Frequently used foreign words in Russian. Words that came into the Russian language from foreign languages ​​and their meaning

One of the ways to develop a modern language is the borrowing of foreign words. The development of language is always closely connected with the development of progress and society. Borrowed words in Russian are the result of contacts, relationships with other peoples, professional communities and states. Along with words and expressions that came to us from other languages, anglicisms are very common in our speech. We'll talk about them today.

Specific words and expressions that came into the Russian language from English are called Anglicisms or Americanisms. Over the past 20-30 years, they have been rapidly penetrating the Russian language, and in such quantities that linguists have started talking about a phenomenon called Anglo-Russian bilingualism.

This invasion was caused primarily by the fact that modern society open to international contacts, as well as international status of English language. Here are the main reasons for the massive entry of borrowings into the Russian language (in particular, from American English).

Reasons for borrowing foreign words

In most cases, the borrowing of foreign vocabulary occurs due to the lack of a corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the language. So, for example, there were English loanwords in Russian such as computer, player, toaster, impeachment, voucher, charter, barrel, surfing.

Among other reasons, the need to express polysemantic Russian concepts with the help of a borrowed word is singled out. Examples: hotel for autotourists - motel, meeting at highest level- summit, figure skating - freestyle, sharpshooter - sniper, short press conference for journalists - briefing, hitman - hitman, parking lot - parking / parking, sprinting - sprint, falling production - recession, retail- Retail and many others.

foreign words in Russian allow you to increase it means of expression. Especially noticeable in last years the emergence of foreign stylistic synonyms such as service - service, shopping - shopping, motorcyclist - biker, security - security, party - party, loser - loser, girlfriend - girl friend, dancing - dancing, friend - boyfriend, performance - performance, reception - receptionist, others

English borrowings in Russian are also due to the need for specialization of objects and concepts, therefore, many scientific and technical terms are borrowed from English. A significant number of foreign words from the formal / book vocabulary have Russian synonyms corresponding to them. Here is a list of such words:

• emphasize - highlight;
• similar - similar;
• vary - change;
• vulgar - rude, vulgar;
• to misinform - to give false information;
• to decorate - decorate;
• ideal - perfect;
• infectious - contagious;
• memoirs - memories;
• permanent - constant, continuous;
• reconstruction - restoration;
• elastic - flexible, etc.

Some English words in Russian appeared due to the presence of similar semantic and morphological series. In the 19th century, the words gentleman, policeman came into the Russian language from English; already at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, an athlete, a champion, a yachtsman were added to them. Thus, a group of words appears that has the meaning of a person and a common element - "men". Gradually, the group began to replenish with new borrowings: businessman, congressman, showman, superman.

The most popular anglicisms

In almost any field of activity, you can find words that have come to us from the English language. Foreign language is especially widely used in the names of clubs, TV programs, shops: talk show; dog show; strip show; Coach Center; Show Business; hit parade; Fan club; Tennis Hall; Brain ring; Home Credit Bank; Fan Park (Roev Creek); Second hand; call center; Real comfort; Sweet Mom.

Below is a list of areas and anglicisms that have been most often used in them recently.

Politics/economics/positions:

summit, briefing, speaker, rating, electorate, voucher, holding, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, offshore, leasing, sequestration, tender, retail, price list, (top) manager , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, promoter, mentality.

Food/Clothes/Trade:

popcorn, hamburger, hot dog, barbecue, cheeseburger, fishburger, chocopie, pudding, (orange) fresh, yogurt, lunch, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, fast food, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top, non-roll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, Kodak Express, gel, SPA-salon, supermarket, VIP-room, catering, second-hand, discount.

Sport:

shaping, diving, surfing, fitness, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, frisbee, fitball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, training, skating rink, forward, bowling, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, turboslim, scooter, step class, overtime , contest.

Art / radio / TV:

western, video clip, thriller, clipmaker, newsmaker, blockbuster, bestseller, musical, casting, supersta, underground, pop-Art, (had)rock, rock-n-roll (l), shake, breakdance, Brain ring, (current ) show, hit parade, skinhead, weathertime, superman.

Home / life / office:

air conditioning, mixer, toaster, blender, cooler, siding, roller shutters, antifreeze, roller blinds, boulet magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, cleaning company, scrub, perfume, spray, adhesive tape, color, diaper, stapler.

Information and Communication Technologies:

computer, display, calculator, monitor, laptop, printer, Internet, scanner, CD, DVD, device, hacker, processor, upgrade, click, SMS, website, blog, emoticon.

Anglicisms are present in all European languages, in the languages ​​of African peoples and peoples of other continents who were once politically dependent on Great Britain or subject to American influence (cultural, economic, etc.). So, for example, in Japanese the word "cassette" sounds like tepu-rekoda from the English tape-recorder. The presence of anglicisms was also noted in the Chukchi language, which penetrated through American merchants: the word "sopy" means "soap" (in English "soap"), "manet" - "money" (in English "money").

There are adopted words in absolutely every language of the world. They come with any interaction of countries. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

In contact with

Loanword Dictionary

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries, nationalities, in a similar way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages ​​significantly complements the speech, where they enter, make people closer to each other, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains borrowed words that came to Russian in different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. Find necessary word You can use the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, enter into speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, a sandwich), while others do not change, they are used in their original state (a vivid example of the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Borrowed words in the majority are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms are so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as alien. For example, words "school", "sugar", "activist", "banya", "artel" and others were originally brought into Russian from other dialects, only now they are taken for Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs words can change dramatically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservative, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that catches the eye even at first glance - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And in their turn came one term from Latin, meaning "preserve."

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was introduced from.

If there is no certainty whether an expression came from other languages ​​or is native Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, which explains not only the meaning, but also the occurrence.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words what are they?

Foreign words are adopted terms from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process in the interaction of two different languages and cultures.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

1. Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions with the letter a begin extremely rarely. They start with a only interjections, imitate sounds and their derivatives.
2. Native Russian words do not have the letter e at the root, this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions - , interjections and formed from adopted words.
3. Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
4. Several vowels at the root of a word indicate loanwords in Russian.
5. Consonant combinations"kg", "kd", "gb" and "kz" in the roots of words.
6. Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" in the root. Originally Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-end combination.
7. Combinations of "vu", "mu", "kyu" and "byu" in the root.
8. Doubled consonants in the root.
9. A solid consonant sound before the vowel e, read as e.
10. The words, starting with the letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

1. Nouns that are not inflected.
2. Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third sign is derivational:

1. Prefixes foreign origin.
2. Suffixes of foreign origin.
3. Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

Summing up, it should be noted that original Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What is borrowed, really? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages ​​due to external (political, commercial, general cultural ties, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (the law of conservation of verbal means, language enrichment, a popular term) reasons.

Consider examples of loanwords and their meaning.

Examples of English words

List of foreign words in Russian can be continued indefinitely. Finding out from which language the word came into speech, one can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed according to their origin.

There are many glossaries explaining what foreign language terms are. They explain, from what language some expression came. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all ages. Many expressions after a long time began to be perceived as primordially Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes which language the word came from, what it means, and examples of usage. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out what language some word came, quite simply, having understood its original meaning. The dictionary gives a whole list of expressions, while it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, you just have to look up the word in the glossary.

Words name objects, phenomena, signs and actions of the surrounding world. How more people cognizes the world (including himself), the more he discovers something new in it, and accordingly he names everything new with words. The entire known world is thus reflected in the vocabulary of the language. The Russian language is one of the richest in the world in terms of vocabulary. “For everything,” wrote K. Paustovsky, “there are a great many good words in the Russian language.”

However, any language develops in interaction with other languages. Since ancient times, the Russian people entered into cultural, trade, military, political relations with other states, which could not but lead to linguistic borrowing. Gradually, borrowed words were assimilated (from Latin assimilare - to assimilate, to liken) by the borrowing language and were no longer perceived as foreign.

Borrowed words - these are such foreign words that are completely included in the lexical system of the Russian language. They purchased lexical meaning, phonetic design, grammatical features characteristic of the Russian language are used in various styles, are written in letters of the Russian alphabet.

Reasons for borrowing

In different historical periods, borrowings from other languages ​​became more active both under the influence of external (non-linguistic) and internal (linguistic) reasons.

External causes – These are different connections between peoples. So, in the X century. Kievan Rus adopted Christianity from the Greeks. In this regard, along with borrowed religious ideas, objects of church worship, many Greek words entered the Old Russian language, for example: altar, patriarch, demon, icon, cell, monk, lampada, metropolitan and others. Scientific terms were also borrowed, the names of objects of Greek culture, the names of plants, months, etc., for example: mathematics, history, philosophy, grammar, syntax, idea, theatre, stage, museum, comedy, tragedy, alphabet, planet, climate, doll, poppy, cucumber, beetroot, January, February, December and etc.

From the 13th to the 15th centuries Ancient Russia was under the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Words from the Turkic languages ​​​​appeared: barn, cart, quiver, lasso, shoe, felt, coat, sash, sheepskin coat, heel, bloomers, noodles, khan, sundress, pencil, shed, chest, trestle bed, label.

During the period of transformations of Peter I, especially a lot of words came into the Russian language from Dutch, German, English, French. It:

military vocabulary: recruit, camp, watch, parade ground, uniform, corporal, order, soldier, officer, company, assault, harbor, fairway, bay, flag, cabin, sailor, boat, dugout, sapper, landing, squadron, artillery;

art terms: easel, landscape, stroke, leitmotif, highlight, full house, flute, dance, choreographer(from German); parterre, play, actor, prompter, intermission, plot, ballet, genre(from French);bass, tenor, aria, bravo, box, opera(from Italian); names of new household items, clothes: cuisine, sandwich, waffle, minced meat, tie, cap (and h German language); scarf, suit, vest, coat, bracelet, veil, necklace, fashion designer, furniture, chest of drawers, sideboard, chandelier, lampshade, cream, marmalade(from French).

Internal causes - these are the needs of the development of the lexical system of the language, which are as follows:

1. The need to eliminate the ambiguity of the native Russian word, to simplify it semantic structure. That's how the words came about import Export instead of polysemantic primordially Russian import, export. The words import Export began to denote "import", "export", associated with international trade.

Instead of a descriptive name ( sniper - accurate shooter; motel - hotel for autotourists; sprint - running short distances; smash hit - fashion song; killer - hitman).

Similarly, the words tour, cruise. This process is also supported by the trend towards the creation of international terms. So, for example, football commentators of foreign players in domestic teams call legionnaires.

2. The desire to clarify or detail the relevant concepts of the language, to distinguish between its semantic shades. So, briefing - not any meeting casting - not just any competition, but primarily in show business. For example, in Russian the word jam called both liquid and thick jam. In order to distinguish thick jam from fruits or berries, which is a homogeneous mass, from liquid jam, in which whole berries could be preserved, thick jam began to be called the English word jam. Also, there were words reportage(with native Russian story), total(with native Russian general), hobby ( under native Russian hobby), comfort - convenience: service - service; local– local; creative– creative ; charm - charm, charm; relaxation - relaxation ; extreme- dangerous ; positive- optimism. Thus, the word already existing in the language and the newly borrowed word divide the spheres of semantic influence. These areas may overlap, but never completely coincide.

Linguistic features of borrowed words

Among the phonetic features of borrowed words, the following can be distinguished:

1. Unlike native Russians, who never begin with a sound a(which would be contrary to the phonetic laws of the Russian language), borrowed words have an initial a: profile, abbot, paragraph, aria, attack, lampshade, arba, angel, anathema.

2. The initial e distinguishes mainly Greekisms and Latinisms (Russian words never begin with this sound): epoch, era, ethics, examination, execution, effect, floor.

3. The letter f also testifies to the non-Russian source of the sound f and the corresponding graphic sign was used only to designate it in borrowed words: forum, fact, lantern, film, sofa, scam, aphorism, ether, profile etc.

4. A special phonetic feature of Turkic origin is the harmony of identical vowels: chieftain, caravan, pencil, sundress, drum, chest, mosque.

5. The combination of two or more vowels in a word was unacceptable according to the laws of Russian phonetics, therefore, borrowed words are easily distinguished by this feature: poet, theatre, veil, cocoa, radio, punctuation.

Among the morphological features of borrowed words, the most characteristic is their immutability. So, some foreign language nouns do not change by case, do not have correlative singular and plural forms: coat, radio, cinema, subway, cocoa, beige, mini, maxi, blinds and etc.

Borrowing the end XX - beginning XXI century.

Scope of use

There are two main types of borrowed words of our time. The first type is relatively old borrowings, updated in recent years due to changes in the political and economic system Russia (for example, the word the president, borrowed in the Soviet era, became relevant in the 80s).

The second type is new borrowings. They are especially numerous.

In the 90s. the influx of borrowings into the Russian language has greatly increased, which was associated with changes in the political life, economy, culture and moral orientation of society.

Borrowings take the lead in the political life of the country: president, parliament, inauguration, summit, speaker, impeachment, electorate, consensus etc.

in the most advanced branches of science and technology: computer, display, file, monitoring, player, pager, fax, modem, portal, processor, and also in financial and commercial activities:auditor, barter, broker, dealer, investment, conversion, sponsor, trust, holding, supermarket, manager, default etc.

To the cultural realm invade bestsellers, westerns, thrillers, hits, showmen, digests, casting etc.

It is noteworthy that the rapidly growing number of new names of persons in the Russian language is caused not only by the emergence of new professions, but to a greater extent this is due to the fact that new subcultures are distinguished, classified by way of life, by profession, by belonging to culture. Most of these words are borrowed from English. In modern Russian, this group of new names of persons can be considered still developing and constantly replenishing:

blogger - a person who, on a professional or amateur basis, is engaged in maintaining and maintaining a blog; game designer - person who makes the rules computer games; downshifter - a person who voluntarily gave up a high position and income for the sake of a simple and leisurely life with his family, for the sake of spiritual self-improvement, travel; skater - a person riding a skateboard; trapper - fur hunter; thrasher - young man having a non-standard appearance(an abundance of piercings and tattoos, shocking clothes), etc.

Attitude towards borrowing

Foreign words in the Russian language have always been the subject of close attention and discussion of scientists, public figures, writers, lovers of the Russian language. Scientists were interested in what place borrowed words occupy in the vocabulary of the Russian language, from which languages ​​most words are borrowed, what is the reason for borrowing, whether foreign words clog native language. Repeated attempts were made to replace the words that came from other languages ​​with Russian ones (by Peter I).

Borrowing is a completely natural way of enriching any language. Foreign words replenish the vocabulary of the language. This is their positive role. However, the abundant and unnecessarily use of foreign words makes communication difficult and leads to the formation of ridiculous phrases:

An identical decision was made by students of the 3rd "B" class.

Masha confidentially told her friend about this incident.

Until what time is the buffet open?

We want consensus in the family!

Errors in the use of borrowed words lead to the formation of tautological combinations: a leading leader, a young child prodigy, a free vacancy, your autograph, an old veteran, a forecast for the future, etc. On the other hand, reasonable borrowings enrich speech, give it greater accuracy.

Nowadays, the question of the advisability of using borrowings is associated with the assignment of lexical means to certain functional styles speech (for example, in scientific speech preference is given to a foreign synonym - integration, not a union; flexion, not ending). Foreign terminological vocabulary is an indispensable means of concise and accurate transmission of information in texts intended for narrow specialists.

In our time, the creation of international terminology, common names for concepts, phenomena is also taken into account. modern science, production, which also contributes to the consolidation of borrowed words that have acquired an international character (medical, space terminology). For example: car, cosmodrome, democracy, republic, telegraph, dictatorship, philosophy.

The processes of vocabulary enrichment due to borrowings occur today in all modern languages. However, time will show how this will change the face of the Russian language, enrich it or “spoil it”. It will also determine the fate of borrowings, which in the end will be approved or rejected by the linguistic taste of the era.

Literature

2. Modern Russian language, edited by M., 1976

3. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language M., 1971

4. Dictionary of foreign words M: "Russian language", 1988

5. Romanovs and Americanisms in the Russian language and attitude towards them. St. Petersburg, 2000

Foreign words enter the Russian language along with many concepts, ideas, theories and concepts. Inventing your own terms to express borrowed concepts is often too difficult, and inappropriate, therefore, in most cases, along with a new concept, a word or phrase expressing it comes into the language. For example: a floppy disk (from the English diskette) is a small-format magnetic disk, usually flexible, a storage medium for processing on a computer.

The number of such words is gradually increasing in the context of the expansion of political, economic, scientific, technical and cultural ties. Over time, many of the borrowed words are polished, adapted to the norms of the Russian language, become changeable in accordance with these norms, which greatly facilitates their use. For example: audit (from the English audit) is a form of financial control over the activities of organizations, enterprises, firms, carried out at the request of the client. In addition, we say audit, keeping in mind another meaning of the word: an audit. Auditor (from lat. auditor - listener, investigator) - a person who checks the financial and economic activities of the company on the basis of a contract. This noun, like the word audit, is declined.

The process of "Russification" of borrowed words is the subordination of borrowed unchangeable nouns and adjectives to the norms of inflection of the Russian language: kepi - cap, Papua - Papuan, Papuan, lobby - lobbying - lobbyist - lobbyist, pique - diving, beige - beige, etc.

However, there are many examples when borrowed words remain “foreigners” in the system of the borrowing language (jury, highway, scoreboard, attache, kangaroo, etc.). Often there are difficulties in determining the grammatical gender of these words, in their pronunciation and stress. It should be remembered:
1) indeclinable words of foreign origin, denoting inanimate objects, belong to the middle gender: publicity (advertising, fame, popularity); summary (brief summary of what has been said, summary essence of speech).
Although the word coffee refers to masculine, in colloquial speech it is possible to use on average;
2) if the word is included in a more general, generic concept, then it correlates with this concept in grammatical gender. Thus, the indeclinable nouns included in the concept of "language" are masculine: Bengali, Pashto, Hindi, etc.; the word Esperanto is used both in the masculine and in the neuter gender; the word sirocco is masculine (under the influence of the word wind); the words beriberi (disease), kohlrabi (cabbage), salami (sausage) are feminine; the word riding breeches is not only of the middle gender, but also plural(pants);
3) indeclinable foreign words denoting animated objects (animals, birds, etc.) are masculine: gray kangaroo, little chimpanzee, funny pony, pink cockatoo. But: hummingbird, kiwi-kiwi feminine (under the influence of the word bird); ivasi (fish, herring), tsetse (fly) feminine; if it is clear from the context that we are talking about a female, then the names of animals are feminine: a kangaroo carried a kangaroo in a bag; a chimpanzee was nursing a cub;
4) indeclinable nouns of foreign origin, denoting people, are masculine or feminine in accordance with the gender of the designated person: rich rentier, old lady; the same applies to proper names: the great Verdi, poor Mimi; two-generic are the words vis-a-vis (my vis-a-vis - my vis-a-vis), protégé, incognito;
5) the gender of indeclinable nouns denoting geographical names (cities, rivers, lakes, etc.) is determined by grammatical gender common noun denoting a generic concept (i.e., by the nature of the words, a city, river, lake, etc.): sunny Batumi, wide Mississippi, full-flowing Ontario, picturesque Capri (island), hard-to-reach Jungfrau (mountain);
6) according to the same principle, the grammatical gender of indeclinable names of press organs is determined: The Times (newspaper) published ...; "Figaro letterer" (magazine) published ...; "Time" (magazine) printed ...;
7) the pronunciation of foreign words has a number of features: in borrowed words, in place of the letter o in unstressed position pronounced [o], that is, without reduction: b [o] a, [o] tel, kaka [o], for the sake of [o]; double pronunciation is allowed: p[o]et - p[a]et, s[o]no - s[a]no, etc.; before a vowel denoted by the letter e, in many foreign words consonants are pronounced firmly: at [e] lie, code [e] ks, kaf [e], Shop [e] n.

Simultaneously with borrowing in Russian, another word (Russian in origin) with the same meaning can function, for example: aloe - agave, lumbago - backache, rendezvous - date.

Borrowed words characterizing the specific national features of life different peoples and used in the description of non-Russian reality are called exoticisms. So, when depicting the life and way of life of the peoples of the Caucasus, the following words are used: aul, saklya, arba, jigit; the Italian flavor is conveyed by the words gondola, tarantella, tavern, spaghetti, pizza, etc.

Many borrowings, unable to stand the test of time, quickly disappeared from the modern dictionary, but are found in the literature: victoria (victory), plezir (pleasure), voyage (journey), politeness (politeness), etabelirovat (arrange).

In recent decades, the abuse of tracing papers from foreign words has become a frequent occurrence, although there are Russian equivalents for designating the corresponding concepts. For example, we read in the newspapers: the summit participants came to a consensus... In boutiques big choice ready-to-wear clothes... We hear on the radio: the primaries have passed in the USA, the rating of the main candidate for the post of contender has decreased.

However, development market economy in Russia naturally supplemented our speech with such borrowed words as a broker (intermediary), dealer (a person or company operating on the market using trademark manufacturers), tender (official proposal to fulfill an obligation), tranche (financial part, series), transfer (financial transfer), offer (official proposal to conclude a deal) and many others.

It should be noted such a phenomenon in the life of a foreign word as a shift in the hierarchy of meanings inherent in the source of borrowing. So, our dictionaries of foreign words give the following meanings English word sponsor: 1. Guarantor. 2. The person who finances the event, organization. In modern Russian, the first meaning has not taken root. The word "sponsor" means "a structure, a person who finances someone." A similar shift has taken place in the use of the word business. In the Russian interpretation, business is commercial activity, non-state trade, while the dictionary gives the following meanings as the main ones: business, permanent occupation, specialty, obligation, duty.

One more group of words should be distinguished. Their semantic transformations illustrate a certain change in socio-economic and - as a consequence of this - linguistic guidelines. Consider, for example, the words control, control. They have long entered the Russian language, being borrowed from French, and denote accordingly: check, check. Since the 1990s, the word control has come to mean, first of all, not verification, but management, keeping under influence. A pattern is found in English, where control means primarily control. In the new usage, the meaning of check is shifted to the number of minor ones.

The words have undergone similar changes: analyst (now not so much the one who analyzes, but rather the observer, commentator); administration (now not only and not so much the governing body of the enterprise as the body state power); director or CEO(already not only the head of the enterprise, but also often its co-owner). A similar transformation can be found in the meanings of the words liberalization, model, policy.

The main thing in the use of borrowings is the exact knowledge of the meaning or meanings) of a foreign word and the appropriateness of its use.