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Functions of social institutions:
1) reproduction of members of society(family, state, etc.);
2) socialization- transfer to individuals established in this society patterns of behavior and methods of activity (family, education, religion);
3) production and distribution(economic and social institutions of management and control - authorities);
4) control and monitoring functions(carried out through the system social norms and prescriptions)
Conditions for the successful functioning of social institutions:
1) a clear definition of the purpose and scope of the actions to be performed,
2) rational division of labor and its rational organization,
3) depersonalization of actions,
4) conflict-free inclusion in the global system of institutions.
The state has all the features and functions of social. institutions.
Functions of the State:
1. Ensuring integrity and stability, military, economic, security;
2. Protection of the constitution and the right to rule of law, guarantee of rights and freedoms;
3. Providing conditions for the development of public life;
4. Regulation of public relations on the basis of rights;
5.Coordination of interests based on compromise;
6.Control to improve management efficiency;
7. Ensuring national interests in the world community.
The largest social institution is the state. The state arises from certain social needs, with a certain target orientation, it quite clearly implements social stratification, revealing social statuses and positions, there are pronounced signs of a social institution.
The state already clearly separates the governing and managed subsystems. The most important place in the structure of the state as social institution(the public-power organization of class society) belongs to the state apparatus. The state apparatus is the necessary committee that, by virtue of the division of labor within the public-power form, the organization of class society, exercises the functions of this organization and class power.
The main function of the state is to form such a social environment that would contain the prerequisites for the development of dominant production relations and the class of owners itself.
Another no less important function of the state is to suppress the resistance of the oppressed classes, to establish relations of domination and subordination. Dominance is nothing more than the imposition of the wolf class on the rest of society through the application of institutional coercion. Coercion is carried out by various forms of influence, including ideological ones. Ideology in this regard appears as an instrument of the ruling classes, functioning in the state to introduce into the consciousness of the masses the principles and ideals that contribute to the implementation of class domination.
Topic 6. THE STATE AS THE MAIN INSTITUTION OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
Origin and essence of the state.
The main features and functions of the state.
Types and forms of the state.
Rule of law and civil society.
Development of the rule of law and civil society in the Republic of Belarus.
1. State - main institute political system, a set of interrelated institutions and organizations that manage society. Using it, the government organizes, directs and controls the joint activities and relations of individuals, social groups and classes.
The forerunners of the state were various forms of social self-regulation and self-organization of people - traditions, norms, customs, clan and tribal formations, characteristic of the primitive communal system.
The state appeared as a result of the decomposition of the tribal system under the influence of such factors as:
the development of the social division of labor and the allocation of managerial labor into a special branch;
the emergence of private property and the need to create specific norms, rules and structures governing property relations;
the need for armed force in order to preserve or increase territory, property, etc.;
demographic factors, changes in the reproduction of the person himself: an increase in the number and density of the population, the transition to a settled lifestyle, the need of society to streamline marital relations;
social human nature, manifested in the desire for certain forms of hostel (family, state). Aristotle noted that man is a highly collective being and can realize himself only within the framework of certain forms of communication.
At first, state-policies arose in ancient Greece and Rome. Then military-feudal states were formed in Europe. They were replaced by national states. In the history of social thought, the following approaches to the question of the origin of the state have developed.
Theocratic concepts associate the emergence of the state with God's establishment. They are characteristic of Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Patriarchal concept considers the state as a product of a family that has grown to the size of the state, while the power of the ruler is interpreted as the power of the father in the family, and the relationship between subjects and rulers is like family relations.
Contractual concept, developed by T. Hobbes, J. Locke and J.-J. Rousseau, derived the state from an agreement between rulers and subjects, concluded in order to ensure order and organization of public life.
Psychological theory proceeds from the fact that the state exists due to the presence of a person's psychological needs to live within an organized community or due to the propensity of the majority to obey.
conquest theory, created in the 19th century. L. Gumplonich, explained the emergence of the state by the conquest of the weak in socio-economic terms and warlike peoples.
Race concept relies on the postulate that there are superior and inferior races, and the state is necessary to ensure the dominance of the former over the latter.
organic concept draws an analogy between the state and a living organism both in structure and in functions. Violation of this harmony leads to illness of the whole organism and even to its death.
Irrigation concept connects the origin of the state with the need to build large irrigation facilities.
Sports concept prints the genesis of the state from the spread of sports, the system of physical education in Sparta, which contributed to the emergence of a strong army and state.
Socio-economic concept explains the emergence of the state by social and property differentiation, the emergence of private property and classes, the irreconcilability of class contradictions, the social division of labor and the need of the economically dominant class to ensure political domination.
2. The state has the following distinguishing features and attributes :
Territory- this is the physical, material basis of the state, the space to which its jurisdiction extends.
population - it is a set of people living in the territory of a given state and subject to its authority.
public authority- having a special systems of organs and institutions that implement the functions state power(government, bureaucracy);
sovereignty, i.e., the supremacy and independence of state power within the country and in external affairs;
monopoly on compulsion and relevant authorities for the exercise of this right (army, police, security services, court);
monopoly on issuing laws and legal acts binding on the entire population;
monopoly on collection of taxes and formation of the national budget, money issue.
State functions
To internal relate:
the function of protecting the existing political system, economic and social system, human rights;
economic and organizational function, regulation of the economy;
cultural and educational function.
ensuring law and order
External features:
protection of state sovereignty and the territory of the country from external encroachment
ensuring business partnership and cooperation, protecting its interests in the international arena, participation in international division labor
maintenance of peace and peaceful coexistence.
These functions naturally follow from the internal ones and are their continuation; however, they, in turn, affect internal functions.
To carry out all these functions state mechanism usually includes the following elements:
1. organs legislature those receiving legitimation as a result of elections are parliaments, local representative bodies of power and self-government;
2. executive and administrative bodies that directly manage state affairs are the government and local executive authorities;
3. bodies of the judiciary, prosecutors, public order and security, armed strength.
3. Types and formsstates
Under historical type is understood as the totality of the main, most important features of the state of a certain OEF. Each mode of production has its own type: slave-owning (in 2 versions - Asian and ancient), feudal, bourgeois and socialist.
States are traditionally classified according to three criteria - forms of government, forms of territorial structure and forms political regime. Under form of government is understood as the organization of the supreme state power, the system of relations of its bodies with each other and with the population. The form state structure reflects the territorial structure of the state, the nature of the relationship between central, regional and local authorities.
Forms of government:
In the monarchy source of power is one person - the monarch (king, emperor, king, shah, etc.), and power is hereditary.
Monarchies There are two types - absolute and limited, constitutional.
Absolute monarchy characterized by the omnipotence of the head of state and is not limited by constitutional institutions. The government is appointed by the monarch and is responsible to him. Absolute monarchies prevailed in the past, and now they have survived only in some countries of the Middle East - Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates.
Most monarchies - limited, constitutional. In them, the powers of the monarch are strictly limited by legislative systems. The power of the monarch in constitutional monarchies does not extend to the sphere of legislative activity and is limited in the sphere of government. Laws are passed by Parliament; and the right of veto, if it exists, is practically not used by monarchs. Depending on the degree of such restriction, parliament distinguishes:
dualistic(dual) monarchy (Jordan, Morocco, Kuwait), in which the powers of the head of state are limited in the field of legislation, but rather broad in the field of executive power. The monarch has the right to appoint a government that is responsible to him.
parliamentary. The power of the head of state practically does not extend to the sphere of legislation and is significantly limited in the sphere of executive power. The government is formed on the basis of a parliamentary majority and is responsible not to the monarch, but to the parliament. It exercises real control over the country, and the prime minister is the actual head of state. All orders (decrees) issued by the monarch acquire legal force only after confirmation by the head of government. The government is responsible for their implementation. Thus, the monarch reigns, but does not rule (Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Spain, Japan, etc.).
The institution of the monarchy in many countries (especially European ones) is preserved only because it embodies the unity of the nation and the inviolability of its political systems. Monarchies provide continuity in political development, are guardians of traditions
However, the most common form of government in the modern world is republics (from lat. res - business and publika - public). The source of power in them is the popular majority, the highest authorities are elected by citizens.
Depending on who forms the government, to whom it is accountable and controlled, the republics are divided into three types: parliamentary, presidential and mixed (semi-presidential).
main feature parliamentary republic - the formation of the government by the parties that won the elections. The government is responsible to parliament. The government headed by the prime minister plays a paramount role in political life. The prime minister is the first person in the state. The president is the head of state, but performs mainly representative functions.
Parliamentary republics exist in such countries as Italy, Germany, Greece, Switzerland. India and Australia. They are distinguished by frequent change of governments and early parliamentary elections.
AT presidential republic the head of state simultaneously acts as head of government (executive power). He appoints a government that is not accountable to Parliament. Parliament and the President are independent in their relations. The President is elected by the people and is not responsible to Parliament. The President directs the armed forces and the administration. Parliament does not have the right to dismiss the government, although the president does not have the right to dissolve parliament.
The third main variety of the republic is semi-presidential republic , or mixed , combining the features of presidential and parliamentary republics. It exists in Austria, Ireland, Portugal, Poland, Finland, France, Bulgaria and some other countries. Her main feature- dual responsibility of the government: to the president and to the parliament.
By national-territorial structure states are divided into:
unitary state are distinguished by a single constitution recognized throughout the territory, a single citizenship, a single system of law and a judicial system, and the lack of independence of administrative-territorial units. (France, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Belarus, Estonia, etc.)
Federation differs from a unitary state in that its constituent territorial units (states, provinces, cantons, republics) are subjects of state sovereignty. This is a stable union of states that are independent within the limits of competences distributed between them and the center and have their own authorities.
The current federations include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, the USA, Germany, and Switzerland. States in the USA, lands in Austria and Germany, cantons in Switzerland, provinces in Canada.
Practice has shown that federations created according to the territorial principle (USA, Mexico, Germany, Austria) turned out to be more viable than federations created according to the national-territorial principle (Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia).
There are other associations of states. First, this confederation - a temporary union of independent states for the implementation of specific joint goals (military, economic). Its members transfer to the competence of the union the solution of a limited range of issues, most often in the field of military, foreign policy, transport and communications, and the monetary system. There is an association of states in which elements of a confederation are visible - the European Union. It has supranational bodies with considerable powers, policy is coordinated, and there is a common economic space.
4. Rule of law and civil society
The concept of the rule of law of the state has deep historical and theoretical roots. The idea of the rule of law, the rule of law in the life of society, was expressed in antiquity. Plato emphasized: “I see the near death of that state where the law has no force and is under someone else’s power. Where the law is the master of the rulers, and they are its slaves, I consider the salvation of the state and all the blessings that can bestow gods on states.
The theory of the rule of law in its holistic form was developed by D. Locke, C. Montesquieu, T. Jefferson, I. Kant and other representatives of liberalism. The very term "rule of law" was established in the 19th century in the works of German lawyers K.T. Welker, R. von Mol and others. A significant contribution to the development of the rule of law was made by Russian thinkers A. Radishchev, A. Herzen, N. Dobrolyubov; legal scholars B. Chicherin, S. Kotlyarevsky, P. Novgorodtsev, B. Kistyakovsky. Significant milestones on the way to the rule of law were the US Constitution of 1787 and the French Constitution of 1789, which for the first time consolidated some provisions of the legal statehood.
Constitutional state - it is a state limited in its actions by the law that protects the freedom of the individual and subordinates power to the will of the sovereign people.
Law is a system of universally recognized, formally defined, state-guaranteed norms. those. rules of conduct of a general nature, acting as a regulator of social relations. Law is a means of organizing state power. Through legal norms, the state performs the necessary functions, makes its decrees obligatory for the entire population.
In a constitutional state, there is a regime of constitutional government, there is a developed and consistent legal system with effective control of politics and power. Implementation of internal and foreign policy state, the activities of its bodies, officials are bound by legal norms and are subject to them. The concept of the rule of law justifies the legal equality of all citizens, the priority of human rights over the laws of the state, non-interference of the state in the affairs of civil society.
Distinctive features of the rule of law:
sovereignty of the people. This means that it is the people who are the ultimate source of power; state sovereignty is representative.
Law supremacy. The laws of the rule of law are based on the Constitution of the country and have the highest binding force in comparison with all other normative acts issued by state bodies. The law cannot be repealed or changed either by departmental acts, or by government orders, or by party decisions. This raises the question of the quality of the law itself. In a truly democratic state governed by the rule of law, the law must comply with the law, be humane, fair, progressive, and secure inalienable human rights.
Universality of law, bound by the law of the state itself and his organs. The state that made the law has no right to violate it itself. All state bodies and officials act strictly on the basis of and in pursuance of laws, within the limits of their competence and in the manner prescribed by legal norms.
Mutual responsibility states and individuals. Not only a citizen, individual organizations and institutions are responsible to the state for the performance of their duties, but also the state, its officials are responsible for their actions to citizens.
Separation of powers. Power must be dispersed, in order to avoid despotism, between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. The principle of separation of powers requires autonomy, independence, strict delimitation of the competencies of these three authorities, the existence of a system of checks and balances, with the help of which each branch of power could limit the other. The principle of separation of powers does not exclude, but presupposes the unity and interaction of authorities, as well as a certain supremacy of the legislative power, the constitutional decisions of which are binding on all.
The inviolability of the freedom of the individual, his rights, honor and dignity. The rule of law proceeds from the fact that human rights and freedoms are inalienable and belong to him from birth; rights and freedoms are equally granted to everyone; the exercise of human and civil rights and freedoms must not violate the rights and freedoms of other persons; the catalog of human and civil rights and freedoms must comply with international standards set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966.
Availability of effective forms of control and supervision for the observance of the rights and freedoms of citizens, the implementation of laws and other regulations, a flexible mechanism for guaranteeing the freedom of expression of the people's will. The rule of law is called upon to create a developed and efficient system of judiciary, arbitration, people's (state) control, etc.
Civil society - it is a system of independent public institutions and relations independent of the state, which are designed to provide conditions for the self-realization of individuals and groups, the reaction of private interests and needs.
Civil society has a complex structure and includes economic, spiritual, moral, religious, ethnic, family and other relations and institutions not mediated by the state. It covers the production and private life of people, their traditions, customs, education, science, culture, which are outside the direct activities of the state.
The interests and needs of various groups and individuals are expressed and implemented through such civil society institutions as a family, a church, political parties, professional, creative associations, cooperatives, social movements, bodies of public amateur performance, etc. a plurality of social subjects relatively independent of the state and capable of self-organization.
In civil society, in contrast to state structures, not vertical (subordination), but horizontal ties prevail - relations of competition and solidarity between free and equal partners.
Basis civil society is a multistructural market economy, pluralism of forms of ownership, independence of business entities, providing a broad business initiative to citizens.
An important condition for the functioning of civil society is also the presence of a developed social structure and the diversity of different groups of layers. Socialial basis gra Civil society is the so-called middle class, which includes the most active and mobile part of the population.
Spiritual the sphere of civil society implies pluralism in the field of ideology, real freedom of speech, press, conscience, a fairly high level of social, intellectual, psychological development of the individual.
In modern conditions, it is difficult to draw a clear line between civil society and the state. However, such a division is necessary for the timely prevention of etatist totalitarian tendencies, ensuring the sovereignty of the people, the freedom of the individual. The state should manage society, but not completely subordinate it to itself. Society should live its full life, but not ignore the state. The border of interaction should be established by a law that does not allow them to absorb each other.
welfare state is a state striving to ensure decent living conditions for citizens, satisfying their material and spiritual needs, and social security. This is achieved through the redistribution of national income in favor of the less well-off strata, the implementation of an employment policy, labor protection, the development of public education, health care, etc.
The concept and features of a political institution. political institution as ideal model systems political relations And How organizational structures, reproduced in a collective political practice in accordance with the stereotypes and matrices of the model structure. Features of the state as a political organization. State as central institute political system. Concepts of origin, nature and social purpose states. The main features and types of the state. Stages of development of the modern constitutional state. Internal and external functions of the state.
Forms of government and government. Forms of government: confederation, unitary state, federation. Forms of government: republic and monarchy. Presidential republic (on the example of the USA): political status, rights and duties of the president, the main powers of the parliament. Semi-presidential republic (on the example of France). Parliamentary republic: the position of the president in the system of higher authorities, the order of formation, the party composition and powers of the government, the features of the relationship between the parliament and the government (on the example of Germany). Absolute and constitutional monarchy.
Legal and social state: values and principles. The origins of the concept of the rule of law. Social environment, the mechanism of functioning and development of the rule of law. Essence and main features welfare state. The relationship of the rule of law and civil society.
Government departments Russian Federation. Features of the formation of state power in Russia. Legislative system. The State Duma and the Federation Council: the procedure for election, party composition, basic powers. Institute of presidential power in Russia: traditions, experience, innovations. Legal status, powers and role of the President in the exercise of state power. President and Federal Assembly. Features of the relationship between the government and parliament. Judicial system in Russia. Federalism in Russia: problems and trends.
Topic 11. Political parties, party systems, socio-political movements
Political party: definition, types of role in the mechanism political power. The concept of a political party. The main differences between a political party and other political institutions. Signs and types of political parties. Genesis and process of formation of modern political parties. The main trends in the evolution of parties. Party functions in the mechanism of political power. Methods and forms of influence of parties on political life.
The essence and varieties of party systems. The concept of "type of party system". One-party, two-party and multi-party systems. Alternative and non-alternative party systems. Party associations, movements and blocs. Opposition and its role in political life. Party systems of countries Western Europe, USA and China.
Socio-political movements. Signs of socio-political movements. Typology of socio-political movements. The relationship of socio-political movements and parties.
Formation multi-party system in Russia. Social base and typology of Russian political parties. general characteristics party system in Russia. Trends in the development of a multi-party system in modern Russia.
A)* state
89. The concept of the rule of law was formulated by supporters of the ideas A)* liberalism
91. The model of constitutions is considered A)* US constitution
According to the form of government, a constitutional monarchy is
A)* UK
93 .If, along with the monarch in the state, there is a parliament, then such a state in the form of power is constitutional monarchy
A) * the monarch
The constitutional monarchy was first established as a result of
A)* the English bourgeois revolution
95. A sign of the rule of law isdivision of power into 3 branches
96. Only the A) * state
A characteristic feature of totalitarian states is
A)* single party
The founders of the theory of the totalitarian state are
A)* Plato, Aristotle
99. The current Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan was adopted A)* in 1995
100. According to the form of government, the Republic of Kazakhstan A)* presidential republic
The integrity of society and the interconnection of its members ensures
A) * the institution of citizenship or citizenship
102. It is typical for a unitary state A) * the presence of a single subject of power
The main criterion for dividing states into unitary and federal is
A)* number of subjects of power
104. The most unstable form state association, easily transforming into other forms A)* confederation
105. A political institution designed to regulate, control the activities and behavior of citizens A)* state
106. Find a match Correct answer: 1 D, 2 A, 3 F, 4 E, 5 B, 6 C
Find a match
Correct answer: 1B, 2A, 3D, 4C
Political institution that performs executive functions
A)* government
109. There is no single bureaucracy if the form of the state A)* confederation
A) * Delegation of powers by society to the state
The centralized control of the economy is characteristic of
A)* totalitarian regime
Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan
A)* is the highest representative body exercising legislative functions
In the parliamentary model, the main functions of parliament are
A) * in the formation of the government, control over it and its dissolution
The most common type of political-territorial organization or form of government is
A) * unitary state
The internal borders of the federation can be changed
A) * only with the consent of its subjects
116. Foreign policy functions in a federal state are carried out A) * allied state bodies
117. Among the real political forces openly operating on the political stage, the most influential are A) * parties
Political parties in the modern sense arose
A) * in the second half of the nineteenth century
119. Party is A)* political social organization who fights for power or for participation in the exercise of power
120. Mass political parties emerge A) with the introduction of universal suffrage
122. Political parties directly perform the function of exercising power A) * in totalitarian systems
A)* electorate
One-party systems are characteristic of
Multipartyism is a characteristic feature
126. The 2-party system has historically developed A)* in the USA
According to their participation in political power, parties are divided into
A)* ruling and opposition
Multi-party system is a characteristic feature
A)* democratic political regime
129. Ideology is A) * a more or less complete system of ideas and views, ideals expressing the interests and values of a particular society or part of it
A political institution designed to generalize, justify and protect the interests of certain social groups
A)* political party
Huntington S. P. Will More Countries Become Democratic?// Political Science Quart. 1984 Vol. 99. No. 2. P. 213.
The central institution of the political system is the state. The main content of politics is concentrated in its activity. The term "state" itself is usually used in two senses. In a broad sense the state is understood as a community of people represented and organized by a higher authority and living in a certain territory. It is identical with the country and the politically organized people. In this sense, they speak, for example, of the Russian, American, German state, meaning the entire society they represent.
Until about the 17th century. the state was usually interpreted broadly and was not separated from society. Many specific terms were used to designate the state: “polity”, “principality”, “kingdom”, “empire”, “republic”, “despotism”, “rule”, etc. One of the first from the tradition wide meaning state departed Machiavelli. He introduced the special term "stati" to denote any supreme power over a person, whether it be a monarchy or a republic, and began to study the real organization of the state.
A clear distinction between the state and society was substantiated in the contractual (contractual) theories of the state by Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and other representatives of liberalism. In them, these concepts are separated not only in content, but also historically, since it is argued that individuals who originally existed in a free and unorganized state, as a result of economic and other interaction, first formed a society, and then, in order to protect their security and natural rights, they created a special body by contract - state. AT modern science the state in the narrow sense is understood as an organization, a system of institutions that have supreme power in a certain territory. It exists along with other political organizations: parties, trade unions, etc.
General signs of the state
The states of different historical epochs and peoples bear little resemblance to each other. And yet they have some features that are more or less inherent in each of them, although modern states subject to integration processes, they are sometimes quite blurry. Common to the state are the following features:
1. Separation of public authority from society, its mismatch with the organization of the entire population, the emergence of a layer of professional managers. This feature distinguishes the state from a tribal organization based on the principles of self-government.
2. The territory delineating the boundaries of the state. The laws and powers of the state apply to people living in a certain territory. It itself is built not on consanguineous or religious grounds, but on the basis of the territorial and, usually, ethnic community of people.
3. Sovereignty, i.e. supreme power in a certain area. In any modern society there are many authorities: family, industrial, party, etc. But supreme authority, the decisions of which are binding on all citizens, organizations and institutions, is owned by the state. Only he has the right to issue laws and regulations binding on the entire population.
4. Monopoly on the legal use of force, physical coercion. The range of state coercion extends from the restriction of freedom to the physical destruction of a person. The ability to deprive citizens of the highest values, which are life and freedom, determines the special effectiveness of state power. To perform the functions of coercion, the state has special means(weapons, prisons, etc.), as well as bodies - the army, police, security services, courts, prosecutors.
5. The right to collect taxes and fees from the population. Taxes are necessary for the maintenance of numerous employees and for the material support of state policy: defense, economic, social, etc.
6. Mandatory membership in the state. In contrast, for example, to such a political organization as a party, membership in which is voluntary and not mandatory for the population, a person receives state citizenship from the moment of birth.
7. Claim to represent society as a whole and protect the common interest and common good. No other organization, except perhaps the totalitarian party-states, claims to represent and protect all citizens and does not have the necessary means for this.
Definition common features state has not only scientific, but also practical political significance especially for international law. State - subject international relations. Only on the basis of possessing the qualities of the state, certain organizations are recognized as subjects of international law and endowed with appropriate rights and obligations. In modern international law three minimum features of the state are distinguished: territory, people united by the legal union of citizens (citizenship), and sovereign power exercising effective control over at least the majority of the territory and population.
The features noted above distinguish the state from other organizations and associations, but do not yet reveal its connection with society, the factors underlying its emergence and evolution.
Reasons for the emergence of the state
The state appears as a result of the decomposition of the tribal system, the gradual isolation from the society of leaders and their entourage and the concentration of managerial functions, resources of power and social privileges under the influence of a number of factors, the most important of which are:
The development of the social division of labor, the allocation of managerial labor in order to increase its efficiency in a special industry and the formation of this special body - the state;
Emergence in the course of development of production of private property, classes and exploitation (Marxism). Without denying the influence of these factors, most modern scholars still do not link the existence of the state directly with the emergence of private property and classes. In some countries, his education historically preceded and contributed to the class stratification of society. During historical development as class antagonisms are erased and society is democratized, the state becomes more and more a supra-class, national organization;
The conquest of some peoples by others (F. Oppenheimer, L. Gumplovich and others). The influence of the conquests on the education and development of the state is undoubted. However, it should not be absolutized, losing sight of other, often more important factors;
Demographic factors, changes in the reproduction of the human race itself. This refers primarily to the growth in the number and density of the population, the transition of peoples from a nomadic to a settled way of life, as well as the prohibition of incest and the regulation of marriage relations between clans. All this increased the need for communities to regulate the relationships of ethnically close people;
Psychological (rational and emotional) factors. Some authors (Hobbes) consider fear of aggression from other people, fear for life and property as the strongest motive that prompts a person to create a state. Others (Locke) put in the forefront the mind of people, which led them to an agreement on the creation of a special body - the state, which is better able to ensure the rights of people than traditional forms of community life.
