Environmental factors and their impact on health. Environmental factors and the health of the population

Encyclopedia of Plants 26.09.2019

Fundamentals of general ecology.

Ecology originally arose as a general science of the relationship of organisms with the environment. Modern ecology human is an interdisciplinary science that uses the knowledge of natural sciences, such as chemistry, biology, physics, and social sciences - sociology, economics, politics, etc. At the same time, all social, economic and natural conditions are considered in human ecology as equally important components of the environment, providing various aspects of his life. These sciences study, in fact, the same phenomena - the influence of environmental factors on a person in order to assess their role in shaping the health of the population.

Among the factors that shape the health of the population, environmental factors are the most significant.

An environmental problem is a threat to the very existence of mankind due to the depletion of natural resources and the pollution of the environment that is dangerous for human life. It is these contradictions in the relationship between society and nature that determine the essence of the environmental problem.

Tasks of environmental education:

· The ability to define the "space" resulting from the activities of people (society);

· Discovery and explanation of the rules and laws important for human adaptation in the "space";

Study of a person in "space";

· The study of man in the ecological system;

· Study of the mutual influence of man and the ecological system and the changes arising from this influence;

· Using the acquired knowledge to preserve the “habitat; society.

Environmental factors and public health

Environmental factors are essential properties of the environment that have a direct or indirect effect on living organisms, at least during one of their phases. individual development. In turn, the body reacts to environmental factors with specific adaptive reactions. By their nature, environmental factors are divided into three groups:

Abiotic factors - influences of inanimate nature

Biotic factors - wildlife influences

Anthropogenic factors- influences caused by reasonable and unreasonable human activity (anthropos - man)

Abiotic factors are divided into:

1.Climatic (light, temperature, moisture, air movement, pressure, solar radiation, precipitation, wind, etc.

2. Edafogenic (edafos - soil): mechanical composition, moisture capacity, air permeability, density.

3. Orographic: relief, height above sea level

4.Chemical: chemical composition of the atmosphere, sea and fresh water, soil

Biotic factors on:

1.phytogenic: plant organisms

2.zoogenic: animals

3. Microbiogenic: viruses, protozoa, bacteria

Anthropogenic factors is a set of environmental factors caused by accidental or intentional human activities. Anthropogenic factors include radiation pollution of water, soil or atmosphere by chemicals as a result of society's activities.

By the nature of the impacts, periodic and non-periodic environmental factors are considered, the action of which is associated with the adaptive capabilities of organisms and natural ecosystems to changes in external influences. Periodic environmental factors include natural phenomena caused by the rotation of the Earth: change of seasons, daily change in illumination, daily, seasonal and secular changes in temperature and precipitation, dynamics of plant food (for animals), etc. Non-periodic factors include environmental factors that do not have a pronounced cyclicity, for example, the chemical composition and mechanical characteristics of the soil, atmospheric air or water.

Human health as a biosocial species is not only a biological category, but is the most important indicator of social progress. According to the definition of the World Health Organization, human health- this is a state of complete physical, mental, sexual, social well-being and the ability to adapt to constantly changing conditions of the external and internal environment and the natural aging process, as well as the absence of diseases and physical defects.

The quality of the environment significantly affects the health of the population. Practically all chemical and physical radiations, to one degree or another, have a harmful effect on human health, and the level of their presence in the environment is important here (concentration of a substance, dose of radiation received, etc.). In case of adverse effects, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects are of paramount importance. The impact of pollution on the childbearing function and health of children is dangerous. For a large number chemicals are characterized by an effect on the metabolic, immune and other systems that perform the protective functions of the body; their change contributes to the development of non-communicable diseases, a large proportion of which are cardiovascular and oncological diseases.

Environmental factors, even at a low level of exposure, can cause significant health problems for people. Environmental pollution, despite relatively low concentrations of substances, due to the long duration of exposure (almost throughout a person's life) can lead to serious health problems, especially for such fragile groups as children, the elderly, patients with chronic diseases, pregnant women.

The colossal growth in industrial production and the many times greater volumes of pollutant emissions into the environment allow us to assume a significantly increased impact of environmental factors on human health.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE IRKUTSK REGION

Regional state educational budgetary institution

secondary vocational education

"State Medical College of Bratsk"

IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON HUMAN HEALTH

Artist: Art. gr. F-137

Moshkovskaya E.D.

Supervisor

Morozova T.V.

Bratsk, 2014

INTRODUCTION

All processes in the biosphere are interconnected. Mankind is only a small part of the biosphere, and man is only one of the types of organic life - Homo sapiens (reasonable man). Reason singled out man from the animal world and gave him great power. For centuries, man has sought not to adapt to the natural environment, but to make it convenient for his existence. Now we have realized that any human activity has an impact on the environment, and the deterioration of the biosphere is dangerous for all living beings, including humans. A comprehensive study of a person, his relationship with the outside world led to the understanding that health is not only the absence of disease, but also the physical, mental and social well-being of a person. Health is a capital given to us not only by nature from birth, but also by the conditions in which we live.

Relevance of the topic: The topic is relevant, since motor vehicles and industrial enterprises have a significant chemical, noise, light and thermal impact on environmental pollution, which negatively affects human health. In addition, cities have their own special social conditions and the level of medical care, which also affect human health.

The purpose of the study: to determine the dependence of the state of human health on environmental factors.

Research objectives:.

Identify factors that affect human health

The influence of these factors on the body

1ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Environmental factors - properties of the environment that have any effect on the body. Indifferent elements of the environment, for example, inert gases, are not environmental factors.

Environmental factors are highly variable in time and space. For example, the temperature varies greatly on the surface of the land, but is almost constant at the bottom of the ocean or in the depths of caves.

The same environmental factor has different meaning in the lives of living organisms. For example, the salt regime of the soil plays a primary role in the mineral nutrition of plants, but is indifferent to most land animals. The intensity of illumination and the spectral composition of light are extremely important in the life of phototrophic organisms (most plants and photosynthetic bacteria), while in the life of heterotrophic organisms (fungi, animals, a significant part of microorganisms), light does not have a noticeable effect on life.

Environmental factors can act as irritants that cause adaptive changes in physiological functions; as constraints that make it impossible for certain organisms to exist under given conditions; as modifiers that determine morpho-anatomical and physiological changes in organisms.

Organisms are affected not by static unchanging factors, but by their modes - a sequence of changes over a certain time.

1.1Classifications of environmental factors

By the nature of the impact:

?Directly acting - directly affecting the body, mainly on metabolism;

?Indirectly acting - influencing indirectly, through a change in directly acting factors (relief, exposure, altitude, etc.).

Origin:

Abiotic - factors of inanimate nature:

?climatic: annual sum of temperatures, average annual temperature, humidity, air pressure;

?edaphic (edaphogenic): soil mechanical composition, soil air permeability, soil acidity, soil chemical composition;

?orographic: relief, height above sea level, steepness and exposure of the slope;

?chemical: gas composition of air, salt composition of water, concentration, acidity;

?physical: noise, magnetic fields, thermal conductivity and heat capacity, radioactivity, intensity of solar radiation.

Biotic - associated with the activities of living organisms:

?phytogenic - influence of plants;

?mycogenic - the influence of fungi;

?zoogenic - the influence of animals;

?microbiogenic - the influence of microorganisms.

Anthropogenic (anthropic):

?physical: the use of nuclear energy, travel in trains and planes, the impact of noise and vibration;

?chemical: the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, pollution of the Earth's shells by industrial and transport waste;

?biological: food; organisms for which a person can be a habitat or a source of food;

?social - connected with the relations of people and life in society.

By spending:

?Resources - elements of the environment that the body consumes, reducing their supply in the environment (water, CO2, O2, light);

?Conditions - elements of the environment that are not consumed by the body (temperature, air movement, soil acidity).

Direction:

?Vectorized - directionally changing factors: swamping, soil salinization;

?Multi-year-cyclic - with alternating multi-year periods of strengthening and weakening of the factor, for example, climate change due to the 11-year solar cycle;

?Oscillatory (impulse, fluctuation) - fluctuations in both directions from a certain average value (daily fluctuations in air temperature, change in the average monthly precipitation during the year).

1.2The effect of environmental factors on the body

Environmental factors affect the body not individually, but in combination, respectively, any reaction of the body is multifactorial conditioned. At the same time, the integral influence of factors is not equal to the sum of the influences of individual factors, since various kinds of interactions occur between them, which can be divided into four main types:

?Monodominance - one of the factors suppresses the action of the others and its value is of decisive importance for the organism. Thus, the complete absence, or the presence in the soil of mineral nutrition elements in a sharp deficiency or excess, prevents the normal assimilation of other elements by plants.

?Synergy is the mutual reinforcement of several factors due to positive feedback. For example, soil moisture, nitrate content and illumination, with an improvement in the provision of any of them, increase the effect of the impact of the other two.

?Antagonism is the mutual suppression of several factors due to a negative feedback: an increase in the locust population contributes to a decrease in food resources and its population is declining.

?Provocativeness is a combination of positive and negative effects for the body, while the influence of the latter is enhanced by the influence of the former. So, the earlier the thaw occurs, the more the plants suffer from subsequent frosts.

The influence of factors also depends on the nature and current state of the organism, so they have an unequal effect both on different species and on one organism at a time. different stages ontogenesis: low humidity is detrimental to hydrophytes, but harmless to xerophytes; low temperatures are tolerated without harm by adult conifers of the temperate zone, but are dangerous for young plants.

Factors can partially replace each other: with a decrease in illumination, the intensity of photosynthesis will not change if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is increased, which usually happens in greenhouses.

The result of the influence of factors depends on the duration and frequency of their extreme values throughout the life of the organism and its descendants: short-term effects may not have any consequences, while long-term effects through the mechanism of natural selection lead to qualitative changes.

1.3The body's response to changing environmental factors

Organisms, especially those leading an attached, like plants, or a sedentary lifestyle, are characterized by plasticity - the ability to exist in more or less wide ranges of environmental factors. However, with different values of the factor, the organism behaves differently.

Accordingly, its value is distinguished, in which the body will be in the most comfortable state - to grow rapidly, multiply, and show competitive abilities. As the value of the factor increases or decreases relative to the most favorable, the body begins to experience depression, which is manifested in the weakening of its vital functions and extreme values factor can lead to death.

Graphically, a similar reaction of the organism to a change in the values of the factor is depicted as a vital activity curve (ecological curve), in the analysis of which some points and zones can be distinguished:

Cardinal points:

?points of minimum and maximum - the extreme values of the factor at which the vital activity of the organism is possible;

?optimum point - the most favorable value of the factor.

?optimum zone - limits the range of the most favorable factor values;

?pessimum zones (upper and lower) - ranges of factor values in which the organism experiences strong depression;

?zone of vital activity - the range of values of a factor in which it actively manifests its vital functions;

?rest zones (upper and lower) - extremely unfavorable values of the factor at which the organism remains alive, but goes into a state of rest;

?zone of life - the range of values of the factor in which the organism remains alive.

Beyond the boundaries of the life zone are the lethal values of the factor at which the organism is not able to exist.

Changes that occur with an organism within the range of plasticity are always phenotypic, while the genotype encodes only a measure of possible changes - the reaction rate, which determines the degree of plasticity of the organism.

On the basis of an individual vital activity curve, it is possible to predict the specific one. However, since a species is a complex supraorganismal system consisting of many populations distributed over various habitats with unequal environmental conditions, when assessing its ecology, generalized data are used not for individual individuals, but for entire populations. On the gradient of the factor, generalized classes of its values are plotted, representing certain types of habitats, and the abundance or frequency of occurrence of a species is most often considered as ecological reactions. In this case, one should speak no longer about the curve of vital activity, but about the curve of the distribution of abundances or frequencies.

landscape vibration organism pollution

2FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH AND LIFE LIFE

Indicative contribution various factors affecting the health of the population is assessed in four positions: lifestyle, genetics (biology) of a person, the external environment and health care. The data show that lifestyle has the greatest impact on health. Almost half of all cases of diseases depend on it. The second place in terms of impact on health is occupied by the state of the human environment (at least one third of diseases are determined by adverse environmental influences). Heredity causes about 20% of diseases.

A healthy organism constantly ensures the optimal functioning of all its systems in response to any changes in the environment, such as changes in temperature, atmospheric pressure, changes in the oxygen content in the air, humidity, etc. Preservation of optimal human life in interaction with the environment is determined by the fact that for his body there is a certain physiological limit of endurance in relation to any environmental factor and beyond the limit this factor will inevitably have a depressing effect on human health. For example, as tests have shown, in urban conditions, factors affecting health are divided into five main groups: living environment, production factors, social, biological and individual lifestyle.

When assessing the health of the population, such an important factor of regional characteristics is also taken into account, which consists of a number of elements: climate, topography, degree of anthropogenic pressure, development of socio-economic conditions, population density, industrial accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters, etc. It is a matter of great concern that at present the Russian Federation in terms of mortality and average life expectancy steadily occupies one of the last places among industrialized countries.

2.1Technogenic factors affecting health

The main man-made factors that have a negative impact on health are chemical and physical pollution of the environment.

2.1.1Chemical pollution of the environment and human health

Currently, human economic activity is increasingly becoming the main source of pollution of the biosphere. Gaseous, liquid and solid industrial wastes enter the natural environment in increasing quantities. Various chemicals in the waste, getting into the soil, air or water, pass through the ecological links from one chain to another, eventually getting into the human body.

It is almost impossible to find a place on the globe where pollutants would not be present in one or another concentration. Even in the ice of Antarctica, where there are no industrial facilities, and people live only at small scientific stations, scientists have discovered various toxic (poisonous) substances of modern industries. They are brought here by atmospheric flows from other continents.

Substances polluting the natural environment are very diverse. Depending on their nature, concentration, time of action on the human body, they can cause various adverse effects. Short-term exposure to small concentrations of such substances can cause dizziness, nausea, sore throat, cough. The ingestion of large concentrations of toxic substances into the human body can lead to loss of consciousness, acute poisoning and even death. An example of such an action can be smog formed in large cities in calm weather, or accidental releases of toxic substances into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises.

The body's reactions to pollution depend on individual characteristics: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, the elderly and sick people are more vulnerable.

With a systematic or periodic intake of relatively small amounts of toxic substances into the body, chronic poisoning occurs.

Signs of chronic poisoning are a violation of normal behavior, habits, as well as neuropsychic deviations: rapid fatigue or a feeling of constant fatigue, drowsiness or, conversely, insomnia, apathy, weakening of attention, absent-mindedness, forgetfulness, severe mood swings.

In chronic poisoning, the same substances in different people can cause various damage to the kidneys, blood-forming organs, nervous system, and liver.

Similar signs are observed in radioactive contamination of the environment.

Thus, in areas exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, the incidence among the population, especially children, has increased many times over.

Biologically highly active chemical compounds can cause a long-term effect on human health: chronic inflammatory diseases of various organs, changes in the nervous system, effects on the intrauterine development of the fetus, leading to various abnormalities in newborns.

Doctors have established a direct link between the increase in the number of people suffering from allergies, bronchial asthma, cancer, and the deterioration of the environmental situation in the region. It has been reliably established that such production wastes as chromium, nickel, beryllium, asbestos, and many pesticides are carcinogens, that is, they cause cancer. Back in the last century, cancer in children was almost unknown, but now it is becoming more and more common. As a result of pollution, new, previously unknown diseases appear. Their reasons can be very difficult to establish.

Smoking causes great harm to human health. A smoker not only inhales harmful substances himself, but also pollutes the atmosphere and endangers other people. It has been established that people who are in the same room with a smoker inhale even more harmful substances than he himself.

2.2Physical pollution of the environment and factors affecting human health

The main physical environmental factors that have a negative impact on human health include noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, and electric current.

2.2.1The effect of sounds on a person

Man has always lived in a world of sounds and noise. Sound is called such mechanical vibrations of the external environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Vibrations of a higher frequency are called ultrasound, a smaller one is called infrasound. Noise - loud sounds that have merged into a discordant sound.

For all living organisms, including humans, sound is one of the environmental influences.

In nature, loud sounds are rare, the noise is relatively weak and short. The combination of sound stimuli gives animals and humans time to assess their nature and form a response. Sounds and noises of high power affect the hearing aid, nerve centers, can cause pain and shock. This is how noise pollution works.

The quiet rustle of leaves, the murmur of a stream, bird voices, a light splash of water and the sound of the surf are always pleasant to a person. They calm him, relieve stress. But the natural sounds of the voices of Nature are becoming more and more rare, they disappear completely or are drowned out by industrial traffic and other noises.

Prolonged noise adversely affects the organ of hearing, reducing the sensitivity to sound.

It leads to a breakdown in the activity of the heart, liver, to exhaustion and overstrain of nerve cells. Weakened cells of the nervous system cannot coordinate their work clearly enough various systems organism. This results in disruption of their activities.

The noise level is measured in units expressing the degree of sound pressure - decibels. This pressure is not perceived indefinitely. The noise level of 20-30 decibels (dB) is practically harmless to humans, this is a natural background noise. As for loud sounds, here the permissible limit is approximately 80 decibels. A sound of 130 decibels already causes a painful sensation in a person, and 150 becomes unbearable for him. Not without reason in the Middle Ages there was an execution under the bell . The hum of the bell ringing tormented and slowly killed the convict.

The level of industrial noise is also very high. In many jobs and noisy industries, it reaches 90-110 decibels or more. Not much quieter in our house, where new sources of noise appear - the so-called household appliances.

For a long time, the effect of noise on the human body was not specially studied, although already in ancient times they knew about its harm and, for example, in ancient cities, rules were introduced to limit noise.

Currently, scientists in many countries of the world are conducting various studies to determine the impact of noise on human health. Their studies have shown that noise causes significant harm to human health, but absolute silence frightens and depresses him. So, employees of one design bureau, which had excellent sound insulation, already a week later began to complain about the impossibility of working in conditions of oppressive silence. They were nervous, lost their working capacity. Conversely, scientists have found that sounds of a certain intensity stimulate the process of thinking, especially the process of counting.

Each person perceives noise differently. Much depends on age, temperament, state of health, environmental conditions.

Some people lose their hearing even after brief exposure to noise of comparatively reduced intensity.

Constant exposure to loud noise can not only adversely affect hearing, but also cause other harmful effects - ringing in the ears, dizziness, headache, increased fatigue.

Very noisy modern music also dulls the hearing, causes nervous diseases.

Noise has an accumulative effect, that is, acoustic irritation, accumulating in the body, increasingly depresses the nervous system.

Therefore, before hearing loss from exposure to noise, a functional disorder of the central nervous system occurs. Noise has a particularly harmful effect on the neuropsychic activity of the body.

The process of neuropsychiatric diseases is higher among persons working in noisy conditions than among persons working in normal sound conditions.

Noises cause functional disorders of cardio-vascular system; render bad influence on the visual and vestibular analyzers, reduces reflex activity, which often causes accidents and injuries.

Studies have shown that inaudible sounds can also have a harmful effect on human health. So, infrasounds have a special effect on the mental sphere of a person: all types of intellectual activity are affected, mood worsens, sometimes there is a feeling of confusion, anxiety, fright, fear, and at high intensity, a feeling of weakness, as after a strong nervous shock.

Even weak sounds of infrasound can have a significant impact on a person, especially if they are of a long-term nature. According to scientists, it is infrasounds, inaudibly penetrating through the thickest walls, that cause many nervous diseases of the inhabitants. major cities.

Ultrasounds, which occupy a prominent place in the range of industrial noise, are also dangerous. The mechanisms of their action on living organisms are extremely diverse. The cells of the nervous system are especially susceptible to their negative effects.

Noise is insidious, its harmful effect on the body is invisibly, imperceptibly. Violations in the human body against noise is practically defenseless.

Currently, doctors are talking about noise disease, which develops as a result of exposure to noise with a primary lesion of hearing and the nervous system.

2.2 Influence of vibration

Vibration is a complex oscillatory process with a wide range of frequencies, resulting from the transfer of vibrational energy from some kind of mechanical source. In cities, vibration sources are primarily transport, as well as some industries. On the latter, prolonged exposure to vibration can cause the occurrence of an occupational disease - a vibrational disease, which is expressed in changes in the vessels of the extremities, the neuromuscular and osteoarticular apparatus.

2.2.3 Influence of electromagnetic radiation

Sources of electromagnetic radiation are radar, radio and television stations, various industrial installations, devices, including household ones.

Systematic exposure to the electromagnetic field of radio waves with levels exceeding the permissible levels can cause changes in the central nervous system, cardiovascular, endocrine and other systems of the human body. So, in the apartments of the village. Konosh, Arkhangelsk region, located 600 m from the air defense complex, the energy flux density exceeded the maximum permissible level (MPL) by 17.5 times, which contributed to the occurrence of functional disorders of the central nervous system and the blood system in local residents, a change in the functional state of the thyroid gland and immune status.

2.2.4 Influence of the electric field

The electric field to a large extent has a harmful effect on humans. There are three levels of impact:

?direct impact, manifested when staying in an electric field; the effect of this exposure increases with increasing field strength and time spent in it;

?impact of pulsed discharges (pulse current) arising from a person touching structures isolated from the ground, bodies of machines and mechanisms on a pneumatic course and extended conductors, or when a person, isolated from the ground, touches plants, grounded structures and other grounded objects;

?the impact of the current passing through a person who is in contact with objects isolated from the ground - large-sized objects, machines and mechanisms, extended conductors - drain current.

3.ECOLOGICAL SITUATION AND HUMAN HEALTH

3.1Biological pollution and human diseases

In addition to chemical pollutants, biological pollutants are also found in the natural environment, causing various diseases in humans. These are pathogens, viruses, helminths, protozoa. They can be in the atmosphere, water, soil, in the body of other living organisms, including in the person himself.

The most dangerous pathogens of infectious diseases. They have different stability in the environment. Some are able to live outside the human body for only a few hours; being in the air, in water, on various objects, they quickly die. Others may live in the environment from a few days to several years. For others, the environment is a natural habitat. For the fourth - other organisms, such as wild animals, are a place of conservation and reproduction.

Often the source of infection is the soil, which is constantly inhabited by pathogens of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, and some fungal diseases. They can enter the human body if the skin is damaged, with unwashed food, or if the rules of hygiene are violated.

Pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate the groundwater and cause human infectious diseases. Therefore, water from artesian wells, wells, springs must be boiled before drinking.

Open water sources are especially polluted: rivers, lakes, ponds. Numerous cases are known when contaminated water sources caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

Airborne infection is transmitted through Airways by inhalation of air containing pathogens.

Such diseases include influenza, whooping cough, mumps, diphtheria, measles and others. The causative agents of these diseases get into the air when coughing, sneezing, and even when sick people talk.

A special group is made up of infectious diseases transmitted by close contact with the patient or by using his things, for example, a towel, handkerchief, personal hygiene items and others that were used by the patient. These include venereal diseases (AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea), trachoma, anthrax, scab. A person, invading nature, often violates the natural conditions for the existence of pathogenic organisms and becomes himself a victim of natural eye diseases.

People and domestic animals can become infected with natural focal diseases, getting into the territory of a natural focus. Such diseases include plague, tularemia, typhus, tick-borne encephalitis, malaria, and sleeping sickness.

Other routes of infection are also possible. So, in some hot countries, as well as in a number of regions of our country, an infectious disease leptospirosis, or water fever, occurs. In our country, the causative agent of this disease lives in the organisms of common voles, widely distributed in meadows near rivers. The disease of leptospirosis is seasonal, more common during heavy rains and during the hot months (July - August). A person can become infected when water contaminated with rodent secretions enters his body.

Diseases such as plague, ornithosis are transmitted by airborne droplets. Being in areas of natural ocular diseases, it is necessary to observe special precautions.

3.2Weather and human well-being

A few decades ago, it never occurred to anyone to link their ability to work, their emotional condition and well-being with the activity of the Sun, with the phases of the Moon, with magnetic storms and other cosmic phenomena.

In any natural phenomenon that surrounds us, there is a strict repetition of processes: day and night, high and low tide, winter and summer. Rhythm is observed not only in the motion of the Earth, Sun, Moon and stars, but is also an integral and universal property of living matter, a property penetrating into all life phenomena - from the molecular level to the level of the whole organism.

In the course of historical development, a person has adapted to a certain rhythm of life, due to rhythmic changes in the natural environment and the energy dynamics of metabolic processes.

Currently, there are many rhythmic processes in the body, called biorhythms. These include the rhythms of the heart, breathing, bioelectrical activity of the brain. Our whole life is a constant change of rest and activity, sleep and wakefulness, fatigue from hard work and rest.

In the body of every person, like the tides of the sea, a great rhythm eternally reigns, arising from the connection of life phenomena with the rhythm of the Universe and symbolizing the unity of the world.

The central place among all rhythmic processes is occupied by circadian rhythms, which are of the greatest importance for the organism. The reaction of the body to any impact depends on the phase of the circadian rhythm (that is, on the time of day).

This knowledge caused the development of new directions in medicine - chronodiagnostics, chronotherapy, chronopharmacology. They are based on the position that the same remedy at different hours of the day has a different, sometimes directly opposite, effect on the body. Therefore, in order to obtain a greater effect, it is important to indicate not only the dose, but also exact time medication.

It turned out that the study of changes in circadian rhythms makes it possible to detect the occurrence of certain diseases at the earliest stages.

The climate also has a serious impact on the well-being of a person, affecting him through weather factors. Weather conditions include a complex of physical conditions: atmospheric pressure, humidity, air movement, oxygen concentration, the degree of disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field, the level of atmospheric pollution.

So far, it has not yet been possible to fully establish the mechanisms of the reactions of the human body to changing weather conditions. And she often makes herself felt by violations of cardiac activity, nervous disorders. With a sharp change in the weather, physical and mental performance decreases, diseases become aggravated, the number of errors, accidents and even deaths increases.

Most of the physical factors of the environment, in interaction with which the human body has evolved, are of an electromagnetic nature.

It is well known that near fast-flowing water, the air is refreshing and invigorating. It contains many negative ions. For the same reason, it seems to us clean and refreshing air after a thunderstorm.

On the contrary, the air in cramped rooms with an abundance of various kinds of electromagnetic devices is saturated with positive ions. Even a relatively short stay in such a room leads to lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness and headaches. A similar picture is observed in windy weather, on dusty and humid days. Experts in the field of environmental medicine believe that negative ions have a positive effect on health, while positive ions have a negative effect.

Weather changes do not equally affect the well-being of different people. In a healthy person, when the weather changes, the physiological processes in the body are timely adjusted to the changed environmental conditions. As a result, the protective reaction is enhanced and healthy people practically do not feel the negative effects of the weather.

In a sick person, adaptive reactions are weakened, so the body loses the ability to quickly adapt. The influence of weather conditions on a person's well-being is also associated with age and individual susceptibility of the body.

3.3Nutrition and human health

Each of us knows that food is necessary for the normal functioning of the body.

Throughout life, the human body continuously undergoes a metabolism and energy exchange. The source of building materials and energy necessary for the body are nutrients coming from the external environment mainly with food. If food does not enter the body, a person feels hungry. But hunger, unfortunately, will not tell you what nutrients and in what quantity a person needs. We often eat what is tasty, what can be prepared quickly, and do not really think about the usefulness and good quality of the products used.

Doctors say that a full-fledged balanced diet - important condition maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children also a necessary condition for growth and development.

For normal growth, development and maintenance of life, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the right amount.

Irrational nutrition is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the digestive system, diseases associated with metabolic disorders.

Regular overeating, consumption of excess amounts of carbohydrates and fats are the cause of the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.

They cause damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and other systems, sharply reduce the ability to work and resistance to diseases, reducing life expectancy by an average of 8-10 years.

Rational nutrition is the most important indispensable condition for the prevention of not only metabolic diseases, but also many others.

The nutritional factor plays an important role not only in the prevention, but also in the treatment of many diseases. in a special way organized meals, the so-called medical nutrition is a prerequisite for the treatment of many diseases, including metabolic and gastrointestinal.

Medicinal substances of synthetic origin, unlike food substances, are alien to the body. Many of them can cause adverse reactions, such as allergies, so when treating patients, preference should be given to the nutritional factor.

In products, many biologically active substances are found in equal, and sometimes in higher concentrations than in the drugs used. That is why, since ancient times, many products, primarily vegetables, fruits, seeds, herbs, have been used in the treatment of various diseases.

Many food products have bactericidal action, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms. So, apple juice delays the development of staphylococcus, pomegranate juice inhibits the growth of salmonella, cranberry juice is active against various intestinal, putrefactive and other microorganisms. Everyone knows the antimicrobial properties of onions, garlic and other foods. Unfortunately, all this rich medical arsenal is not often used in practice.

But now there is a new danger - chemical contamination of food. A new concept has also appeared - environmentally friendly products.

Obviously, each of us had to buy large, beautiful vegetables and fruits in stores, but, unfortunately, in most cases, after tasting them, we found out that they were watery and did not meet our taste requirements. This situation occurs if crops are grown with the use of large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Such agricultural products can have not only poor taste, but also be hazardous to health.

Nitrogen is an integral part of compounds vital for plants, as well as for animal organisms, such as proteins.

In plants, nitrogen comes from the soil, and then through food and fodder crops it enters the organisms of animals and humans. Nowadays, agricultural crops almost completely receive mineral nitrogen from chemical fertilizers, since some organic fertilizers not enough for nitrogen-depleted soils. However, unlike organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers there is no free allocation in natural conditions nutrients.

So it doesn't work and harmonic nutrition of agricultural crops, satisfying the requirements of their growth. As a result, there is an excess nitrogen nutrition of plants and, as a result, the accumulation of nitrates in it.

An excess of nitrogen fertilizers leads to a decrease in the quality of plant products, a deterioration in their taste properties, a decrease in plant resistance to diseases and pests, which, in turn, forces the farmer to increase the use of pesticides. They also accumulate in plants. The increased content of nitrates leads to the formation of nitrites, which are harmful to human health. The use of such products can cause serious poisoning and even death in a person.

The negative effect of fertilizers and pesticides is especially pronounced when growing vegetables in closed ground. This is because in greenhouses, harmful substances cannot evaporate and be carried away by air currents without hindrance. After evaporation, they settle on plants.

Plants are able to accumulate in themselves almost all harmful substances. That is why agricultural products grown near industrial enterprises and major highways are especially dangerous.

3.4Landscape as a health factor

A person always strives to the forest, to the mountains, to the seashore, river or lake.

Here he feels a surge of strength, vivacity. No wonder they say that it is best to relax in the bosom of nature. Sanatoriums and rest houses are built in the most beautiful corners. This is not an accident. It turns out that the surrounding landscape can have a different effect on the psycho-emotional state. Contemplation of the beauties of nature stimulates vitality and calms the nervous system. Plant biocenoses, especially forests, have a strong healing effect.

The craving for natural landscapes is especially strong among the inhabitants of the city. Even in the Middle Ages, it was noticed that the life expectancy of city dwellers is less than that of rural dwellers. The lack of greenery, narrow streets, small courtyards-wells, where sunlight practically did not penetrate, created no favorable conditions for human life. With the development of industrial production in the city and its environs, a huge amount of waste polluting the environment has appeared.

A variety of factors associated with the growth of cities, in one way or another, affect the formation of a person, his health. This makes scientists increasingly seriously study the impact of the environment on urban residents. It turns out that the conditions in which a person lives, what the height of the ceilings in his apartment and how sound-permeable its walls are, how a person gets to his place of work, whom he treats on a daily basis, how people around him treat each other, depends on the mood of a person, his ability to work , activity - his whole life.

In cities, a person comes up with thousands of tricks for the convenience of his life - hot water, telephone, various modes of transport, roads, services and entertainment. However, in large cities, the shortcomings of life are especially pronounced - housing and transport problems, an increase in the level of morbidity. To a certain extent, this is due to the simultaneous impact on the body of two, three or more harmful factors, each of which has an insignificant effect, but in the aggregate leads to serious troubles for people.

So, for example, saturation of the environment and production with high-speed and high-speed machines increases stress, requires additional efforts from a person, which leads to overwork. It is well known that an overworked person suffers more from the effects of air pollution, infections.

Polluted air in the city, poisoning the blood with carbon monoxide, causes the same harm to a non-smoker as a smoker smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. A serious negative factor in modern cities is the so-called noise pollution.

Given the ability of green spaces to favorably influence the state of the environment, they must be as close as possible to the place of life, work, study and recreation of people.

It is very important that the city be a biogeocenosis, if not absolutely favorable, but at least not harmful to people's health. Let there be a zone of life. To do this, it is necessary to solve a lot of urban problems. All enterprises that are unfavorable in sanitary terms must be withdrawn from the cities.

Green spaces are an integral part of a set of measures to protect and transform the environment. They not only create favorable microclimatic and sanitary and hygienic conditions, but also increase the artistic expressiveness of architectural ensembles.

A special place around industrial enterprises and highways should be occupied by protective green areas, in which it is recommended to plant trees and shrubs that are resistant to pollution.

In the placement of green spaces, it is necessary to observe the principle of uniformity and continuity in order to ensure the supply of fresh countryside air to all residential areas of the city. The most important components of the urban greening system are plantations in residential areas, on the sites of children's institutions, schools, sports complexes etc.

The urban landscape should not be a monotonous stone desert. In the architecture of the city, one should strive for a harmonious combination of social (buildings, roads, transport, communications) and biological aspects (green areas, parks, squares).

The modern city should be considered as an ecosystem in which the most favorable conditions for human life are created. Consequently, these are not only comfortable dwellings, transport, and a diverse service sector. This is a habitat favorable for life and health; clean air and green urban landscape.

It is no coincidence that ecologists believe that in a modern city a person should not be divorced from nature, but, as it were, dissolved in it. Therefore, the total area of green spaces in cities should occupy more than half of its territory.

3.5Problems of human adaptation to the environment

In the history of our planet (from the day of its formation to the present), grandiose processes on a planetary scale have continuously occurred and are continuing to transform the face of the Earth. With the advent of a powerful factor - the human mind - a qualitatively new stage in the evolution of the organic world began. Due to the global nature of human interaction with the environment, it becomes the largest geological force.

Man's production activity influences not only the direction of the evolution of the biosphere, but also determines its own biological evolution.

The specificity of the human environment lies in the most complex interweaving of social and natural factors. At the dawn of human history, natural factors played a decisive role in human evolution. The impact of natural factors on a modern person is largely neutralized by social factors. In new natural and industrial conditions, a person at present often experiences the influence of very unusual, and sometimes excessive and harsh environmental factors, for which he is not yet evolutionarily ready.

Man, like other types of living organisms, is able to adapt, that is, adapt to environmental conditions. Human adaptation to new natural and industrial conditions can be characterized as a set of socio-biological properties and characteristics necessary for the sustainable existence of an organism in a particular ecological environment.

The life of each person can be seen as a constant adaptation, but our ability to do this has certain limits. Also, the ability to restore their physical and mental strength for a person is not infinite.

At present, a significant part of human diseases are associated with the deterioration of the ecological situation in our environment: pollution of the atmosphere, water and soil, poor-quality food, and increased noise.

Adapting to adverse environmental conditions, the human body experiences a state of tension, fatigue. Tension is the mobilization of all mechanisms that ensure certain activities of the human body. Depending on the magnitude of the load, the degree of preparation of the organism, its functional, structural and energy resources, the possibility of the organism functioning at a given level decreases, that is, fatigue occurs.

When a healthy person is tired, a redistribution of possible reserve functions of the body can occur, and after rest, strength will appear again. Humans are able to endure the harshest environmental conditions for a relatively long time. However, a person who is not accustomed to these conditions, entering them for the first time, turns out to be much less adapted to life in an unfamiliar environment than its permanent inhabitants.

The ability to adapt to new conditions is not the same for different people. So, many people during long-haul flights with a quick crossing of several time zones, as well as during shift work, experience such adverse symptoms as sleep disturbance, and performance decreases. Others adapt quickly.

Among people, two extreme adaptive types of a person can be distinguished. The first of them is the sprinter, which is characterized by high resistance to short-term extreme factors and poor tolerance to long-term loads. Reverse type - stayer.

Interestingly, in the northern regions of the country, people of the type stayer , which was, apparently, the result of long-term processes of the formation of a population adapted to local conditions.

The study of human adaptive capabilities and the development of appropriate recommendations is currently of great practical importance.

CONCLUSION

The topic seemed very interesting to me, because the problem of ecology worries me a lot, and I want to believe that our offspring will not be as susceptible to negative environmental factors as they are now. However, we still do not realize the importance and global nature of the problem that humanity faces regarding the protection of the environment. All over the world, people strive to minimize environmental pollution, and the Russian Federation has also adopted, for example, a criminal code, one of the chapters of which is devoted to establishing penalties for environmental crimes. But, of course, not all ways to overcome this problem have been solved, and we should take care of the environment on our own and maintain that natural balance in which a person is able to exist normally.

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

Figure 1 - Factors affecting human health and life expectancy

APPENDIX D

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Environmental factors are properties of the environment in which we live.

Our health is affected climatic factors, the chemical and biological composition of the air we breathe, the water we drink, and many other environmental factors.

Environmental factors can have the following impact on the human body:

can have a beneficial effect on the human body (fresh air, moderate exposure to ultraviolet rays help to strengthen our health);
can act as irritants, thereby forcing us to adapt to certain conditions;
can provoke significant structural and functional changes in our body (for example, dark skin color in indigenous people of regions with intense sun);
able to completely exclude our habitation in certain conditions (a person will not be able to live under water, without access to oxygen).

Among the environmental factors affecting the human body, there are factors of inanimate nature (abiotic), associated with the action of living organisms (biotic) and the person himself (anthropogenic).

Abiotic factors - air temperature and humidity, magnetic fields, gas composition of air, chemical and mechanical composition of the soil, altitude and others. Biotic factors are the influence of microorganisms, plants and animals. Anthropogenic environmental factors include soil and air pollution by industrial and transport waste, the use of nuclear energy, as well as everything related to human life in society.

The beneficial effects of the sun, air and water on the human body do not need to be described for a long time. The dosed effect of these factors improves the adaptive capabilities of a person, strengthens the immune system, thereby helping us to stay healthy.

Unfortunately, environmental factors can also harm the human body. Most of them are associated with the impact of man himself - industrial waste that enters water sources, soil and air, the release of exhaust gases into the atmosphere, not always successful attempts by man to curb nuclear energy (as an example, the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant). We will dwell on this in more detail.

Negative impact of anthropogenic environmental factors on human health

The atmospheric air of cities receives a lot of harmful chemicals that have a toxic effect on the human body. Some of these substances directly or indirectly contribute to the development of cancer in humans (has a carcinogenic effect). These substances include benzopyrene (comes into the air with emissions from aluminum smelting plants, power plants), benzene (it is emitted into the atmosphere by petrochemical, pharmaceutical enterprises, and it is also released during the manufacture of plastics, varnishes, paints, explosives), cadmium ( enters the environment during the production of non-ferrous metals). In addition, formaldehyde has a carcinogenic effect (it is emitted into the air by chemical and metallurgical enterprises, it is released from polymeric materials, furniture, adhesives), vinyl chloride (is emitted during the production of polymeric materials), dioxins (they are emitted into the air by factories for the production of paper, cellulose, organic chemical substances).

Not only the development of oncological pathologies is fraught with air pollution. Respiratory diseases (especially bronchial asthma), cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, blood, allergic and some endocrine diseases can also occur due to air pollution. The abundance of toxic chemicals in the air can lead to congenital anomalies in the fetus.

Not only the composition of the air, but also the soil and water have seriously changed due to human activity. Waste from various enterprises, the use of fertilizers, plant growth stimulants, various pest control agents contribute to this. Pollution of water and soil leads to the fact that many vegetables and fruits that we eat contain various toxic substances. It is no secret to anyone that new technologies for growing slaughter animals include the addition of various substances to the feed, which are far from always safe for the human body.

Pesticides and hormones, nitrates and salts heavy metals, antibiotics and radioactive substances - all this we have to consume with food. As a result, various diseases of the digestive system, deterioration in the absorption of nutrients, a decrease in the body's defenses, an acceleration of the aging process and a general toxic effect on the body. In addition, contaminated food can cause infertility or birth defects in children.

Modern people also have to deal with constant exposure to ionizing radiation. Mining, combustion products of fossil fuels, air travel, production and use of building materials, nuclear explosions lead to a change in the radiation background.

What effect will be after exposure to ionizing radiation depends on the radiation dose absorbed by the human body, exposure time, type of exposure. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause the development of cancer, radiation sickness, radiation damage to the eyes (cataracts) and burns, infertility. Sex cells are the most sensitive to radiation exposure. The result of exposure to ionizing radiation on germ cells can be various congenital malformations in children born even decades after exposure to ionizing radiation.

Negative impact of abiotic environmental factors on human health

Climatic conditions can also provoke the occurrence of various diseases in humans. The cold climate of the North can cause frequent colds, inflammation of muscles and nerves. The hot desert climate can result in heat stroke, impaired water and electrolyte metabolism, and intestinal infections.

Some people do not tolerate changes in weather conditions. This phenomenon is called meteosensitivity. In people suffering from such a disorder, when weather conditions change, exacerbations of chronic diseases (especially diseases of the lungs, cardiovascular, nervous and musculoskeletal systems) may occur.

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FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "BELGOROD STATE NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY"

FACULTY OF PHYSICAL CULTURE

Abstract on the topic:

« ATimpact of environmental factors on human health»

Is done by a student

Vishnevsky Roman

Faculty of Physical Education

Groups 02011302

scientific adviser

Naumenko L.I. .

Belgorod- 2015

Introduction

1. Chemical pollution of the environment and human health

2. Biological pollution and human diseases

3. Nutrition and human health

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The influence of the environment on the body is called the environmental factor. The exact scientific definition is:

Environmental factor- any environmental condition to which the living reacts with adaptive reactions.

An environmental factor is any element of the environment that has a direct or indirect effect on living organisms at least during one of the phases of their development.

By their nature, environmental factors are divided into at least three groups:

abiotic factors - the influence of inanimate nature;

biotic factors - the influence of wildlife.

anthropogenic factors- influences caused by reasonable and unreasonable human activity ("anthropos" - a person).

Man modifies the living and inanimate nature, and in a certain sense takes on a geochemical role (for example, releasing carbon immured in the form of coal and oil for many millions of years and releasing it into the air with carbon dioxide). Therefore, anthropogenic factors in terms of scope and global impact are approaching geological forces.

Not infrequently, environmental factors are also subjected to a more detailed classification, when it is necessary to point to a particular group of factors. For example, there are climatic (relating to climate), edaphic (soil) environmental factors.

1. Chemical contaminantsenvironment and human health

The body's reactions to pollution depend on individual characteristics: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, the elderly and sick people are more vulnerable.

With a systematic or periodic intake of relatively small amounts of toxic substances into the body, chronic poisoning occurs.

In chronic poisoning, the same substances in different people can cause various damage to the kidneys, blood-forming organs, nervous system, and liver. environmental chemical pollution

Similar signs are observed in radioactive contamination of the environment.

Thus, in areas exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, the incidence among the population, especially children, has increased many times over.

2. Biological pollution and human diseases

Pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate the groundwater and cause human infectious diseases. Therefore, water from artesian wells, wells, springs must be boiled before drinking.

Open water sources are especially polluted: rivers, lakes, ponds. Numerous cases are known when contaminated water sources caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

With an airborne infection, infection occurs through the respiratory tract when air containing pathogens is inhaled.

Diseases such as plague, ornithosis are transmitted by airborne droplets. Being in areas of natural focal diseases, special precautions must be observed.

3. Nutrition and human health

Each of us knows that food is necessary for the normal functioning of the body.

Throughout life, the human body continuously undergoes a metabolism and energy exchange. The source of building materials and energy necessary for the body are nutrients that come from the external environment, mainly with food. If food does not enter the body, a person feels hungry. But hunger, unfortunately, will not tell you what nutrients and in what quantity a person needs. We often eat what is tasty, what can be prepared quickly, and do not really think about the usefulness and good quality of the products used.

Doctors say that a full-fledged balanced diet is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children it is also a necessary condition for growth and development.

For normal growth, development and maintenance of life, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the right amount.

Irrational nutrition is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the digestive system, diseases associated with metabolic disorders.

Regular overeating, consumption of excessive amounts of carbohydrates and fats is the cause of the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.

They cause damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and other systems, sharply reduce the ability to work and resistance to diseases, reducing life expectancy by an average of 8-10 years.

Rational nutrition is the most important indispensable condition for the prevention of not only metabolic diseases, but also many others.

The nutritional factor plays an important role not only in the prevention, but also in the treatment of many diseases. Specially organized nutrition, the so-called medical nutrition, is a prerequisite for the treatment of many diseases, including metabolic and gastrointestinal diseases.

But now there is a new danger - chemical contamination of food. A new concept has also appeared - environmentally friendly products.

Nitrogen is an integral part of compounds vital for plants, as well as for animal organisms, such as proteins.

In plants, nitrogen comes from the soil, and then through food and fodder crops it enters the organisms of animals and humans. Nowadays, agricultural crops almost completely receive mineral nitrogen from chemical fertilizers, since some organic fertilizers are not enough for soils depleted in nitrogen. However, unlike organic fertilizers, in chemical fertilizers there is no free release of nutrients in natural conditions.

This means that there is no “harmonious” nutrition of agricultural crops that satisfies the requirements of their growth. As a result, there is an excess nitrogen nutrition of plants and, as a result, the accumulation of nitrates in it.

Plants are able to accumulate in themselves almost all harmful substances. That is why agricultural products grown near industrial enterprises and major highways are especially dangerous.

Conclusion

In the poorest regions of the world, about one in five children do not live past the age of five. The main cause of their death is diseases associated with the state of the environment. They kill 11 million children worldwide each year, which is equal to the population of Norway and Switzerland combined. Infections and diarrhea are among the most common diseases, all of which are largely preventable.

This data, and much more, is presented in the new World Health and Environment Report, a joint effort of the World Resources Institute, UNEP, UNDP and the World Bank. Most of these statistics refer to developing countries, but bad condition environment threatens the health of the population of industrialized countries. In more prosperous countries, this is due to pollution - both industrial, including air pollution and toxic waste, and biological, such as food contamination. According to the World Resources Report 1998-1999 published by Oxford University Press:

almost 4 million children die each year from acute respiratory infections associated with indoor and outdoor air pollution;

another 3 million die every year from diarrhea, linked to a lack of clean drinking water and poor sanitation;

in developing countries, 3.5 to 5 million people annually suffer from acute pesticide poisoning, and millions more from less severe but still dangerous poisoning;

more than 100 million people in Europe and North America still suffer from air pollution, which has proved much more difficult to control than expected;

asthma has increased in industrialized countries, partly attributable to environmental factors;

excessive use of fertilizers leads to the destruction of coastal ecosystems, including the reproduction of harmful algae and the extinction of fish.

Many harmful effects of environmental factors on human health can be avoided, and therefore, in the relevant section of the above Report, special attention is paid to the prevention of such harmful effects through rational environmental management, and not just treatment associated with this disease.
A person's life is only full when he receives joy from being on earth. A sick person concentrates only on the problems of his body and absolutely loses interest in the world around him. At present, in an unstable economic environment, health is also becoming a major economic force. A sick person cannot work and earn normally. x with this disease.

The technogenic urban environment has a profound impact on the main social quality of a person - his health in the broadest sense of the word. Factors such as pollution of the atmosphere and water by emissions from industry and transport, electromagnetic fields, vibration and noise, chemicalization of everyday life, as well as the flow of redundant information, an excessive number of social problems, lack of time, physical inactivity, emotional overload, malnutrition, bad habits, in one way or another, and various combinations become somatotropic and psychotropic factors in the etiology of numerous pre-nosological conditions, and then diseases.

High concentrations of pollutants in various components of the environment have led to the emergence of so-called "environmental diseases". Among them are described:

chemical asthma;

Kirishi syndrome (severe allergy associated with emissions from the production of protein-vitamin concentrates);

Ticker syndrome, which develops in children in the areas of oil refineries;

General immune depression during intoxication with heavy metals, dioxides, etc.;

Yushko's disease associated with the effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on the child's body;

A disease appeared in the Urals, called "potato disease" (a symptom of "squishy foot");

A disease called "yellow children" has been discovered in the Altai Territory.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the quality of the environment determines 20% of the risk of diseases in the population. However, this figure is very conditional and, moreover, does not reflect the assessment of the risk of morbidity in the administrative districts. For this assessment, a concept of social and hygienic monitoring should be developed, including the climatic features of the territory. An analysis of the impact of the environmental situation within the entire city on the incidence of the population requires a separate development with the participation of specialists from research institutes, the sanitary and epidemiological service and organizations that monitor the state of the environment.

The implementation of the principles of sustainable development as a priority task involves ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens to a healthy and favorable environment, as well as providing the population with the necessary environmental information.

This topic seemed very interesting to me, because the problem of ecology worries me a lot, and I want to believe that our offspring will not be as susceptible to negative environmental factors as they are now. However, we still do not realize the importance and global nature of the problem that humanity faces regarding the protection of the environment. All over the world, people strive to minimize environmental pollution, and the Russian Federation has also adopted, for example, a criminal code, one of the chapters of which is devoted to establishing penalties for environmental crimes. But, of course, not all ways to overcome this problem have been solved, and we should take care of the environment on our own and maintain that natural balance in which a person is able to exist normally.

Listliterature

1. “Protect yourself from diseases.”/ Maryasis V.V. Moscow. - 1992 - pp. 112-116.

2. Nikanorov A.M., Khoruzhaya T.A. Ecology. / M .: Prior Publishing House - 1999.

3. Petrov V.V. Environmental law of Russia / Textbook for universities. M. - 1995

4. "You and Me". Publisher: Young Guard. / Rev. editor Kaptsova L.V. - Moscow. - 1989 - p. 365-368.

5. Ecological crimes. - Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. / Ed. "INFRA M-NORMA", Moscow, 1996, - p.586-588.

6. Ecology. Textbook. E.A. Kriksunov. / Moscow. - 1995 - pp. 240-242.

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Topic 1.1.

The study of the subject, the content of human hygiene and ecology. Organization of work of sanitary and hygienic laboratory.

Plan:

1. Study of the subject and content of hygiene.

2. The study of the history of the emergence and development of hygiene and ecology.

3. The study of the main tasks of hygiene, the object of study of hygiene, the concepts of the environment and its factors.

4. The study of the concept of "sanitary".

5. Explore the three levels of prevention.

6. The study of the subject and content of human ecology.

7. Studying the relationship between hygiene and human ecology.

8. The study of factors affecting the state of human health.

9. The study of the ecosystem as the main subject of ecology.

10. Study of the biosphere and its evolution.

11. Study of concepts: habitat, environmental environmental factors, adaptation to environmental factors.

12. Study of global environmental problems.

In modern society, caring for a person, preserving his health and ability to work is the most important task. Even in the past, progressive figures in medicine pointed out that the most effective way public health are activities that help prevent diseases. So, Hippocrates, the father of medicine, wrote: “The first duty of a doctor is to take care of the health of the healthy so that they do not get sick.” The founder of Russian therapy M.Ya. Mudrov taught that it is much easier to preserve health than to return what was lost, to treat an illness. Hygiene is the science of disease prevention. Basis, base, foundation of all medicine.

Hygiene -a field of medicine that studies the influence of environmental factors and production activities on human health, its performance, life expectancy and develops measures to prevent diseases, improve living and working conditions of a person.

Hygiene is closely related to the environment.

Ecology - a complex science that studies the habitat of living beings. Human ecology studies the human environment.

TASKS of human hygiene and ecology:

1. Study of the influence of the environment on the health and working capacity of the population;

2. Development of means and methods aimed at increasing the body's resistance to possible adverse environmental influences, improving health, physical development, increasing efficiency and accelerating recovery processes after certain loads.

The external environment is represented by three blocks of factors:

1. Natural (air, water, soil, food of plant and animal origin, solar radiation, green spaces, microbes, viruses, etc.)

2. Social (work, life, information, lifestyle)

3. Anthropogenic (as a result of human activity).

Historical stages

The term "hygiene" comes from the ancient Greek word "hygienos", which means "healing, bringing health." The concept of "hygiene" dates back to ancient times. Hygieia - the daughter of the god of medicine Asclepius, depicted as a beauty with a bowl in her hand, entwined with a snake - the goddess of health, who treated with the sun, water and air, keeping her body clean. Her other sister, Panacea, treated with medicines.

The origins of hygiene are in ancient times. Elements of hygiene already existed under the primitive communal system, so assistance was provided in case of accidents, women maintained cleanliness in their homes, collected medicinal plants. AT Ancient Greece in the temples, great attention was paid to the climate, washing, boy, fasting. The heyday of hygiene - in ancient Rome - baths of 12 hectares, the whole day was spent in it in gymnastic exercises, conversations. In the Middle Ages - the decline of hygiene. Hygiene revives in the 19th century.

Hygiene began to develop intensively from the middle of the 19th century with the growth of capitalism, which led to the accumulation of people in cities, the growth of harmful production and the increasing frequency of large epidemics of cholera, plague, typhoid. Systematic scientific research in the field of hygiene began.

Max Pettenkofer (1818-1901), German medical scientist, founder of hygienic science: introduced an experiment into hygiene, turning it into an exact science. Offering to improve the environment, he outlined ways to prevent many diseases. For the first time, he drew attention to personal hygiene as an important factor in many diseases:“as far as a person owns personal hygiene - such is his path through life and such is his speed to death”

On the territory of Russia, hygiene elements existed even among the ancient Slavs, so to prevent infectious diseases they used fumigation of premises with wormwood and other herbs, burned clothes after the death of the patient, etc.

In the 11th-12th centuries, undoubted successes were achieved in Russia in matters of sanitary improvement. At this time, the first water supply and sewerage system were built in Novgorod.

The role of Peter 1 in the development of sanitary culture in Russia is invaluable. He created a medical office, established a record of births and deaths, created a system of medical and sanitary support for the army. Under Peter 1, many military hospitals and civilian hospitals were opened.

In the development of hygiene, the founders of Russian health care, the therapist M.Ya. Mudrov and obstetrician S.G. Zybelin.

It is necessary to know about the activities of three domestic scientists who played a fundamental role in the development of domestic hygiene.

A.P. Dobroslavin (1842-1889) - created the first department of hygiene(1871) at the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy; published the first Russian textbook on hygiene, began to publish the journal "Health", opened the first experimental hygienic laboratory, organized the Russian Society for the Protection of Public Health and Women's Medical Education in Russia; developed the basics of communal hygiene.

F.F. Erisman (1842-1915) - founded the Department of Hygiene at Moscow University (1882), the Hygienic Institute with a city sanitary station for the study of food, water and soil; developed problems of school hygiene and food hygiene; published a three-volume guide to hygiene.

G.V. Khlopin (1863-1929) - a student of Erisman, put hygiene on mandatory laboratory research and experiment, published manuals on the basics of hygiene and general hygiene.

Ecology is translated from Greek as “the science of the home”. Ernest Haeckel singled out ecology as a special discipline in 1866.

Types of prevention

1. Primary prevention - a system of measures to prevent the occurrence and impact of risk factors for the development of diseases (vaccination , rational mode of work and rest, rational quality nutrition, physical activity , environmental protection etc.). A number of primary prevention activities can be carried out nationwide.

2. Secondary prevention - a set of measures aimed at eliminating pronounced risk factors that, under certain conditions (stress, weakened immunity, excessive stress on any other functional systems organism) can lead to the onset, exacerbation and recurrence of the disease. The most effective method of secondary prevention is prophylactic medical examination as a complex method of early detection of diseases, dynamic monitoring, targeted treatment, rational consistent recovery.

3. Some experts offer the term tertiary prevention as a set of measures for the rehabilitation of patients who have lost the opportunity to fully function. Tertiary prevention is aimed at social (formation of confidence in one's own social suitability), labor (the possibility of restoring work skills), psychological (restoration of behavioral activity) and medical (restoration of the functions of organs and body systems) rehabilitation.

Topic 1.2.

The study of the subject, the content of human hygiene and ecology.

Structure

Functions of Rospotrebnadzor

1. Implementation of supervision on the sanitary and epidemiological situation over:

o catering

o water bodies in public use and in the field of water supply systems.

o development of construction schemes

o production (maintenance of premises, working conditions of employees)

o soil, air and waste

o operation of residential premises

o institutions performing educational activities, over medical and preventive institutions

2. Monitors compliance with consumer rights.

3. Issues conclusion documents on the sanitary and epidemiological condition (based on inspections based on paragraph 1).

4. Performs hygiene monitoring.

5. Certifies employees who, in their work activities, are associated with:

o storage, transportation and production of food, drinking water

o upbringing and education of children, communal and consumer services for the population

o product of tests and laboratory research

o the implementation of sanitary and epidemiological surveys, examinations and investigations, as well as the assessment of toxicological and hygienic indicators.

o social and hygienic checks

6. Controls and coordinates the work of its territorial divisions. Prepares statistical reports and reports on its activities

Powers of Rospotrebnadzor

Rospotrebnadzor, as public service, inspections of institutions and enterprises to monitor violations of consumer rights and sanitary and epidemiological standards can be carried out. Rospotrebnadzor of the Russian Federation has the right to:

check educational documents, medical books and employment contracts employees

Check whether there are conclusions of the fire service.

check the register of control over the enterprise in accordance with the current legislation, including the correctness of its completion

evaluate certificates, licenses of excise stamps on goods, in accordance with current legislation

Monitor the correct operation of the cash register and carry out test purchases

· prescribe the elimination of previously discovered violations, draw up various protocols and fine for violations in accordance with the competence granted by the laws of the Russian Federation.

Practical lesson

Independent work while studying the section

"The subject of human hygiene and ecology, the organization of the work of the sanitary and hygienic laboratory"

Homework topics

Writing an essay on the topic: "History of the emergence of human hygiene and ecology";
Work with educational material on the topic: "The main areas of work of sanitary and hygienic laboratories";
Preparation of a report on the topic: "The role of laboratory services in protecting the health of citizens."

Section 2

Environmental hygiene

Topic 2.1.

Temperature.

The air is heated mainly from the soil due to the heat absorbed by it. That is why the air temperature is minimum before sunrise and maximum between 13:00 and 15:00, when the soil surface is heated the most. The air temperature varies depending on the latitude of the area, reaching a maximum at the equator (+50 0 +65 0) and a minimum in Antarctica (-94 0). The hygienic significance of air temperature lies in the fact that it is the most important factor affecting human heat transfer. A device for measuring air temperature is called a thermometer.

Air humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. It depends on the climatic zone, the season of the year and the proximity of water basins: in a maritime climate there is more moisture than in a continental or desert climate. The degree of air humidity is determined by three indicators: absolute, maximum and relative humidity. Absolute humidity - the amount of water vapor in grams per 1 m 3 of air at a given temperature. Maximum humidity - how much water vapor can be contained in the air at a given temperature, measured in g per m 3. Relative humidity is the ratio of absolute humidity to maximum, measured in%. Optimal parameters for health relative humidity - 30-60%. The hygienic value of humidity is in its effect on human perspiration, which, by affecting body temperature, maintains its constancy. With an increase in humidity - in warmth a person becomes hot, in the cold - cold, chilly. A device for determining air humidity - a psychrometer.

Air movement.

The reason for the movement of air is the uneven heating of the earth's surface. Air movement is characterized by two parameters: speed and direction. The speed of air movement is measured in m/s. Hygienic value of air movement - contributes to the ventilation of residential areas and buildings, self-purification of the atmosphere from pollution and thermoregulation of the body. In addition, moving air, acting on receptors, reflexively affects the neuropsychic state of a person, a moderate wind invigorates. The most favorable wind speed is 1-2 m/s. At a speed of 3-7 m / s, the irritating effect of the wind is manifested. A strong wind of more than 20 m/s interferes with breathing, mechanically hinders work and movement. In a closed room, an unpleasant feeling of air movement, a draft, is observed when the speed of its movement is 0.3-0.5 m/s. A device for determining the speed of air movement is an anemometer.

The direction of the wind is important: it blows into the residential area from the factory or vice versa. This is taken into account in the design of populated areas. The direction of the wind is determined by the cardinal direction from which it is moving. A graphic representation of the frequency of wind in a given area in the direction of parts of the world is called wind rose. For example, in fig. No. 1 shows a wind rose with a prevailing NE wind. The wind rose must be taken into account by architects when building residential areas and industrial enterprises: residential areas should be located on the windward side in relation to industrial enterprises.

SW Yu Figure No. 1. Rose of Wind

Atmosphere pressure is the pressure of the atmospheric column of air as a result of gravity. At sea level, the pressure is constant: per 1 cm 2 - 1.033 kg or 760 mm of mercury. The hygienic value of atmospheric pressure is in maintaining blood pressure(HELL). An increase or decrease in pressure affects human physiology. For a healthy person, these changes are imperceptible, but for a patient they are sensitive: changes in pressure are signaled by well-being. At increase in pressure the partial pressure of oxygen increases (% of it remains the same): the pulse and respiratory rate slow down, the maximum blood pressure decreases and the minimum blood pressure rises, the vital capacity of the lungs increases, skin sensitivity and hearing decrease, there is a feeling of dryness of the mucous membranes (in the mouth), intestinal motility increases and gas outlet; blood and tissues absorb oxygen better, which improves performance and well-being. With an artificial increase in pressure (in divers), the dissolution of atmospheric nitrogen increases, which dissolves well in fats, nervous tissue and subcutaneous tissue, from where it slowly exits during decompression. When the diver rises quickly from a depth, nitrogen boils and clogs the small vessels of the brain, which causes the death of the diver, which requires its slow extraction from the depths. But even under normal operating conditions, divers cannot avoid vascular nitrogen embolism - their joints hurt and hemorrhages are frequent.

pressure drop causes a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen, and when climbing mountains and a decrease in its concentration. There are symptoms of "altitude sickness": drowsiness, an increase in maximum blood pressure and a decrease in minimum blood pressure, heaviness in the head, headaches, apathy, depression; the dissolved nitrogen released into the blood in the form of pain in the joints and itching acts. In the city, the atmospheric pressure is lower than outside the city or on the plain, and the partial pressure of oxygen is lower. This determines the manifestation of the symptoms of "altitude sickness" in those moving to the city from their dacha or from countryside: shortness of breath, palpitations, dizziness, nausea, nosebleeds. Normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. A device for measuring pressure is a barometer.

Human heat transfer

Normal life activity and high efficiency of the body are possible only if the body maintains thermal equilibrium, i.e. correspondence between the production of heat and its return to the external environment. Deterioration of heat transfer conditions leads to its accumulation in the body and overheating, and sometimes to heat stroke. Excess heat loss causes chills, colds and frostbite.

Heat production increases with increased muscle movements.

The release of heat by the body depends on the thermal conditions of the environment. Under normal conditions, at room temperature, a person loses 85% of heat through the skin and 15% through the upper respiratory tract. Of the 85% of the heat given off through the skin, a person loses:

§ 30% holding

§ 45% radiation

§ 10% due to evaporation of moisture from the surface of the skin.

Through conduction, the body loses heat to heat the surrounding air (convection). The greater the difference between skin temperature and air temperature, the greater the heat transfer by convection. If the air temperature rises, then the heat loss by convection decreases, and at a temperature of 35-36 it completely stops.

Through radiation, the body loses heat to heat the surrounding objects. The loss of heat by radiation increases with the increase in the difference between the temperature of the body and the temperature of the objects around us.

Evaporative heat loss depends on the amount of moisture evaporating from the body surface. At room temperature, about 0.5 liters of moisture per day evaporate from the skin surface. With an increase in the temperature of the air and walls, the loss of heat by radiation and convection decreases, the person sweats and the loss of heat due to evaporation increases sharply. In particularly hot conditions, the amount of sweat produced is 6-10 liters per day.

The movement of air enhances the loss of heat by convection and evaporation, and therefore at a high temperature of the external environment is a favorable factor. Therefore, in hot weather, fanning, blowing with a fan, etc. improves well-being, and calmness, worsening heat transfer, contributes to overheating. At low ambient temperatures, air movement is an unfavorable factor, since it enhances convection. Therefore, the danger of colds and frostbite increases at sub-zero temperatures.

High air humidity adversely affects heat transfer, both at high and low temperatures. If the air temperature is high, then high humidity leads to overheating, as sweat evaporation is difficult, the only possible way of heat transfer under these conditions. Under such conditions, a person sweats, but there is no cooling effect. At low temperature high humidity contributes to more cooling. This is due to the fact that in humid air, heat loss by convection increases. In addition, in humid air, the humidity of clothing increases, and at the same time its thermal conductivity increases.

Solar radiation. We owe life to the sun - it is a source of heat and light. Sunlight is a stream of electromagnetic vibrations, which, passing through the Earth's atmosphere, is partially absorbed, scattered, and only 43% reaches the soil. Sunlight affects the body with all parts of its spectrum. The composition of solar radiation reaching the earth's surface includes infrared, visible and ultraviolet rays.

1. UFL. It is the most biologically active. At the earth's surface it is represented by a stream of waves from 290 to 400 nm. UV radiation, getting on the skin, not only causes local shifts, but also reflexively affects the entire body. UV radiation has a beneficial effect on protein, fat, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism. Under the action of UV radiation, the body's defenses increase.

3 main types of UFL action:

Of the entire spectrum of UV radiation near the earth's surface, UV radiation has the largest share, which has erythema-tan action. UV erythema has a number of features compared to infrared-derived erythema.

UV erythema has well-defined contours, occurs after some time and, as a rule, turns into a tan. Erythema from infrared thermal radiation appears immediately after exposure, has blurry edges and does not turn into a tan.

Antirachitic UV action consists in the synthesis of vitamin D. The formation of vitamin D occurs photochemically from provitamin D. Insufficient exposure of the body to UV radiation is called solar starvation. At the same time, phosphorus-calcium metabolism suffers. In children, rickets occurs, the bones lose strength, become flexible, and easily bend. In adults, rarefaction of bones (osteoporosis) is observed, they become brittle, poorly grow together with fractures, the ligamentous apparatus of the joints is weakened, and tooth enamel is rapidly destroyed. In addition, the nervous system suffers, the resistance of capillaries is disturbed, the efficiency and resistance to colds decrease. Solar or UV starvation is experienced by residents of industrial cities, where the air is polluted by emissions from industrial enterprises, as well as residents of the Far North, miners and people working in dark rooms. Therefore, artificial sources of UV radiation - erythema lamps - have been created. Preventive use of UFL improves well-being, increases resistance, and increases efficiency.

It has great biological significance Bactericidal effect UFL. Under the action of natural UV irradiation of the bactericidal spectrum, the sanitation of the air, water, and soil occurs. Under the influence of UV light, photochemical processes occur, leading to destructive changes and death of bacteria. The bactericidal effect is used for practical purposes. For this, bactericidal lamps are used. In this way, the sanitation of the air environment is carried out in operating rooms, dressing rooms, rooms for the preparation of sterile medicines, etc. Germicidal lamps are also used to disinfect water, milk and other beverages.

Window glass weakens UV radiation, so they need to be washed more often to remove dust.

However, the effect of UV radiation on the body is not limited to a beneficial effect. It is known that intense solar radiation leads to the development of severe erythema with skin edema, which is accompanied by fever, headaches and general poor health. AT severe cases possible dermatitis with swelling of the skin and the formation of blisters. UV radiation has a harmful effect on the eyes, causing their inflammation (photophthalmia) - an occupational disease of welders, as well as climbers, residents of mountainous and arctic regions. Prevention: use of protective shields, black glasses, etc.

Infrared radiation.

. infrared radiation is divided into 1) long-wave and 2) short-wave. Long-wavelength is absorbed by the surface layer of the skin and causes it to warm up, a burning sensation is felt. Shortwave is not felt and penetrates into the deeper layers of the skin, causing burns and general overheating of the body. In production, short-wave radiation causes changes in the cornea of the eye, up to cataracts. At noon, short-wave radiation prevails, so sunbathing at this time is dangerous.

Topic 2.2.

Practical lesson

Topic 2.3.

The role of water in human life.

Water is one of the most important environmental factors.

-Life on Earth originated in the ocean. In the course of evolution, many living organisms left their abode, but retained its particle within themselves.

-More than half of a person is made up of water.

The younger the body, the higher the water content in its body. The fetus is 97% water. The body of a newborn is 80% water. With growth and aging, the water content decreases. The body of an adult is 50% to 70% water.

On average, the human body contains up to 50 liters of water. The distribution of water in individual tissues: in bones - 30%, cartilage - 60%, liver - 70%, muscles - 75%, brain - 79%, kidneys - 83%. The richer the organ in water, the more intense the metabolism in it. The least water-poor skull. The eye is almost entirely water. With age, the amount of water in the body decreases: at the 3rd month of uterine life - 94%, at birth - 69%, at 20 years old - 62%, old age - 58%. A dry Egyptian mummy weighs about 8 kg.

-Water is a universal solvent. In fact, all biological fluids (blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, sweat, urine) are solutions of salts, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids in water.

-All the complex biochemical reactions associated with metabolism take place in water. The main way of breakdown of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the body is hydrolysis. Without this process, the assimilation of food products would be impossible, since only small molecules are absorbed in the intestine. Water also carries nutrients, metabolic products, gases, etc. It promotes self-purification of the body, removes toxins, flushes out bacteria from the intestines, maintains body temperature and acid-base balance.

-Water carries information of a biological nature. It forms hollow analogues of DNA - water copies, water reflections of chromosome fragments.

-Our body needs water even more than food. A person can live up to a month without food, only a few days without water. Violation water balance in cells of living tissue leads to severe consequences, up to cell death. Insufficient amount of water in the body leads to dehydration (thickening of the blood, impaired blood flow, etc.). The first symptom of a lack of fluid is a feeling of thirst. With a loss of water up to 10%, there is a sharp anxiety, weakness, tremor of the limbs, an increased pulse, and an increase in body temperature. Loss of 20%-25% of water leads to death. Therefore, the body's water reserves must be constantly renewed.

The body not only receives water from food, but also produces it itself (about 0.3 liters per day). Such water is called endogenous and is formed during the oxidation of various substances. Oxidation of 100 g of fat gives the body 107 ml of water, 100 g of protein - 41 ml of water, 100 g of carbohydrates - 55 ml of water. The formation of endogenous water increases during muscular work and when the body is cooled.

The body's need for water depends on a number of factors:

1.age. The younger the body, the greater the need for water.

40 ml of water per 1 kg of weight - for an adult

120 ml of water per 1 kg of weight - for a child of the first year of life

As it grows, the demand for water decreases.

2.The nature of nutrition.

If the main share in the diet is occupied by fats and carbohydrates, the amount of salt consumed in this case is small, the need for water intake is small. If a person eats mainly protein foods or very salty foods, the need for water increases.

3.climatic conditions.

Water exchange proceeds more intensively at high temperature and low air humidity (desert conditions). The daily need for water in these conditions is 12-15 liters. In our climate, the daily need for water is 1.5-3 liters.

4. The intensity of the labor process.

In hot shops and when performing work associated with heavy physical exertion, a person loses up to 10-12 liters per shift, so he must make up for the loss of water, workers are given salted water to drink, because. salt retains water in the body.

od However, the significance of water is not limited to its physiological role. A large amount of water is spent on body hygiene, clothing, housing, industrial needs, enterprises Catering, when carrying out health-improving and sports and physical culture events, for washing streets and watering green spaces. The improvement of cultural and hygienic living conditions is closely related to the increase in water consumption per capita. The higher the level of sanitary and technical improvement of buildings, the greater the water consumption. Based on the degree of improvement of the settlement, water consumption standards have been developed. Water consumption in large cities is growing. Per last year in Saratov (a city with a high level of improvement), water consumption amounted to almost 500 liters per person per day. In Moscow, up to 1000 liters of water are consumed daily. This is due not only to the growth of the prosperity of cities, but also to the uneconomical use of water.

Color - 20

Turbidity – 1.5 mg/l

The chemical composition of water.

Chemical constituents in water can cause geochemical endemias- diseases associated with the chemical composition of the water of the area. Therefore, from the hygienic side, the statement is justified:

"Tell me where you drink from and I'll tell you what you're sick of."

In the chemical analysis of drinking water, indicators are determined that characterize mineral composition of water. After evaporation of 1 liter of water, a dense residue remains, which characterizes the degree of water mineralization. The solid residue of tap water should not exceed 1000 mg/l. The chemical composition of natural waters can vary significantly among themselves. High concentrations of mineral salts give water an unpleasant taste, adversely affect the function of the gastrointestinal tract and other organs, and interfere with the use of water in everyday life and at work. Of the mineral composition of drinking water, the content of iron, calcium, magnesium, sulfates, chlorides and fluorine is of the greatest hygienic importance.

Iron imparts color and turbidity to water. When the iron content in water is more than 0.5 mg/l, the organoleptic properties of water may deteriorate, more than 1-2 mg/l an unpleasant astringent aftertaste appears. High content iron in water spoils the taste of tea, gives a yellowish tint to linen, leads to the reproduction of glandular microorganisms in water pipes, which reduces their clearance. Iron content in tap water should not exceed 0.3 mg/l.

Salts of calcium and magnesium cause water hardness. Hard water leads to scale formation, increased consumption detergents, the cooking of meat and legumes worsens. Very hard water is unpleasant in taste, leads to the development of urolithiasis. However, the low content of hardness salts contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. The hardness of drinking water should not be more 7 mmol/l.

chlorides give water a salty taste, lead to water retention in the body and the development of arterial hypertension. Drinking water should contain no more 350 mg/l chlorides.

sulfates give water a bitter taste, lead to dyspeptic disorders. In areas where the water contains a large amount of sulfates, massive outbreaks of dyspepsia can be mistaken for intestinal infections. Drinking water should contain no more 500 mg/l sulfates.

Fluorine compounds contribute to the mineralization of bones and teeth. The fluorine content in the water must be 0.7-1.5 mg/l. The content of fluorine less than 0.7 mg/l leads to the development of caries, and more than 1.5 mg/l to fluorosis (erosion of tooth enamel, damage to the bones of the skeleton, central nervous system).

The presence of toxic chemicals in water can be for 3 reasons:

1. natural natural origin

2. During chemical treatment of water at a waterworks

3. As a result of sewage pollution (the main cause).

In SanPiN-01 MPCs have been developed for many chemical elements whose presence in water is harmful to humans.

Mercury no more than 0.0005 mg/l. Its presence in water leads to Minamata disease, proceeds according to the type of cerebral palsy (characterized by damage to the central nervous system).

Cadmium not more than 0.001 mg / l, causes the disease Itai-itai (HURNS-HURNS), has the ability to accumulate, causes acute muscle pain, leads to albuminuria, underweight, skeletal deformities. The disease lasts about 12 years and ends in death.

Lead not more than 0.03 mg / l, leads to severe lead poisoning.

Nitrates no more than 45 mg/l. An increased content leads to toxic cyanosis. It was noted in children who were artificially fed with mixtures, for the cultivation of which they used water containing nitrates. The disease is caused by the formation of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in impaired oxygen delivery to the tissues. In children, dyspepsia, blue skin, shortness of breath, in severe cases, convulsions and death were noted. In addition, when nitrates interact with aromatic amines, nitrosamines are formed, which are active carcinogens. The content of nitrates is growing from year to year due to organic pollution of surface and underground water sources.

Strontium a significant part of it is deposited in the bone tissue, while the inclusion of calcium in the bone tissue decreases, the so-called "strontium rickets" develops.

The use of chemical disinfectants for water treatment often leads to the formation of by-products. chemical products, some of which are potentially dangerous to humans.

It also takes into account the radiation risk to health associated with the presence of radioactive substances in the water, which enter both naturally and as a result of the behavior of nuclear tests.

Topic 2.4.

Decontamination methods

1.Chemical: 2.Physical:

-chlorination

- use of sodium hypochlorite-boiling

-ozonation -U\V irradiation

-use of silver -ultrasonic

treatment

- use filters

Chemical methods.

1. The most widely used chlorination method. For this, chlorination of water with gas (at large stations) or bleach (at small ones) is used. When chlorine is added to water, it hydrolyzes, forming hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids, which, easily penetrating through the shell of microbes, kill them.

A) Chlorination in small doses.

The essence of this method lies in the choice of the working dose according to the chlorine demand or the amount of residual chlorine in the water. To do this, trial chlorination is carried out - the selection of a working dose for a small amount of water. Knowingly taken