial.

Chapter 1. Social environmental factaboutry negative impact.

The habitat for a person acquires a qualitatively new content than for an animal. This is a social environment, a society of people endowed with consciousness, living according to the laws of social development.

Social factors, factors of the human social environment, play a very important role, influencing both the causes of diseases and the resistance, resistance of the body. A number of causes of diseases directly or indirectly depend on the social characteristics of human life. Social factors of negative impact include the following.

Population growth ranks high on the list of global dangers. 250 thousand babies are born daily, 1040 per hour, 3 per second; in 21 days as much as the population of a large city, in 8 months - Germany, in 7 years - Africa. If there is no sharp decline in the birth rate in the countries of the "third world", then catastrophic consequences are inevitable. According to the demographic forecast, in 2025 it will amount to 8.467 billion people. Even during the lifetime of one generation, the Earth, according to the most optimistic estimates, will be inhabited by at least 10-11 billion people. Population growth sooner or later comes up against the limited size of the world's resources (even the doubling of world grain production in the last 30 years was not enough for the growing number of hungry people). At the same time, economic backwardness will increase. And this means that all the progress made in living standards is canceled out by population growth.

The declining population in rich industrial states, on the one hand, and its explosive growth in the poorest countries, on the other hand, is the contrast that threatens to turn into one of the biggest socio-economic and political problems of the coming decades. A separate problem is the catastrophic depopulation of the Russian population.

Migration - the territorial movement of the population to places of relatively permanent residence, acts as a socio-economic and demographic process, the negative aspects of which include the following. Forced migration is associated with tragic, in most cases with military or political events - migrants leave their once inhabited places and become refugees, the most difficult problem of resettlement and employment arises. The number of refugees in 1995 exceeded 27.4 million people who, for their own survival, produce unlimited destruction of the environment. States are forced to tighten entry laws and strengthen their borders. However, hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants from underdeveloped regions live in developed countries. Migration from Russia presents a problem of "brain drain": for example, during the period 1987-94, 114 thousand people officially left Russia. The constant and significant migration of the rural population to the cities, as a result of which migration flows washed out of the villages not only the youngest sections of the population, but also the most resilient and energetic. Migration is the main mechanism of urbanization.

One of the most characteristic features of the development of modern society is the rapid growth of cities and the continuous rate of increase in the number of their inhabitants, that is, urbanization is underway. It seems to entail the most significant social transformation in the history of mankind. Almost 3 billion people, i.e. about half of humanity live in urban areas, and this figure is increasing by about 160 thousand people every day. London's environmental problem, for example, is the lack of space needed to absorb sulfur dioxide emissions; according to calculations, the required area should be 125 times larger than the city's own area.

At current fertility rates, by the beginning of the next millennium, out of a projected total world population of 7 billion, 5.5 billion will live in cities. A continuous urban world is being formed. However, in reality urban environment, it seems, is already approaching the boundaries of its growth. Many large cities today function so badly that they are clearly on the verge of collapse. Cities built by people have become enemies of people. Even more than a decade ago, the World Health Organization warned that, after the threat of a world nuclear war, the most serious problem for humanity by the end of this century could be the enormous growth of the urban population. In all highly urbanized countries, there is a trend towards an increase in the number of mental illnesses. Alcoholism and drug addiction have become severe manifestations of "mental health" disorders of the inhabitants of a modern city, their inevitable companions are a sharp increase in the frequency of neuropsychiatric diseases, an increase in crime, and the number of suicides. The number of mental disorders and crimes reaches the highest level in densely populated areas of large cities. Overcrowding is one of the decisive factors in the emergence of mental illness and social pathology.

The paradox of urbanization is a society that neglects the need for distance and isolation, inherent in all living creatures, therefore, despite crowding, it is in it that the isolation of the individual is growing more and more, causing many residents of the city to experience a feeling of emptiness and loneliness, mental discomfort. Feelings of abandonment are often exacerbated careless attitude architects and builders to the needs of man, his psychology. Human living space is sacrificed to motorism and industrial production. The oppressive effect of everything that goes beyond human measures, noise and pollution, the contrast between luxury and poverty, crowding and loneliness - all this affects the psyche, sows discord in the human soul. Some sociologists believe that life in a modern big city has come close to the brink of insanity. There is a growing number of signs of radical trouble, which include an increasingly common inertia, a desire to forget, to escape from reality with the help of various kinds of drugs, alcoholic beverages.

War as a social phenomenon is one of the forms of resolving socio-political and socio-economic contradictions by means of armed violence. War leads to large human casualties, loss of material and cultural values, and has a devastating effect on all the attributes of public life. A long and terrible trail trails behind every local or regional war: orphaned families, famine, disease, epidemics. War breeds emigrants, refugees, deserters. The established ecological balance of the forces of man, nature and society is disturbed, the birth rate decreases, and the death rate of the population rises. Even in peacetime conditions, the activities of the armed forces pose an exceptionally high environmental hazard due to the presence of a combat arsenal of nuclear, chemical, biological and conventional weapons, and the atomic fleet. The use of modern weapons, the conduct of war in modern conditions lead to severe environmental consequences, as evidenced by catastrophic environmental disasters in connection with military operations in the Persian Gulf zone, in Yugoslavia, etc.

Terrorism, international terrorism, as one of the hidden forms of warfare, is terrible because it is directed mainly against civilians: the seizure of a hospital in Budenovsk, the explosions of residential buildings in Moscow, Volgodonsk and other cities, the destruction of skyscrapers in New York by Boeing. York is far from a complete bloody list of terrorist crimes. Militant religions, religious movements and radical sects can also, albeit conditionally, be attributed to terrorism - terrorism of consciousness, since they negatively affect, first of all, the spiritual, moral, moral, and from terrorism of consciousness to physical terrorism is one step (for example , the gas attack of the religious sect "Aum Senrikyo" in the Japanese subway).

Crime is a socially dangerous, guilty and punishable act (action or inaction) against the individual and society, prohibited by criminal law, crime in general are social environmental factors of negative impact inherent in the entire history of human development, and currently having a significantly increased negative impact in Russia. Public danger of a crime: the properties of an act to cause or the ability to cause significant harm to public relations (interests). The personality, its rights, freedoms and interests were declared the highest social value and placed under enhanced legal protection, including by means of criminal law. The protection of public order and public safety, the environment, the constitutional order of the Russian Federation from criminal encroachments, ensuring the peace and security of mankind, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the protection of all forms of property is a necessary counteraction to crime as a negative social environmental factor.

For 35 years, the stratification of society between the poorest and the richest has grown in the world by 2.5 times. The sharp division of the Russian population into the poor and the rich could not but have a negative impact on the standard of living of the vast majority of residents.

The main labor activity can be considered as an ecological social factor of negative impact on a person. Without dwelling on the specific aspects inherent in a particular profession (harmful production, risk to life, etc.), we note the following, which is common to them. An increase in fatigue towards the end of the week (or the beginning of a vacation) requires proper rest. However, often, recovery of working capacity does not occur, and fatigue turns into overwork or becomes chronic. The body tries to adapt, but adaptation to chronic fatigue does not eliminate this condition, which can lead to exhaustion and other pathologies or transform into a “disease of civilization” - chronic depression. An imbalance of physiological and mental functions occurs, working capacity, its efficiency and economy decrease, immunological resistance decreases, the body and psyche react inadequately to external stimuli, etc. Information overload also contributes. The physiological problem of fatigue and recovery has already reached the level of the social problem of the correspondence of these processes.

Another negative manifestation of scientific and technological progress and the cause of another "disease of civilization" - hypodynamia - is hypokinesia (hypokinesia - a forced decrease in the volume of voluntary movements due to the nature of labor activity; physical inactivity - a violation of body functions with limited motor activity). If 100 years ago the share of physical labor in socially useful human activity was 96%, now it is about 1%. Due to hypokinesia, skeletal muscles and the heart are increasingly detrained. As a result, any overload, which in a trained organism would cause a change in myocardial activity only within the physiological norm, becomes extreme and leads to the development of pathological processes. Against the background of hypokinesia, not only negative, but also positive emotions can cause significant disturbances in cardiac activity. Sedentary, obese city dwellers often have orthopedic conditions (skeletal deformity, curvature of the spine, flat feet) that further restrict movement.

One of the specific social factors is physical activity, which is distinguished by the fact that the subject of this activity is also its object, i.e. such activity of the individual is directed directly at himself. Physical activity is an integrating concept that includes all the variety of consciously cultivated motor activity of a person associated with the transformation of his corporality. It is she who determines the formation of a person's physical culture (and its types - physical education, sports, physical culture recreation, physical rehabilitation) in his bodily and spiritual unity, creating the harmony of his essential (spiritual and physical) forces. This is due to its content side, which is creative in nature. At the same time, it is an integrative factor of the functional, valuable and productive aspects of physical culture. Physical activity must be considered as one of the most important types of human activity, which in general has a socio-cultural character, because its subject, purpose and main result is the development of man himself. It is the essence of human physical culture and serves as the basis (main means) of its formation. High-performance sport, its negative impact on the health of athletes, especially children and adolescents, should be considered as a negative social factor of influence. Sport has become harmful to health and serves as a source of illness and injury to those involved, the injury statistics confirm this. At the same time, the physical exercises of an athlete correspond in all main parameters to production ones, with their duration, energy costs, mental tension, and most importantly, the inherent harmful effects of vibration on the human body. According to GOST and sanitary standards, the activities of children associated with vibration effects in the workplace are strictly prohibited. However, children from an early age are included in the exhausting production work of an athlete, wasting their health. It should be noted that the most developed direction in the analysis of interaction, in particular, between athletes and the social environment, is the study of the influence on them of the presence of spectators, communication with coaches, rivals, judges, family, and media representatives.

The breakup of a family increases the morbidity rates of spouses by about 10 times, as well as their mortality after divorce. At the same time, divorces are associated not only with interpersonal relationships, but also with the state of the country's economy, with the speed of social change and the rate of inflation.

Numerous studies suggest that job loss also increases morbidity.

Negative emotions in a person are accompanied by the release of a large amount of adrenaline into the blood. It is also thrown out during mental stress, anger and fear, that is, when it is necessary to mobilize all the forces of the body. Adrenaline causes an increase in cardiac activity and an increase in blood pressure, accelerates blood clotting, increases the lumen of the bronchi, inhibits the work of the stomach and intestines, stimulates the work of striated muscles, especially when tired. This action is due to the fact that in animals and human ancestors, negative emotions were always followed by intense physical activity - running or wrestling. Therefore, all the released catecholamines were immediately realized during physical exertion. In a modern person, physical activity does not always follow negative emotional arousal, and unrealized catecholamines begin to have a histotoxic effect. First of all, they affect the heart muscle and smooth muscles of the vascular wall, causing the development of micronecrosis in the myocardium and cardiac arrhythmias. Neurosis of unreacted emotions can underlie the occurrence of necrosis of the heart muscle, atherosclerosis, hypertension, peptic ulcer, and mental health disorders.

Causal role mental factors(due primarily to social factors of negative impact) in the occurrence of diseases was known to doctors already in ancient times. Pathogenic can be both negative and excessive positive emotions (among sports fans, for example, myocardial infarctions occur both with defeats and with victories of their favorites, etc.), but mostly negative. They underlie neurosis, mental disorders and a number of other diseases (hypertension, peptic ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract, atherosclerosis, persistent hormonal disorders, etc.). Taking into account this circumstance, physical culture in our society should not only be aimed at the physical perfection of a person, but also bring him “muscular joy” (I.P. Pavlov), a charge of positive emotions necessary for strengthening health, comprehensive and harmonious development personality.

Chapter 2. Sociogenic ecological fatotori negative impact.

Environmental factors of sociogenic negative impact can be conventionally divided into: 1) factors affecting a person indirectly - through pollution of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere; 2) factors that directly affect a person (ionizing radiation, smoking, etc.); 3) factors - "cross-cutting subsystems", for example, "harmful substances" present in all these systems of factors.

In large cities, both positive and negative aspects of scientific and technological progress are intertwined. A new ecological environment with a high concentration of sociogenic factors has been created. Human health largely depends on the quality of both the natural and sociogenic environment.

In the conditions of a big city, the influence of the natural component on a person is weakened, and the effect of sociogenic factors is sharply increased. Cities, in which a large number of people, vehicles and various enterprises are concentrated in relatively small areas, are centers of man-made impact on nature and humans. Gas and dust emissions industrial enterprises, their discharge into the surrounding water bodies of sewage, municipal and household waste of a large city pollute the environment with a variety of chemical elements and substances, most of which can be classified as harmful.

Harmful is a substance that can cause deviations in the state of health, found both in the process of work and in the long-term life of present and subsequent generations. The penetration of harmful substances into the human body occurs through the respiratory tract (the main route), as well as with food and through the skin. As a result of exposure to these substances, a person develops poisoning - a painful condition, the severity of which depends on the duration of exposure, concentration and type of harmful substance. These substances can be considered as dangerous or harmful production factors that have a negative (toxic) effect on the human body.

There are various classifications of harmful substances, which are based on their effect on the human body. In accordance with the most common (according to E. Ya. Yudin and S. V. Belov), harmful substances are divided into six groups: general toxic - cause poisoning of the whole organism (carbon monoxide, lead, mercury, arsenic and its compounds, benzene, etc. ); irritating - cause irritation of the respiratory tract and mucous membranes of the human body (chlorine, ammonia, acetone vapor, nitrogen oxides, ozone and a number of other substances); sensitizing - act like allergens, i.e. lead to the emergence of allergies in humans (sensitization - an increase in the reactive sensitivity of cells and tissues of the human body); carcinogenic - lead to the emergence and development of malignant tumors (chromium oxides, 3,4-benzpyrene, beryllium and its compounds, asbestos, etc.; mutagenic - when exposed to the body, cause a change in hereditary information (radioactive substances, manganese, lead, etc.) .; substances that affect the reproductive function of the human body (mercury, lead, styrene, manganese, a number of radioactive substances, etc.).

In accordance with GOST 12.1.005-88, maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances are established. MPCs are expressed in milligrams (mg) of a harmful substance per 1 cubic meter of air, i.e. mg / m 3. MPCs have been established for more than 1,300 harmful substances. Approximately 500 more harmful substances have estimated safe exposure levels. All harmful substances according to the degree of impact on the human body are divided into the following classes: 1 - extremely dangerous, 2 - highly dangerous, 3 - moderately dangerous, 4 - low-dangerous. The danger is set depending on the MPC value, the average lethal dose and the zone of acute or chronic action. If the air contains a harmful substance, then its concentration should not exceed the MPC.

Substances that pollute the environment, depending on their nature, concentration, time of action on the human body, can cause various adverse effects. Short-term exposure to small concentrations of such substances can cause dizziness, nausea, sore throat, cough. The ingestion of large concentrations of toxic substances into the human body can lead to loss of consciousness, acute poisoning and even death. An example of such an action can be smog formed in large cities in calm weather, or accidental emissions toxic substances industrial enterprises into the atmosphere.

The body's reactions to pollution depend on individual characteristics: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, the elderly and sick people are more vulnerable.

With a systematic or periodic intake of relatively small amounts of toxic substances, chronic poisoning occurs. Signs of chronic poisoning are a violation of normal behavior, habits, as well as neuropsychic deviations: rapid fatigue or a feeling of constant fatigue, drowsiness or, conversely, insomnia, apathy, weakening of attention, absent-mindedness, forgetfulness, severe mood swings. In chronic poisoning, the same substances in different people can cause various damage to the kidneys, blood-forming organs, nervous system, and liver.

Atmospheric pollution is responsible for up to 30% of the general diseases of the population of industrial centers. More than 1 billion of the world's urban populations live with health-threatening levels of air pollution. According to the data contained in the State report on the state of nature in Russia (1991), only 15% of city dwellers live in areas with an acceptable level of air pollution. The atmospheric route of entry of toxic substances into the human body is the leading one, since during the day it consumes about 15 kg of air, 2.5 kg of water and about 1.5 kg of food, in addition, during inhalation, chemical elements are absorbed by the body most intensively. Thus, lead from air is absorbed by the blood by approximately 60%, while from water - by 10%, and from food - only by 5%. In connection with the development in cities of various types of industry, especially chemical, an increasing amount of harmful substances is emitted into the atmosphere. Let's note some of them.

Sulfur oxides. They are emitted into the atmosphere mainly as a result of the operation of thermal power plants (TPPs) when burning brown coal and fuel oil, as well as sulfur-containing petroleum products, and during the production of many metals from sulfur-containing ores - PbS, NiS, MnS, etc. When dissolved in water, sulfur oxides form acid rain. Russia is a member of the SO Convention and participates in processes that help reduce emissions of sulfur oxides into the atmosphere. Basically, this is the construction of plants for the production of sulfuric acid according to the scheme: sulfur dioxide - sulfur trioxide - sulfuric acid.

It has been proven that a high concentration of sulfur oxides and fine particles aggravates the course of chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. It has been noted that respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis, become more frequent with an increase in the level of sulfur oxides in the air.

In Russia, sulfur dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere most of all in Norilsk - 2.4 million tons per year, and fine particulate matter - in the city of Asbest (240 thousand tons per year). In Western Europe, sulfur dioxide emissions more than doubled during 1980-1995, with eight countries with the highest specific emissions, seven of them located in Central Europe, one - in Eastern Europe. The most dramatic examples of air pollution: in the Meuse valley in Belgium, 1930 - 6000 sick, 60 dead; in Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948 - 6000 sick, 20 dead; in London, 1952 - 10,000 sick, 4,000 dead.

In each of these cases, mortality increased or decreased in accordance with changes in air pollution, regardless of climatic conditions, and was the result of pre-existing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

nitrogen oxides. In nature, nitrogen oxides are formed during forest fires. High concentrations of nitrogen oxides in cities and around industrial enterprises are associated with human activities. About 53 million tons of nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere every year. A significant amount of nitrogen oxides emit thermal power plants and internal combustion engines. Nitrogen oxides are also released during etching of metals with nitric acid. The production of explosives and nitric acid are two other sources of nitrogen oxide emissions into the atmosphere.

Nitrogen oxides are involved in the formation of photochemical smog. Photochemical processes include the formation of peroxyacetyl nitrates. At high concentrations, peroxyacetyl nitrates can cause irritation of the mucous membrane of the eyes and death of plants, which is typical for southern sunny cities.

The levels of photochemical air pollution are closely related to the mode of movement of vehicles. During the period of high traffic intensity in the morning and evening, there is a peak of emissions of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. It is these compounds, reacting with each other, that cause photochemical air pollution.

There is a high incidence of upper respiratory tract disease in populations exposed to high levels nitrogen oxides, compared with a group of people who were in conditions of lower concentrations, and the concentrations of other pollutants were the same. People with chronic respiratory diseases (emphysema, asthma), as well as those suffering from cardiovascular diseases, are more sensitive to the direct effects of nitrogen oxides.

Carbon monoxide II (CO). The concentration of carbon monoxide II in urban air is greater than any other pollutant. However, since this gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, our senses are unable to detect it.

The largest source of carbon monoxide in cities is motor vehicles. In most cities, over 90% of CO enters the air due to incomplete combustion of carbon in motor fuel according to the reaction: 2C + O 2 = 2CO. Complete combustion gives carbon dioxide as an end product: C + O 2 = CO 2.

Another source of carbon monoxide is tobacco smoke, which is experienced not only by smokers, but also by their immediate environment. A smoker absorbs twice as much carbon monoxide as a non-smoker. Carbon monoxide is inhaled with air or tobacco smoke and enters the blood, where it competes with oxygen for hemoglobin. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin molecules more strongly than oxygen. The more carbon monoxide in the air, the more hemoglobin binds to it and the less oxygen reaches the cells. For this reason, carbon monoxide at elevated concentrations is a deadly poison.

Carbon monoxide IV (CO 2). World emissions of carbon dioxide have reached 23.9 billion tons per year, which is 400 million tons more than in 1996 and almost 4 times more than in 1950; more than 40% of the world's carbon dioxide is produced by the United States, Japan and the European Union, but the total carbon emissions from China now exceed those of the European Union, while per capita emissions in China are significantly lower than in the European Union. The influence of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is associated with its ability to absorb infrared radiation (IR) in the range from 700 to 1400 nm. The Earth, as you know, receives almost all of its energy from the Sun in the rays of the visible part of the spectrum (from 400 to 700 nm), and reflects in the form of long-wave infrared radiation. Since 1850, the content of CO 2 in the atmosphere has increased from 0.027 to 0.033% due to man-made activities. Mankind burned in the XX century. fossil fuels as much as for the entire period of its existence until the 20th century. By absorbing infrared radiation, CO 2 acts as a greenhouse film.

Chlorofluorocarbon compounds (CFCs), often found in everyday life and in industrial production, are propellants in aerosol packages, refrigerants (freon) in refrigerators and air conditioners. They are used both in the production of foamed polyurethane and in the cleaning of electronic equipment. Gradually, CFCs rise into the upper atmosphere and destroy the ozone layer - the atmosphere's shield against UV radiation. The life time of the two most dangerous freons - F-11 and F-12 - is from 70 to 100 years. This is quite enough to feel the consequences of today's environmental illiteracy in the near future. If current rates of CFC emissions into the atmosphere continue, then in the next 70 years the amount of stratospheric ozone will decrease by 90%. At the same time, it is very likely that: skin cancer will become epidemic; the amount of plankton in the ocean will drastically decrease; many animal species will disappear, such as crustaceans; UV radiation will adversely affect crops. CFCs are highly stable compounds, and because they do not absorb long wavelength solar radiation, they cannot be exposed to it in the lower atmosphere, but, having overcome the protective layer, they rise up the atmosphere and short-wave radiation releases free chlorine atoms from them. Free chlorine atoms then react with ozone. Thus, the decomposition of CFCs by solar radiation creates a catalytic chain reaction, according to which one chlorine atom can destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules. The destruction of the protective ozone layer has led to the fact that the level of ultraviolet radiation has doubled in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere. UV radiation with a wavelength shorter than 320 nm is carcinogenic. It is expected that every percent reduction in the ozone layer will lead to an increase in the number of cases of skin cancer by 5-6%.

Polychlorinated biphenyls are highly toxic compounds that specifically affect the immune system, many of which have carcinogenic activity, as well as a pronounced effect on reproductive function. These compounds are easily incorporated into food chains. According to experts, more than 400 thousand tons of polychlorinated biphenyls circulate in the environment, incl. almost 250 thousand tons in the ocean.

Smog (from the English smoke - smoke and fog - fog), which disrupts the normal state of the air in many cities, occurs as a result of a reaction between hydrocarbons contained in the air and nitrogen oxides found in car exhaust gases. The term "smog" was first applied to a cloud looming over Los Angeles. With the increase in the number of cars, a similar phenomenon began to be observed over other cities. Currently, the car is in first place in terms of absolute emissions of gases. It is the source of almost half of the air pollutants. The main harm is carbon monoxide However, carbohydrates, nitrogen oxides contained in exhaust gases and photochemical oxidants also negatively affect the human body. Nitrogen oxides, when in contact with the moist surface of the lungs, form acids, and those, in turn, form nitrates and nitrites. Both the acids themselves and their derivatives irritate the mucous membranes, especially the deep sections of the respiratory tract, which can lead to reflex respiratory disorders and even pulmonary edema. In addition, nitrates and nitrites convert oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin, which causes oxygen deficiency.

Among the sources of pollution that adversely affect human health, the car plays a significant, but not the main role. Cars are responsible for 10-25% of diseases, although they produce almost half of all air pollutants. Combustion products - sulfur oxides and various small particles (mixtures of soot, ash, dust, droplets of sulfuric acid, asbestos fibers, etc.) cause more diseases than car exhaust gases. They enter the atmosphere from power plants, factories and residential buildings. Sulfur oxides and dust particles are usually concentrated in places where coal is burned most intensively, they are dangerous, mainly in winter, when more fuel is burned. Photochemical smog, on the other hand, is denser in the summer.

In the industrial zones of the city, there is a constant presence of dust-like particles or various compounds in the air, among which the greatest danger is caused by dioxins, which form during the combustion of municipal solid waste containing plastics and other chemical compounds. Dioxins have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, and the maximum allowable concentration in the air for an adult should not exceed one tenth of a nicogram per kilogram of weight. For babies, the intake of these poisons with mother's milk or food is generally unacceptable.

In areas of specialized waste incineration plants, near large garbage dumps where garbage is burned on open fires, the smallest submicron particles are constantly in the air in a suspended state, freely penetrating into the human body. For example, a particle with a size of 1 micron, located at a height of one kilometer, reaches the earth only after 5 years, because. the average rate of subsidence is about 50 cm per day, i.e. a person who is in the pollution zone constantly breathes this air. Biologically highly active chemical compounds can cause a long-term effect on human health: chronic inflammatory diseases of various organs, changes in the nervous system, effects on the intrauterine development of the fetus, leading to various abnormalities in newborns. Doctors have established a direct link between the increase in the number of people suffering from allergies, bronchial asthma, cancer, and the deterioration of the environmental situation in the region. It has been reliably established that such production wastes as chromium, nickel, beryllium, asbestos, and many pesticides are carcinogens, that is, they cause cancer. Back in the last century, cancer in children was almost unknown, but now it is becoming more and more common.

When carrying out various technological processes, solid and liquid particles, as well as vapors and gases, are released into the air. Vapors and gases form mixtures with air, and solid and liquid particles - aerodisperse systems - aerosols. Aerosols are called air or gas containing suspended solid or liquid particles. Aerosols are usually divided into dust, smoke, fog. Dusts or fumes are systems consisting of air or gas and particles distributed in them. solid, and fogs are systems formed by air or gas and liquid particles.

Dust as a sociogenic factor. The main causes of dust emissions into the atmosphere are dust storms, soil erosion, volcanoes (natural, abiotic negative factors). However, about 15-20% of the total amount of dust in the atmosphere is of sociogenic origin: production of building materials, rock crushing in the mining industry, cement production, construction. For example, in France, approximately 3% of the total volume of cement produced is emitted into the atmosphere (about 100 tons per year). The dust settled in industrial cities contains 20% iron oxides, 15% silicon oxide and 5% soot. Industrial dust often also includes oxides of various metals and non-metals, many of which are toxic (oxides of manganese, lead, molybdenum, vanadium, antimony, tellurium).

The size of solid dust particles exceeds 1 µm (1 µm (1 micrometer) = 10 -5 m). Distinguish between coarse (particle size of more than 50 microns), medium (from 10 to 50 microns) and fine (particle size less than 10 microns) dust. The size of the liquid particles that form the fogs is usually in the range from 0.3 to 5 microns, and the sizes of the particulate smoke particles are less than 1 micron.

Dust, entering the human body, has a fibrogenic effect, which consists in irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Settling in the lungs, the dust lingers in them. Prolonged inhalation of dust causes occupational lung diseases - pneumoconiosis. When inhaling dust containing free silicon dioxide (SiO;), the most well-known form of pneumoconiosis, silicosis, develops. If silicon dioxide is in a state associated with other compounds, an occupational disease occurs - silicatosis. Among silicatoses, asbestosis, cementosis, and talcosis are the most common.

Dust and aerosols not only make it difficult to breathe, but also lead to climate change, as they reflect solar radiation and make it difficult to remove heat from the Earth. For example, smog in large southern cities (Mexico City - 22 million inhabitants, etc.) reduces the transparency of the atmosphere by 2-5 times.

Fires (uncontrolled combustion), in industrial enterprises, in transport, in everyday life, pose a great danger to people, cause enormous material damage pollute the atmosphere with combustion products. Therefore, the issues of ensuring fire and explosion safety are of national importance. Fire and explosion safety is a system of organizational and technical means aimed at the prevention and elimination of fires and explosions, limiting their consequences. Fires, by origin (causes), should be attributed either to natural (lightning, spontaneous combustion of peat, etc.), or to sociogenic (careless handling of fire, short circuit in electrical wiring, etc.).

Distinguish between complete and incomplete combustion. The processes of complete combustion proceed with an excess of oxygen, and the reaction products are water, sulfur dioxide and carbon, i.e. substances that are not capable of further oxidation. Incomplete combustion occurs with a lack of oxygen, the reaction products in this case are toxic and combustible (i.e., capable of further oxidation) substances, for example, carbon monoxide, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, etc. The following types of combustion are distinguished by the speed of flame propagation: deflagration (flame propagation speed - tens of m/s), explosive (hundreds of m/s) and detonation (thousands of m/s). Fires are characterized by deflagration combustion. During a fire, people are exposed to the following hazards: elevated air temperature or individual objects, open fire and sparks, toxic combustion products (for example, carbon monoxide), smoke, low oxygen content in the air, explosions, etc.

An explosion is a fast-flowing process of physical and chemical transformations of substances, accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy in a limited volume, as a result of which a shock wave is formed and propagates in the surrounding space, which can pose a threat to human life and health.

When implementing various technological processes, carrying out repair work, at home, etc. various pressurized systems are widespread, which include the following equipment: pipelines, cylinders and containers for storing or transporting compressed, liquefied and dissolved gases, steam and water boilers, gas tanks, etc. The main characteristic of this equipment is that the pressure of a gas or liquid it exceeds atmospheric. This equipment is commonly referred to as pressure vessels. Any pressure vessels are always a potential hazard, which under certain conditions can be transformed into a clear form and lead to serious consequences. Depressurization (loss of tightness) of pressure vessels is often accompanied by the emergence of two groups of hazards.

The first of these is associated with the explosion of a pressure vessel or installation. An explosion may result in the destruction of the building in which the pressure vessels are located, or its parts, as well as injury to personnel from flying fragments of equipment.

The second group of hazards depends on the properties of the substances in the pressure equipment. So, maintenance personnel can get thermal burns if there were substances with high or low temperature in the depressurized installation. If there were aggressive substances in the vessel, then workers can get chemical burns; in addition, there is a risk of poisoning of personnel. Radiation hazard arises from the depressurization of installations containing various radioactive substances.

The main types of pollution of the lithosphere are solid household and industrial waste. A detailed study of four industrialized countries has shown that the total amount of natural resources or raw materials required to maintain their economic level is from 45 to 85 tons per person per year. At the same time, a significant amount of these resources is imported from developing countries.

On average, there is about 1 ton of solid waste per inhabitant in the city per year, and this figure is increasing every year. In cities, large areas are allocated for the storage of household waste. Many cities have household waste recycling plants, but incinerators themselves can pollute the environment.

The main types of industrial waste are slag from thermal power plants and metallurgical plants; rock dumps of mining enterprises and mining and processing plants, construction waste, etc. A special group is soil pollution with oil products and other chemicals (in aviation and other technologies, these are solid deposits of galvanization and metal pickling products), which adversely affect soil microorganisms and the root system of plants.

The volume of rock mass extracted from the depths, and in our country, is over 15 billion tons / year. About a third of all mineral raw materials are involved in the economic turnover, and less than 7% of the extracted minerals are spent on the production of finished products. Obviously, it is impossible to endlessly increase the already colossal flows of waste and by-products. Iron-bearing sludge from iron and steel sinter plants, for example, contains more iron than mined ore. At the same time, the building materials industry and the construction industry extract and consume annually 3.5 billion tons of non-metallic raw materials, most of which can be replaced by waste.

Soil erosion is a complex environmental factor - depending on the causes of its occurrence, it can be sociogenic, generated by the activities of society or natural, caused by abiotic (and also partially biotic) influences, or both. Of the 605 million hectares of agricultural land, 113 million hectares are eroded, over 40% are under the threat of erosion. The rate of erosion is now exceeding the rate of natural soil formation and restoration. In Russia, about 165 billion tons of soil are lost every year as a result of various forms of erosion. Every year, due to erosion, 6-7 million hectares fall out of agricultural circulation. The southern edge of the Sahara will be mixed to the south at a rate of 5 km per year. Under the threat of the spread of the desert (6 million hectares per year) is 19-20% of the area of 30 million km 2 (the same as the existing deserts on earth).

Here we should also mention such factors as the fertilizers and pesticides used, which turn out to be the second pollutant of the natural environment after industry, as well as salinization and acidification of soils.

The rapid growth of industry has led to an increase in technical waste polluting the hydrosphere. Many of these complex synthetic chemicals, acids, and pesticides defy conventional purification methods and remain toxic for long periods of time. Pollutants currently discharged into water bodies can be classified into the following categories: organic pollutants that require oxygen to break down (primarily domestic and industrial waste); pathogens of infectious diseases contained in household waste of animal origin; artificial fertilizers; synthetic organic substances (detergents, pesticides and other industrial chemicals); inorganic chemical and mineral substances (metal salts, acids and solid particles) entering the water from mines and factories, oil refineries and agricultural lands; radioactive substances that enter the water during the extraction of radioactive ores, from nuclear reactors, wastewater from industrial enterprises, research institutes and hospitals in which they are used. Most of the waste entering the rivers of large cities is a mixture of these pollutants, which makes it very difficult to purify water and control its purity. Up to 50 million tons of oil and oil products (25% of the water surface is covered with an oil film), 6 million tons of phosphorus, over 2 million tons of lead, 5 thousand tons of mercury enter the World Ocean annually. 50 thousand tons of pesticides, a huge amount of substances and materials harmful to the marine environment. The morbidity of the population has increased as a result of poisoning with toxic substances entering drinking water from polluted reservoirs. Diseases associated with water pollution with nitrates (severe metahemoglobinemia in children, hypertension), lead (lead intoxication), urochrome (diseases that clinically resemble endemic goiter), and fluorine (fluorosis) are described. One of the most serious forms of river pollution is the high concentration of mineral fertilizer runoff. In 60% of large cities, there is an excessive use (depletion) of underground water sources.

Noise is a mixture of sounds of varying frequency and intensity. From a physiological point of view, noise is any unwanted sound that has a harmful effect on the human body.

Sound vibrations perceived by the human hearing organs are mechanical vibrations propagating in an elastic medium (solid, liquid or gaseous).

When calculating the noise level, the value of the sound intensity is used, and to assess the impact of noise on a person, the sound pressure level is used.

The noise level is measured in units expressing the degree of sound pressure - decibels. This pressure is not perceived indefinitely. The noise level of 20-30 decibels (dB) is practically harmless to humans, this is a natural background noise. As for loud sounds, here the permissible limit is approximately 80 decibels. A sound of 130 decibels already causes pain in a person and damage to the hearing aid (acoustic trauma), and at 150 dB it becomes unbearable for him. The rupture of the eardrums in the human hearing organs occurs under the influence of noise, the sound pressure level of which is 186 dB. Exposure to noise level of about 196 dB on the human body will lead to damage to lung tissue (lung damage threshold).

Department of Physical Education

Abstract on the discipline " Physical Culture»

on the topic:

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH

Completed by: Kochetova V.A.

Checked:

Yekaterinburg 2015

PLAN-TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

1. Environmental factors

2. The impact of environmental factors on the body

5.2. The effect of vibration on a person

6. Biological pollution

7. Nutrition

9. The results of the impact of environmental factors on the human body.

10. Landscape as a health factor

11. Problems of human adaptation to the environment conclusion

List of used literature

INTRODUCTION

Starting to consider the issues of the influence of environmental factors on the health of the population, it is necessary to dwell on the concepts: ecology and health.

Recently, the word "ecology" is most often used, speaking about the unfavorable state of the nature around us.

The term ecology is derived from two Greek words (oikos - house, dwelling, homeland, and logos - science), literally "the science of habitat". In a more general sense, ecology is a science that studies the relationship of organisms and their communities with their environment (including the diversity of their relationships with other organisms and communities).
A community or population (from Latin populus - people, population) cannot exist in isolation from the environment, since the relationship of populations is carried out through elements of inanimate nature or is highly dependent on it.

The natural living space occupied by the community forms an ecological system, and the totality of ecosystems forms the biosphere.

All processes in the biosphere are interconnected. Mankind is only a small part of the biosphere, and man is only one of the types of organic life. Reason singled out man from the animal world and gave him great power. For centuries, man has sought not to adapt to the natural environment, but to make it convenient for his existence. This desire became especially acute after the consequences of unreasonable economic activity, leading to the destruction of the natural environment, became obvious.

Starting to consider the issues of the influence of environmental factors on the health of the population, it is necessary to dwell on the concept of health.

According to the WHO (World Health Organization) definition, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Relevance of the topic: the impact of environmental factors has led to significant changes in the health indicators of the population, which consist in the fact that new patterns are observed in the distribution and nature of human pathology, otherwise demographic processes proceed.

The purpose of the study: to determine the dependence of the state of human health on environmental factors.

Research objectives:

The study of factors affecting human health;

Consideration of the results of the impact of these factors on the human body.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.

Environmental factors are the properties of the environment that have some effect on the body. Indifferent elements of the environment, for example, inert gases, are not environmental factors.

Environmental factors are highly variable in time and space. For example, temperatures vary greatly on the surface of the land, but are almost constant at the bottom of the ocean or in the depths of caves.

One and the same environmental factor has a different meaning in the life of cohabiting organisms. For example, the salt regime of the soil plays a primary role in the mineral nutrition of plants, but is indifferent to most land animals. The intensity of illumination and the spectral composition of light are extremely important in the life of phototrophic organisms (most plants and photosynthetic bacteria), while in the life of heterotrophic organisms (fungi, animals, a significant part of microorganisms), light does not have a noticeable effect on life.

2. IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE BODY

The structure of the environment can be conditionally divided into natural (mechanical, physical, chemical and biological) and social elements of the environment (work, life, socio-economic structure, information). The conditionality of such a division is explained by the fact that natural factors act on a person in certain social conditions and are often significantly changed as a result of the production and economic activities of people.

The properties of environmental factors determine the specifics of the impact on a person. Natural elements influence their physical properties: hypobaria, hypoxia; strengthening of the wind regime, solar and ultraviolet radiation; changes in ionizing radiation, electrostatic voltage of air and its ionization; fluctuations of electromagnetic and gravitational fields; increased climate rigidity with altitude and geographic location, precipitation dynamics; frequency and variety of natural phenomena.

Natural geochemical factors affect a person by anomalies in the qualitative and quantitative ratio of trace elements in soil, water, air, and, consequently, a decrease in diversity and anomalies in the ratios of chemical elements in agricultural products of local production. The action of natural biological factors is manifested in changes in macrofauna, flora and microorganisms, the presence of endemic foci of animal and plant diseases, as well as in the emergence of new allergens of natural origin.

The group of social factors also has certain properties that can affect living conditions and health status. So, if we talk about the influence of working conditions, then the following groups of factors that form these conditions should be distinguished: socio-economic, technical, organizational and natural.

The first group of factors is decisive and is determined by industrial relations. This includes regulatory and legal factors (Labor Law, rules, norms, standards and practice of state and public control over their observance); socio-psychological factors that can be characterized by the employee's attitude to work, specialty and its prestige, the psychological climate in the team; economic factors, such as material incentives, a system of benefits and compensation for work in adverse conditions.

The second group of factors has a direct impact on the creation of material elements of working conditions. These are means, objects and tools of labor, technological processes, organization of production, applied modes of work and rest.

The third group of factors characterizes the impact on workers of the climatic, geological and biological features of the area where the work takes place. In real conditions, this complex set of factors that shape working conditions is united by diverse mutual links.

Life has an impact through housing, clothing, food, water supply, the development of the infrastructure of the service sector, the provision of recreation and the conditions for its implementation, etc. The socio-economic structure affects a person through the social and legal status, material security, level of culture, education. Information impact is determined by the volume of information, its quality, accessibility to perception.

The above structure of factors that shape the environment clearly shows that a change in the levels of exposure to any of the listed factors can lead to health problems. In addition, the simultaneous change in several factors of a natural nature or social environment at once, the difficulty in determining the relationship of a disease with a specific factor are also due to the fact that the formation of one of the three functional states of the body from the point of view of the theory of functional systems, i.e. normal, borderline or pathological, can be masked.

The human body can react in the same way to a variety of influences. Similar in severity changes in the state of the body can be caused in one case by the action of harmful, most often anthropogenic environmental factors, in another case, such a factor is excessive physical or mental stress, in the third case, lack of motor activity with increased neuro-emotional stress. Moreover, depending on the specific conditions, factors can have an isolated, combined, complex or joint effect on the body.

Under the combined action is meant the simultaneous or sequential action on the body of factors of the same nature, for example, several chemicals with the same route of entry (with air, water, food, etc.).

A complex action is manifested with the simultaneous intake of the same chemical substance into the body in various ways (from water, air, food products).

A joint action is observed with simultaneous or sequential action on the human body of factors of various nature (physical, chemical, biological).

Finally, it must be remembered that in the development of pathological processes in the body, various environmental pollutions can play the role of risk factors, which are understood as factors that are not the immediate cause. certain disease, but which increase the likelihood of its occurrence.

The influence of factors also depends on the state of the organism, therefore they have an unequal effect both on different species and on one organism at different stages of its development: low temperatures are tolerated without harm by adult conifers of the temperate zone, but are dangerous for young plants.

Factors can partially replace each other: with a decrease in illumination, the intensity of photosynthesis will not change if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is increased, which usually happens in greenhouses.

Environmental factors can act as irritants that cause adaptive changes in physiological functions; as constraints that make it impossible for certain organisms to exist under given conditions; as modifiers that determine morpho-anatomical and physiological changes in organisms.

Organisms are not affected by static unchanging factors, but by their modes - a sequence of changes over a certain time.

3. Technogenic factors and environmental pollution affecting public health

It should be taken into account that pollution is understood as such a state when a pollutant in an environmental object is in quantities exceeding the MPC, and can have an adverse effect on health and sanitary conditions. living conditions human residence. According to the UN definition, pollution refers to exogenous chemicals found in the wrong place, at the wrong time and in the wrong amount.

The main man-made factors that have a negative impact on health are chemical and physical.

4. Chemical pollution of the environment and human health

Currently, human economic activity is increasingly becoming the main source of pollution of the biosphere. Gaseous, liquid and solid industrial wastes enter the natural environment in increasing quantities. Various chemicals in the waste, getting into the soil, air or water, pass through the ecological links from one chain to another, eventually getting into the human body.

It is almost impossible to find a place on the globe where pollutants would not be present, in one concentration or another. Even in the ice of Antarctica, where there are no industrial facilities, and people live only at small scientific stations, scientists have found various toxic (poisonous) substances of modern industries. They are brought here by atmospheric flows from other continents.

Substances polluting the natural environment are very diverse. Depending on their nature, concentration, time of action on the human body, they can cause various adverse effects. Short-term exposure to small concentrations of such substances can cause dizziness, nausea, sore throat, cough. The ingestion of large concentrations of toxic substances into the human body can lead to loss of consciousness, acute poisoning and even death. An example of such an action can be smog formed in large cities in calm weather, or accidental releases of toxic substances into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises.

The body's reactions to pollution depend on individual characteristics: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, the elderly and sick people are more vulnerable.

With a systematic or periodic intake of relatively small amounts of toxic substances into the body, chronic poisoning occurs.

In chronic poisoning, the same substances in different people can cause various damage to the kidneys, blood-forming organs, nervous system, and liver.

Similar signs are observed in radioactive contamination of the environment.

Biologically highly active chemical compounds can cause a long-term effect on human health: chronic inflammatory diseases of various organs, changes in the nervous system, effects on the intrauterine development of the fetus, leading to various abnormalities in newborns.

Doctors have established a direct link between the increase in the number of people suffering from allergies, bronchial asthma, cancer, and the deterioration of the environmental situation in a particular region. It has been reliably established that such production wastes as chromium, nickel, beryllium, asbestos, and many pesticides are carcinogens, that is, they cause cancer. Back in the last century, cancer in children was almost unknown, but now it is becoming more and more common. As a result of pollution, new, previously unknown diseases appear. Their reasons can be very difficult to establish.

Smoking causes great harm to human health. A smoker not only inhales harmful substances himself, but also pollutes the atmosphere and endangers other people. It has been established that people who are in the same room with a smoker inhale even more harmful substances than he himself.

5. Physical pollution of the environment

The main physical environmental factors that have a negative impact on human health include noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, and electric current.

5.1. The effect of sound on a person

Man has always lived in a world of sounds and noise. Sound is called such mechanical vibrations of the external environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Higher frequency vibrations are called ultrasound, lower frequencies are called infrasound. Noise - loud sounds that have merged into a discordant sound.

In nature, loud sounds are rare, the noise is relatively weak and short. The combination of sound stimuli gives animals and humans time to assess their nature and form a response. Sounds and noises of high power affect the hearing aid, nerve centers, can cause pain and shock. This is how noise pollution works.

The quiet rustle of leaves, the murmur of a stream, bird voices, a light splash of water and the sound of the surf are always pleasant to a person. They calm him, relieve stress. But the natural sounds of the voices of Nature are becoming more and more rare, they disappear completely or are drowned out by industrial traffic and other noises.

Prolonged noise adversely affects the organ of hearing, reducing the sensitivity to sound.

It leads to a breakdown in the activity of the heart, liver, to exhaustion and overstrain of nerve cells. Weakened cells of the nervous system cannot clearly coordinate the work of various body systems. This results in disruption of their activities.

The level of industrial noise is also very high. In many jobs and noisy industries, it reaches 90-110 decibels or more. Not much quieter in our house, where more and more new sources of noise appear - the so-called Appliances.

Each person perceives noise differently. Much depends on age, temperament, state of health, environmental conditions.

Some people lose their hearing even after brief exposure to noise of comparatively reduced intensity.

Constant exposure to strong noise can not only adversely affect hearing, but also cause other harmful effects - ringing in the ears, dizziness, headache, increased fatigue.

Very noisy modern music also dulls hearing, causes nervous diseases.

Noise has an accumulative effect, that is, acoustic irritation, accumulating in the body, increasingly depresses the nervous system.

Therefore, before hearing loss from exposure to noise, a functional disorder of the central nervous system occurs. Noise has a particularly harmful effect on the neuropsychic activity of the body.

The process of neuropsychiatric diseases is higher among persons working in noisy conditions than among persons working in normal sound conditions.

Noises cause functional disorders of the cardiovascular system; have a harmful effect on the visual and vestibular analyzers, reduces reflex activity, which often causes accidents and injuries.

Studies have shown that inaudible sounds can also have a harmful effect on human health. So, infrasounds have a special effect on the mental sphere of a person: all types of intellectual activity are affected, mood worsens, sometimes there is a feeling of confusion, anxiety, fright, fear, and at high intensity, a feeling of weakness, as after a strong nervous shock.

Even weak sounds of infrasound can have a significant impact on a person, especially if they are of a long-term nature. According to scientists, it is precisely by infrasounds, inaudibly penetrating through the thickest walls, that many nervous diseases of the inhabitants of large cities are caused.

Ultrasounds, which occupy a prominent place in the range of industrial noise, are also dangerous. The mechanisms of their action on living organisms are extremely diverse. The cells of the nervous system are especially susceptible to their negative effects.

5.2. The effect of vibration on a person.

Vibration is a complex oscillatory process with a wide range of frequencies, resulting from the transfer of vibrational energy from some kind of mechanical source. In cities, vibration sources are primarily transport, as well as some industries. On the latter, prolonged exposure to vibration can cause the occurrence of an occupational disease - a vibrational disease, which is expressed in changes in the vessels of the extremities, the neuromuscular and osteoarticular apparatus.

5.3. Influence electromagnetic radiation per person

Sources of electromagnetic radiation are radar, radio and television stations, various industrial installations, devices, including household ones.

5.4. The influence of the electric field on a person

The electric field to a large extent has a harmful effect on humans. There are three levels of impact:

direct impact, manifested when staying in an electric field; the effect of this exposure increases with increasing field strength and time spent in it;

impact of pulsed discharges (pulse current) arising from a person touching structures isolated from the ground, bodies of machines and mechanisms on a pneumatic course and extended conductors, or when a person, isolated from the ground, touches plants, grounded structures and other grounded objects;

the impact of a current passing through a person who is in contact with objects isolated from the earth - large-sized objects, machines and mechanisms, extended conductors.

6. Biological pollution.

In addition to chemical pollutants, biological pollutants are also found in the natural environment, causing various diseases in humans. These are pathogens, viruses, helminths, protozoa. They can be in the atmosphere, water, soil, in the body of other living organisms, including in the person himself.

The most dangerous pathogens of infectious diseases. They have different stability in the environment. Some are able to live outside the human body for only a few hours; being in the air, in water, on various objects, they quickly die. Others may live in the environment from a few days to several years. For others, the environment is a natural habitat. For the fourth - other organisms, such as wild animals, are a place of conservation and reproduction.

Often the source of infection is the soil, which is constantly inhabited by pathogens of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, and some fungal diseases. They can enter the human body if the skin is damaged, with unwashed food, or if the rules of hygiene are violated.

Pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate the groundwater and cause human infectious diseases. Therefore, water from artesian wells, wells, springs must be boiled before drinking.

Open water sources are especially polluted: rivers, lakes, ponds. Numerous cases are known when contaminated water sources caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

With an airborne infection, infection occurs through the respiratory tract when air containing pathogens is inhaled.

Such diseases include influenza, whooping cough, mumps, diphtheria, measles and others. The causative agents of these diseases get into the air when coughing, sneezing, and even when sick people talk.

A special group is infectious diseases transmitted through close contact with the patient or when using his things, for example, a towel, handkerchief, personal hygiene items and others that were used by the patient. These include venereal diseases (AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea), trachoma, anthrax, scab. A person, invading nature, often violates the natural conditions for the existence of pathogenic organisms and himself becomes a victim of natural focal diseases (plague, tularemia, typhus, tick-borne encephalitis, malaria).

In some hot countries, as well as in a number of regions of our country, the infectious disease leptospirosis, or water fever, occurs. In our country, the causative agent of this disease lives in the organisms of common voles, widely distributed in meadows near rivers. The disease of leptospirosis is seasonal, more common during periods of heavy rains and during the hot months. A person can become infected when water contaminated with rodent secretions enters his body.

7. Nutrition

The source of building materials and energy necessary for the body are nutrients that come from the external environment, mainly with food. If food does not enter the body, a person feels hungry. But hunger, unfortunately, will not tell you what nutrients and in what quantity a person needs.

A complete balanced diet is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children it is also a necessary condition for growth and development.

For normal growth, development and maintenance of life, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the right amount.

Irrational nutrition is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the digestive system, diseases associated with metabolic disorders.

Regular overeating, consumption of excessive amounts of carbohydrates and fats is the cause of the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.

They cause damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and other systems, sharply reduce the ability to work and resistance to diseases, reducing life expectancy by an average of 8-10 years.

Rational nutrition is the most important indispensable condition for the prevention of not only metabolic diseases, but also many others.

The nutritional factor plays an important role not only in the prevention, but also in the treatment of many diseases. Specially organized nutrition, the so-called medical nutrition - required condition treatment of many diseases, including metabolic and gastrointestinal.

Medicinal substances of synthetic origin, unlike food substances, are alien to the body. Many of them can cause adverse reactions, such as allergies, so when treating patients, preference should be given to the nutritional factor.

In products, many biologically active substances are found in equal, and sometimes in higher concentrations than in the applied medicines. That is why, since ancient times, many products, primarily vegetables, fruits, seeds, herbs, have been used in the treatment of various diseases.

Many food products have bactericidal action, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms. So, apple juice delays the development of staphylococcus, pomegranate juice inhibits the growth of salmonella, cranberry juice is active against various intestinal, putrefactive and other microorganisms. Everyone knows the antimicrobial properties of onions, garlic and other foods. Unfortunately, all this rich medical arsenal is not often used in practice.

A new danger has appeared - chemical contamination of food, which occurs if crops are grown with the use of large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Such agricultural products can have not only poor taste, but also be hazardous to health.

Plants are able to accumulate in themselves almost all harmful substances. That is why agricultural products grown near industrial enterprises and major highways are especially dangerous.

A new concept has also appeared - environmentally friendly products.

8. Weather, rhythmic processes in nature

In any natural phenomenon that surrounds us, there is a strict repetition of processes: day and night, high and low tide, winter and summer.

Rhythm is observed not only in the motion of the Earth, Sun, Moon and stars, but is also an integral and universal property of living matter, a property penetrating into all life phenomena - from the molecular level to the level of the whole organism.

Currently, there are many rhythmic processes in the body, called biorhythms. These include the rhythms of the heart, breathing, bioelectrical activity of the brain. Our whole life is a constant change of rest and activity, sleep and wakefulness, fatigue from hard work and rest.

The central place among all rhythmic processes is occupied by circadian rhythms, which are of the greatest importance for the organism. The reaction of the body to any impact depends on the phase of the circadian rhythm (that is, on the time of day).

This knowledge made it possible to reveal that the same drug at different times of the day has different, sometimes directly opposite, effects on the body. Therefore, in order to obtain a greater effect, it is important to indicate not only the dose, but also the exact time of taking the medication.

The climate also has a serious impact on the well-being of a person, affecting him through weather factors.

Until now, it has not yet been possible to fully establish the mechanisms of the reactions of the human body to change. weather conditions. And she often makes herself felt by violations of cardiac activity, nervous disorders. With a sharp change in the weather, physical and mental performance decreases, diseases become aggravated, the number of errors, accidents and even deaths increases.

Most of the physical factors of the environment, in interaction with which the human body has evolved, are of an electromagnetic nature.

It is well known that near fast-flowing water, the air is refreshing and invigorating. It contains many negative ions. For the same reason, it seems to us clean and refreshing air after a thunderstorm.

On the contrary, the air in cramped rooms with an abundance of various kinds of electromagnetic devices is saturated with positive ions. Even a relatively short stay in such a room leads to lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness and headaches. A similar picture is observed in windy weather, on dusty and humid days. Experts in the field of environmental medicine believe that negative ions have a positive effect on health, while positive ions have a negative effect.

At the same time, in a healthy person, when the weather changes, the physiological processes in the body are timely adjusted to the changed environmental conditions. As a result, the protective reaction is enhanced and healthy people practically do not feel the negative effects of the weather.

In a sick person, adaptive reactions are weakened, so the body loses the ability to quickly adapt. The influence of weather conditions on a person's well-being is also associated with age and individual susceptibility of the body.

9. Results of the impact of environmental factors on the human body.

The result of the influence of factors depends on the duration and frequency of their extreme values throughout the life of the organism and its descendants: short-term effects may not have any consequences, while long-term effects through the mechanism of natural selection lead to qualitative changes.

Features of the impact of environmental factors have led to significant changes in the health indicators of the population, which consist in the fact that new patterns are observed in the prevalence and nature of human pathology, otherwise demographic processes proceed.

The changing environment and the wrong attitude to one's health have a significant impact on the change in health indicators. According to some data, up to 77% of all cases of diseases and more than 50% of deaths, as well as up to 57% of cases of abnormal physical development are associated with the action of these factors.

10. Landscape as a health factor.

A person always strives to the forest, to the mountains, to the seashore, river or lake.

Here he feels a surge of strength, vivacity. No wonder they say that it is best to relax in the bosom of nature. Sanatoriums and rest houses are built in the most beautiful corners. This is not an accident. It turns out that the surrounding landscape can have different effects on the psycho emotional condition. Contemplation of the beauties of nature stimulates vitality and calms the nervous system. Plant biocenoses, especially forests, have a strong healing effect.

The craving for natural landscapes is especially strong among the inhabitants of the city.

In cities, a person invents thousands of tricks for the convenience of his life - hot water, telephone, different kinds transport, roads, services and entertainment. However, in big cities the shortcomings of life are especially pronounced - housing and transport problems, an increase in the level of morbidity. To a certain extent, this is due to the simultaneous impact on the body of two, three or more harmful factors, each of which has an insignificant effect, but in the aggregate leads to serious troubles for people.

So, for example, saturation of the environment and production with high-speed and high-speed machines increases stress, requires additional efforts from a person, which leads to overwork. It is well known that an overworked person suffers more from the effects of air pollution, infections.

Polluted air in the city, poisoning the blood with carbon monoxide, causes the same harm to a non-smoker as a smoker smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. A serious negative factor in modern cities is the so-called noise pollution.

Given the ability of green spaces to favorably influence the state of the environment, they must be brought as close as possible to the place of life, work, study and recreation of people.

It is very important that the city be, if not absolutely favorable, but at least not harmful to people's health. Let there be a zone of life. To do this, it is necessary to solve a lot of urban problems. All enterprises that are unfavorable in sanitary terms must be withdrawn from the cities.

Green spaces are an integral part of a set of measures to protect and transform the environment. They not only create favorable microclimatic and sanitary and hygienic conditions, but also increase the artistic expressiveness of architectural ensembles.

A special place around industrial enterprises and highways should be occupied by protective green areas, in which it is recommended to plant trees and shrubs that are resistant to pollution.

The most important components of the urban greening system are plantations in residential areas, on the sites of children's institutions, schools, sports complexes, etc.

The modern city should be considered as an ecosystem in which the most favorable conditions for human life are created. Consequently, these are not only comfortable dwellings, transport, and a diverse service sector. This is a habitat favorable for life and health; clean air and green urban landscape.

It is no coincidence that ecologists believe that in a modern city a person should not be divorced from nature, but, as it were, dissolved in it. Therefore, the total area of green spaces in cities should occupy more than half of its territory.

11. Problems of human adaptation to the environment

In the history of our planet, grandiose processes on a planetary scale have continuously taken place and are taking place, transforming the face of the Earth. With the advent of a powerful factor - the human mind - a qualitatively new stage in the evolution of the organic world began. Due to the global nature of human interaction with the environment, it becomes the largest geological force.

The specificity of the human environment lies in the most complex interweaving of social and natural factors. At the dawn of human history, natural factors played a decisive role in human evolution. The impact of natural factors on a modern person is largely neutralized by social factors. In new natural and industrial conditions, a person at present often experiences the influence of very unusual, and sometimes excessive and harsh environmental factors, for which he is not yet evolutionarily ready.

Man, like other types of living organisms, is able to adapt, that is, adapt to environmental conditions. Human adaptation to new natural and industrial conditions can be characterized as a set of socio-biological properties and characteristics necessary for the sustainable existence of an organism in a particular ecological environment.

Adapting to adverse environmental conditions, the human body experiences a state of tension, fatigue. Tension is the mobilization of all mechanisms that ensure certain activities of the human body. Depending on the magnitude of the load, the degree of preparation of the organism, its functional, structural and energy resources, the possibility of the organism functioning at a given level decreases, that is, fatigue occurs.

The ability to adapt to new conditions is not the same for different people. So, many people during long-haul flights with a quick crossing of several time zones, as well as during shift work, experience such adverse symptoms as sleep disturbance, and performance decreases. Others adapt quickly.

Among people, two extreme adaptive types of a person can be distinguished. The first of them is the sprinter, which is characterized by high resistance to short-term extreme factors and poor tolerance to long-term loads. Reverse type - stayer.

CONCLUSION.

The fate of nature and society, of all mankind, of our planet should excite everyone. Indifference and irresponsibility can lead to unpredictable and irreversible consequences. The earth is our home, and everyone is responsible for its safety.

The duty of science and society is to stop the process of deterioration of the state of the biosphere, to return to nature the ability to self-regulate on the basis of natural processes.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE.

V.F. Protasov, A.V. Molchanov. Ecology, health and environmental management in Russia. - M.: Finance and statistics, 1995.

E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Pasechnik. Ecology. – M.: Bustard, 2007.

E.A.Rustamov. Nature management. - M .: Publishing house "Dashkov and K", 2000.

A.M. Prokhorov. Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. - M .: "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1988.

Environmental factors affecting human health

All processes in the biosphere are interconnected. Mankind is only an insignificant part of the biosphere, and man is only one of the types of organic life - Homo sapiens (reasonable man). Reason singled out man from the animal world and gave him great power. For centuries, man has sought not to adapt to the natural environment, but to make it convenient for his existence. Now we have realized that any human activity has an impact on the environment, and the deterioration of the biosphere is dangerous for all living beings, including humans. A comprehensive study of a person, his relationship with the outside world led to the understanding that health is not only the absence of disease, but also the physical, mental and social well-being of a person. Health is a capital given to us not only by nature from birth, but also by the conditions in which we live.

Chemical pollution of the environment and human health

It is almost impossible to find a place on the globe where pollutants would not be present in one or another concentration. Even in the ice of Antarctica, where there are no industrial facilities, and people live only at small scientific stations, scientists have found various toxic (poisonous) substances of modern industries. They are brought here by atmospheric flows from other continents.

The body's reactions to pollution depend on individual characteristics: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, the elderly and sick people are more vulnerable.

With a systematic or periodic intake of relatively small amounts of toxic substances, chronic poisoning occurs.

Signs of chronic poisoning are a violation of normal behavior, habits, as well as neuropsychic deviations: rapid fatigue or a feeling of constant fatigue, drowsiness or, conversely, insomnia, apathy, weakening of attention, absent-mindedness, forgetfulness, severe mood swings.

In chronic poisoning, the same substances in different people can cause various damage to the kidneys, blood-forming organs, nervous system, and liver.

Similar signs are observed in radioactive contamination of the environment.

Thus, in areas exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, the incidence among the population, especially children, has increased many times over.

Doctors have established a direct link between the increase in the number of people suffering from allergies, bronchial asthma, cancer, and the deterioration of the environmental situation in the region. It has been reliably established that such production wastes as chromium, nickel, beryllium, asbestos, and many pesticides are carcinogens, that is, they cause cancer. Back in the last century, cancer in children was almost unknown, but now it is becoming more and more common. As a result of pollution, new, previously unknown diseases appear. Their reasons can be very difficult to establish.

Introduction……………………………………………………………2

1. The impact of natural and environmental factors on health

person……………………………………………………………….6

2. Impact of socio-environmental factors on health

person……………………………………………………………..9

3. The combined effect of environmental factors……………..18

4. Hygiene and human health…………………………………….23

Conclusion…………………………………………………………26

References………………………………………………...29

INTRODUCTION

The definition of health is formulated in the WHO Constitution as follows: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Population or public health should be distinguished from individual health, which is characterized by a system of statistical demographic indicators, indicators of capacity, morbidity, etc. Human health depends on the state of the environment in which natural-environmental, socio-ecological and other factors operate.

Currently, human economic activity is increasingly becoming the main source of pollution of the biosphere. More and more gaseous, liquid and solid industrial wastes enter the natural environment. Various chemicals in the waste, getting into the soil, air or water, pass through the ecological links from one chain to another, eventually getting into the human body.

The body's reactions to pollution depend on individual characteristics: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, the elderly and sick people are more vulnerable.

With a systematic or periodic intake of relatively small amounts of toxic substances, chronic poisoning occurs.

A favorable environment is an environment, the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects.

Article 42 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaims the right of everyone to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and compensation for damage caused to his health or property by an environmental offense.

In addition, every citizen has the right to protect the environment (Article 11 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection")

The choice of the topic of the course work is due to the realization that at present a significant part of human diseases is associated with the deterioration of the ecological situation in our environment: pollution of the atmosphere, water and soil, poor-quality food, increased noise.

At the heart of health is the phenomenon of life, provided by typical specialized structures, the activity of which is realized by the constant circulation of flows of plastic substances, energy and information within the body, as well as between it and the environment, which is the basis of self-organization (self-renewal, self-regulation, self-reproduction) of living systems. However, nothing social is realized without the participation of a biological substrate, and the somatic, mental and social characteristics of an individual, reflecting his health, are formed as a result of the interaction of a very complex set of environmental and internal factors. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to reflect the systematic diversity of the content of such interaction, to consider the problems of preserving the environment, its impact on human health.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set - to state the theoretical and practical issues of the influence of the environment on people's livelihoods. Determine the place of human ecology in the system of sciences.

Several types of sources were used in the work: these are official documents - the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Laws of the Russian Federation, monographs and articles by leading experts in this field (mainly Russian), abstracts of reports from international and regional conferences.

1. INFLUENCE OF NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON HUMAN HEALTH

Initially, Homo sariens lived in the environment, like all consumers of the ecosystem, and was practically unprotected from the action of its limiting environmental factors. Primitive man was subject to the same factors of regulation and self-regulation of the ecosystem as the whole animal world, its life expectancy was short, and the population density was very low. The main limiting factors were hyperdynamia and malnutrition. Pathogenic (disease-causing) effects of a natural nature were in the first place among the causes of death. Of particular importance among them were infectious diseases, which differ, as a rule, in natural foci.

The essence of natural foci is that pathogens, specific carriers and animal accumulators, the custodians of the pathogen, exist in given natural conditions (foci), regardless of whether a person lives here or not. A person can become infected from wild animals (the "reservoir" of pathogens), living in this area permanently or accidentally being here. Such animals usually include rodents, birds, insects, etc.

All these animals are part of the biocenosis of the ecosystem associated with a particular biotope. Therefore, natural focal diseases are closely related to a certain territory, with one or another type of landscape, and therefore, with its climatic features, for example, they differ in seasonal manifestations. E. P. Pavlovsky (1938), who first proposed the concept of a natural focus, attributed plague, tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, some helminthiases, etc. to natural focal diseases. Studies have shown that several diseases can be contained in one focus.

Natural focal diseases were the main cause of death of people until the beginning of the 20th century. The most terrible of these diseases was the plague, the death rate from which many times exceeded the death of people in the endless wars of the Middle Ages and later.

Plague is an acute infectious disease of humans and animals, it belongs to quarantine diseases. The causative agent is a plague microbe in the form of an ovoid bipolar rod. Plague epidemics covered many countries of the world. In the VI century. BC e. more than 100 million people died in the Eastern Roman Empire in 50 years. No less devastating was the epidemic in the 14th century. From the 14th century the plague was repeatedly noted in Russia, including in Moscow. In the 19th century she "mowed down" people in Transbaikalia, Transcaucasia, in the Caspian Sea and at the beginning of the 20th century. was observed even in the port cities of the Black Sea, including Odessa. In the XX century. large epidemics were recorded in India.

Diseases associated with the natural environment surrounding humans still exist, although they are constantly being fought. Their existence is explained, in particular, by reasons of a purely ecological nature, for example, resistance (the development of resistance to various factors of influence) of carriers of pathogens and the pathogens themselves. A typical example of these processes is the fight against malaria.

Malaria is a disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodeum, transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito. This disease is an ecological and socio-economic problem.

Increasing attention is being paid to integrated, environmentally sound methods of malaria control - "living environment management" methods. These include draining wetlands, reducing water salinity, etc. The following groups of methods are biological - the use of other organisms to reduce the danger of mosquitoes; in 40 countries, at least 265 species of larvivorous fish are used for this, as well as microbes, disease-causing and death of mosquitoes.

Plague and other infectious diseases (cholera, malaria, anthrax, tularemia, dysentery, diphtheria, scarlet fever, etc.) destroyed people of various ages, including those of reproductive age. This led to a rather slow population growth - the first billion inhabitants on Earth appeared in 1860. But the discoveries of Pasteur and others at the end of the 19th century, which gave a powerful impetus to the development of preventive medicine in the 20th century. in the treatment of very serious diseases, a sharp improvement in sanitary and hygienic living conditions, an increase in the cultural level and education of mankind as a whole led to a sharp decrease in the incidence of natural focal diseases, and some of them practically disappeared in the 20th century.

The natural focal character can be attributed to the impact on biota and humans of anomalous areas of geophysical fields, i.e., areas on the Earth's surface that differ in quantitative characteristics from the natural background, which can become a source of disease for biota and humans. This phenomenon is called geopathogenesis, and the sites themselves are called geopathogenic zones. For example, geopathogenic zones of radioactive fields affect organisms by increased release of radon or an increase in the content of other radionuclides. Diseases in people are associated with the action of disturbances in the electromagnetic field created by solar flares, for example, with a weakened vascular system, this is an increase in blood pressure, headaches, and in especially severe cases, up to a stroke or heart attack.

To combat the action of natural factors regulating the ecosystem, man had to use natural resources, including irreplaceable ones, and create an artificial environment for his survival.

The built environment also requires adaptation to oneself, which occurs through disease. The main role in the occurrence of diseases in this case is played by the following factors: physical inactivity, overeating, information abundance, psycho-emotional stress. In this regard, there is a constant increase in the "diseases of the century": cardiovascular, oncological, allergic diseases, mental disorders and, finally, AIDS, etc.

2. IMPACT OF SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON HUMAN HEALTH

The natural environment is now preserved only where it was not available to people for its transformation. An urban or urban environment is an artificial world created by man, which has no analogues in nature and can only exist with constant renewal.

Social environment it is difficult to integrate with any human environment and all the factors of each of the environments are "closely interconnected and experience the objective and subjective aspects of the "quality of the living environment"" .

This multiplicity of factors makes us more cautious in assessing the quality of a person's life environment in terms of his health. It is necessary to carefully approach the choice of objects and indicators that diagnose the environment. They can be short-lived changes in the body, which can be used to judge different environments - home, production, transport, and long-lived in this particular urban environment - some adaptations of the acclimatization plan, etc. The influence of the urban environment is quite clearly emphasized by certain trends in the current state of human health .

From the medical and biological standpoint, the environmental factors of the urban environment have the greatest influence on the following trends: 1) the process of acceleration; 2) violation of biorhythms; 3) allergization of the population; 4) growth of oncological morbidity and mortality; 5) an increase in the proportion of overweight people; 6) lag of physiological age from the calendar one; 7) "rejuvenation" of many forms of pathology; 8) abiological tendency in the organization of life, etc.

Acceleration is the acceleration of the development of individual organs or parts of the body compared to a certain biological norm. In our case - an increase in body size and a significant shift in time towards earlier puberty. Scientists believe that this is an evolutionary transition in the life of the species, caused by improving living conditions: good nutrition, which “removed” the limiting effect of food resources, which provoked selection processes that caused acceleration.

Biological rhythms are the most important mechanism for regulating functions biological systems, usually formed under the influence of abiotic factors. In the conditions of urban life, they can be violated. This primarily applies to circadian rhythms: a new environmental factor was the use of electric lighting, which extended daylight hours. Desynchronosis is superimposed on this, chaotization of all previous biorhythms occurs and a transition to a new rhythmic stereotype occurs, which causes diseases in humans and in all representatives of the biota of the city, in which the photoperiod is disturbed.

Allergization of the population is one of the main new features in the changed structure of human pathology in the urban environment. Allergy is a perverted sensitivity or reactivity of the body to a particular substance, the so-called allergen (simple and complex mineral and organic substances). Allergens in relation to the body are external - exoallergens and internal - autoallergens. Exoallergens can be infectious - pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes, viruses, etc. and non-infectious - house dust, animal dander, plant pollen, medications, other chemicals - gasoline, chloramine, etc., as well as meat, vegetables, fruits, berries, milk, etc. Autoallergens are pieces of tissue from damaged organs (heart, liver), as well as tissues damaged during burns, radiation exposure, frostbite, etc.

The cause of allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, urticaria, drug allergies, rheumatism, lupus erythematosus, etc.) is a violation of the human immune system, which, as a result of evolution, was in balance with the natural environment. The urban environment is characterized by a sharp change in the dominant factors and the emergence of completely new substances - pollutants, the pressure of which the human immune system has not experienced before. Therefore, an allergy can occur without much resistance from the body, and it is difficult to expect that it will become resistant to it at all.

Oncological morbidity and mortality is one of the most indicative medical trends of trouble in a given city or, for example, in a countryside contaminated with radiation. These diseases are caused by tumors. Tumors (Greek "oncos") - neoplasms, excessive pathological growths of tissues. They can be benign - thickening or pushing apart the surrounding tissues, and malignant - germinating into the surrounding tissues and destroying them. Destroying blood vessels, they enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, forming the so-called metastases. Benign tumors do not form metastases.

The development of malignant tumors, i.e. cancer, can occur as a result of prolonged contact with certain products: lung cancer in uranium miners, skin cancer in chimney sweeps, etc. This disease is caused by certain substances called carcinogens.

Carcinogenic substances (Greek: “cancer-producing”), or simply carcinogens, are chemical compounds that can cause malignant and benign neoplasms in the body when exposed to it. Several hundred are known. By the nature of the action, they are divided into three groups: 1) local action; 2) organotropic, that is, affecting certain organs; 3) multiple action, causing tumors in different organs. Carcinogens include many cyclic hydrocarbons, nitrogen dyes, and alkalizing compounds. They are found in industrially polluted air, tobacco smoke, coal tar and soot. Many carcinogenic substances have a mutagenic effect on the body.

In addition to carcinogenic substances, tumors are also caused by tumor viruses, as well as the action of certain radiations - ultraviolet, X-ray, radioactive, etc.

In addition to humans and animals, tumors also affect plants. They can be caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, exposure to low temperatures. They are formed on all parts and organs of plants. Cancer of the root system leads to their premature death.

In economically developed countries, mortality from cancer is in second place. But not all cancers are necessarily found in the same area. Certain forms of cancer are known to be associated with certain conditions, for example, skin cancer is more common in hot countries, where there is an excess of ultraviolet radiation. But the incidence of cancer of a certain localization in a person can vary depending on changes in the conditions of his life. If a person has moved to an area where this form is rare, the risk of contracting this particular form of cancer is reduced and, accordingly, vice versa.

Thus, the dependence between cancer and the ecological situation, that is, the quality of the environment, including the urban one, is clearly distinguished.

An ecological approach to this phenomenon suggests that the root cause of cancer in most cases is the processes and adaptations of metabolism to the effects of new factors other than natural, and in particular carcinogens. In general, cancer should be considered as the result of an imbalance in the body, and therefore it can be caused in principle by any environmental factor or a combination of them that can bring the body into an unbalanced state. For example, due to the excess of the upper threshold concentration of air pollutants, drinking water, toxic chemical elements in the diet, etc., i.e., when the normal regulation of body functions becomes impossible (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Dependence of regulatory processes in the body on the content of chemical elements in the diet (according to V.V. Kovalsky, 1976)

The increase in the proportion of overweight people is also a phenomenon caused by the peculiarities of the urban environment. Overeating, physical inactivity and so on, of course, take place here. But an excess of nutrition is necessary to create energy reserves in order to withstand a sharp imbalance in environmental influences. Nevertheless, at the same time, an increase in the proportion of representatives of the asthenic type in the population is observed: the “golden mean” is being eroded and two opposite adaptation strategies are outlined; the desire for fullness and weight loss (the trend is much weaker). But both of them entail a number of pathogenic consequences.

The birth of a large number of premature babies, and therefore physically immature ones, is an indicator of the extremely unfavorable state of the human environment. It is associated with disturbances in the genetic apparatus and simply with an increase in adaptability to environmental changes. Physiological immaturity is the result of a sharp imbalance with the environment, which is transforming too rapidly and can have far-reaching consequences, including acceleration and other changes in human growth.

The current state of man as a biological species is also characterized by a number of medical and biological trends associated with changes in the urban environment: an increase in myopia and dental caries in schoolchildren, an increase in the proportion of chronic diseases, the emergence of previously unknown diseases - derivatives of scientific and technological progress: radiation, aviation, automotive, medicinal, many occupational diseases, etc. Most of these diseases are the result of anthropogenic environmental factors.

Infectious diseases have not been eradicated in the cities either. The number of people affected by malaria, hepatitis and many other diseases is enormous. Many doctors believe that we should not talk about "victory", but only about temporary success in the fight against these diseases. This is explained by the fact that the history of combating them is too short, and the unpredictability of changes in the urban environment can negate these successes. For this reason, the “return” of infectious agents is recorded among viruses, and many viruses “break away” from their natural basis and move to a new stage that can live in the human environment - they become the causative agents of influenza, a viral form of cancer and other diseases (possibly, such a form is the HIV virus). According to their mechanism of action, these forms can be equated with natural focal forms, which also occur in the urban environment (tularemia, etc.).

In recent years, in Southeast Asia, people are dying from completely new epidemics - "SARS" in China, "bird flu" in Thailand. According to the Research Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology. Pasteur (2004) "to blame" for this is not only mutagenic viruses, but also the poor knowledge of microorganisms - in total, 1-3% of the total number have been studied. Researchers simply did not know before the microbes that caused the "new" infections. So, over the past 30 years, 6-8 infections have been eliminated, but over the same period, more than 30 new infectious diseases have appeared, including HIV infection, hepatitis E and C, which already account for millions of victims.

Abiological tendencies, which are understood as such features of a person's lifestyle as physical inactivity, smoking, drug addiction, and others, are also the cause of many diseases - obesity, cancer, cardiac diseases, etc. environment, when, together with harmful ones, they are destroyed and useful forms human living environment. This is due to the fact that in medicine there is still a misunderstanding of the important role in the pathology of supraorganismal forms of the living, that is, the human population. Therefore, a big step forward is the concept of health developed by ecology as a state of a biosystem and its closest connection with the environment, while pathological phenomena are considered as adaptive processes caused by it.

As applied to a person, one cannot separate the biological from the perceived in the course of social adaptation. For the individual, the ethnic environment, the form of labor activity, and social and economic certainty are important - it's only a matter of the degree and time of influence.

In Russia, over the past 10 years, the demographic situation has become critical: the death rate began to exceed the national birth rate by 1.7 times, and in 2000 its excess reached two times. Now the population of Russia is decreasing annually by 0.7-0.8 million people. According to the forecast of the State Statistics Committee of Russia, by 2050 it will decrease by 51 million people, or by 35.6% compared to 2000, and will amount to 94 million people.

In 1995, Russia had one of the lowest birth rates in the world - 9.2 babies per 1,000 people, while in 1987 it was 17.2 (in the US it was 16). For simple reproduction of the population, the birth rate per family is 2.14-2.15, and in our country today it is 1.4; that is, in Russia there is a process of reduction in the size of the human population (the phenomenon of depopulation).

All this happened as a result of a sharp change in almost the opposite of most social factors in almost 90% of the population, which led 70% of the Russian population into a state of prolonged psycho-emotional and social stress, which depletes the adaptive and compensatory mechanisms that support health. This is also one of the reasons for the noticeable reduction in average life expectancy (by 8-10 years) for both men - up to 57-58 years, and women - up to 70-71 years, the population of Russia (the last place in Europe).

V.F. Protasov believes that if events continue to develop in the same way, then “a “terrible explosion” is possible on the territory of Russia in the foreseeable future, with a catastrophically decreasing population of Russia.

3. COMBINED ACTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Environmental factors usually act not individually, but as a whole complex. The effect of one factor depends on the level of others. The combination with various factors has a noticeable effect on the manifestation of the optimum in the properties of the organism and on the limits of their existence. The action of one factor is not replaced by the action of another. However, under the complex influence of the environment, there is often a “substitution effect”, which manifests itself in the similarity of the results of the influence of different factors. Thus, light cannot be replaced by an excess of heat or an abundance of carbon dioxide, but, by acting on changes in temperature, photosynthesis in plants or activity in animals can be suspended and thereby create the effect of diapause; as with a short day, and by lengthening the active period, create the effect of a long day. And at the same time, this is not a replacement of one factor by another, but a manifestation of quantitative indicators of environmental factors. This phenomenon is widely used in the practice of plant growing and animal husbandry.

In the complex action of the environment, factors in their effect are unequal for organisms. They can be divided into leading (main) and background (accompanying, secondary). The leading factors are different for different organisms, even if they live in the same place. The role of the leading factor at different stages of the life of the organism can be either one or the other elements of the environment. For example, in the life of many cultivated plants, such as cereals, temperature is the leading factor during germination, soil moisture during heading and flowering, and the amount of nutrients and air humidity during ripening. The role of the leading factor may change at different times of the year. So. In the awakening of activity in birds (tits, sparrows) at the end of winter, the leading factor is light and, in particular, the length of daylight hours, while in summer its effect becomes equivalent to the temperature factor.

The leading factor may not be the same in the same species living in different physical and geographical conditions. For example, the activity of mosquitoes, midges, midges in warm areas is determined by the light regime complex, while in the north - by temperature changes.

The concept of leading factors should not be confused with the concept of limiting factors.

A factor whose level in qualitative or quantitative terms (lack or excess) turns out to be close to the endurance limits of a given organism is called limiting or limiting. The limiting effect of the factor will also manifest itself in the case when other environmental factors are favorable or even optimal. Both leading and background environmental factors can act as a limiting factor.

The concept of limiting factors was introduced in 1840 by the chemist J. Liebig. Studying the influence of the content of various chemical elements in the soil on plant growth, he formulated the principle: “The minimum substance controls the crop and determines the magnitude and stability of the latter in time.” This principle is known as Liebig's rule or law of the minimum. . As a visual illustration of Liebig's law of the minimum, a barrel is often depicted, in which the boards forming the side surface have different heights.

The length of the shortest board determines the level to which the barrel can be filled with water. Therefore, the length of this board is the limiting factor for the amount of water that can be poured into a barrel. The length of the other boards no longer matters.

The limiting factor can be not only a lack, as Liebig pointed out, but also an excess of such factors as, for example, heat, light and water. As noted earlier, organisms are characterized by an ecological minimum and an ecological maximum. The ranges between these two values are usually called the limits of stability, endurance or tolerance. The concept of the limiting influence of the maximum along with the minimum was introduced by W. Shelford (1913), who formulated the "law of tolerance". After 1910, numerous studies were carried out on the "ecology of tolerance", thanks to which the limits of existence for many plants and animals became known. One such example is the effect of an air pollutant on the human body (Fig. 2).

Fig.2. Effects of air pollutants on the human body

C years, C, years - lethal concentrations of a toxic substance; With lim, With 1 lim. - limiting concentrations of a toxic substance; C opt - optimal concentration

The value of the factor is indicated by the symbol C (the first letter of the Latin word "concentration"). In other cases, when a substance enters the body, one can speak not about the concentration, but about the dose of the substance (factor).

At concentration values C years and C "years, a person will die, but irreversible changes in his body will occur at much lower values: C lim and C" lim Therefore, the true range of tolerance is determined precisely by the latter values. Hence, they must be experimentally, in experiments on animals, determined for each pollutant or any harmful chemical compound, and not to exceed its content in a particular environment. In sanitary environmental protection, it is not the lower limits of resistance to harmful substances that are important, but the upper limits, since environmental pollution is the excess of the body's resistance. The task or condition is set: the actual concentration of the pollutant C fact should not exceed C lim or

C fact C lim

By observation, analysis and experiment, discover "functionally important" factors;

Determine how these factors affect individuals, populations, communities. Then it is possible to quite accurately predict the result of violations of the environment or its planned changes.

4. HYGIENE AND HUMAN HEALTH

The preservation of health or the occurrence of disease is the result of complex interactions between the internal biosystems of the body and external factors environment. The knowledge of these complex interactions was the basis for the emergence of preventive medicine and its scientific discipline - hygiene.

Hygiene is the science of a healthy lifestyle. It began to develop intensively more than 100 years ago thanks to the works of L. Pasteur, R. Koch, I. I. Mechnikov and others. Hygienists were the first to see the connection between the environment and human health, and over the past decades this science has received a powerful development, laying the foundations of modern science of protection environment. However, hygiene as a branch of medical science has its own specific tasks.

Hygiene studies the influence of various environmental factors on human health, its performance and life expectancy. These include natural factors, living conditions and social and production relations. Its main tasks include developing the scientific foundations of sanitary supervision, substantiating sanitary measures for the improvement of settlements and recreation areas, protecting the health of children and adolescents, developing sanitary legislation, and sanitary examination of the quality of food products and household items. The most important task of this science is the development of hygienic standards for the air of populated areas and industrial enterprises, water, food and materials for clothing and footwear of a person in order to preserve his health and prevent diseases.

The main strategic direction in the scientific and practical activities of hygienists is the scientific substantiation of the ecological optimum, which the human environment must comply with. This optimum should provide a person with normal development, good health, high working capacity and longevity.

A lot depends on how true this “optimum” is in a particular district, city, and even region, and above all, the reliability and correctness of the decisions made. Of course, the tasks of environmental protection and rational nature management are much broader than the tasks of hygienic science, but they serve the same goal - to improve the human environment, and, consequently, his health and well-being.

Human health and well-being depend on the solution of many problems - overpopulation of the Earth as a whole and individual regions, deterioration of the living environment of cities and rural areas, and hence the deterioration of people's health, the emergence of "psychological fatigue", etc.

If hygiene, figuratively speaking, proceeds from the tasks of improving public health through improving the quality of the environment at all its levels, then the individual health of a person is comprehensively considered by the branch of medicine that has been intensively developing in recent years - valeology. "Valeology - the theory and practice of the formation, preservation and promotion of the health of the individual using medical and paramedical technologies". The subject of valeology is the individual health of a person, its mechanisms, its main object is a healthy person, and the main task is the development and implementation of methods and methods that would allow managing a person’s health in such a way that he does not become sick, i.e. the object of traditional medicine .

CONCLUSION

The beginning of the third millennium is characterized by a trend that the global human ecosystem is in danger due to a serious imbalance between the negative impact of the transformative - creative or destructive activity of society and the lack of an adequate, adapted or compensated reaction of the objects of such activity, be it nature or society itself. This process, as the main "man-made" cause of environmental and social catastrophes, requires analytical and prognostic research for its potential regulation and prevention of especially negative consequences.

The Global Environment Outlook 2000 has identified the following global and regional trends that are most likely to be expected in the next century:

- environmental disasters, both natural and artificial (provoked by human activities). They become more frequent, severe, accompanied by heavy economic losses;

- urbanization. Soon half of the population will live in cities, and where this process is not controlled or poorly organized, big environmental problems are created, primarily related to the sale of garbage and the spread of chronic diseases;

- chemization. Modern chemical pollution is seen as a bigger problem than old poisons like lead and others; and protective measures against them should be developed; overload with nitrate fertilizers, the consequences of which are not yet fully understood;

- the specter of a global water crisis, the growing problem of insufficient fresh water supply, especially for low-income populations;

- degradation of coastal zones. The exploitation of natural resources destroys coastal ecosystems and poses a greater threat than sewage;

- pollution by biological species. Deliberate introduction of foreign biological spices that overwhelm native species;

- climatic fluctuations. Over the past 20 years, there has been an increase in temperature on the surface of the earth, and it remains to be seen whether this is a harbinger of any new economic transformations;

– degradation of land (land), increasing sensitivity, vulnerability of land to water erosion;

– environmental impact of refugees, etc.

At present, a significant part of human diseases is associated with the deterioration of the ecological situation in the environment: pollution of the atmosphere, water and soil, poor-quality food, increased noise, etc. This suggests that adaptation (deterministic adaptation to objective negative influences that cannot be eliminated or changed immediately) is still far from optimal, allowing it to function at the level of maximum, genotypically and phenotypically inherent in the individual health potentials.

Based on the achievements of the past and the present, a balanced combination of the main functions of public health in various groups of the population, it is necessary to achieve in every possible way an increase in the level of socio-psychological health (optimum) of both each individual and the entire population of any city (respectively, of course, in rural areas). At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the concentrated, in essence, unique opportunities development of psychological health, which creates an urban environment. But along with this, it is important to investigate the negative factors determined by the influence of certain phenomena of mass culture that reduce the possibilities of creative work (cultural and physical health, self-closure of the individual), anomalies in social behavior, the influence of fashion, subcultural trends (in particular, among young people). Deep links with the shadow economy can also be found here.

Pollution of the human environment primarily affects their health, physical endurance, performance, as well as their fertility and mortality. The impact of the natural environment on a person is through the dependence of a person on natural means of subsistence, on the abundance or lack of food, that is, game, fish, and plant resources. Another way of influence is the way of the presence or absence of the necessary means of labor: it is clear that in different eras flint, tin, copper, iron, gold, coal, uranium ores were of unequal importance in the economy of man, society. Another way the environment influences a person and his culture is the creation by nature itself of motives that encourage him to act, incentives for activity - the requirement of changing environmental conditions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE IRKUTSK REGION

Regional state educational budgetary institution

secondary vocational education

"State Medical College of Bratsk"

IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON HUMAN HEALTH

Artist: Art. gr. F-137

Moshkovskaya E.D.

Supervisor

Morozova T.V.

Bratsk, 2014

INTRODUCTION

Relevance of the topic: The topic is relevant, since vehicles and industrial enterprises have a significant chemical, noise, light and thermal influence environmental pollution, which adversely affects human health. In addition, cities have their own special social conditions and the level of medical care, which also affect human health.

The purpose of the study: to determine the dependence of the state of human health on environmental factors.

Research objectives:.

Identify factors that affect human health

The influence of these factors on the body

1ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Environmental factors - properties of the environment that have any effect on the body. Indifferent elements of the environment, for example, inert gases, are not environmental factors.

Environmental factors are highly variable in time and space. For example, the temperature varies greatly on the surface of the land, but is almost constant at the bottom of the ocean or in the depths of caves.

Organisms are affected not by static unchanging factors, but by their modes - a sequence of changes over a certain time.

1.1Classifications of environmental factors

By the nature of the impact:

?Directly acting - directly affecting the body, mainly on metabolism;

?Indirectly acting - influencing indirectly, through a change in directly acting factors (relief, exposure, altitude, etc.).

Origin:

Abiotic - factors of inanimate nature:

?climatic: annual sum of temperatures, average annual temperature, humidity, air pressure;

?edaphic (edaphogenic): soil mechanical composition, soil air permeability, soil acidity, chemical composition soil;

?orographic: relief, height above sea level, steepness and exposure of the slope;

?chemical: gas composition of air, salt composition of water, concentration, acidity;

?physical: noise, magnetic fields, thermal conductivity and heat capacity, radioactivity, intensity of solar radiation.

Biotic - associated with the activities of living organisms:

?phytogenic - influence of plants;

?mycogenic - the influence of fungi;

?zoogenic - the influence of animals;

?microbiogenic - the influence of microorganisms.

Anthropogenic (anthropic):

?physical: the use of nuclear energy, travel in trains and planes, the impact of noise and vibration;

?chemical: the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, pollution of the Earth's shells by industrial and transport waste;

?biological: food; organisms for which a person can be a habitat or a source of food;

?social - connected with the relations of people and life in society.

By spending:

?Resources - elements of the environment that the body consumes, reducing their supply in the environment (water, CO2, O2, light);

?Conditions - elements of the environment that are not consumed by the body (temperature, air movement, soil acidity).

Direction:

?Vectorized - directionally changing factors: swamping, soil salinization;

?Multi-year-cyclic - with alternating multi-year periods of strengthening and weakening of the factor, for example, climate change due to the 11-year solar cycle;

?Oscillatory (impulse, fluctuation) - fluctuations in both directions from a certain average value (daily fluctuations in air temperature, change in the average monthly precipitation during the year).

1.2The effect of environmental factors on the body

Environmental factors affect the body not individually, but in combination, respectively, any reaction of the body is multifactorial conditioned. At the same time, the integral influence of factors is not equal to the sum of the influences of individual factors, since various kinds of interactions occur between them, which can be divided into four main types:

?Monodominance - one of the factors suppresses the action of the others and its value is of decisive importance for the organism. Thus, the complete absence, or the presence in the soil of mineral nutrition elements in a sharp deficiency or excess, prevents the normal assimilation of other elements by plants.

?Synergy is the mutual reinforcement of several factors due to positive feedback. For example, soil moisture, nitrate content and illumination, with an improvement in the provision of any of them, increase the effect of the impact of the other two.

?Antagonism is the mutual suppression of several factors due to a negative feedback: an increase in the locust population contributes to a decrease in food resources and its population is declining.

?Provocativeness is a combination of positive and negative effects for the body, while the influence of the latter is enhanced by the influence of the former. So, the earlier the thaw occurs, the more the plants suffer from subsequent frosts.

The influence of factors also depends on the nature and current state of the organism, so they have an unequal effect both on different species and on one organism at different stages of ontogenesis: low humidity is detrimental to hydrophytes, but harmless to xerophytes; low temperatures are tolerated without harm by adult conifers of the temperate zone, but are dangerous for young plants.

1.3The body's response to changing environmental factors

Organisms, especially those leading an attached, like plants, or a sedentary lifestyle, are characterized by plasticity - the ability to exist in more or less wide ranges of environmental factors. However, with different values of the factor, the organism behaves differently.

Accordingly, its value is distinguished, in which the body will be in the most comfortable state - to grow rapidly, multiply, and show competitive abilities. As the value of the factor increases or decreases relative to the most favorable, the body begins to experience depression, which manifests itself in the weakening of its vital functions and, at extreme values of the factor, can lead to death.

Graphically, a similar reaction of the organism to a change in the values of the factor is depicted as a vital activity curve (ecological curve), in the analysis of which some points and zones can be distinguished:

Cardinal points:

?points of minimum and maximum - the extreme values of the factor at which the vital activity of the organism is possible;

?optimum point - the most favorable value of the factor.

?optimum zone - limits the range of the most favorable factor values;

?pessimum zones (upper and lower) - ranges of factor values in which the organism experiences strong depression;

?zone of vital activity - the range of values of a factor in which it actively manifests its vital functions;

?rest zones (upper and lower) - extremely unfavorable values of the factor at which the organism remains alive, but goes into a state of rest;

?zone of life - the range of values of the factor in which the organism remains alive.

Beyond the boundaries of the life zone are the lethal values of the factor at which the organism is not able to exist.

Changes that occur with an organism within the range of plasticity are always phenotypic, while the genotype encodes only a measure of possible changes - the reaction rate, which determines the degree of plasticity of the organism.

On the basis of an individual vital activity curve, it is possible to predict the specific one. However, since a species is a complex supraorganismal system consisting of many populations distributed over various habitats with unequal environmental conditions, when assessing its ecology, generalized data are used not for individual individuals, but for entire populations. On the gradient of the factor, generalized classes of its values are plotted, representing certain types of habitats, and the abundance or frequency of occurrence of a species is most often considered as ecological reactions. In this case, one should speak no longer about the curve of vital activity, but about the curve of the distribution of abundances or frequencies.

landscape vibration organism pollution

2FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH AND LIFE LIFE

The approximate contribution of various factors affecting the health of the population is assessed in four positions: lifestyle, genetics (biology) of a person, the environment and health care. The data show that lifestyle has the greatest impact on health. Almost half of all cases of diseases depend on it. The second place in terms of impact on health is occupied by the state of the human environment (at least one third of diseases are determined by adverse environmental influences). Heredity causes about 20% of diseases.

A healthy organism constantly ensures the optimal functioning of all its systems in response to any changes in the environment, such as changes in temperature, atmospheric pressure, changes in the oxygen content in the air, humidity, etc. Preservation of optimal human life when interacting with the environment is determined by the fact that for his body there is a certain physiological limit of endurance in relation to any environmental factor and beyond the limit this factor will inevitably have a depressing effect on human health. For example, as tests have shown, in urban conditions, factors affecting health are divided into five main groups: living environment, production factors, social, biological and individual lifestyle.

When assessing the health of the population, such an important factor of regional characteristics is also taken into account, which consists of a number of elements: climate, topography, degree of anthropogenic pressure, development of socio-economic conditions, population density, industrial accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters, etc. It is a matter of great concern that at present the Russian Federation in terms of mortality and average life expectancy steadily occupies one of the last places among industrialized countries.

2.1Technogenic factors affecting health

The main man-caused factors that have a negative impact on health are chemical and physical pollution of the environment.

2.1.1Chemical pollution of the environment and human health

The body's reactions to pollution depend on individual characteristics: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, the elderly and sick people are more vulnerable.

With a systematic or periodic intake of relatively small amounts of toxic substances, chronic poisoning occurs.

In chronic poisoning, the same substances in different people can cause various damage to the kidneys, blood-forming organs, nervous system, and liver.

Similar signs are observed in radioactive contamination of the environment.

Thus, in areas exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, the incidence among the population, especially children, has increased many times over.

Doctors have established a direct link between the increase in the number of people suffering from allergies, bronchial asthma, cancer, and the deterioration of the environmental situation in the region. It has been reliably established that such production wastes as chromium, nickel, beryllium, asbestos, and many pesticides are carcinogens, that is, they cause cancer. Back in the last century, cancer in children was almost unknown, but now it is becoming more and more common. As a result of pollution, new, previously unknown diseases appear. Their reasons can be very difficult to establish.

2.2Physical pollution of the environment and factors affecting human health

The main physical environmental factors that have a negative impact on human health include noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, and electric current.

2.2.1The effect of sounds on a person

Man has always lived in a world of sounds and noise. Sound is called such mechanical vibrations of the external environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Vibrations of a higher frequency are called ultrasound, a smaller one is called infrasound. Noise - loud sounds that have merged into a discordant sound.

For all living organisms, including humans, sound is one of the environmental influences.

Prolonged noise adversely affects the organ of hearing, reducing the sensitivity to sound.

The noise level is measured in units expressing the degree of sound pressure - decibels. This pressure is not perceived indefinitely. The noise level of 20-30 decibels (dB) is practically harmless to humans, this is a natural background noise. As for loud sounds, here the permissible limit is approximately 80 decibels. A sound of 130 decibels already causes a painful sensation in a person, and 150 becomes unbearable for him. Not without reason in the Middle Ages there was an execution under the bell . The hum of the bell ringing tormented and slowly killed the convict.

The level of industrial noise is also very high. In many jobs and noisy industries, it reaches 90-110 decibels or more. Not much quieter in our house, where new sources of noise appear - the so-called household appliances.

For a long time, the effect of noise on the human body was not specially studied, although already in ancient times they knew about its dangers and, for example, in ancient cities, rules were introduced to limit noise.

Currently, scientists in many countries of the world are conducting various studies to determine the impact of noise on human health. Their studies have shown that noise causes significant harm to human health, but absolute silence frightens and depresses him. So, employees of one design bureau, which had excellent sound insulation, already a week later began to complain about the impossibility of working in conditions of oppressive silence. They were nervous, lost their working capacity. Conversely, scientists have found that sounds of a certain intensity stimulate the process of thinking, especially the process of counting.

Each person perceives noise differently. Much depends on age, temperament, state of health, environmental conditions.

Some people lose their hearing even after brief exposure to noise of comparatively reduced intensity.

Constant exposure to loud noise can not only adversely affect hearing, but also cause other harmful effects - ringing in the ears, dizziness, headache, increased fatigue.

Very noisy modern music also dulls the hearing, causes nervous diseases.

Noise has an accumulative effect, that is, acoustic irritation, accumulating in the body, increasingly depresses the nervous system.

Therefore, before hearing loss from exposure to noise, a functional disorder of the central nervous system occurs. Noise has a particularly harmful effect on the neuropsychic activity of the body.

The process of neuropsychiatric diseases is higher among persons working in noisy conditions than among persons working in normal sound conditions.

Noises cause functional disorders of the cardiovascular system; have a harmful effect on the visual and vestibular analyzers, reduces reflex activity, which often causes accidents and injuries.

Noise is insidious, its harmful effect on the body is invisibly, imperceptibly. Violations in the human body against noise is practically defenseless.

Currently, doctors talk about noise disease, which develops as a result of exposure to noise with a primary lesion of hearing and the nervous system.

2.2 Influence of vibration

2.2.3 Influence of electromagnetic radiation

Sources of electromagnetic radiation are radar, radio and television stations, various industrial installations, devices, including household ones.

Systematic exposure to the electromagnetic field of radio waves with levels exceeding the permissible levels can cause changes in the central nervous system, cardiovascular, endocrine and other systems of the human body. So, in the apartments of the village. Konosh, Arkhangelsk region, located 600 m from the air defense complex, the energy flux density exceeded the maximum permissible level (MPL) by 17.5 times, which contributed to the occurrence of functional disorders of the central nervous system and blood system in local residents, a change in the functional state thyroid gland and immune status.

2.2.4 Influence of the electric field

The electric field to a large extent has a harmful effect on humans. There are three levels of impact:

?direct impact, manifested when staying in an electric field; the effect of this exposure increases with increasing field strength and time spent in it;

?impact of pulsed discharges (pulse current) arising from a person touching structures isolated from the ground, bodies of machines and mechanisms on a pneumatic course and extended conductors, or when a person, isolated from the ground, touches plants, grounded structures and other grounded objects;

?the impact of the current passing through a person who is in contact with objects isolated from the ground - large-sized objects, machines and mechanisms, extended conductors - drain current.

3.ECOLOGICAL SITUATION AND HUMAN HEALTH

3.1Biological pollution and human diseases

Pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate the groundwater and cause human infectious diseases. Therefore, water from artesian wells, wells, springs must be boiled before drinking.

Open water sources are especially polluted: rivers, lakes, ponds. Numerous cases are known when contaminated water sources caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

With an airborne infection, infection occurs through the respiratory tract when air containing pathogens is inhaled.

A special group is made up of infectious diseases transmitted by close contact with the patient or by using his things, for example, a towel, handkerchief, personal hygiene items and others that were used by the patient. These include venereal diseases (AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea), trachoma, anthrax, scab. A person, invading nature, often violates the natural conditions for the existence of pathogenic organisms and becomes himself a victim of natural eye diseases.

People and domestic animals can become infected with natural focal diseases, getting into the territory of a natural focus. Such diseases include plague, tularemia, typhus, tick-borne encephalitis, malaria, and sleeping sickness.

Other routes of infection are also possible. So, in some hot countries, as well as in a number of regions of our country, an infectious disease leptospirosis, or water fever, occurs. In our country, the causative agent of this disease lives in the organisms of common voles, widely distributed in meadows near rivers. The disease of leptospirosis is seasonal, more common during heavy rains and during the hot months (July - August). A person can become infected when water contaminated with rodent secretions enters his body.

Diseases such as plague, ornithosis are transmitted by airborne droplets. Being in areas of natural ocular diseases, it is necessary to observe special precautions.

3.2Weather and human well-being

A few decades ago, it never occurred to anyone to connect their performance, their emotional state and well-being with the activity of the Sun, with the phases of the Moon, with magnetic storms and other cosmic phenomena.

In any natural phenomenon that surrounds us, there is a strict repetition of processes: day and night, high and low tide, winter and summer. Rhythm is observed not only in the motion of the Earth, Sun, Moon and stars, but is also an integral and universal property of living matter, a property penetrating into all life phenomena - from the molecular level to the level of the whole organism.

In the course of historical development, a person has adapted to a certain rhythm of life, due to rhythmic changes in the natural environment and the energy dynamics of metabolic processes.

In the body of every person, like the tides of the sea, a great rhythm eternally reigns, arising from the connection of life phenomena with the rhythm of the Universe and symbolizing the unity of the world.

This knowledge caused the development of new directions in medicine - chronodiagnostics, chronotherapy, chronopharmacology. They are based on the position that the same remedy at different hours of the day has a different, sometimes directly opposite, effect on the body. Therefore, in order to obtain a greater effect, it is important to indicate not only the dose, but also the exact time of taking the medication.

It turned out that the study of changes in circadian rhythms makes it possible to detect the occurrence of certain diseases at the earliest stages.

The climate also has a serious impact on the well-being of a person, affecting him through weather factors. Weather conditions include a complex of physical conditions: atmospheric pressure, humidity, air movement, oxygen concentration, the degree of disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field, the level of atmospheric pollution.

So far, it has not yet been possible to fully establish the mechanisms of the reactions of the human body to changing weather conditions. And she often makes herself felt by violations of cardiac activity, nervous disorders. With a sharp change in the weather, physical and mental performance decreases, diseases become aggravated, the number of errors, accidents and even deaths increases.

Most of the physical factors of the environment, in interaction with which the human body has evolved, are of an electromagnetic nature.

Weather changes do not equally affect the well-being of different people. In a healthy person, when the weather changes, the physiological processes in the body are timely adjusted to the changed environmental conditions. As a result, the protective reaction is enhanced and healthy people practically do not feel the negative effects of the weather.

3.3Nutrition and human health

Each of us knows that food is necessary for the normal functioning of the body.

Throughout life, the human body continuously undergoes a metabolism and energy exchange. The source of building materials and energy necessary for the body are nutrients that come from the external environment, mainly with food. If food does not enter the body, a person feels hungry. But hunger, unfortunately, will not tell you what nutrients and in what quantity a person needs. We often eat what is tasty, what can be prepared quickly, and do not really think about the usefulness and good quality of the products used.

Doctors say that a full-fledged balanced diet is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children it is also a necessary condition for growth and development.

For normal growth, development and maintenance of life, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the right amount.

Irrational nutrition is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the digestive system, diseases associated with metabolic disorders.

Regular overeating, consumption of excessive amounts of carbohydrates and fats is the cause of the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.

They cause damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and other systems, sharply reduce the ability to work and resistance to diseases, reducing life expectancy by an average of 8-10 years.

Rational nutrition is the most important indispensable condition for the prevention of not only metabolic diseases, but also many others.

The nutritional factor plays an important role not only in the prevention, but also in the treatment of many diseases. Specially organized nutrition, the so-called medical nutrition, is a prerequisite for the treatment of many diseases, including metabolic and gastrointestinal diseases.

In products, many biologically active substances are found in equal, and sometimes in higher concentrations than in the drugs used. That is why, since ancient times, many products, primarily vegetables, fruits, seeds, herbs, have been used in the treatment of various diseases.

But now there is a new danger - chemical contamination of food. A new concept has also appeared - environmentally friendly products.

Obviously, each of us had to buy large, beautiful vegetables and fruits in stores, but, unfortunately, in most cases, after tasting them, we found out that they were watery and did not meet our taste requirements. This situation occurs if crops are grown with the use of large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Such agricultural products can have not only poor taste, but also be hazardous to health.

Nitrogen is an integral part of compounds vital for plants, as well as for animal organisms, such as proteins.

In plants, nitrogen comes from the soil, and then through food and fodder crops it enters the organisms of animals and humans. Nowadays, agricultural crops almost completely receive mineral nitrogen from chemical fertilizers, since some organic fertilizers not enough for nitrogen-depleted soils. However, unlike organic fertilizers, in chemical fertilizers there is no free release of nutrients in natural conditions.

So it doesn't work and harmonic nutrition of agricultural crops, satisfying the requirements of their growth. As a result, there is an excess nitrogen nutrition of plants and, as a result, the accumulation of nitrates in it.

An excess of nitrogen fertilizers leads to a decrease in the quality of plant products, a deterioration in their taste properties, a decrease in plant resistance to diseases and pests, which, in turn, forces the farmer to increase the use of pesticides. They also accumulate in plants. The increased content of nitrates leads to the formation of nitrites, which are harmful to human health. The use of such products can cause serious poisoning and even death in a person.

The negative effect of fertilizers and pesticides is especially pronounced when growing vegetables in closed ground. This is because in greenhouses, harmful substances cannot evaporate and be carried away by air currents without hindrance. After evaporation, they settle on plants.

Plants are able to accumulate in themselves almost all harmful substances. That is why agricultural products grown near industrial enterprises and major highways are especially dangerous.

3.4Landscape as a health factor

A person always strives to the forest, to the mountains, to the seashore, river or lake.

Here he feels a surge of strength, vivacity. No wonder they say that it is best to relax in the bosom of nature. Sanatoriums and rest houses are built in the most beautiful corners. This is not an accident. It turns out that the surrounding landscape can have a different effect on the psycho-emotional state. Contemplation of the beauties of nature stimulates vitality and calms the nervous system. Plant biocenoses, especially forests, have a strong healing effect.

The craving for natural landscapes is especially strong among the inhabitants of the city. Even in the Middle Ages, it was noticed that the life expectancy of city dwellers is less than that of rural dwellers. The lack of greenery, narrow streets, small courtyards-wells, where sunlight practically did not penetrate, created unfavorable conditions for human life. With the development of industrial production in the city and its environs, a huge amount of waste polluting the environment has appeared.

A variety of factors associated with the growth of cities, in one way or another, affect the formation of a person, his health. This makes scientists increasingly seriously study the impact of the environment on urban residents. It turns out that the conditions in which a person lives, what the height of the ceilings in his apartment and how sound-permeable its walls are, how a person gets to his place of work, whom he treats on a daily basis, how people around him treat each other, depends on the mood of a person, his ability to work , activity - his whole life.

In cities, a person comes up with thousands of tricks for the convenience of his life - hot water, telephone, various modes of transport, roads, services and entertainment. However, in large cities, the shortcomings of life are especially pronounced - housing and transport problems, an increase in the level of morbidity. To a certain extent, this is due to the simultaneous impact on the body of two, three or more harmful factors, each of which has an insignificant effect, but in the aggregate leads to serious troubles for people.

Given the ability of green spaces to favorably influence the state of the environment, they must be brought as close as possible to the place of life, work, study and recreation of people.

It is very important that the city be a biogeocenosis, if not absolutely favorable, but at least not harmful to people's health. Let there be a zone of life. To do this, it is necessary to solve a lot of urban problems. All enterprises that are unfavorable in sanitary terms must be withdrawn from the cities.

A special place around industrial enterprises and highways should be occupied by protective green areas, in which it is recommended to plant trees and shrubs that are resistant to pollution.

In the placement of green spaces, it is necessary to observe the principle of uniformity and continuity in order to ensure the supply of fresh country air to all residential areas of the city. The most important components of the urban greening system are plantations in residential areas, on the sites of children's institutions, schools, sports complexes, etc.

The urban landscape should not be a monotonous stone desert. In the architecture of the city, one should strive for a harmonious combination of social (buildings, roads, transport, communications) and biological aspects (green areas, parks, squares).

3.5Problems of human adaptation to the environment

In the history of our planet (from the day of its formation to the present), grandiose processes on a planetary scale have continuously occurred and are continuing to transform the face of the Earth. With the advent of a powerful factor - the human mind - a qualitatively new stage in the evolution of the organic world began. Due to the global nature of human interaction with the environment, it becomes the largest geological force.

Man's production activity has an impact not only on the direction of the evolution of the biosphere, but also determines its own biological evolution.

The life of each person can be seen as a constant adaptation, but our ability to do this has certain limits. Also, the ability to restore their physical and mental strength for a person is not infinite.

At present, a significant part of human diseases are associated with the deterioration of the ecological situation in our environment: pollution of the atmosphere, water and soil, poor-quality food, and increased noise.

When a healthy person is tired, a redistribution of possible reserve functions of the body can occur, and after rest, strength will appear again. Humans are able to endure the most severe natural conditions over a relatively long time. However, a person who is not accustomed to these conditions, entering them for the first time, turns out to be much less adapted to life in an unfamiliar environment than its permanent inhabitants.

Interestingly, in the northern regions of the country, people of the type stayer , which was, apparently, the result of long-term processes of the formation of a population adapted to local conditions.

The study of human adaptive capabilities and the development of appropriate recommendations is currently of great practical importance.

CONCLUSION

The topic seemed very interesting to me, because the problem of ecology worries me a lot, and I want to believe that our offspring will not be as susceptible to negative environmental factors as they are now. However, we still do not realize the importance and global nature of the problem that humanity faces regarding the protection of the environment. All over the world, people strive to minimize environmental pollution, and the Russian Federation has also adopted, for example, a criminal code, one of the chapters of which is devoted to establishing penalties for environmental crimes. But, of course, not all ways to overcome this problem have been solved, and we should take care of the environment on our own and maintain that natural balance in which a person is able to exist normally.

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

Figure 1 - Factors affecting human health and life expectancy

APPENDIX D

APPENDIX E

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