How harmful is oatmeal? Growing oats. Varieties, types, varieties - sowing, Byzantine, sandy

Latin name: Avena fatua L.

Description

An early spring weed of the bluegrass family. In appearance, it is very similar to cultivated oats. As a special weed, wild oat is very burdensome. Especially dangerous for spring wheat, oats, barley. When 50 plants per 1 m2 are infested with wild oats, the yield decreases by 20%, 300 - by 4 times, 450 - by 5 times or more.

The root is fibrous, penetrating the soil to a depth of 130 ... 160 cm. The stem is straight, height 60 ... 120 cm. The leaves of wild oats are narrow-linear, large, rough at the edges. The base of the plate, and sometimes the vagina, is covered with sparse hairs, there are no ears. During the period of full germination of spring grain crops, wild oat is easily visible in the row-spacing of crops. After throwing out the panicle, wild oat plants in spring crops are distinguished by awns. The awns are dark brown, long, knee-shaped, twisted in the lower part. A well-developed wild oat plant produces up to 440...600 grains, the ripening period of which is extended. The mass of 1000 seeds is 22.5 g. Usually wild oat seeds ripen earlier than the seeds of cultivated plants and fall off when they fall into the soil.

Oats are difficult to separate from seeds of oats, wheat, winter rye. Freshly shedding seeds germinate weakly, but, having passed a dormant period during the winter, they germinate and sprout at a soil temperature of 3 to 5°C. Optimum temperature 16...20°С. Wild oat seeds can germinate from a depth of 20...30 cm, the viability of caryopses lasts up to 5 years.

Control measures

One of the reasons for the mass distribution of wild oat is the predominance of spring cereals in crop rotation. Flat-cutting and minimal tillage contribute to the accumulation of wild oat grains in top layer soil, so it is necessary to stimulate their germination. With a strong infestation with wild oats, peeling creates favorable conditions for germination, they are peeled to a depth of 4-6 cm; in conditions of humid and warm autumn, up to 50% of weed seeds in the soil can germinate. The arable fields are taken away for sowing late spring crops or tilled crops.

Early spring surface loosening of the soil creates favorable conditions for the emergence of wild oat seedlings, which are destroyed by subsequent treatments. Carbin and triallat are used to control wild oat in wheat and barley crops. Carbin has a high selective effect, penetrates through above-ground organs, spraying at a dose of 3.3 ... 5 l / ha is carried out from the beginning of the appearance of the second to the formation of the third leaf in wild oats. Triallat is applied to the soil at a dose of 2...3.5 l/ha before sowing, simultaneously or after sowing, and embedded into the soil to a depth of 2...3 cm.

Oats empty, or wild oats(lat. Avena fatua ) — annual plant; species of the genus Oats of the family Cereals, or Bluegrass (Poaceae).

It grows throughout Eurasia, North Africa, is listed in North America and the Southern Hemisphere. Hard to eradicate weed. Significantly reduces the yield of spring crops, dries up the soil.

The wild oat plant is a weed!

Oatmeal today is considered one of the most harmful weeds. He is incredibly resilient and able to survive in almost any conditions. Wild oat grows among the crops of all crops known today, but it most of all infests spring crops such as oats, peas, wheat, barley and some others. At the same time, the yield is significantly reduced, especially if the number of wild oats is more than 15 plants per square meter sowing.

The soil under the influence of wild oat is largely depleted, and the plant itself is a reserve of various diseases, as well as insect pests. At the same time, the quality of grain is significantly reduced, and its use as animal feed can cause livestock diseases. When the number of wild oat plants is 50 per square meter, the grain yield drops by 20%. The conclusions about how the grain yield is lost due to the weed are disappointing.

Wild oat control measures

To prevent the growth of wild oat in the fields, you should not sow seeds that contain at least a few grains of wild oats. Also, measures to combat wild oats include the destruction of weed seeds due to deep mechanical tillage and prevention of shedding in grain field crops. In addition, plowing of the land is used, the allotment of fields with wild oat for the sowing of late spring cereals and other actions. One of the most effective methods weed control is the treatment of crops with herbicides.

Today, a fairly wide range of such means of struggle. If the field is heavily littered and the problem of wild oat control is acute, then preparations containing glyphosate as the basis are used. This is a solid substance. The consumption of the drug is 1-1.5 liters per hectare.

BUT. Cultivated oats.

1. Spikelets awnless or with one awn; the upper flower is usually underdeveloped. Apex of lower lemma with two denticles, without awned points. Lower fracture platform
grain straight. When the spikelet is broken, the rod, on which the upper grain is located, remains at the lower grain ………………………. common seed oats(Avena sativa L.).

2. Spikelets large, spinous, awns thin, straight. There are usually two awns in a spikelet. The area of ​​the fracture of the lower grain is bevelled. When the rod is broken in half, part of it remains at the bottom grain, and part - at the top. At the base of the lower flower there are two tufts of thick hairs …………………………………………… Byzantine or Mediterranean oats(Avena byzantiva c. Koch.).

3. Spikelets are small. All flowers in the spikelet are spinous. At the top of the lemma there are two awn-like points 3-6 mm long. The rod, on which the upper grain is located, remains at the lower grain …………….. sandy oats(Avena strigosa Schreb.).

B. wild oats.

1. Spikelets of two-, three-flowered. All flowers in the spikelet are spinous, the awns are geniculate-curved. The flowering scales in the mature state have different colors (brown, gray, yellow and white)
and pubescent. Horseshoe ovoid or rounded, each has
grains in a spikelet, so each grain falls separately when ripe ....... wild oat, or northern(Avena vatua L.).

2. Spikelets two-, rarely three-flowered. The first and second grains in the spikelet always have an awn, while the third sometimes does not. The awns are coarse, articulated. Floral scales covered with long hairs. The forging is oblong, there is only the lower grain in the spikelet. When ripe, the grains of one spikelet fall together …………….. wild oats southern(Avena ludoviciana Dur.).

3. Spikelets two-, four-flowered. All flowers bear cranked awns. The outer lemma is pubescent. The horseshoe is oblong, each grain has a spikelet. When ripe, the grains disintegrate one by one …………………… bearded wild oat(Avena barbata Pott.).

Identify varieties of sowing oats by key and write down characteristics the main varieties according to the shape of the panicle, spinousness and color of the grain.

Sowing oats can be filmy and naked. In filmy oats, the caryopsis is enclosed in tightly fitting lemmas, while in naked oats, they are easily separated during threshing. The spikelet of membranous oats contains 2-3 flowers, the spikelet of naked oats contains from 2 to 7 flowers. Spikelets of sowing oats are awnless or awn only at the first grain.

According to the structure of the panicle, sowing oats are divided into spreading (diffusae Mordv.) and compressed, or one-maned (orientalis Mordv.) (Fig. 18).

The most widespread in production is oats with a spreading panicle, the branches of which are directed towards different sides. In single-maned oats, the panicle is one-sided, the branches are shortened and pressed against the stem of the panicle.

Rice. 18. Panicles of sowing oats:

1 - sprawling; 2 - one-mane.

When identifying varieties, attention should be paid to the following features: hulliness of grain (chaffy or naked), panicle structure (spreading or one-maned), color of lemmas (white, yellow, gray, brown) and spinousness (awned or awnless).

The awn in oats is a sign that varies depending on the growing conditions. In wet years, as well as with high agricultural technology, the spinousness of the same variety is usually low, and in dry years and with reduced agricultural technology, it greatly increases. Awnless varieties include oats, in the panicle of which there are no more than 25% spinous spikelets.

The plant world is so diverse that it never ceases to amaze not only the inhabitants, but also scientists. Representatives of the flora adapt in different ways to adverse conditions. Some compete so successfully with other species that they resemble cunning animals. One of these weeds is wild oats, or empty oats. Outwardly, it looks like a cultivated plant, so it is very difficult to deal with it.

Description and features

In the process of evolution, wild oat acquired not only a characteristic appearance, but also some interesting features. So, although it is called empty, seeds ripen in panicles, they are just very small. When ripe, the seeds become black in color. From the chaff dorsal shell at the upper edge of the grain, a curved awn extends, twisted around its axis. For comparison: in oats, the awns are not curved or twisted, but straight.

The most interesting thing happens when you put a grain of wild oats on a flat surface and drip water on it. The seed seems to come to life and begins to rotate around its axis. AT vivo when the weed seeds fall, a little rain is enough to start spinning and screwing into the ground. Being in the thickness of the soil, grains are able to wait for suitable conditions for germination for a long time.

The weed is very tenacious and it can be difficult to clear the field from it. The wild oat has a three-tiered panicle, so the seeds ripen stretched. When the first tier has already crumbled, the last one is just beginning to ripen. This feature does not allow you to destroy the weed by mowing. If nothing is sown on the field, and weed shoots are treated several times with herbicides, this will not help either - seeds remain in the soil that can sprout in 3, 6 or 10 years.

Deep plowing does not help in this case. Black grains are not afraid of frost, at a depth of 35-40 cm they also feel good. Any tillage is only beneficial for the weed, as it helps the seeds to spread throughout large area. About 600 grains ripen on one spike, so a few dozen adult specimens are enough to seed a whole hectare. If no measures are taken, the number of wild oats will only increase every year.

Harm of empty oats

Weed damage is due to the fact that it grows faster than cultivated plants, and develops a powerful root system, drying up the soil and taking from it nutrients. As a result, cereal crops are deficient in moisture, sunlight and nutrition. Since wild oat is very tenacious, it expands its range every year. Seeds have such a high survival rate that sometimes they are even found inside peas, where they are at rest, waiting for an opportunity to penetrate the soil.

Oats are sometimes called empty oats. But they can be distinguished, and not only by panicles. The weed has a thicker and longer stem, well-developed fibrous root system. Small seeds are the first to ripen and crumble, the largest are the last. Large grains when threshing the crop fall into the bunker along with wheat, oats, barley or other crops. There are cases when the volume of weed impurities reached 50%.

If weed seeds get into the seed material, it is considered spoiled. When they are present in grain intended for livestock feed, this is also a problem. Farm animals, eating unground grain of wild oat with hard awn, injure the mucous membranes of the digestive tract. As a result, they become inflamed. Getting into food wheat, and then into flour, oatmeal gives baked goods an unpleasant taste and dark color.

Weeds are also harmful because they attract harmful insects:

1. nematodes;
2. flies;
3. thrips;

Empty oats are a distributor of smut, ergot and other dangerous diseases. But before the formation of panicles, the weed is harmless to animals. At this time, it can be mowed and fed to livestock or dried for hay.

A weedy species is able to interbreed with cultivated oats, forming a hybrid. In the first generation, the offspring are almost impossible to distinguish from real cereals, and in the next, splitting occurs. So hollow oat weeds develop new territories.

Preventive measures

In order not to have to spend time, money and effort on cleaning the fields from a malicious weed, which is very difficult to remove completely, you need to try to prevent its spread. First you need to identify the sources of infection and eliminate them. Also, all factors contributing to the spread of wild oats should be minimized.

It is good to take preventive measures. These include:

In no case should winter crops be sown immediately after the previous crop. Also, you should not grow the same cereal for several years in one place.

One of the effective preventive measures is a five-field crop rotation, in which there are millet, sugar beets and other species that prevent the spread of empty oats. Proper spring processing also plays an important role. It consists in the following: first, the field is cultivated with the simultaneous application of fertilizers, and after a while, when wild oats give mass seedlings, another treatment is performed. As a result most of weeds die.

Application of chemicals

Herbicides are used with caution and only when the number of weeds exceeds the capacity. mechanical methods removal. First, the sanitary condition of the field is determined, where the foci of contamination are located and how large they are, then the preparation is selected and its dosage is calculated.

Best of all, chemicals of continuous action cope with oatmeal:

1. "Topek", "Avantix Extra", "Eraser Extra", "Doping" - process wild oat in the early stages of vegetation;
2. "Axial", "Polgar" - sprayed when the first pair of true leaves appears and until the end of tillering.

If a variety of weeds grow on the field, including empty wild oat, the following preparations will help:

Before using any chemicals, you need to make sure that other methods are powerless. Herbicides should not be thoughtlessly sprayed, as they damage the environment.

History of the origin of culture. How is oats used? What is grain made of? How it works. What is oats (10+)

Agrotechnics of oats - Types. Characteristics

History of the origin of culture

The first acquaintance with such a grain crop as oats occurred around 2500 BC. Until now, archaeologists and scientists cannot come to a consensus on the issue of the first place where oats grow. However, there is still a high probability that the birthplace of a grain crop called oats is Eastern Europe. The era of the Bronze Age is just associated with the use of animals by man, in particular horses, as an excellent draft force. And the horses were fed mainly with oats. Oats were sown more often in Eastern and Northern Europe; the countries of the Mediterranean at that time did not cultivate this grain crop at all. Today, as before, oats are in most cases grown as fodder or technical culture. And only 5% of the total crop goes to human consumption.

Composition of oat grain

Cereal grain is practically not used for the production of flour for traditional bread due to its low gluten content. But other confectionery products with oats are very tasty, for example, oatmeal cookies.

A fodder plant is considered according to a number of indicators such as:

• protein content - 12-18%
• starch - 41%
• fat - 4-5%
• ash - 4%

The grain is rich in B2 and BB vitamins. Not deprived of oats and a sufficient amount of trace elements: cobalt, zinc, manganese. In agricultural terms, 100 kg of oat straw has 31 feed units, while flakes have about 46 feed units. Although oats are roughage, their nutritional value remains high.

Types of oats and their characteristics

Oats are represented by three types:

• oats
• Byzantine oats
• sandy oats

The share of the world grain harvest in the total turnover consists of 90% of sowing oats, and only 10% is accounted for by the Byzantine type of oats. Each of these types of oats has its own separate area of ​​​​growth. So Byzantine oats are most of all cultivated on the lands of the Mediterranean, sowing oats are more typical for the warm south of Europe or China. Sandy oats are grown on sandy soils in the northwestern part of Europe, hence the name of this species. By the way, it is the sandy type of oats that is considered the most ancient.

Of all the known varieties of oats, grain is the most demanded today. white color. Black grain is considered less valuable, and fodder grain (red and gray) is least valued.

The most commonly cultivated varieties of oats are:

• Merlin;
• Hunter;
• Dance;
• Mascot

Sowing oats are divided into several wild varieties, which are named wild oats. The most common types of wild oats are:

• wild oat
• wild oats southern
• bearded wild oat

Characteristics of a cereal crop - oats

It is this variety that differs from other similar varieties of oats. appearance caryopses, which are quite strongly pubescent and spinous. The awns are rough, and the bottom is completely twisted into a spiral shape. The main difference between cultivated varieties and wild varieties is the presence of the so-called horseshoe in the latter. Thanks to the forging, the ripened grain is easily separated from the branches of the panicle. The color of oats is a panicle, and the spikelets may have one or more flowers. The grain has a slight pubescence. There is the following classification of oats:

• annual species: cultivated and wild plants;
• perennials, such as high ryegrass.

Anatomical special main species of oats

Sowing oats, or common oats, have a small tongue in the leaf blade. The uvula has slightly serrated endings, but no lugs. Spikelets of the plant are loose and often awnless. The threshing process separates the ear into individual grains. The naked forms have light scales, which are easily removed during processing, which cannot be said about the membranous forms of oats.

Byzantine oats are classified into sound and winter forms. The spikelets of the plant are large, there are 3-4 flowers, the awns are located on the scales of the two lower flowers. When threshed, the ear is broken into two parts: a part remains at the bottom grain, and the rest at the top. This variety tolerates drought and frost well, the ripening phase is short. The largest crops of Byzantine oats are concentrated in Transcaucasia and in middle lane Asia. AT industrial scale only winter forms of Byzantine oats are cultivated.

Sandy oats differ from other species in the spinous flowers of the spike, as well as the presence of ostucose-like processes at the top of the outer floral scale. The variety does not have a horseshoe, unlike wild oats. Favorite place of growth - sandstone. This species grows in many countries, but the largest plantations are in southwestern Europe.

Requirements for growing conditions

Oats are a frost-resistant plant, so the seed germinates at a temperature of 2-3 ° C, and seedlings normally tolerate small frosts. High temperatures, on the contrary, negatively affect the vegetation of the plant. The soil for oats should be well moistened, and the plant easily tolerates an excess of moisture. While dry periods can bring great harm to the culture. Oats are a long-day plant, so in the northern regions the growing season is slightly reduced.

As for the quality of the soil, oats, as a cereal crop, are not very demanding. However the best option sandy podzolic soils of non-chernozem areas are considered, as well as fertile soils Polissya. Brackish soils are considered to be of little use for oats.

As for fertilizers, oats need nitrogen fertilizers most of all, which can tremendously increase yields. Oats also grow well in cultivated peatlands.

Which predecessors are more suitable for oats

Oats are a cereal crop of a spring wedge. The place for sowing oats is determined not only by the predecessor, but also by the dry season. The optimal predecessor is representatives of legumes. Good harvests obtained after corn and winter wheat. If the season was wet, then the best predecessor is sugar beets. For Polissya best predecessor potatoes and fiber flax are considered. If the season was already dry, then planting oats after sugar beets is not recommended, since beets dry the soil very much and suffer from a common disease with oats (beet nematode).

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