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Presentation on the topic: Thyroid

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GBOU SPO Medical School of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow Extracurricular Independent Work in the discipline: Fundamentals of General and Clinical Pathology Presentation on the topic: "The thyroid gland" Performed by a student of group 41tl9 Anastasia Bichikova Checked by the teacher: Saidakov M.V.

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etiology The thyroid gland weighs about 30 grams. It produces two hormones - thyroxine and triiodothyronine. In addition to hormones, the gland produces thyrocalcitonin, the biochemical role of which is to regulate calcium metabolism in the body. The thyroid gland is one of the endocrine glands of our body. produce various hormones - chemicals involved in the regulation of metabolism and the transfer of biological information in the body.

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PATHOLOGY Clinical manifestations of thyroid diseases are caused either by excessive or insufficient production of thyroid hormones, or excessive production of calcitonin and prostaglandins (for example, in medullary carcinoma - a calcitonin-producing tumor), as well as symptoms of compression of the tissues and organs of the neck of an enlarged thyroid gland without impaired hormone production (euthyroidism) .

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Five degrees of enlargement of the thyroid gland: O degree - the gland is not visible during examination and is not determined by palpation; I degree - when swallowing, the isthmus is visible, which is determined by palpation, or one of the lobes of the thyroid gland and the isthmus are palpated; II degree - both lobes are palpated, but during examination, the contours of the neck are not changed; III degree - the thyroid gland is enlarged due to both lobes and the isthmus, visible when viewed as a thickening on the anterior surface of the neck (thick neck); Grade IV - large goiter, not sharply asymmetric, with signs of compression of nearby tissues and organs of the neck; V degree - a goiter of extremely large sizes.

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the cause of thyroid diseases stress increased level of solar activity hereditary predisposition iodine deficiency premature or late puberty, menstrual disorders, anovulation, infertility, miscarriage, pathology of the fetus and newborn.

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Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism) is an increase in the level of thyroid hormones. Most often, thyrotoxicosis syndrome develops with diffuse toxic goiter (Graves-Basedow's disease), multinodular toxic goiter, subacute thyroiditis, with an overdose of thyroid hormone preparations, etc. Clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis syndrome include damage to various organs and systems. - Heart rhythm disturbances (tachycardia, extrasystole, - paroxysmal atrial fibrillation) - Arterial hypertension - Increased excitability, tearfulness - Sleep disorder - Tremor of the fingers of outstretched hands, tremor of the whole body - Unstable stool, abdominal pain - Weight loss - Subfebrile body temperature (temperature rise to 37-38 ° C) - Hot skin, sweating - Increased appetite - Muscle weakness - Menstrual irregularities - Impaired glucose tolerance - Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball) - Diffuse alopecia

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Diffuse toxic goiter (Graves-Basedow's disease) Graves' disease is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a persistent pathological increase in the production of thyroid hormones, usually in combination with diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland and extrathyroid disorders (endocrine ophthalmopathy). Endocrine ophthalmopathy - manifested by an expansion of the palpebral fissure, patients rarely blink, pretibial myxedema is manifested by hyperemia of the skin of the anterior surface of the lower leg, edema and tissue thickening form in this area. - In most cases, this symptom is accompanied by itching in the anterior surface of the lower leg. - Characteristic of acropathy is the thickening of the phalanges of the fingers due to swelling of the dense tissues of the phalanges and periosteal formations of bone tissue.

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Diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis 1. Hormonal blood test2. Determination of antibodies - confirmation of the autoimmune nature of the disease.3. Perform an ultrasound of the thyroid gland. 4. In some cases, the doctor may prescribe a study - thyroid scintigraphy. 5. In the presence of endocrine ophthalmopathy, exophthalmos, ultrasound of the orbit or magnetic resonance or computed tomography of the orbit area is performed.

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Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism Syndrome - Reduced Hormone Production The most common cause of hypothyroidism is chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. a consequence of operations on the thyroid gland, radiation, lack of iodine, taking certain medications. Clinical picture - Puffiness of the face - Edematous tongue, with imprints of teeth on the edges - Alopecia (hair loss on the head), thinning of the eyebrows, - eyelashes - Chilliness - Pastosity of the legs - Violations of fat metabolism (increased levels of triglycerides, LDL) - Disturbance of the menstrual cycle - Constipation

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There are primary, secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism. In the primary form, the process leading to the development of hypothyroidism is localized directly in the thyroid gland (a congenital defect in the development of the thyroid gland, a decrease in the volume of its functioning tissue after surgery / inflammation, destruction by radioactive iodine or a tumor, etc.). If a decrease in thyroid function occurs due to a lack or absence of the stimulating effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or releasing hormone (TSH-RG), then we are talking about secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism of pituitary or hypothalamic origin, respectively (currently these forms are often combined into one - secondary hypothyroidism).

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Syndromes characteristic of hypothyroidism Metabolic-hypothermic syndrome: obesity, lowering of temperature, chilliness, cold intolerance, hypercarotenemia, causing yellowness of the skin. Myxedematous edema: periorbital edema, puffy face, large lips and tongue with imprints of teeth along the lateral edges, swollen extremities, difficulty nasal breathing (associated with swelling of the nasal mucosa), hearing impairment (swelling of the auditory tube and organs of the middle ear), hoarse voice (swelling and thickening of the vocal cords), polyserositis. Nervous system damage syndrome: drowsiness, lethargy, memory loss, bradyphrenia, pain in muscles, paresthesia, decreased tendon reflexes, polyneuropathy. Cardiovascular system damage syndrome: myxedematous heart (low voltage bradycardia, negative T wave on ECG, circulatory failure), hypotension, polyserositis, atypical variants are possible (with hypertension, without bradycardia, with persistent tachycardia with insufficiency ty blood circulation and with paroxysmal tachycardia of the type of sympathetic-adrenal crises in the onset of hypothyroidism). Digestive system damage syndrome: hepatomegaly, bile duct dyskinesia, colon dyskinesia, tendency to constipation, loss of appetite, atrophy of the gastric mucosa, nausea, sometimes vomiting. Anemic syndrome: anemia - normochromic normocytic, hypochromic iron deficiency, macrocytic, B12-deficient. Hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism syndrome: ovarian dysfunction (menorrhagia, oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, infertility), galactorrhea. Syndrome of ectodermal disorders: changes in hair, nails, skin. Hair is dull, brittle, falls out on the head, eyebrows, limbs, grows slowly. Dry skin. The nails are thin, with longitudinal or transverse striation, exfoliate. Hypothyroid (myxedematous) coma.

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Nodular goiter Nodules in the thyroid gland result from iodine deficiency. They are distinguished by their autonomy, since the hormones of the pituitary and hypothalamus do not act on them. Often, such autonomous nodes synthesize hormones with increased activity, then symptoms similar to Graves' disease develop. If the nodule is very small, conservative treatment is prescribed. In severe cases, surgery or radioactive iodine treatment is performed.

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Diagnostics Complete blood count Biochemical blood test Hormonal blood test (TSH, T4 free, T3 free, etc.) Immunological blood test (AT to TPO, AT to TG, AT to TSH receptors, etc.) ADUS of the thyroid gland Elastography of the thyroid gland - a new method of imaging soft tissues based on differences in elasticity characteristics, allows you to more clearly differentiate malignant tumors and other formations. hyperfunctioning nodes).

Clinical manifestations of thyroid diseases are due either to excessive or insufficient production of thyroid hormones, or excessive production of calcitonin and prostaglandins (for example, in medullary carcinoma of a calcitonin-producing tumor), as well as symptoms of compression of the tissues and organs of the neck of an enlarged thyroid gland without impaired hormone production (euthyroidism). PATHOLOGY

About the degree of iron is not visible during examination and is not determined by palpation; I degree when swallowing, the isthmus is visible, which is determined by palpation, or one of the lobes of the thyroid gland and the isthmus are palpated; II degree, both lobes are palpated, but on examination, the contours of the neck are not changed; III degree the thyroid gland is enlarged due to both lobes and the isthmus, visible when viewed as a thickening on the anterior surface of the neck (thick neck); Grade IV goiter of large size, not sharply asymmetric, with signs of compression of nearby tissues and organs of the neck; V degree goiter is extremely large. Five degrees of enlargement of the thyroid gland:

The cause of thyroid diseases is stress, an increased level of solar activity, hereditary predisposition, iodine deficiency, premature or late puberty, menstrual disorders, anovulation, infertility, miscarriage, pathology of the fetus and newborn.

Clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis syndrome include damage to various organs and systems. - Heart rhythm disturbances (tachycardia, extrasystole, - paroxysmal atrial fibrillation) - Arterial hypertension - Increased excitability, tearfulness - Sleep disorder - Tremor of the fingers of outstretched hands, tremor of the whole body - Unstable stool, abdominal pain - Weight loss - Subfebrile body temperature (increase temperatures up to °C) - Hot skin, sweating - Increased appetite - Muscle weakness - Violation of the menstrual cycle - Impaired glucose tolerance - Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball) - Diffuse alopecia Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism)

Diffuse toxic goiter (Graves-Basedow's disease) Graves' disease is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a persistent pathological increase in the production of thyroid hormones, usually in combination with diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland and extrathyroid disorders (endocrine ophthalmopathy).

Clinical picture -Puffiness of the face -Edematous tongue, with imprints of teeth along the edges -Alopecia (hair loss on the head), thinning of the eyebrows, -eyelashes -Childness -Puffiness of the shins -Disturbances in fat metabolism (increased levels of triglycerides, LDL) -Irregular menstruation -Constipation Hypothyroidism Syndrome - Reduced Hormone Production The most common cause of hypothyroidism is chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. a consequence of operations on the thyroid gland, radiation, lack of iodine, taking certain medications. Hypothyroidism

Thyroid nodules result from iodine deficiency. They are distinguished by their autonomy, since the hormones of the pituitary and hypothalamus do not act on them. Often, such autonomous nodes synthesize hormones with increased activity, then symptoms similar to Graves' disease develop. If the nodule is very small, conservative treatment is prescribed. In severe cases, surgery or radioactive iodine treatment is performed. nodular goiter

Chemistry and biology teacher

secondary school number 9 them. V. A. Savva

Merken district of Zhambyl region

Avdonkina Inga Viktorovna

"My mood"

With the help of one

adjective describe your mood at the moment

-I'm in a……..mood now!

Form a group with the same number

№ 2

№ 1

№ 3

Blitz Poll

1. What organs are called glands?

2. What groups are the glands divided into?

3. Give examples of external secretion glands

4. Features of the endocrine glands

5. Name the glands of mixed secretion

6. What are hormones?

7. Name the hormones you know

8. What are the functions of hormones?

9. Pituitary gland - what is this gland? Where is she?

10. Name the diseases caused by deficiency or excess of pituitary hormones

• a) secrete neurohormones
• b) secrete growth hormone
• c) controls the development of the thyroid gland
• d) regulates the color of the skin
• d) causes an increase in body weight

• 1. Anterior pituitary gland

• 2. Intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland

• 3. Posterior pituitary gland

Evaluate your desk mate: 5 correct answers - "Excellent, well done!" 4 correct answers - "OK, be careful!" 3 correct answers - "It is necessary to repeat the topic" 0-2 correct answers - "Don't be upset, learn it again"

Right answers:

1 – b, c, e; 2 - d; 3 - a

Work in pairs:

Fill in the table and define the objectives of the lesson for yourself

I know

I want to know

What are my goals for the lesson?

Lesson Objectives:

1. Study the structure and functions of the thyroid gland

2. Study the functions of thyroid hormones

3. Learn to recognize the symptoms of diseases associated with hypo- and hyperthyroidism

The thyroid gland produces

2 types of hormones:

Triiodothyronine

tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine

T3

T4

In cells and tissues of the body (affects metabolism)

Thyroid diseases

endemic goiter

Cancer

thyroid gland

Basedow's disease

Cretinism

Group work

1. Discuss in groups and make a table

The name of the gland

Location

Functions

Hormones

Diseases

2. Submit work to other groups for evaluation and rate the work of other groups using the “Two Stars, One Wish” technique

Code to complete the task:

thyroxin - a

A growth hormone - b

Adrenaline - in

Insulin - d

check yourself

• 1 option
• 1-in
• 2-d
• 3-a
• 4-a

• Option 2
• 1 - b
• 2 - d
• 3 - in
• 4 - a

• Good luck!

Have I reached my goal?

Rate yourself:

Homework

§ 10 , reports of thyroid disease

Date: 10/11/16

The thyroid gland and its hormonal functions. Diseases in violation of the function of the thyroid gland. Measures for the prevention of thyroid diseases in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea

The thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea) is an endocrine gland that synthesizes a number of hormones necessary to maintain homeostasis.

PATHOLOGY

Clinical manifestations of thyroid diseases are caused either by excessive or insufficient production of thyroid hormones, or excessive production of calcitonin and prostaglandins (for example, in medullary carcinoma - a calcitonin-producing tumor), as well as symptoms of compression of the tissues and organs of the neck of an enlarged thyroid gland without impaired hormone production (euthyroidism).

Five degrees of enlargement of the thyroid gland:

About degree- the gland is not visible during examination and is not determined by palpation;

I degree- when swallowing, the isthmus is visible, which is determined by palpation, or one of the lobes of the thyroid gland and the isthmus are palpated;

II degree- both lobes are palpable, but on examination, the contours of the neck are not changed;

III degree- the thyroid gland is enlarged due to both lobes and the isthmus, visible when viewed as a thickening on the anterior surface of the neck (thick neck);

IV degree- large goiter, not sharply asymmetric, with signs of compression of nearby tissues and organs of the neck;

V degree- extremely large goiter.

CAUSE OF THYROID DISEASES

• stress
• increased level of solar activity
• hereditary predisposition
• iodine deficiency

• premature or late puberty,
• menstrual irregularities,
• anovulation,
• infertility,
• not carrying a pregnancy,
• pathology of the fetus and newborn.

Thyroid function disorders in the form of hypo- and hyperthyroidism are observed with its various pathologies:

• Graves' disease;
• nodular toxic goiter;
• multinodular toxic goiter;
• subacute thyroiditis;
• asymptomatic thyroiditis;
• iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis.

Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism)

increased levels of thyroid hormones.

Most often, thyrotoxicosis syndrome develops with diffuse toxic goiter (disease

Graves-Basedow),

multinodular toxic goiter,

subacute thyroiditis,

with an overdose of thyroid hormone preparations, etc.

Clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis syndrome include damage to various organs and systems .

Heart rhythm disturbances (tachycardia, extrasystole, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation)

Arterial hypertension

Increased excitability, tearfulness

sleep disorder

Tremor of outstretched fingers, tremor of the whole body

Unsteady stool, abdominal pain

Weight loss

Subfebrile body temperature (temperature rise up to 37-38°С)

Hot skin, sweating

increased appetite

muscle weakness

Impaired glucose tolerance

Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball)

diffuse alopecia

Diffuse toxic goiter (Graves-Basedow disease)

Graves' disease is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a persistent pathological increase in the production of thyroid hormones, usually in combination with a diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland and extrathyroid disorders (endocrine ophthalmopathy).

Endocrine ophthalmopathy - manifested by the expansion of the palpebral fissure, patients rarely blink,

pretibial myxedema manifested by hyperemia of the skin of the anterior surface of the lower leg, in this area are formed edema and tissue compaction.

In most cases, this symptomatology is accompanied by itching in the anterior surface of the lower leg.

Characteristic for acropathies is a thickening of the phalanges of the fingers due to swelling of the dense tissues of the phalanges and periosteal bone formations.

On x-ray examination, periosteal formations of bone tissue (phalanges of the fingers, bones of the wrist) resemble bubbles of soap suds

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism Syndrome- decreased hormone production

The most common causes of hypothyroidism- chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. due to thyroid surgery

irradiation,

lack of iodine

taking certain medications.

Clinical picture

Puffiness of the face

Swollen tongue, with imprints of teeth along the edges

Alopecia (hair loss on the head), thinning of the eyebrows, eyelashes

chilliness

Pastosity of the legs

Fat metabolism disorders (increased levels of triglycerides, LDL)

Menstrual irregularity

There are primary, secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism.

If the decrease in thyroid function occurs due to a lack or absence of the stimulating effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or releasing hormone (TSH-RG), then we are talking about secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism pituitary or hypothalamic genesis, respectively (at present, these forms are often combined into one - secondary hypothyroidism).

In the primary form the process leading to the development of hypothyroidism is localized directly in the thyroid gland (a congenital defect in the development of the thyroid gland, a decrease in the volume of its functioning tissue after surgery / inflammation, destruction by radioactive iodine or a tumor, etc.).

nodular goiter

Nodules in the thyroid gland occur as a result of iodine deficiency. They are distinguished by their autonomy, since the hormones of the pituitary and hypothalamus do not act on them. Often, such autonomous nodes synthesize hormones with increased activity, then symptoms similar to Graves' disease develop. If the nodule is very small, conservative treatment is prescribed. In severe cases, surgery or radioactive iodine treatment is performed.

Diagnostics

• General blood analysis
• Blood chemistry
• Hormonal blood test (TSH, T4 free, T3 free, etc.)
• Immunological blood test (AT to TPO, AT to TG, AT to TSH receptors, etc.)
• ECG, Cardiovisor, Cardiocode, 24-hour ECG and blood pressure monitoring
• Thyroid ultrasound
• Elastography thyroid gland - a new method of soft tissue imaging based on differences

characteristics of elasticity, allows you to more clearly differentiate malignant tumors and

other educations.

• Thyroid scintigraphy can show - the whole organ has an increased function
• or there is a node with increased function in the gland (one or more hyperfunctioning nodes).

"Endocrine system" - The cortical substance includes: glomerular bundle and reticular zones. In the neurohypophysis, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) are deposited. Lymph-epithelial organ located in the chest cavity above the heart. Pituitary. Men's. Major groups of hormones. Adrenals. epiphysis Hypothalamus.

"Glands of internal secretion and hormones" - Glands of internal secretion and hormones. Neurohormones. glands. Intrasecretory functions of the adrenal glands. The value of the activity of the pituitary gland. humoral regulation. Significance of the activity of the thyroid gland. Intrasecretory functions of the pancreas. Reference summary on the topic of the lesson. regulation of bodily functions.

"Humoral regulation" - 5. What properties are endowed with hormones? "Hormone of action". Objectives: The role of hormones in metabolic processes. 1. What is humoral regulation? 3. Endocrine glands. 2. What is the human endocrine apparatus represented by? 6. Why is the concept of neurohumoral regulation quite often used? "A growth hormone".

"Hormones of the brain" - Hormones of the pineal gland. Pituitary. Neurohormones of the hypothalamus. Acquaintance with the central organs of the endocrine system. Hormones of the neurohypophysis. Hypothalamus. action of melatonin. The harmony of the activity of the epiphysis, pituitary gland and hypothalamus. epiphysis Functions of the epiphysis. Secretory activity of melatonin. Acromegaly. Solar disease.

"Glands of internal secretion" - Insulin Adrenaline Thyroxine Norepinephrine Vasopressin Estradiol Testosterone Endorphin. Test. Glands of external secretion. Pituitary. regulation of the functions of the pituitary gland. Hormones secreted by the glands of our body. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. The concept of the endocrine system. Endocrine glands. Creative task. Lesson plan.

"Human Endocrine System" - Glands. Tissue growth. Enzymes. Functions of hormones. Hormones. The hypothalamic-pituitary system. The relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems. Parathyroid gland. Sex glands. Pituitary. Structure and functions of the endocrine system. Glands of mixed secretion. Glands of external secretion. Extraction of a secret.