The disappearance of impersonal structures in the languages \u200b\u200bof Indo-European origin seems to us, first of all, a consequence of analyzing, that is, the transition from the synthetic system to analytical. For languages, the analytic device (French, English, Italian, Spanish, Bulgarian, Danish), characteristic of the expression of grammatical values \u200b\u200bnot forms of the words themselves, and the intonation of supply, official words with significant words and the order of significant words. In synthetic languages \u200b\u200b(Russian, ancient Greek, Latin, Staroslavlyansky, Lithuanian), on the contrary, grammatical values \u200b\u200bare expressed within the limits of the word (affixation, internal flexia, emphasis, supplism, etc.). A.V. Schlegel called the following key characteristics of analytical languages: 1) the use of a certain article; 2) the use of a pronoun with the verb; 3) the use of auxiliary verbs; 4) the use of prepositions instead of case endings; 5) the use of periphrastic degrees of comparison with the help of a shorter (SIEMUMUND, 2004, S. 170). Since many impersonal designs are a legacy of a synthetic Indo-European primary (see below), their structure implies the existence of an extensive pelon system that allows you to clearly distinguish the subject and addition. With the disappearance of the corresponding flexions, it is invariably out of consumption and imperial structures depending on them. The same, which do not depend on the delimitation of the subject and the object, are preserved (in particular, the weather type is dried), which contradicts the thesis on the change of the irrational type of thinking rational, allegedly affected by the disappearance of the impersonal.
If you compare modern English with a significantly more synthetic ancient English, it turns out that almost disappeared impersonal revolutions used earlier in incommensurable greater volume. Here is some of them.
Nature:
Hit Friest (Frost); Hit WinterLamp; Cep (cold, winter comes); Nit Hagolad (Grad); Hit Rind (raining); Hit SMWD (Snow); Hit BLAMP; WD (blowing (wind)); Hit Styrmd (storm); Hit Lieht (sparkles (zipper)); Hitpunrad (thunder (thunder)); Hit (GE) WIDERAP (promoted); Hit Leohtad / Frumlieht / Dagad (Lights); Hit SEFENLAMP; CD Famp; FNAD (evening), etc.

Physical and mental conditions:
HIM CAMP; LD (it is cold); HIM SwierCD (he darkened before his eyes); Hit Turnep Abutan His Heafod (he has a head); Hine sec (e) P (it hurts); Hit (BE) Cymd Him to Adle / Geyfelad (he fell ill); Hine Hyngred (he wants to eat); Hine Pyrst (ED) (he wants to drink); HIM (GE) Licad (He likes); HIM GELUSTFULLAD (HEARE); HIM (GE) LYST (ED) (he wants); HREAY (GE) HRIEWD / HREWOWSAD (it is repent); HIM (GE) scamap (ashamed); Hine Priet (he is tired); Him offynced (he is grieving, unpleasant); HIM (GE) M ^ T (ED) / (GE) SWEFNAD (it is dreaming); HIM (GE) PYNC (E) D (it seems to him); HIM MISPYNC (E) D (it is mistaken); HIM (GE) TWEOD / (GE) Tweonad (it doubts), etc.
Modal values:
(HIT) Behofad / (GE) NEODAD / BEPEARF (need); Gebyred / GEDAFENAD / BE- LIM (E) D / GERIST (follows), Liefd (can), etc.
In total, in the book N. Valen "Old English impersonal verbs" from where these examples are taken, 121 verb with impersonal values \u200b\u200bis described (some had several of them), of which 17 verbs are labeled "Uncertain Impersonalia" (Wahlen, 1925). A fairly detailed list of impersonal verbs, used in different periods of history in English, can also be found in the book "Diaphrous analysis of English impersonal structures with an experientzer" (KrzySzpien, 1990, r. 39-143). All verbs were used in the form of 3 liters. units. h., That is, the same as in Russian (McCawley, 1976, r. 192; Pocheptsov, 1997, p. 482). Subjects with them, if any, were attended, stood on a dative or care. Constructions that did not require dative and accelerative subjects, mostly preserved to this day, the rest, with rare exceptions, disappeared, because they did not fit into a new order of words "subject to (Nom.) GT; leaky gt; Supplement (acc.). "
As can be seen by translation, some impersonal structures of the Old Banking language in Russian have no accurate equivalents, which is why personal designs were used to transmit their meaning. Although this list is far from complete, there is every reason to believe that the sphere of impersonality was still even in ancient-English much less developed than in modern Russian. Conducted this, however, not the peculiarities of the national character of the Germans, but a significant degree of analytization of the ancient English. There were no cases in him, as in Old Russian, Russian and Prothermansky (Ringe, 2006, r. 233; Bukatevich et al., 1974, p. 119; Borkovsky, Kuznetsov, 2006, p. 177; Bomhard, Kerns, 1994 , r. 20), and not eight, as in Indo-European language (nominative, vogistic, accumulative, giving, genitive, instrumentalis, ablative and Lokativa) ("Atlas of the Languages \u200b\u200bof the World", 1998, p. 28; "The Cambridge History of the English Language ", 1992. Vol. 1, r. 4748; Brugmann, 1904, S. 417-445; Mallory, Adams, 2006, r. 56; Hudson-
Williams, 1966, r. 46; Green, 1966, r. 10; Emerson, 1906, r. 160), and only four (with the residues of the fifth); Already then, as can be seen by examples from the first group, it was used, although not always, the formal subject to IT (D.-English Hit); Already then, articles were born and other official words, and the dual number was found only in several oxenhal forms (Jespersen, 1918, p. 24; Jespersen, 1894, r. 160; Emerson, 1906, r. 182; Moore, 1919, p. 49 ; Mitchell, Robinson, 2003, r. 19, 106-107; Arakin, 2003, p. 73-74, 143). Thus, it is safe to argue that even the ancient English government will be much further from Indo-European Praävka than modern Russian. This circumstance is partly due to the smaller amount of impersonal structures. We emphasize, however, that the most active phase of analytization is dated 1050-1350, and it is precisely the degree of synthetism / analytics of the Middle English "most different from the Old Bank (Janson, 2002, r. 157; Meiklejohn, 1891, r. 317-318), also called" Period of complete endings "(Krapp, 1909, p. 62).
According to the method of typological indexes J. Greenberg, the English language synthetic index is 1,62-1.68, Russian - 2.45-3.33 (for comparison: Herkinskros Slavic - 2.29, Finnish - 2.22, Sanskrit - 2, 59, fell - 2.81-2.85, Yakutsky - 2.17, Swahili - 2.55, Armenian - 2.15, Turkish - 2.86) (Zelestsky, 2004, p. 25; Haarmann, 2004, s . 79; Siemund, 2004, S. 193; Sargsyan, 2002, p. 10; Pirkola, 2001). The technique is that on the segment of text containing 100 words, all cases of one or another language phenomenon are recorded and calculated; In this case, the number of morpheme, which is then divided into 100. Languages \u200b\u200bwith the value between 2 and 3 are considered synthetic, more than 3 - polysinthetic, less than 2 - analytic. Maximum synthetism in European languages \u200b\u200bis observed in Gothic (2.31), in general in the languages \u200b\u200bof the world - in Eskimo (3.72), minimum of synthetism - in Vietnamese (1.06). The calculations were carried out far from all languages. Analysis of some Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bis visible according to the following data: in the ancient Parsid, the synthetic index was 2.41, in modern Persian - 1.52; in ancient Greek - 2.07, in modern Greek - 1.82; In ancient English synthetic index, the synthetic index was 2.12, in modern English - a maximum of 1.68 (Haarmann, 2004, S. 72). Counting the systemic index of syntheticism of verbs (time forms) showed that for Russian it is 0.8, for English - 0.5, for even more analytical Afrikaans - 0.2; According to the development of verbal analytics among Indo-European languages, Germanic (Zelenetsky, 2004, pp. 182) lead. Indo-European Praävik was synthetic, in what, according to I. Ballest, no one else doubts research at the current stage of research (Hinrichs, 2004 B, S. 19-20, 21; CP. Haarmann, 2004, S. 78; "The Oxford History Of English ", 2006, r. 13).
On the scale of flexibility A.V. Shirokova Russian refers to the second group (Flexive languages \u200b\u200bwith certain features of analytics). This group includes most Slavic languages. English refers to the fourth group (flexive-analytical with a large number of analytical features) (Wide, 2000, p. 81). Total broadly distinguishes four degrees of analytics. English belongs to the group of the most analized languages. The most flexive (first group) includes only extinct languages: Ancient Indian, Old Engine, Latin, Staroslavansky. The most archaic in terms of the preservation of the case system is considered Lithuanian (COMRIE, 1983, r. 208; CP. Jesperseen, 1894, r. 136), seven cases are used in it.
Note that the reduction in the number of cases (and at the same time and flexions) is observed in all Indo-European languages, but in the Slavic, Baltic, Armenian and Ossetian languages \u200b\u200bto a lesser extent than, for example, in Romanesque and Germanic (Vostrikov, 1990, p. 43). The estimated cause of this conservatism is language contacts with some non-invo-European languages, also having a rich flexion system (according to Vagneur, "every language is in typological relationship with the neighboring language" (quota by: Haarmann, 2004, S. 75)). In the case of Armenian and Ossetian we are talking about contacts with Caucasian languages, in the case of Slavic and Baltic languages \u200b\u200b- with Finno-Ugrics. The action of other factors that will be mentioned below are quite likely. W. Hinrichs also indicates possible mutual influence of Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200b(Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian and others) and Slavic (Russian, Slovenian, Czech and others), thanks to which both groups managed to maintain a high degree of synthetism, comparable only with Icelandic syntheticism outside Zones (Hinrichs, 2004 B, S. 19-20). Especially "Anchi Analytic" turned out to be Russian, according to some characteristics, even removing from other Indo-European languages \u200b\u200btowards larger synthetism. The maximum degree of analytization of Hinrichs notes in Creole languages, as well as in some African (Hinrichs, 2004 B, S. 21). This is an important note, if we take into account how often the analytical system has been attributed to the expression of the progressiveness of thinking, rationality, an active attitude to life, and the like. For example, in the language of Joruba BENUE-Congolese family (Western Africa), the Greenberg synthetic index is 1.09 (Pirkola, 2001).
H. Haarman opposes (on a global scale) especially synthetic languages \u200b\u200bof the type of Finnish, Russian and Basque particular analytical type of English, French and Swedish (Haarmann, 2004, S. 76). Among the Baltic Particularly conservative, he calls Lithuanian, among the German - Icelandic; Slavic languages \u200b\u200bare, in his opinion, particularly conservative compared to modern English due to the influence of the Urals (Haarmann, 2004, S. 79, 83).
Consider the difference between analytical and synthetic languages \u200b\u200bon specific examples. To express identical semantic content in the English text, it takes about 10% more than the words than in the synthetic Armenian, since in English texts, official words constitute one third of all words, and in Armenian - one quarter (Sargsyan, 2002, p. 5). Prepositions make up 12% of words in the middle English text and

1. % - in Armenian. L. Weisgerber in the book "On the picture of the world of German" leads the following data: French translations of German verses usually contain 1 more words than the original. This is explained by the fact that French is significantly more analytical, and therefore inclined to apply official words instead of case endings. Instead of the genius and the datative, translators use the prepositions of DE and A; German composites are replaced by phrases, also fastened pretexts (Eisenbahn GT; Chemin de Fer - Railway) (Weisgerber, 1954, S. 251). Similar transformations can be observed when translating from the Old English to modern English:

1. instead of case endings, prepositions or unions are used: Me- Todes EGE GT; Fear of the Lord - "Fear of the Lord" (the genitive was replaced by an excuse of), Dages Ond Nihtes GT; By Day and Night - "Day and Night" (the genitive was replaced by the preposition by BY), Dare Ylcan Nihte GT; In The Same Night - "The same night" (the gift was changed to the pretext in), Lytle Werode GT; With a Small Band - "With a small detachment" (instrumental case has changed to the preposition with), PY ILCAN GEARE GT; In The Same Year - "That same year" (the instrumental case has changed to the pretext of IN); Sunnan Beorhtra GT; Brighter Than The Sun - Bright Sun and IC Eom Stane Heardra GT; I am Harder Than Stone - "I firmly stone" (in both cases, the gang was compensated by the Than Union) (Mitchell, Robinson, 2003, p. 105-106; CP. Kington Oliphant, 1878, p. 8; Crystal, 1995, p. . 44; Kellner, 1892, r. 17);
2. old English composites disintegrated in modern English into components or paraphrase: Hell-Waran GT; INHABITANTS OF HELL, STORM-SA GT; Stormy Sea, Ar-Dag GT; Early Day, Eall-Wealda GT; Ruler of All, Hdah-Gerdfa

• high Reeve (Chief Officer) (Mitchell, Robinson, 2003, r. 56; Bradley, 1919, r. 105-106); Many have come out of the use of French vocabulary: Fore-Elders GT; Ancestors, Fair-Hood GT; beauty, Wanhope GT; Despair, Earth-Tilth
• agriculture, Gold-Hoard GT; Treasure, Book-Hoard GT; Library, Star-Craft GT; Astronomy, Learning-Knight GT; Disciple, Leech-Craft GT; Medicine (Eckersley, 1970, r. 428; Bradley, 1919, r. 118-119).

This, however, should not mean that the modern English alien composites (on the contrary, among neologisms, they always represented the largest group (Gramley, Patzold, 1995, p. 23, 28)), but if earlier godfish type composites were actively used, Now now - analytical type Dog and Pony Show.
On the other hand, synthetic languages \u200b\u200bare more inclined to apply affixation (Zelenstsky, monks, 1983, p. 109, 173-174, 190; Schneider, 2003, S. 76, 123; Greenberg, 1963). According to L.V. Sargsyan, in the average Armenian text, the number of models of the morpheme structure in

1. times more than in English (49 models in Armenian, 32 models in English) (Sargsyan, 2002, p. 8). After consideration of detailed statistics on various parts of speech, the author comes to the conclusion: "Thus, the restriction of affixation, in any case, is financially pronounced, in analytical English is a common trend and applies to both a significant and service words, which is clearly detected in comparison with Armenian "(Sargsyan, 2002, p. 10). If the class of German verb prefixes is presented with only 8 units, then the "grammar of the Russian literary language" (M., 1970) lists 23 units: if there are about 100 suffixes in the class of nouns of the Russian language, there are less than 50 in German; At adjectives, this ratio is 30 to 9 (Zelestsky, monks, 1983, p. 181-182). In English there are about 50 more or less use of consoles and somewhat less than the Sufifixes (Crystal, 1995, p. 128), that is, in English for all parts of the speech, approximately the same affixes are used as in Russian only for nouns (about 100). According to K.K. Schwachko, out of 100 nouns to the share of the subfix and prefix-based joining, on average, fall in English 1-2, in Russian and Ukrainian languages \u200b\u200b- 4-5; Wider in Russian and Ukrainian are represented both suffixation and prefixation (Schwachko et al., 1977, p. 32). If in German, Diminent suffixes are still found (albeit infrequently compared to the Russian), then in a more analytical Swedish (also one of the German languages), diminutive forms are absent almost completely (Weisgerber, 1954, S. 46). However, the fact that in Synthetic Ancientangalian, diminishing suffixes were almost not used (Bradley, 1919, p. 138), it can evaluate the initial mad of some German language communities to certain types of derivation due to the peculiarities of mentality or alternative ways of expressions of those same values. The madness to affixation is to some extent compensated for by active wilad. Thus, the frequency of the use of composites in the English literature is about two times higher than in Russian and Ukrainian (Schwachko et al., 1977, p. 33). Melicness to affixation is also manifested in the prevalence of grammatical homonymy. For example, in the average Armenian text of Omonimiimi potentially possible in 20.8% of words, in English text - in 34.4% (Sargsyan, 2002, p. 6). In English Omonyms more than in German (Pirkola, 2001).

The following digits also testify about greater degree of analytization of the English language. According to the degree of increase in the frequency of consumption of ligament words in speech among Russian, Ukrainian and English languages, English leads: in Russian, they constitute 26.4% of all words in artistic texts, in Ukrainian - 24.9%, in English - 36.5% (Shvachko et al., 1977, p. 45). The more active use of modal auxiliary verbs in the languages \u200b\u200bof the analytical system is illustrated in Appendix 3. Motionally words, on the contrary, are found in English less often: in Russian, they constitute 54.4% of all words in the average text of fiction, in Ukrainian - 55.8%, in English - 44.1%. The ratio of flexive words and predictions in the Russian and Ukrainian fiction is expressed, respectively, as 26: 6 and 16: 5; In English - 3: 6 (Shvachko et al., 1977, p. 126). This means that in English is often used prepositions, while Slavic languages \u200b\u200bin the same cases resort to endings. The direct order of words is observed in Russian artistic literature in about 59% of proposals, in Ukrainian - 53%, in English - 80%. The ratio of suggestions with direct and reverse order of words is in Russian literature 1.5: 1, in Ukrainian - 1.1: 1, in English - 4: 1, that is, four sentences with direct order of words account for one with the reverse (Shvachko et al., 1977, p. 126-127; CP. "Languages \u200b\u200band Their Status", 1987, p. 99). For Russian and Ukrainian more characteristic personal suggestions of the type for the first time I see such a thunderstorm, where the omitted subject to be restored at the end of the verb (Schwachko et al., 1977, p. 138; Zelestsky, 2004, p. 216-127; Mray, 1990, with . 26). So, if in English, the proposals without being found only in isolated cases, then in Russian conversational speech, two sentences with a subject number are needed, even if you do not take into account impersonal designs (the calculation was carried out by V. Honselaar on the play of Isidor Stem "That's me - your Secretary! ", 1979, in which, in the opinion of the author, a modern conversational Russian speech is well represented; 1,669 finite verb forms were tested (Honselaar, 1984, r. 165, 168)). If in German, three auxiliary verbs are used (Sein, Werden, Haben), then in Russian - only one (be) that A.L. Zelenetsky and pf Monks are associated with great analytism of German (Zelenetsky, monks, 1983, p. 208). "Concise Oxford Companion To The English Language" lists 16 auxiliary verbs in English: to be, Have, do, can, Could, May, Might, Shall, Shall, Will, Would, Must, Dare, Need,
oght to, used to; The last four are called semi-modal (McArthur, 1998, p. 57). The largest German dictionary "MURET-SANDERS E-GROBWORBUCH ENGLISH" lists 12 English and 4 German auxiliary verbs. M. Deichbaine believes that the English verb to Want (want) in contexts of the following are also used as modal: it Wants to Be Done With Patience (this is patiently); The Collars Want Washing (collars need to be wrapped); What he wants is a good beating (which he needs is so that he is asked good watching) (Deutschbein, 1953, S. 100).
The degree of synthetism is directly connected with an average word length (due to the more active application of affixation and endings in synthetic languages): in Russian it is 2.3 syllables, in a more analytical German - 1.6 syllables, in even more analytic French - 1 , 5 syllables, in English - 1.4 syllables (Zelestsky, 2004, p. 65) (according to L.V. Sargsyan's calculations, the average length of the English word is 1.34 syllables (Sargsyan, 2002, p. 15)). Even more "laconic" is an insulating Chinese, where flexions are not at all, that is, the case, genus and the number is practically not marked (Yinghong, 1993, S. 36, 38; Jespersen, 1894, r. 80), composites are almost never found (champneys, 1893, r. 58-59), and each word consists of one syllable and two or three primary background (Bloomfield, 2002, p. 192; Jespersen, 1894, p. 80). If the Gospel in Greek contains 39,000 syllables, the Gospel in English - 29,000, then the Gospel is in Chinese - only 17,000 (Jungraithmayr, 2004, S. 483). Insulating languages \u200b\u200bto which Chinese belongs are often considered as the most complete expression of analytical system. J. Mikljon noted that there is a whole reservoir of English children's literature, where all words consist of one syllable (to facilitate understanding), and that it is easier to write such books in English than other Indo-European languages \u200b\u200b(Meiklejohn, 1891, p. 322; CP. Bradley, 1919, r. 50-51, 77; Wicked, 2000,
from. 137). According to L.V. Sargsyan, simple words in the English text
4/
they put almost / 5 from all the words of the text, in Armenian, only half of all words belong to simple words (Sargsyan, 2002, p. 7-8). For nouns, these indicators are 75% in English and 30% in Armenian, for verbs - 80% and 6%. In the Armenian, the word can contain up to 7 morpheme (in frequency words - no more than four), in English - up to 5 morpheme (at frequency - no more than two). The range of words in synthetic Armenian is larger than in analytical English: up to 7 syllables in Armenian, up to 5 - in English (Sargsyan, 2002, p. 13). In the Russian language of monosyllabic words, there was relatively few, although in Slavic languages, flexions were observed: first, when the final consonants are disappeared, due to the action of the Open Slut's law, then thanks to the fall of reductional brief vowels at the end of the general Slavic period (Ivanov, 2004, p. 40 ). For comparison: for every 100, the word forms in English accounts for 56 monosyllars, while in Russian and Ukrainian their number is 10 (Shvachko et al., 1977, p. 13-14). In the "Encyclopedia of the Language and Linguistics" notes that words in flexive languages \u200b\u200bare longer words in insulating languages \u200b\u200band shorter words in agglutination languages; The average length of words in flexive languages \u200b\u200bis 2-3 syllables ("ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS", 2006, R. 6952). One of the UNIVERSION archive universities University of Konstanz states: "Words Tend to Be Longer If It Is Rigid" ("The Universals Archive", 2007), which we observe in the event of a hard order of words in English and relatively free in Russian.
About the connection of the impersonal with the number of cases, let's say especially. S. Grimm writes in the article "SUBJECT-MARKING IN HINDI / URDU: A STUDY IN CASE AND AGENCY" that studies of impersonal structures in various languages \u200b\u200bof the world allow you to see the following universal trend: if there is a power supply system in one language, then the probability is high Registration of a low-string entity or a subject exposed to some kind of exposure, an alternative case, which is not a standard case of a subject (Grimm, 2006, p. 27). In particular, some of the following qualities or a combination of them are inclined to non-standard designs: a prettyness, awareness of the acting action, the impact on something while maintaining its qualities, movement. The carriers of any language questioned the agency of the subject, if he does not give himself a report in his actions (or in some state, contrary to his will), does not act intentionally, at will, noticeably for others, with an explicit result for which -to object and without apparently reverse influence on itself (Grimm, 2006, p. 29). If the subject is decorated by a gift, this may indicate the relatively passive nature of the subject, the awareness of the impact on it and the change of some of its qualities. For example, in Hindi and Urda, subjects are drawn up by subjects in the verbs of perception, mental activity, musting, coercion, need, necessity, etc., that is, with a clear impact on a person, some circumstances, forces or other people are expelled. Often, one of two options can be chosen one and the same design, where the nominative denotes depending on the context, the presence or absence of a pretty product, and the dative is only a lack of spindlength: Hindi Tusaar Khus Huaa (Tsusharko became happy) HUII (Tsuchar became happy), literally (Tuschair had happiness) (dates) (GRIMM, 2006, p. 34). It is important to note that the nominative does not marks the agentality at all, but only implies it in a certain context; Grimm writes about this: "Unlike other cases, the nominative can label any degree of personality, that is, it is not a marker of a gentitiability" (Grimm, 2006, p. 35). This comment will allow us to further understand why nominative languages \u200b\u200bof the type of English are not at all so agent, according to many modern ethnolinguists, proceeding exclusively from the registration of subjects nominative. A decisive role plays not a case of a subject, but a context, and this context may indicate the inconsistency of the action or state of the subject contrary to the design of nominative or general case. The fact that nominative languages \u200b\u200bcannot marking this difference in values \u200b\u200bgrammatically, indicates the limited language tools, the pressure of the language system on carriers of the relevant language, but not about their greater agency. It is noteworthy that in languages \u200b\u200bwhere ergative and nominative structures were mixed, to express a greater degree of pretty / traineality, Ergative case is often used.
M. Onishi reports the following universal laws of the use of impersonal structures. In languages, where the pelvic system allows you to distinguish between standard and non-standard registration of the subject, non-standard design is often found in the case of so-called low transitivity, that is, if, for example, the subject is inanimate or unclear, uncertain, as well as in the imperfect, with a stative value in the subjunctive inclination, (Onishi, 2001 a, r. 5; CP. Haspelmath, 2001, p. 56). Under the stative value, the author implies a description of the states in counterweight to describe actions. To survive some condition, the subject does not require as much will and impact on the outside world, how much to produce some action; Moreover, the status entity can often be in indecent (the stone lay), that in the case of a transitional action manufacturer, rather, an exception (suggestions of the stone broke the glass usually imply that the action was still committed by someone's uniform through any inanimate guns). In stative structures, adjectives and adjectives are often used instead of verbs.
Next, M. Onishi mentions as partially subject to alternative registration of a group of verbs with modal values \u200b\u200b("need", "should", "be able", "seem", "want"), verbs with a clear impact on the subject having physical for him The consequences ("have a headache", "to blame", "feel hunger", "get sick", "sweat", "shaking"), verbs with a weak agentality of the subject and a small or zero impact on the object ("see", "hear" "To know", "remember", "think", "like", "hate", "sympathize", "bored", "be similar"), the verbs of mental states, feelings and emotions ("angry", "sad" , "Fix", "Surprise"), verbs related to fate and occasion, verbs of possession, lack of, existence (Onishi, 2001 a, p. 25, 28). If in a certain language there are impersonal structures with semantics of fate and the case, then there will be impersonal designs of mental states, feelings, emotions, the design of perception and mental activity ("see", "hear", "know", "remember"), Designs of sympathy ("like", "hate", "sympathize", "to miss ..."), the design of the desire ("want"), the need ("need", "must", "be necessary") and the design of possessions , existence, disadvantage ("miss", "exist") (Onishi, 2001 a, p. 42). If in a certain language, the subject in the verbs of desire can be marked non-standard, then in the same language will certainly be spread the impersonal designs of the internal state, feelings and emotions; The probability of the prevalence of impersonal structures of the physical condition and perception is also high (Onishi, 2001 a, p. 43). Most often, the subject is marked with an alternative way if the action is performed without its desire, regardless of its consciousness and will, if the subject does not control some action or state (onishi, 2001 a, p. 36). If the subject is incorporated non-standard, the verb is usually not consistent with it, and is put in the most neutral form of the type of Russian 3 l. units. h. (Onishi, 2001 a, r. 6-7; CP. BAUER, 2000, R. 95). It should be emphasized that M. Onishi refers to the tendency of not only Indo-European languages, but also of all languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Even in insulating languages, where flexions are usually not, the possibility of expressing the gift implies and the presence of impersonal structures in the same values \u200b\u200bas indicated above, Wed. j. Kare Ni Wa Sake Ga Nome Nai (he cannot drink Japanese wine, literally: he can not. ..); "Cases" are marked here by particles after nouns, if in this case it is generally legitimate to talk about the case.
M. Claymat is largely repeated by the said M. Onishi. Here we will note its explanation of non-standard labeling of the experiencing actor in the languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Claylmat believes that the standard marking is regardless of the language, first of all, to Agens, more precisely, to an active entity in the transition verb action (Haspelmath, 2001, p. 59). It is such a subject that is prototypic, and all deviations from it usually somehow marked. This is usually done by either feeding subjects of the FR type. CE LIVRE LUIPLAIT (He likes this book), Greek. (modern) TU ARESI AFTO TO VIVLIO (he likes this book) (Expeienter stands on the date, the second noun - in the nomination, and it is precisely the form of the verb on it), or the Experientzer is executed by the usual addition in the act, and the second noun - subject to -Psevo Agens, cf. it. DIESES PROBLEM BEUNRUHIGT MICH (this problem is worried); Either the Experientzer is issued as if he is Agens, Wed. English He Hates This Book (he hates this book); "He" stands in the nomination, that is, in the standard case of Agens, although subject to this semantic role. The first experimentant is called a dative, second - patient, third - agent (Haspelmath, 2001, p. 60).
European languages \u200b\u200bprefer to resort to an agent version; Celtic, Caucasian and Finno-Ugors - to a dative, which is explained by the polyfunctionality of the nomination in the European languages \u200b\u200band the presence of a developed pelvic system in the rest (Haspelmath, 2001, p. 61). Under the polyfunctionality of the nomination implies that he plays a role not only Agens, but also experimenter (I Like Her - I like it), and the owner (I have it - I have it), and the recipient (I GOT IT - I got it) and location (The Hotel Houses 400 Guests - the hotel can accommodate 400 guests) (Haspelmath, 2001, p. 55). Claymat also cites a curious statistics that demonstrates the distribution of agent and other experiments in 40 European languages \u200b\u200b(however, "Europeanness" of some languages \u200b\u200bcan be questioned). The verbs were checked with the values \u200b\u200bof "see", "forget", "remember", "to blame", "be hungry", "want to drink", "to have a headache", "rejoice", "regret" and "like". Datative experiments from patients were not separated. All languages \u200b\u200bwere distributed on a scale where "0" denotes that all proven subjects in the macroraole of the experimenter are decorated aggregate, "5" - that all experiments are decorated with a gift or a battery (such as Rus. I want me sick). Here are the results: English (0,0)

• french (0.12) \u003d Swedish (0.12) \u003d Norwegian (0.12) Lt; Portuguese (0.14) lt; Hungarian (0.22) lt; Breton (0.24) \u003d Basque (0.24) lt; Greek (0.27) lt; Spanish (0.43) lt; Turkish (0.46) lt; Italian (0.48) \u003d Bulgarian (0.48) lt; Dutch (0.64) lt; Maltese (0.69) lt; German (0.74) lt; Serbohorvatsky (0.75) lt; CHETTT (0.76) LT; Mariy (0.79) lt; Lapland (Sámi) (0.81) lt; Lithuanian (0.83) \u003d Estonian (0.83) Lt; Finnish (0.87) lt; Polish (0.88) lt; Welsh (0.92) lt; Albanian (1.02) lt; Udmurt (1.09) LT; Mordovsky (1,16) (implied, obviously, Erzyansky or Mokshansky) lt; Latvian (1.64) lt; Russian (2,11) lt; Irish (2,21)
• romanian (2.25) lt; Icelandic (2,29) lt; Georgian (3.08) lt; Lezginsky (5.0) (Haspelmath, 2001, p. 62).

It is noteworthy that, according to these calculations, the sphere of use of the impersonal in Russian is not so great and unique, as is customary to be considered in the environment of ethnolinguists. In particular, Icelandic is more prone to impersonal designs than Russian, which will be confirmed by us below on the example of other statistical data. According to the inclination for the registration of the subject of dative / patiently, proven verbs (or values) were distributed as follows: like (in 79% of all cases is drawn up dative or accelerating in the same languages) GT; have a headache (70%) GT; regret (55%) GT; rejoice (48%) GT; To blame (46%), want to drink (38%) GT; be hungry (35%) GT; remember (17%) GT; forget (13%) GT; See (7%) (Haspelmath, 2001, p. 63). Thus, the deviation from the norm is not Russian, where the subject in the verb like is framed by a gift, but English, where it is decorated with an nomination (I Like). Examples (pseudo) of agenic experiments: a) I'm cold / I am a murren: Swede. Jag Fryser (1 liters. H.); Greek. (modern) kriono (1 l. un.); Weng. Fazom (1 liters. H.); b) I like X: port. Gosto de X; Nor. Jeg liker x; Fr. J'aime X.
Speaking about the numerousness of impersonal structures in Russian, it is necessary to mention its uniqueness in terms of commitment to synthetic system, since it is precisely the development of a pelvic system that makes it possible to alternatively labeling the subject. It is well known that many synthetic languages \u200b\u200bof Indo-European origin over the past five to six thousand years either turned into analytical or extinct. For example, in the "Fundamentals of the Science of Language" A.Yu. Musainer (Musainee, 2004) is given only three extinct analytical languages \u200b\u200b(Bactysian from the Iranian group, Dalmatinsky from the Romance group, the Kingdom of the Celtic Group, is now artificially enlivened) and 19 synthetic (see Appendix 1 B). Since many Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bof the synthetic system have already been extinct and still dying out, and the movement from analytical languages \u200b\u200btowards synthetic in the Indo-European family is not observed at all (CP. Zhirmunsky, 1940, p. 29; Hinrichs, 2004 B, S. 17-18; Haarmann, 2004, S. 82; Van Nahl, 2003, S. 3; Melnikov, 2000; Emerson, 1906, r. 160, 164; Wicked, 2000, p. 81; Nychenko, 1970), it can be assumed that pronounced The syntheticity of the Russian language in combination with its prevalence is for this group of languages \u200b\u200bby a phenomenon of a single and unique one.
From the end of the twentieth century In Russia, the Renaissance of ethnolinguistic theories, connecting with a synthetic system or its individual characteristics, various negative characteristics of the Russian mentality: passivity, inappropriateness, totalitarianism, disrespect for personality, etc. Below we will still repeatedly dwell on such allegations to show their unreasonableness. Here we confine ourselves to one: Russian passivity is somehow related to the synthetic structure of the tongue. The failure of this opinion is already visible on the geographical distribution of this system (see the list in Appendix 1 A). It is not clear, for example, why passive attitude to life is not attributed to, say, Icelanders, whose language is also weakly susceptible to analytization and therefore in many grammatical characteristics, including the development of the impersonal, similar to Russian. In addition, if we recognize a high level of analyticism by the measure of an active attitude to life, then we will be forced to attribute to the most active (aggative) land nations of some African and Papuass tribes, and among the carriers of Indo-European languages \u200b\u200b- residents of the South African Republic, which speak Afrikaans (most analyzed Indo-European language).
We add that some non-info-European languages \u200b\u200bare developing at present from the analytical system to synthetic, that is, the analytization is not a universal process inherent in all languages. V.V. Ivanov notes, for example, that the ancient Chinese represented a language synthetic, modern Chinese is analytic, but gradually begins to return to the synthetic rank (Ivanov, 1976; CP. Ivanov, 2004, p. 71; thrombetti, 1950, p. 164; JesperseN, 1894 , p. 83). He also argued that there was no reason to assume one direction of movement - from synthesis to analysis; The author argues this by the fact that modern linguistics are not able to look enough deep enough into the language history (Ivanov, 2004, p. 72).
Further development of syntheticism is observed in Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200b(VEENKER, 1967, S. 202; COMRIE, 2004, R. 422). For example, in the historic period, the number of cases in Finnish and Hungarian has increased. H. Haarman writes that the Urals, to which the Finno-Ugric, is moving not to an insulating type as Indo-European, and from insulating to agglutinative (Haarmann, 2004, S. 78). B. Komri talks about the growth of syntheticism in Basque (COMRIE, 2004, R. 429). In Lithuanian, after separation from Indo-European, Illative, Allahiva and Essissive developed, and in this case the influence of the Finno-Ugric substrate (COMRIE, 2004, R. 421) is assumed. In French, the modern synthetic form of a real time was formed from the merger of the analytical forms of People's Latin and the foundations of the semantic verb (Habere ("to have") + infinitives), that is, sometimes movement towards synthetism can be observed in modern analytical languages \u200b\u200bof Indo-European origin (Bailey, Maroldt , 1977, p. 40). In Indian languages, a cyclical process of transition from a synthetic structure to analytical and back (Klimov, 1983, pp. 167) was carried out in Indian languages. G.A. Klimov postulates the cyclicality of the transformation of various language types from one to another (including flexions and analysis), therefore, as it believes there is no reason to talk about the progress of French or English, allegedly manifested to a greater degree of analytization (Klimov, 1983, p. 139 -140). In confirmation of their words G.A. Klimov brings the following quotation from E. Benvest: all types of languages \u200b\u200b"acquired an equal right to represent the human language. Nothing in the last story, no modern form of language can be considered "initial". The study of the most ancient witnessed languages \u200b\u200bshows that they are equally perfect and are not less complex than the languages \u200b\u200bare modern; Analysis of the so-called primitive languages \u200b\u200bdetects them to the highest degree of differentiated and ordered "(Klimov, 1983, p. 150).
Ch.-H. Bailey and K. Maroldt when considering analytization of English also talk about the cyclicality of the transformation of synthetic languages \u200b\u200binto analytical and vice versa. In the first case, we are talking about the result of the excessive complication of the system leading to its decay, or the mixing of languages, in the second - about turning the auxiliary parts of speech into affixes as a result of a merger (Bailey, Maroldt, 1977, p. 40-41). The cyclicity of synthetic and analytical system also says I. Balles (Balles, 2004, S. 35). The theory of chaos, described by H. Haarman, puts doubt on the definite focus of language development, emphasizing the impact on each language of random and unpredictable factors (Haarmann, 2004, S. 77).
Thus, there is no reason to bind some features of the mentality or the level of evolutionary / civilization development to a certain grammatical system or the degree of its safety compared to related languages.

the typological class of languages \u200b\u200bin which synthetic forms of expressions of grammatical values \u200b\u200bprevail. S. me. opposed to analytical languages \u200b\u200b(see analytical languages) , In which grammatical values \u200b\u200bare expressed using official words, and polysinthetic languages \u200b\u200b(see polysintic languages) , In which within the one-mounted complex (externally resembling the word) combined several nominal and verb lexical values. The basis for dividing languages \u200b\u200bon synthetic, analytical and polysinthetic is essentially syntax, so this division intersects with the morphological classification of languages \u200b\u200b(see Morphological classification of languages) , But does not coincide with it. The division of languages \u200b\u200bon synthetic and analytical suggested A. Schlegel (only for flexive languages \u200b\u200b(see Flexive languages)) , A. Schleiherus distributed it to the languages \u200b\u200bof agglutinative. Morphemes included in the word in S. I., can be combined according to the principle of agglutination (see agglutination), fusion (see Fusion) , Poster positional alternations (for example, Turkic Sigarmonism) . Synthetic forms are found in a significant part of the languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Since the language in principle does not have a typologically homogeneous, the term "S. I." It is applied in practice to languages \u200b\u200bwith a fairly high degree of synthesis, such as Turkic, Finno-Ugric, most seven Khamitic, Indo-European (ancient), Mongolian, Tunguso-Manchurian, some African (Bantu) , Caucasian, Paleoisian, Languages \u200b\u200bof American Indians.

LIT: Kuznetsov P.S., Morphological classification of languages, M., 1954; Uspensky B. A., Structural Tyology of Languages, M., 1965; Christmas Yu. V., Typology of the Word, M., 1969; Linguistic typology, in the book: general linguistics, vol. 2, M., 1972; Home K. M., Language Typology 19th and 20th Century Views, Wash., 1966; Pettier B., La Typologie, In the book: Le Langage, Encyclopedie de la Pleiade, v. 25, P., 1968.

M. A. Zhurinskaya.

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• - Glues based on synthetic. Monomers, oligomers, polymers, or mixtures thereof ...

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• - Synthetic languages. See analytical languages \u200b\u200b...

  Dictionary of literary terms

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• - See Hallucinations complex ...

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  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - typological class of languages \u200b\u200bin which synthetic forms of expression of grammatical values \u200b\u200bprevail ...

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• - Elastic synthetic polymers that can be recycled into rubber. SC general applies in the same rubber products as natural rubber ...
• - class of languages \u200b\u200bin which grammatical values \u200b\u200bare expressed within the word with the help of affixes or internal flexions, for example. Russian, German, Lithuanian and other Indo-European languages \u200b\u200b...

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• - A group of related languages, which, together with Darque, Nuristan and Iranian languages, forms the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European languages \u200b\u200b...

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• - Languages \u200b\u200bin which grammatical values \u200b\u200bare expressed within the very word. To express relations between words, the elements of the analytical system can also be used in the proposal ...

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"Synthetic languages" in books

5.2. "Languages \u200b\u200bfor their" and "Languages \u200b\u200bfor others"

From the book Japan: language and culture Author Alpatov Vladimir Mikhailovich

Synthetic fibers

From the book Felding. Amazing crafts made of swaded wool Author Preobrazhenskaya Vera Nikolaevna

Synthetic fibers to this group include fibers manufactured by a chemical path. The acrylic fibers are used to obtain volume and softness. They resemble wool in their properties, but do not warm at all. They are pretty durable and practically not tensile.

Synthetic preservatives

From the book of cosmetics and handmade soap Author Zgur Maria Pavlovna

Synthetic preservatives most often in cosmetics are used by chemical preservatives of three large groups. Antioxidants. Representative - Triklozan. The tool is so powerful that in large doses can "destroy" not only bacteria, but also to adversely affect

Synthetic materials

From the book Feng Shui - the path to harmony Author Diving Evgenia Stanislavovna

Synthetic materials Recently, synthetic materials occupy more and more space in everyday life. Construction and decoration of houses of them cost cheaper than from natural, environmentally friendly. Synthetic materials bring synthetic materials

Synthetic dyes

From the book of Button Napoleon [seventeen molecules that changed the world] The author Leekter Penny

Synthetic dyes at the end of the XVIII century began to appear artificial dyes, which changed the lives of people engaged in dyeing throughout the centuries. The first artificial dye was picric acid (TrinitoPhenol). We were talking about it

Synthetic sponges

From the book Makeup [Brief Encyclopedia] Author Kolpakova Anastasia Vitalevna

Synthetic sponges with synthetic sponges can be applied to the skin masking or use it for mixing creams and other cosmetics (Fig. 15). When choosing a sponge, pay attention to the fact that it should be made of high quality latex (foam rubber).

Synthetic means

From the book Most Popular Medicines Author Ingerleeb Mikhail Borisovich

Synthetic means "Finalgon" Ointment (Unguentum "Finalgon") Indications: muscle and articular pains of various origin, tendovaginitis. Lumbago, Nevtit, Ishiagia, Sports Injuries. Continuits: Individual Increased Sensitivity to the preparation. Refining:

4.3. Synthetic cables

From the book Directory of Marine Practice Author author unknown

4.3. Synthetic cables Synthetic cables are made of chemical fibers forming various plastic masses - Capron, nylon, Dakron, Loven, polypropylene, polyethylene, etc. on water resistance, elasticity, flexibility, lightness, strength, durability and

Synthetic fibers

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia (C) author

3. Languages \u200b\u200bin cultural cooperation in the process of globalization 3.1. Languages \u200b\u200band global historical process

Our language is our book: as objective data and as a culture of speech Author USSR internal predictor

3. Languages \u200b\u200bin cultural cooperation in the process of globalization 3.1. Languages \u200b\u200band global historical process The transition from the personal scale of consideration to the scale of the consideration of the language culture of society as a whole begins with the recognition of the fact that society

There are several types of languages \u200b\u200bin grammatical system. The most common and known: synthetic and analytical. For example, the Russian language is synthetic. This means that various grammatical meanings - time, genus, the number is expressed within one word: attachments are joined, suffixes, endings. To change the value grammatically, you need to change the word itself.

English - analytical. His grammar is constructed according to other laws. In such languages, grammatical values \u200b\u200band relationships are transmitted not through a change in the word, but through the syntax. That is, prepositions, modal verbs and other separate parts of speech and even other syntactic forms are added. For example, in English, grammatical significance also has the order of words.

Of course, English cannot be called an absolutely analytical language, as the Russian is not completely synthetic. These are relative concepts: Just in English much less flexions (endings, suffixes and other parts of the word, which change it) than in Russian. But in the "present" analytical language should not be at all.

One of the main features of English analytics

- Words can move from one part of speech to another in the same form. Only the context and order of words help to understand what is meant not by the noun, and the verb.

Compare:

Their air. iS Polluted in this Area. - Air in this area is dirty.

We have to air. The Room. - We need to ventilate the room.

In analytical English, it is possible to compose complex words from several words without changing the components without using the connecting parts of the word. Sometimes such "composites" can consist of five to seven or even more words.

For example:

He.iS.aN.annoying.I-know-everything-in-the-worldstudent. - He is from those annoying students who believe that they know everything in the world.

Each analytical language has its own development features.

For example, in English, unlike other European languages, the analytization is more susceptible to verbs, and not adjective or nouns. To change the verb time, you often have to use auxiliary verbs and service words, not flexions: havebeendoing. , wAS.eating. , wILLcall .

Linguists say that over time, analytical languages \u200b\u200bbecome synthetic, and vice versa. Probably, English in a few hundred years will get a deployed system of flexions and get rid of auxiliary verbs and prepositions. But for now, we have to teach the complex system of times, numerous phrase verbs and not forget about the order of words in English.

In the world languages, there are two main groups of methods for expressing grammatical values: 1) synthetic methods and 2) analytical. For synthetic methods, the compound of the grammatical indicator with the Word itself is characterized (in this Motivation of the term synthetic).This indicator that makes the grammatical meaning of the word "may be ending, suffix, prefix, internal flex(i.e. alternation of sounds in the root, for example, the flow is flowing - flow),the change accent(legs - legs),supplemental modificationbasics of words (I am me, I go - I go, good - better),transfix(in Semitic languages: consisting of several vowels complex, which "is" in a threeconsonant root, adding lexico-grammatical and syntactic values \u200b\u200bto it and thus completing the root to the required word form), repeatmorphemes.

A common feature of the analytical methods is the expression of grammatical significance outside the word, separately from it - for example, with the help of prepositions, unions, articles, auxiliary verbs and other service words, as well as using the order of words and the overall intonation of the statement.

In most languages \u200b\u200bthere are analytical and synthetic means of expressing grammatical values, but their proportion is different. Depending on which methods are dominated, the languages \u200b\u200bof synthetic and analytical type are distinguished. All Slavic languages \u200b\u200bbelong to synthetic languages \u200b\u200b(except Bulgarian), Sanskrit, ancient Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Yakutsky, German, Arabic, Swahili and MN. Dr.

The languages \u200b\u200bof the analytical system include all Romanesque languages, Bulgarian, English, Danish, Novogreic, Novoperside and MN. other analytical methods in these languages \u200b\u200bprevail, but synthetic and grammatical means are also used to one extent.

Languages \u200b\u200bin which there are almost no possibility of a synthetic expression of a number of grammatical values \u200b\u200b(both in Chinese, Vietnamese, Khmer, Laos, Thai, etc.), at the beginning of the XIX century. Called amorphous("shapeless"), i.e. as if devoured forms, but Humboldt already called them insulating.

It was proved that these languages \u200b\u200bare not deprived of a grammatical form, just a number of grammatical values \u200b\u200b(precisely syntactic, relational values) are expressed here separately, as if "insulated", from the lexical meaning of the word.

There are languages \u200b\u200bin which the word, on the contrary, it turns out to be so "permanent" by different service and dependent root morphems, what the word turns into a sense in the sense, but it remains executed as a word. Such a device "Slova-Offer "is called incorporation(Lat. incorporatio -"Inclusion in your composition", from lat. iN.- "in and corpus -"body, one"), and the corresponding languages \u200b\u200b- incorporatingor polysinthetic(Some Indian languages, Chukotka, Koryaksky, etc.).

4. Morphological typology of E.Sipira languages.

The new typological classification belongs to the American lingule E. Sepir (1921). Considering that all previous classifications are "neat construction of a speculative mind", E. Sepir made an attempt to give a "conceptual" classification of languages, based on the thought that "every language is a decorated language", but that "classification of languages \u200b\u200bbuilt on distinction of relations, Purely technical "and that it is impossible to characterize languages \u200b\u200bonly with one point of view. Therefore, the basis of its classification by E. Sepir puts the expression of a different type of concepts in the language: 1) root, 2) derivational, 3) mixed-relational and 4) purely relational (see ch. IV, § 43.). The last two points should be understood that the relationship values \u200b\u200bcan be expressed in the words themselves (by changing them) together with lexical values \u200b\u200b- these are mixed relations; or separately from words, such as the order of words, service words and intonation, is purely relational concepts. The considerable aspect of E. Sepir is the same "technical" side of the expression of relations, where all grammatical methods are grouped into four capabilities: but) Isolation (i.e., methods of service words, the order of words and intonation), b) agglutination, from) Fusion (the author deliberately divides two types of affixation, since their grammatical trends are very different) (ibid.) and d) Symbolization, where internal flexia, repeat and the method of emphasis is combined. (In the case of a tone emphasis, for example, in Schillauk (Africa) JIT with a high tone - "Ear", and with low - "ears" - very similar fact with alternating vowels). The third aspect is the degree of "synthesis" in grammar in three steps: analytical, synthetic and polysinthetic, i.e. on the absence of synthesis through normal synthesizing to polysinthism as "sunsiteness" (from Greek polys. - "Many" and synthesis - "Connection"). From all said U. Sepir, there is a classification of languages \u200b\u200bshown in the table:

Analytical languages - Languages \u200b\u200bin which grammatical values \u200b\u200bare mainly expressed out of the word, in the sentence: English, French, and all insulating languages, for example, Vietnamese. In these languages, the word is a transmitter of lexical significance, and grammatical values \u200b\u200bare transmitted separately: words in the sentence, service words, intonation, etc.

Examples

Phrase in Russian - "Father loves his son". If you change the word order - "Son loves father", the meaning of the phrase will not change, the word "son" and the word "father" change the case of a pelvic end. Phrase in english - "The Father Loves The Son". When changing the order of words on "The Son Loves The Father" The meaning of the phrase is changing up to the opposite - "Son loves father"since there are no pelvic finishes, and the word son. Sounds and writes equally and in case of compliance with its nominative case of the Russian language, and indirect cases. Therefore, the meaning of the proposal depends on the word order in the sentence. The same phenomenon is observed if you consider the French phrase "Le Père Aime Le Fils" With the same meaning.

see also

Links

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 tons and 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Main type		Degree of synthesis
A. Simple purely relational languages	1) insulating 2) isolating with agglutination	Analytical	Chinese, Annamsky (Vietnamese), Eva, Tibetan
B. Complex purely relational languages	1) agglutinating, insulating	Analytical	Polynesian
	2) agglutinating	Synthetic	Turkish
	3) Fusion-agglutinating	Synthetic	Classic Tibetan
	4) Symbolic	Analytical
B. Simple mixed relations	1) agglutinating	Synthetic
	2) Fusion	Analytical	French
B. Sophisticated mixed relations	1) agglutinating	Polysynthetic
	2) Fusion	Analytical	English, Latin, Greek
	3) Fusion, symbolic	Slight synthetic	Sanskrit
	4) Symvenic-Fusion	Synthetic
Agglutinative languages
Polysintic languages
Oligosynthetic languages
Morphosintaxic
Morphosintaxic coding
Nominative
Ergative
Filipinskaya
Active-stative
Three
Typology of the order of words

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Watch what is "analytical language" in other dictionaries:

Analytical language - (English Analitic Language). The language for which it is characteristic of expressing grammatical relationships with the help of auxiliary words and the word order in the sentence (for example, in English), and not case endings, as in synthetic languages \u200b\u200b(for example, ... ... New dictionary of methodical terms and concepts (theory and practice of learning languages)

Analytical language - (English Analytic Language) Any language for which it is characteristic of expressing grammatical relationships with the help of additional words, and not the end. In such languages, especially English, the order of words is regulated by special syntactic rules. ... ... Big psychological encyclopedia

Analytical language - Any language in which there is a tendency to express grammatical relationships with auxiliary words to a greater extent than by changing the word form. Syntactic relations in such languages \u200b\u200bare mainly the word of words ... ... Explanatory dictionary of psychology

- (FR.). Peculiar or belonging analysis. A dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Analytical [gr. analytikos] 1) related to analysis based on the application of analysis; 2) a. Philosophy Direction ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Adj., Upotr. compared. Often morphology: nar. Analytically 1. Analyticals are called such arguments of the person who use methods for analyzing, logical parsing. Analytical approach, look. 2. If a person says that he has ... ... ... Explanatory dictionary Dmitrieva

Navajo Samulation: Diné Bizaad Countries: United States Regions: Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado Total Number of Media: 178,000 ... Wikipedia

Do not be confused with isolated languages. Linguistic typology Morphological analytical languages \u200b\u200bInsulating languages \u200b\u200bSynthetic languages \u200b\u200bFlexile languages \u200b\u200bAgglutinative I ... Wikipedia

- (from lat. agglutinatio gluing) languages \u200b\u200bhaving a system in which the dominant type of word is agglutination ("gluing") of various formants (suffixes or prefixes), and each of them is only one ... ... Wikipedia

Linguistic typology Morphological analytical languages \u200b\u200bIsolating languages \u200b\u200bSynthetic languages \u200b\u200bFlexive languages \u200b\u200bAgglutinative languages \u200b\u200b... Wikipedia

Books

• Language of cham. Oral dialects, N. F. Aliyev, Bui Khan The. This monograph is devoted to the language of the cham - a little studied ancient-test language of the people inhabiting in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and in Kampuchea. This is Austronesian, lost in ...