Never noticed how quickly children find mutual language even though they themselves are different countries, and while one speaks in Russian, the other rushes in English with might and main? At the same time, they talk very well, and far from gestures. How so? We pore over textbooks, study the phrase book in search of the right phrase, and the child smiles and joins the game with foreign-speaking friends without any problems.

The reason is banal to the point of horror: in English and Russian there are several thousand words similar in sound and meaning. Because both languages ​​are part of one large family of languages ​​- Indo-European. Accordingly, the roots are the same, but then there is a branching: the Russian language belongs to the Balto-Slavic branch, while English belongs to the Germanic branch. Now it is clear why both in the USA and in Russia it is possible to guess the meaning of words without an interpreter nose, sister, mom, final, doctor, lamp. All these words have the same roots.

In addition, language is a living organism. It cannot stand still (that's why Esperanto has remained "dead"), it is constantly acquiring new words, discarding old ones, reworking complex ones. For example, the notorious printer, jumper, jeans - this is understandable even to the Chinese. And there are more such words than you can imagine.

The only question is, who was the first? The argument is as pointless as the chicken and the egg. True, with regard to languages, everything is a little simpler: the first was Greek. The one who gave us medicine, music and other nice things. As an alternative, the first was Latin :) The one that is "instantly at sea."

To be corrosive, then similar English and Russian words can be divided into several groups:

1) Exact copy of Russian.

These are the very words that foreigners really liked or cannot be translated unambiguously. And even simply for the reason that the word loses all its charm with the translation.

Vodka, bortsch(may the Ukrainians forgive me), balalaika, perestroika, beluga, ruble, babushka(with a sweet accent on the second syllable), samovar, dacha(Yes, yes, foreigners cannot call our huts in gardening anthills another word) and many others.

2) Exact copy of English.

Here is just an infinite number: fitness, copier, driver, printer, goalkeeper, football, volleyball, basketball, handball, fast food, deadline, bonus, comeback, copywriter, merchandiser, manager, cleaning, blackout, spoiler, dress code, showroom, fake, shopping etc. etc.

3) General historical borrowings

Mother - mother, sister - sister, nose - nose, number - number, three - three, address - address, wine - wine, television - television, class - class, coffee - coffee,be - be, goose - goose, eat - eat, brow - eyebrow, crook - hook, beat - beat, cheek - cheek, widow - widow, talk - interpret, beard - beard, stream - rapids, grab - rob, deal - business, pastor - shepherd, pastor, dale - dol, valley, stall - stall and other words.

Did you notice that the translation in brackets was superfluous? Most of you, even without a certificate of completion advanced level will be able to translate these words without any problems.

Check your erudition:
University, sport, idea, hospital, brother, hotel, student, bank.

It is interesting how, over time, the word "becomes brown" in Russian and "angles" in English. For example, if mother, daughter in Russian still repeat the suffix -er, then television and television have only common roots ("body" and "see"). And, for example, banking and sports are just twin brothers with bank and sports.

That is, roots are roots, but nutrition reaches the branches in different ways. And if it’s easy for an Englishman to pronounce “hospital”, then it’s easier for a Russian to say with his favorite explosive “g” - “hospital”.

In general, if you get into a decent dictionary of the Russian language, then in front of each word in brackets will be (from the Greek. "..." / from the Latin. "..."). What to do, and the main part of the planet uses borrowings from Latin or Greek. The exception is other families of foreign languages. For example, Sino-Tibetan. More specifically, Chinese. Here you can hardly catch any familiar words in speech. If only modern type of computer, jeans, copier. On the other hand, looking at the statistics of speakers of each language, you can seriously think. The world has the most Chinese speakers (1,000 million!), English speakers are in second place (350 million), Spanish (250 million) closes the top three, followed by Hindi (200 million) and Arabic speakers scored the same number of points, Bengali and Russian (150 million each).

From all that has been said, one bold and thick conclusion follows: no matter how hard the guardians for the purity of their native language try, it will still behave as it sees fit. Moreover, no one will say what the original Russian words are. After all, the same “water”, “son”, “earth” are rooted in the parent language - Indo-European.

It's the same with English. It is believed that it has at least 4,000 words similar in sound and meaning to Russian. If you think about it, this is a pretty decent vocabulary. Of course, it will not help to compose a grammatically correct form of a sentence, but at the level of "I understand yours" you can communicate very productively. And for some, more is not required :)

The origin of individual words that completely coincide in different languages- generally an amusing thing. For example, it was a real discovery for me to learn about such:

1. Hooligan- once this surname was in one family in Ireland. And they were famous, as you might guess, for their special behavior. So the surname became a common noun.

2. Galimatias- a gift from students from France. The word appeared in the 16th century and had a literal meaning "rooster science" ("to teach a rooster").

3. Avral- from English over all (military team - “all up”).

4. Dromedery(dromedary) - a one-humped camel. This word owes its origin to the root dromas (lat.) - “to run”. Accordingly, it is easy to guess that the dromedary is a real sprinter compared to other animals. But it is even more interesting that the same root can be found in such words as hippodrome, airfield, autodrome.

5. Palisade and the front garden are rooted in palus (stick, stake).

6. canicular days(vacation) - the period in July-August, when the star Sirius rises in the constellation Canis Major. In Rome, it was called Canicula (canis - dog). Therefore, by and large, what we call holidays are dog days :)

7. Booze- from the Dutch bouse ( alcoholic drink, get drunk). And what is the connection with Russian? "Buzit" - that is, to get drunk.

In addition, there are a lot of words in English with French roots. This happened when the Normans conquered England (XI century). French began to be spoken by the townspeople and rulers, and English by the villagers. It is very significant in this sense that the names of animals remained English, but their meat - in the French manner:

pig - pork (pig - pork)
cow - beef (cow - beef)
sheep - lamb (sheep - lamb)
hen - chicken (chicken - chicken).

specially for

Association game: looking for similar words in English and Russian for quick memorization

Recently in the comments we were asked to write an article about words in Russian that are similar to English. Such associations help to learn new words faster, but it is important not to fall for the well-known “translator’s false friends”. Today we will talk about the first and the second.

Many words in Russian are consonant in sound to English with a similar meaning, which really simplifies the process of memorizing them in many ways: for example, child - child, doze off - dream etc. Thanks to this associative chain English vocabulary is assimilated by Russian speakers much easier.

For example, the now very popular item of women's wardrobe "body" takes its name from the English body, which translates as “body” and also allows you to build a logical chain, simplifying memorization: underwear that fits the body - the body is translated as "body" - "body". As a result, both the name of the wardrobe element and the “basic” translation of the English word are remembered. Continuing the “clothing” theme: shorts will help you remember English "short", which translates as "short", a "shorts" plural means just "shorts". Your favorite sweater will also be very useful in learning English and will contribute: in pronunciation, it resembles a verb "to sweat" ("sweat"), from which at one time its English counterpart was formed "sweater".

Various words, which we, without thinking about it, use daily, can also help us remember this or that vocabulary from English. Yes, the word "clown" or "clownery" remind us of the pronunciation and meaning of English "clown", a puzzle help you remember the verb "to puzzle" (which means not only to puzzle, but also to "puzzle"): when we put together a puzzle, we need to put together the pieces of the problem, we honestly puzzle over it and are in a state of puzzlement.

A lot of borrowings came from English to Russian, which have taken root and are firmly rooted in our language. If you understand the nature of this or that borrowing - the meaning of the original, "original" English word - you can easily remember many popular words from completely different different areas. For example, a briefing brief has the meaning "short, short", i.e. briefing translates as "short meeting/conference". Profession "image maker" comes from the English word "image maker", which, in turn, is divided into two more components: image("image") and "make"("to do"), which together adds up to "make an image". A well-known word "mainstream" is also a borrowing from English, consisting of "main" ("main") and "stream" ("flow, direction"). You may not need these words themselves, or, conversely, you have been using them in their original form for a long time, but parsing them into components will help you remember the meaning of other words and thereby expand your vocabulary.

One way or another, it is important to distinguish words similar in sound and meaning, as well as borrowings, from false friends of the translator, who can play a cruel joke on foreign language learners.

For the first time the term "false friends of the translator" (fr. faux amis) appeared in 1928 in a book by M. Kessler and J. Derocchigna and refers to words in two languages ​​that, despite being similar in spelling and/or pronunciation, differ in meaning. Due to their apparent resemblance, they can confuse a person studying a language, which is why they got such a speaking name. False friends of the translator can lead to the fact that the meaning of the whole sentence, and often the whole text, will be misunderstood. Such words exist by no means only in English - a student of almost any foreign language has at least once encountered a similar phenomenon. So examples of “false friends” can be cited from completely different languages: here and Polish miasto which actually means "city", and not a "place" at all, and the Czech "czas", which translates as "time", not "hour".

If we talk about the translator's false friends in English, then we all know the word store. Very many, especially at the beginning of their acquaintance with English, stubbornly translate this word as “shop”, although in reality the correct translation is "magazine". The same situation with artist- in fact, every second person is mistaken with the meaning of this word, believing that it is translated as "artist" due to the similarity of sound, although in reality it is "painter". The electrician was also unlucky - despite the fact that in English his profession correctly sounds like electrician, it is often confused with "electric", which actually means "electric".

"A girl's best friend is diamonds," reads popular expression actively used by fiction to songs, but few people think that English "brilliant" means primarily an adjective "brilliant, brilliant", a "diamond" in most cases it will sound like "diamond".

And let the word "cross" does not put an end to your attempts to translate it correctly: in fact, the correct translation of it sounds like "crest" or "helmet", but not "cross", which will cross. Same story with general – "general, basic". Master has long extended its range of values ​​to "master" and "master", and in most cases will be translated that way, and not just as "master".

The poor Danes also get it - they are often called "the Dutch" due to the similarity of sound, while "the Dutch" is translated as "Dutch", a "Danes" will sound like "the Danes".

The method of searching for similar words in the native and studied languages ​​can really significantly simplify the process of memorization, as well as building associative chains. Borrowings also help a lot, because if you trace the etymology and literal translation of the “original” word, the meaning immediately becomes clearer and more logical.

Hello! On the initial stage learning English for a beginner, there are several basic topics that need to be understood and mastered - this phonetics, grammar and vocabulary. These groups of topics can be called steps leading to the alluring goal - to mastering the language. After mastering the first two, it is time to take up vocabulary - to expand and enrich your vocabulary. And although each of the topics requires a lot of effort, attention and time to master, the study of vocabulary requires inexhaustible energy, since a huge load is placed on memory.

Generally, in order to achieve quick results, learning English begins to watch movies, listen to music, read books in English and tries by any means, deductive or associative, to understand a language that is still alien to him. Such zeal, of course, is commendable, but all these methods of expanding vocabulary are good with properly organized step-by-step study, well-chosen material and special diligence. Otherwise, you will find many surprises and mistakes in understanding the English language, one of which is such a concept as “false friends of a translator”. False friends of a translator are pairs of words in two different languages, the same in pronunciation or spelling, but different in their semantic meaning.

"False friends" of the translator in English

False friends of a translator are pairs of words in two different languages, the same in pronunciation or spelling, but different in their semantic meaning.

False friends of the translator lead to translation errors and misunderstandings of English. It is precisely for the reason that similar words, instead of helping to quickly and easily master the language, lead to errors, they were so symbolically called “false friends of the translator” in 1928 by two linguists M. Kössler and J. Derocchini.

Take a look at examples of false friends of the translator, different in meaning, and it will immediately become clear what kind of dirty tricks are hidden under them:

• PhD- candidate, not at all graduate student
• codex- codex, but not code
• List- list, but not sheet
• Patron- boss, patron, but not cartridge

Similar pairs of words in different languages ​​cannot always be explained by common etymology, that is, by the fact that these words are borrowed. Of course, in many cases the common root of the translator's false friends is taken from one language, but their meanings have become different over time in the two independent languages. However, this kind of similarity is also the result of coincidence.

Video: False Friends of Translators

False friends of an interpreter can occur between some pairs of languages: Polish and Ukrainian, English and German, Russian and English, etc. Of course, we will deal with the false friends of a Russian-speaker learning "insidious" English. Unfortunately, Russian and English are included in the small number of pairs of languages ​​where there are outwardly similar words, but different in meaning. In the vast majority of languages, translators do not need to engage in a detailed study of “false friends”.

In fact, these words are not so scary, although sometimes they set traps for beginners: you may encounter no more than a few dozen pairs of words that you can actually remember. A complete and I must say, a very long list of all the false friends of the translator should not be taught. The question "maybe needed?" it will seem absurd when you try to memorize thousands of pairs of such words that are identical in spelling but different in meaning. "False translators" often set traps for gullible newcomers

If this topic seemed difficult to you and you are already thinking about whether you need to learn such an incomprehensible language at all, I hasten to reassure you: in English you can also meet “translator’s true friends”, which linguists call “ cognates».

Congnates are pairs of words that have the same root, common origin and the same semantic meanings in two (or more) independent languages.

The commonality of such words is not always due to the fact that these languages ​​belong to the same group of languages. Take a look at examples of "true translator friends" between Russian and Romanian:

• city ​​(chiti) - read
• iubi (yubi) - be in love
• drag (drag) - expensive

In English and Russian, you can also encounter words that are similar to each other:

• territory - territory
• strategy- strategy
• clan- clan

However, this was a small digression from our topic. And now I propose to pay attention to the most commonly used words of the English language, which are similar to Russian, but different in meaning.

Examples of "false friends" of a translator

Dictionaries of "false friends of the translator"

The similarity between graphic or phonetic forms of words with different meanings is also found within the same language and is called homonymy

Linguists also discovered the so-called interlingual homonymy (or the name already familiar to you “false friends of the translator”), after conducting a detailed study and study of this phenomenon, dictionaries were created that include such words, as well as their correct and erroneous translation.

In 1969, a bilingual dictionary (English-Russian and Russian-English) of "false friends of a translator" was published, the author of which is a Ukrainian linguist, Dr. philological sciences V.V. Akulenko. Akulenko's dictionary contains 900 English words, each of which is accompanied by a similar sound Russian word and their analysis of non-compliance, total or partial. In addition, in the dictionary you will find a useful entry that has a very good analysis this category of words. And although many years have passed since the date of publication, this dictionary of "false friends" has not lost its relevance for all who study English.

In 2004, an English-Russian dictionary of false friends of a translator appeared, which already has more than 1000 English-Russian false friends of a translator, authored by K.V. Krasnov. To date, this dictionary is the largest dictionary of interlingual homonyms (false friends of a translator). Recommended for teachers, translators and anyone who works seriously with the English language.

It is important for every "translator" to know

As is already known, in the native and studied languages, two words with different meanings, completely or partially coinciding in pronunciation or spelling, can confuse any person. However, this is not all. There are such words that can have several meanings, one of which nevertheless coincides with the meaning of the word " false friend", but is not its main meaning. For example:

• the first meaning of the word officer" is "executive"

We are used to the fact that the main world language is English, and our native Russian has recently been doing nothing but borrowing a word from there, a word from here. But is it?

A graduate of the Oriental Faculty of Leningrad State University, a linguist, the author of several sensational books, Alexander Dragunkin, claims that everything was just the opposite. Moreover, he came to the conclusion that Old Russian language was the mother tongue of the whole earth!

Are the English descendants of the Russians?

“It all started with the English language, which I taught for many years,” Alexander Dragunkin told MK in St. Petersburg about the background to his discovery. - The further, the more I was not satisfied with the method of his teaching - and some new ideas appeared latently. In 1998, I sat down to write my first book, a guide to English language. I stopped going to the office, closed myself at home, and on the most primitive computer in a month I tapped SOMETHING, from which I was stunned. In that work, I proposed my own way of quickly memorizing English words - by analogy with Russian ones. And while developing it, I came across the obvious: English words are not just similar to Russian ones - they have Russian origin!

- Can you prove it?

- Of course. Just remember the three simple basic rules of philology first. First: you can ignore the vowels in the word, the most important thing is the backbone of the consonants. Second: consonants are very clearly grouped according to the place of formation in the mouth - for example, L, R, H are formed by different movements of the tongue, but in the same part of the palate. Try to pronounce them and see for yourself. There are several such chains of consonants: v-m-b-p-f, l-r-s-t-d-n, x-c-k-g-z-zh, v-r-x, s-c-h (jj). When a word is borrowed, it is possible to replace letters in accordance with these chains. And the third rule: when moving from one language to another, a word can only be shortened, and most often the first syllable disappears.

Now for some examples.

- Please. The English word girl (girl - girl) has no origin in its homeland. But in Old Russian there was a wonderful word that was used to call young people - Gorlitsa! The backbone of consonants is the same, and the English word is shorter - so who took the word from whom? Another example is the English REVOLT. Let's say you don't know what it means - now let's see who stole from whom. Any Latinist will tell you that RE is a prefix, VOL is a root and "mysterious T". Where it came from, Western philologists do not even say. But I am a simple person: let's assume an idiotic option - that the British took this word from someone and distorted it over time. Then, if RE is a prefix meaning "repetition", and the British took this prefix from someone, then in a thousand years it could only become shorter (remember the philological law). So, it can be assumed that it was originally longer. So, in the whole world there is only one prefix, which meant the same thing, but was longer - Russian TRANS-! L and R are interchangeable consonants from the same chain. We rewrite the word in Russian - PERE-VOR-ot. REVOLT in translation means "coup, rebellion" - so who borrowed from whom? And the “mysterious T”, on which all English linguists stumble, turns out to be the most common Russian suffix. There are an incredible number of such examples.

- And why should the British, who live on an island far from our vast homeland, get by with Russian words - they didn’t have their own?

- The British may well be the descendants of the ancient Russians. There is absolutely official information (which, however, is often hushed up) that the Saxons - the ancestors of the British - did not come from anywhere, but from the Volga River. In the scientific world, this is an axiom. The Saxons are plural from the word "sak". That is, on the Volga they were SAKs. Further, according to the law on the shortening of a word during the transition to another language, we conclude that this word could initially be longer. I do not see any other explanation for the origin of the word SAKI, except from the truncated RUSAKI.

Mat was not invented by the Tatars

— Okay, but what about other languages? You don't claim to know every language in the world, do you?

- I do not approve. But I know many languages. I can easily communicate in English, French, Italian, German, Swedish, Polish. I know Japanese, but I don't speak it. He studied ancient Chinese at the university, and seriously studied Hindi in his youth. So I can compare. Here's an example for you. Take the Latin word SECRET (secret, something hidden). The whole world is staring at this word, but its origin is unknown. In addition, it is not decomposed into components - there is no prefix or suffix. Some see the same "mysterious suffix T". The most dashing Western philologists single out the root CR - this is the Latin CER, "to see." But why on earth is the “secret”, what is being hidden, based on the root “see”? This is absurd! I do it differently - I become impudent and write the same letters in Old Russian - СъКРыТ. And I get a complete similarity of meaning, a clear prefix C, a beautiful root and our native suffix. Remember that vowels are completely unimportant for philology.

Or else - the word "harem". The fact that the Russian princes before the Romanovs had whole crowds of concubines - historical fact. Now, if I have many beautiful wives, where will I keep them? In the most best rooms, which in Russia were called KhoroMy - remember the chains of alternating consonants - so where did the word GAREM come from?

“So it means that everything was borrowed from us, and not we from strangers?”

- Naturally! I even refuted the prevailing "Tatar" theory of the origin of Russian obscenities.

- There were no Tatars?

- It wasn't - it's just our invention. I can demonstrate. We have the word star - this is a star. A star is a distorted "light". That is, a star is that “light-it”. And if you follow this word-formation scheme, what will be the name of what they “write”? This is one word. Further - where did the word "stick" come from? Initially, it was called "pkhalka", because it was pkhali, shoved. The English stick (stack, stick) is clearly our poke, “poke”. Let's go back to the word "phat" - form an imperative mood, as with the word "poke": poke - sui, pkhat - what? And "p" eventually disappeared. The most interesting thing with the verb is that only in Russian you can say: "I fucked her." M and B, as you remember, are alternating - replace the letter M in the word "fuck" and see what happens:

- Well, swearing is not proof that Old Russian is the parent language of the whole world:

— Well, here's another thing: the names of all sacred religious books are of Russian origin.

Even the Quran?

- Yes. In the Arab world, it is believed that this word has no etymology. But she is. The Quran, as you know, is the revelations of the Prophet Muhammad, collected by the scribe Zeid - and SAVE by him! The Qur'an is So-preserved. With the Jewish Torah it is even simpler: this is a book about CREATION - the Torah is the T (v) ora.

The Bible is a little different - you need to know that it is written on paper, and paper is made from cotton. Cotton in Slavic is called BaVeLna - BiBLe. The Bible is just a stack of paper! I am not talking about the Indian "Vedas" at all: here the origin from the word to know is obvious. Each of these explanations can be disputed separately, but it is interesting that all the names have the correct interpretation only through the Russian language.

— Well, what about the names of gods and servants?

- Allah ... If we assume that this word is not Arabic and eventually lost the first consonant, then only one word remains, which also corresponds to the meaning - WALLAH - Magi, and the Magi were priests. There is also the Russian root MOL, from which the word "pray" appeared. MoL - the same as MuL - MULLA who asks God. In English, priest PRIEST - in Russian letters ASK: I do not believe that there can be so many coincidences. The fact that the words are similar and at the same time have the same meaning is half the battle. But pay attention: in all cases when a word in its “native” language cannot find an origin, in Russian it acquires a completely logical etymology - and all its riddles, suffixes that come from nowhere that traditional philology cannot explain, become completely normal parts words in Russian! Our language is amazing. It brings us to the bottom of the world - I am sure that it was created artificially and the matrix of the universe is encrypted in it.

What is hell and heaven

— Have you been able to decipher anything?

- Very interesting stuff. For example, only in Russian the whole surrounding a person the world was described with a single syllable with the root BL (considering the chains of alternating consonants). What was around ancient man? Bor, Sea, Field, Swamp, Par (as the air used to be called) and so on.

Whole animal world described on a geometric basis only in Russian: in other languages ​​these are words taken out of context, in ours they add up to a system. Living beings have been described with three roots, which are the forms of the body. For example, everything Round is described with the help of the root KR / GL and its derivatives - Head, Eye, Throat, Knee, Lower Leg.

Further, only in the Russian language was a person separated from the rest of the animal world according to the main feature - reason. The mind is in the head, which used to have another name - HUMAN. How we were singled out from the world - we were called HUMAN-Century!

— So, did our ancestors get knowledge about the world from the language itself?

“Our ancestors knew everything, because everything was described in a simple language. Paradise is nothing but a stripped-down EDGE, where everything is great and cool. Hell is just what is BELOW us. Let's remember the word "star" - light, yes - long before telescopes, people who spoke Russian knew that stars are not just holes in the sky, but that which shines, radiates light!

— You said that the language was created artificially. Why even create it at all? After all, love could well be expressed in the number of killed mammoths.

- The Russian language also answers this question. Do you remember Tyutchev's famous phrase: "A thought uttered is a lie"? What did the poet want to say? I'll show you. In Russian, there are three verbs that mean the process of speech - to speak, to say, to utter (or expound). But what is interesting, only in Russian three verbs meaning lies have the same roots: to speak - to lie, to state / state - to lie / LIE, to say - to distort. The language was originally created not for the exchange of information, but as a tool for its distortion, a way of influence. Now, of course, we already use it for communication. However, be sure - of all the peoples of the world, only we speak the most direct descendant of the parent language.

- And who created it?

— Those who created humanity.

Natalya Barsova

Kolobok exposed

These words are considered borrowed by the Russian language in recent centuries. However, Alexander Dragunkin is convinced of their Russian "origin".

Galaxy - from the Russian dialect "GaLaGa" (fog)
Dollar - from Share
CALCULATOR - FROM HOW MUCH
Laboratory - from Work (L and R alternate)
LeDi - from Lada (Old Russian goddess)
HoTel (hotel) - from HaTa
NeGR - from Not Beautiful
ELEMENT - from unbreakable
SMoG - from MGL
GLOBUS - from Kolobok (G and K alternate)

Source: via-midgard.info

Comments:

Olga 21.09.2011 17:24

If Dragunkin read the works of remarkable linguists who died early, Illich-Svitych, Starostin and others who studied the Nostratic (general) language of Eurasia, if he combined the knowledge of linguistics with cultural studies, archeology, mythology, genetics, then his speech would sound even more convincing .And comprehensive studies have shown: about 40tl ago in the area of ​​​​Kostenki-Avdeevo, in the center of the Russian Plain, an amazing Paleo-Russian language and culture of worship of the sun and its mother, the great goddess, Lada-Venus-Makoshi, appeared, developed solar symbolism, ideas about 4- frequency division of the world. 24 tl ago people from the Russian Plain appeared in Siberia and Central Asia, 21 tl in northern China, and 15tl ago the cult of the sun and Mokosh already occupies most Eurasia and North Africa, this is the distribution area of ​​​​the Nostratic (Paleo-Russian) language. It was born precisely in the north of Eurasia, its roots (there are about 200 of them) describe snow, ice, coniferous vegetation. 13 t ago a climatic and geographical disaster occurred in the northern hemisphere, described by many scientists, the Caspian and the Aral were united into one huge body of water, cutting off the Russian Plain from Asia, as a result, the Nostratic language was divided into the eastern part (in which the Finno-Ugric group of languages ​​\u200b\u200bwas separated in the Trans-Urals 7tl ago, as well as Turkic, Mongolian, Dravidian, languages ​​of the Indians of America) and the western part (from which the Indo-European core (proto-Russian language) stood out 10tl ago, the languages ​​of the Afro-Asian, Kartvelian group. Yes, the ideas of heaven and hell were born for the first time among our ancestors: 3-frequency division of the world into upper middle, lower first appeared 20 tl ago in the Mezin sites on the Desna, Malta and Buret on the Angara. 7.5 tl ago the famous Dardanov flood occurred: by breaking water mediterranean sea through the Bull Ford \u003d Bosphorus, on the site of a freshwater reservoir, the Black Sea was formed, exceeding it by 2 times. Many settlements, arable lands of the protorus-Indo-Europeans, who were engaged in agriculture in the Northern Black Sea region before other peoples of the world ("Scythian Links challenged the primacy in agriculture" , Pliny the Elder), they were flooded (wouldn’t this be the real Flood, Atlantis, from here, probably, the Slavic chronology “from the creation of the world” is being conducted), Asia Minor became territorially less accessible, with this time the famous linguist V. Ivanov correlates the beginning the collapse of the Indo-European community. At first, the languages ​​\u200b\u200bof the Asia Minor and North African territory stood out, which the Arabs and Turks later captured. Ancient civilizations spoke Indo-European, at the beginning of the kingdoms on clay tablets - Indo-European words, Semitic prevail in their decline. The new spread of the Indo-European language throughout almost all of Eurasia, from Azores to the Kuriles, was facilitated by the migration of restless Aryans - charioteers (charioteer in armor ni - “ari-ga” (Aryan-chasing, fiercely chasing, Aryan-alien) A massive expansion of chariots from the Urals and Aryan genes, the “Russian mutation” R1a1, is recorded throughout almost all of Eurasia: Aryans appear in the Balkans, Crete, Asia Minor, create in the 16th century BC the state of Mittani, the Hittite Empire, in 15 in BC they enter India and Iran in two waves. All this is said by genetics, other sciences only confirm this. The migration of the Aryans from the Volga and the South Urals is also confirmed by the u-2 mutation in the mitochondria of women. \u003d land, steppe, Meru-north), Scythians (Greeks) Bsarmats, Russ: according to Josius Flavius: "Scythians are the scientific, Greek name of the peoples beyond Pontus (the Black Sea, the common people are Russ." The name of the Scythians (pronounced by the Greeks "sketes ”, most likely a distorted self-name of the early Scythians: “chipped” (creating life with a kolo, honoring the kolo-sun), later calling themselves sklavins (in Western hellish Scythia, where they contacted with the Western Slavs-Venedi), in the latest period, the Slavs. And the Scythian tribe, which the Greeks called the Massagets (powerful Goths-walkers), the Iranians, the Saks, was noted from Hungary to the Pamirs. The Saks were created in 6-7 centuries BC, the powerful and cultural state of Khorezm, which captured the north of India. It was there in the 5th century. BC, the so-called "Arabic" numerals appeared, created, as a number of researchers indicate on the basis of the Scythian alphabet, Buddha was from the Sakya Muni clan (people-sages of the Saks). Recently, one of the Tibetan lamas confirmed: according to Tibetan documents and legends, the south of Ukraine was the birthplace of Buddha.

Philologist 21.09.2011 17:27

It is known that the English word slave-slave is from the Russian Slavs. Russian Slavs were sold into slavery all over Europe like hot cakes. The Slavs themselves did not know how to fight, so they were whipping boys.

Olga 21.09.2011 20:30

SLAVES - ascend from the word "catch" - "connect, connect." Hence the "word \u003d liaison", the connecting river Lovat, Greek logos and logic, Latin league, ligature, legato (connected), legat (connector), religion ( connection). Slavs \u003d "bound by the Word" - law, speech, religion, kinship, brotherhood, in the end, the glory of the fathers, glorious in appearance and soul, for they were kind and cheerful, according to the descriptions of the ancients, unlike other peoples. the German name for a slave goes back to the Slavic “caught, bound.” Feel the difference between the status of a slave in Russia (worker) and in Western Europe “bound, caught”, that is, not a person at all.

One of the hardest things about English is learning how to properly use words that sound and are spelled very similar. We have put together the most confusing English words in one list with examples of them. correct use so you can avoid common mistakes.

Compliment and Complement

The words "compliment" and "complement" sound very similar, but have absolutely different meanings. "Compliment" means to praise someone, while the word "complement" means "to supplement" or "improve". Use this useful trick: when something becomes more complete, complete (complete), use the word "complement", if you want to praise someone, use the word "compliment".

• Anna complimented me on my new haircut. (Anna complimented my haircut).
• Adding salt and vinegar to my fish and chips really complements the flavour. (Adding salt and vinegar to my fish and fries really improves the flavor.)

Farther and Further

In general, the words "farther" and "further" denote a greater distance. However, in American English, "farther" is preferred when talking about physical distance, while "further" is more commonly used to describe abstract ideas. In British English, they are rarely separated. "Further" can also be used to mean something extra, and the word "farther" cannot be used in this sense.

• Anna moved farther down the train to find an empty carriage. (Anna moved further along the train to find an empty car).
• Emily's house price fell further today than yesterday. (The price of Emily's house has fallen even lower than yesterday).
• I have no further questions. (I have no more questions).

Especially and Specially

Given that these words sound almost the same (especially when spoken quickly) and have similar spellings, it's no surprise that people often confuse them. Use "especially" when you want to highlight one person, thing, place, or situation out of several. "Specially" is used in the sense of "for a special occasion", "for a special reason".

Valuable and Invaluable

Both the words "valuable" and "invaluable" denote value. The main difference between them is
"valuable" is used to describe something that costs a lot of money, while "invaluable" means something priceless, so important that its value cannot be determined. Usually this is some kind of abstract idea that you can’t put a price tag on.

• I have inherited a gold necklace from my grandmother which is very valuable. (I inherited a gold necklace from my grandmother, it is very expensive).
• Laura's loyalty is such an invaluable trait to have in a friendship. (Laura's loyalty is an invaluable trait in a friendship.)

Lose and loose

One of the biggest mistakes people make with the words "lose" and "loose" is believing they are pronounced the same. These are two words with different pronunciations and meanings. “Lose” means to lose something or lose in a competition, it is pronounced as a rhyme for the word “news”, a sound is heard at the end h. "Loose" is an antonym to the words "squeezed", "tight", that is, it translates as "free", "loose", "spacious" and rhymes with the word "juice", at the end of the sound With.

• We have two injured players on our team, so I think we will lose the football match. (We have two injured players in the team, I think we will lose the football match).
• She was wearing a loose dress. (She was wearing a loose dress).

Site and Site

Although the words "sight" and "site" are pronounced the same, they have different meanings. "Sight" refers to the ability to see or to an object that can be seen. In turn, "site" means the place where something happened or was built. When you arrive at new town, you often go sightseeing (go sightseeing), which means you go to see things that you can see.

• Emma's sight is deteriorating, so she will have to wear glasses soon. (Emma's eyesight is getting worse, so she will have to wear glasses soon).
• Barry is working on a building site to help build a children's school. (Barry works in construction to help build a school for the kids).

Bring and Take

"Bring" and "take" describe the process of moving or carrying an item. The main difference lies in the starting point. "Bring" is used when something is being carried towards the speaker, and "take" is used to describe something that has been taken out of the speaker's field of vision.

• Be sure to take your CV to the interview tomorrow. Don't forget to bring your resume to the interview. [This is a man's advice to his friend who is going to an interview tomorrow. From the speaker's point of view, both his friend and CV will leave From him.]
• Please bring a list of references to the interview. Please bring references to the interview. [This will be said by the employer; from his point of view, man will come to him with summary.]

Principal and Principle

Not surprisingly, the words "principal" and "principle" are often confused, because they are pronounced the same and almost the same spelling. Despite the same sound, these words have different meanings. The adjective "principal" describes something important, important, it is also called the principal of a school in the United States. The word "principle" is translated as the reason, principle, or chain of thought that underlies an argument or, for example, religion.

• The principal aim of the criminal justice system is to deliver justice for all. The most important goal the judiciary is to ensure justice for all.
• The principal of Karen's elementary school was Ms. Johnson. Karen's elementary school principal was Miss Johnson.
• It is the basic principles of criminal law that the accused is innocent until proven guilty. The basic rule of criminal law is that a defendant is presumed innocent until proven otherwise.

Well, did it become clearer? If possible, communicate in English and introduce these words into your speech in order to consolidate the knowledge gained in practice.