Noun examples. Proper nouns: examples

Noun.

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers questions. who? what?

A noun names objects in the broad sense of the word. Nouns include:

1) specific items(door, window);

2) living beings(man, bird, beast);

3) natural phenomenon(slush, snow, wind);

4) events (holiday, hike);

5) process of action(running, growth);

5) abstract concepts(kindness, friendship);

1. Nouns are:

2. There are nouns :

3. Nouns are of three genders:

REMEMBER! To find out the gender of a noun that is in the plural, it must be put in the singular: bugs - beetle (m.r.)

4. Nouns change according to numbers.

REMEMBER! Nouns that have only the plural:

Holidays, rake, cream, pants, weight,. gates, money, children, people, scissors, glasses, sledges, perfumes, canned food, hours, days.

Nouns that have only the singular:

Furniture, hunting, oil, meat, milk, clothes, shoes, dishes, running around, onions, mashed potatoes, sugar, salt, honey, potatoes, sky, singing, poetry, creativity, lyrics, humor, weather, subway, radio, dexterity, strawberries, nettles, corn, gooseberries, carrots, health, fidelity, love, hate, coffee.

As well as words of the middle gender of foreign originsubway, cinema, muffler, coat, radio, etc.

5. Nouns come in three declensions:

6. Soft sign (ь) at the end of nouns after hissing.

7. Nouns change in cases.

REMEMBER! what? and is in the offer subject, is in the nominative case.

noun that answers the question what? and is in the offerminor member, is in the accusative case.

Algorithm for writing an unstressed ending of a noun.

1. Put the noun in the form of the nominative case (initial form):

For example: sitting on birches ... - birches a .

2. Determine the declension: f.r., ending - a , therefore, declension 1st.

3. Find a test word: a noun of the same declension with a stressed ending:

For example: water a.

4. substitute the check word in the phrase in place of the checked word:

For example: sitting on the water e .

5. Write the same letter in the word being checked. As in the test:

For example: sits on birches e .

Noun endings.

Morphological analysis of the noun.

1. Determine the part of speech.
2. Indicate the initial form (singular, nominative).
3. Specify permanent signs:

A) animate or inanimate;

B) own or common noun;

B) genus;

D) declination.

4. Indicate non-permanent signs:

A) a number

B) case.

5. Indicate the semantic question that we ask to the noun. Determine which part of the sentence is the noun.

Sample:

They wrote on the blackboard with chalk.

1. They wrote (on what?) on the blackboard - noun.
2. N.f. - board;

fast. pr.: inanimate, nat., female, 1st class;

non-post. ex.: singular, p.p.

III. They wrote (where?) on the board - a circumstance.

And answering the question "who what". One of the main lexical categories; in sentences, the noun, as a rule, acts as a subject or an object.

The noun names objects in the broad sense of the word; these are the names of things (table, wall, window, scissors, sleigh), persons (child, girl, youth, woman, man), substances (cereals, flour, sugar, cream), living beings and organisms (cat, dog, crow , woodpecker, snake, perch, pike; bacterium, virus, microbe), facts, events, phenomena (fire, performance, conversation, holidays, sadness, fear), as well as qualities, properties, actions, states (kindness, stupidity, blue , running, decision, pushing).

Common noun

Common nouns serve as a common name for a class of single objects: article, house, a computer etc.

N.'s transition and. in its own is accompanied by the loss of the name of the language concept (for example, "Gum" from "gum" - "right"). N. and. there are concrete (table), abstract or abstract (love), material or material (sugar), and collective (students).

Proper name

Proper nouns serve as the name of a specific object, distinguished from the class of homogeneous: Ivan, America, Everest.

Grammar

A noun has a number of attributes (nominal classes), the number of which is different languages different. These attributes can be:

• Genus (masculine, feminine, neuter gender, there are also common nouns)
• Case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional)
• Number (singular, plural)
• Animation

The set of these characteristics defines the paradigm of inflection called declension.

All nouns have one of 3 declensions: Nouns of the 1st declension are masculine and feminine nouns ending in the nominative singular -а, -я, for example, dad, mom, family. Nouns 2 declensions - masculine and neuter nouns ending in the nominative singular: zero ending for masculine and zero or -o, -e for neuter, for example, window, dove, table. Nouns 3 declensions are feminine nouns that have a zero ending in the nominative singular, for example, mouse, shawl, lie.

There are also inflected nouns, for example, nouns ending in -iya, such as army, nation, police, they do not obey general rules none of the inclinations.

Coordination

with a transitive verb with particle -not-

In the phrase "particle -not- + transitive verb+ noun” the noun is always in the Genitive case.

see also

Literature

• A. Potebnya, "From Notes on Russian Grammar" (I)
• K. Brugmann, “Grundriss der vergl. Gram." (II, 429-462)
• Paul, "Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte" ( , pp. 331-333).

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "nouns" are in other dictionaries:

§ 078. NOUNS TOGETHER- § 78. They are written together: Compound nouns formed with connecting vowels, as well as all formations with aero, air, auto, moto, bicycle, cinema, photo, stereo, meteo, electro, hydro, agro, zoo, bio, micro, macro, ... ...

ABSTRACT, oh, oh; ten, tna. Based on abstraction (in 1 value), abstract. Abstract concept. Abstract thinking. Dictionary Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

REAL, oh, oh; vein, vein. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

SPECIFIC, oh, oh; ten, tna. Really existing, quite precise and materially defined, in contrast to the abstract, abstract. specific concept. K. example. K. subject. Be specific (adv.). Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

DISTRACTED, oh, oh; yon. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

§ 079. HYPHENIC NOUNS- § 79. They are written with a hyphen: Compound nouns that have the meaning of one word and consist of two independently used nouns connected without the help of connecting vowels o and e, for example: a) fire bird, fight woman, diesel ... ... Russian spelling rules

See proper nouns (noun in the article) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

See onomastics. Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. Moscow: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 ... Literary Encyclopedia

The names of monarchs and nobility are one or more official (metric, titular, throne) and unofficial names or names of nicknames by which a person of a royal, princely or noble family could be known. Contents 1 Types of names 1.1 ... ... Wikipedia

From the time of medieval chronicles there are various options in the spelling of the names of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, which are currently entrenched in the coexistence of several national historiographic traditions. The table is intended to facilitate ... ... Wikipedia

Books

• Turkish grammar. Phonetics, morphology, etymology, semantics, syntax, spelling, punctuation. Volume 1. Language, grammar, phonetics, words, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, E. Genish. This book presents the entire grammar of the modern Turkish language. The book was written on the basis of fifteen years of teaching Turkish to Russian students; in…
• Russian semantic dictionary. Volume 3. Nouns with an abstract meaning. Being. Matter, space, time. Connections, relationships, dependencies. Spiritual world. The state of nature, man. Society , . The third volume of the "Russian Semantic Dictionary" contains a description of abstract nouns (words and meanings), grouped into hierarchically organized lexico-semantic ...

Noun is a part of speech that names an object and answers questions "who what?". Nouns have a number of features with which you can classify all nouns by type.

The main features of the noun.

• The grammatical meaning of a noun - general meaning subject, everything that can be said about this subject: it what ? Or who ? This part of speech can mean the following:

1) The name of objects and things ( table, ceiling, pillow, spoon);

2) Names of substances ( gold, water, air, sugar);

3) Names of living beings ( dog, person, child, teacher);

4) Names of actions and states ( murder, laughter, sadness, sleep);

5) The name of the phenomena of nature and life ( rain, wind, war, holiday);

6) Names of features and abstract properties ( white, fresh, blue).

• Syntactic sign of a noun is the role it occupies in the sentence. Most often, a noun acts as a subject or object. But in some cases, nouns can also act as other members of the sentence.

Mum cooks very delicious borscht (subject).

Borscht is prepared from beets, cabbage, potatoes and others vegetables (addition).

Beet is vegetable red, sometimes purple (nominal predicate).

Beet from the garden- the most useful (definition).

Mum- chef knows how to surprise his household at the table, mom- friend able to listen and comfort (Appendix).

Also, a noun in a sentence can act as appeals:

Mum, I need your help!

• By lexical Nouns can be of two types:

1. Common nouns are words that mean general concepts or name a class of objects: chair, knife, dog, earth.

2. Proper names- these are words meaning single objects, which include names, surnames, names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains (and other geographical names), animal names, names of books, films, songs, ships, organizations, historical events etc: Barsik, Weaver, Titanic, Europe, Sahara and etc.

Features of proper names in Russian:

1. Proper names are always capitalized.
2. Proper names have only one number form.
3. Proper names can consist of one or more words: Alla, Viktor Ivanovich Popov, "Loneliness in the Net", Kamensk-Uralsky.
4. Titles of books, magazines, ships, films, paintings, etc. written in quotation marks and capitalized: "Girl with Peaches", "Mtsyri", "Aurora", "Science and Technology".
5. Proper names can become common nouns, and common nouns can move into the category of proper names: Boston - Boston (a type of dance), though - the Pravda newspaper.

• By type of item nouns are divided into two categories:

1. Animated nouns- those nouns that denote the names of wildlife (animals, birds, insects, people, fish). This category of nouns answers the question "who?": father, puppy, whale, dragonfly.

2. Inanimate nouns- those nouns that refer to the real and answer the question "what?": wall, board, machine, ship and etc.

• By value Nouns can be divided into four types:

Real- kind of nouns naming substances: air, dirt, ink, sawdust etc. This kind of nouns has only one form of number - the one that we know. If a noun is singular, then it cannot be plural, and vice versa. The number, size, volume of these nouns can be adjusted using cardinal numbers: few, many, few, two tons, cubic meter and etc.

Specific- nouns that name specific units of objects living or inanimate nature: man, pole, worm, door. These nouns change in number and combine with numerals.

Collective- these are nouns that generalize many identical objects into one name: many warriors - an army, a lot of leaves - foliage etc. This category nouns can only exist in the singular and cannot be combined with cardinal numbers.

Abstract (abstract)- these are nouns that name abstract, non-existent in material world, concepts: suffering, joy, love, grief, fun.

Noun - this is the most essential part of speech, in grammar it is considered to be frequently encountered.

All students need to know about it in order to correctly complete tasks both in the Unified State Examination and in the State Academic Examination. In particular, in the 11th grade exam there is a task in which you need to choose correct form noun. Also, this selection will help to make a morphological analysis of any noun.

DEFINITION: noun is the part of speech that stands forTHING and answer questions WHO? or WHAT?

Own and common noun

• OWN nouns denote - names, surnames, patronymics, nicknames of animals, geographical names, titles of books, newspapers, magazines ( Moscow, Volga, Maria, Kashtanka, Alexei Maksimovich).
• common nouns nouns - the name of objects and phenomena ( student, textbook, country, forest, dog).

Animated and inanimate

• ANIMATED Nouns answer the question WHO? and name people and animals ( teacher, student, sister, cat, bird).
• inanimate Nouns answer the question WHAT? and name inanimate objects cloud, forest, water, notebook, bus).

Number of nouns

• THE ONLY THING number - stands for one item ( letter, child). Some nouns are used only in the singular ( milk, kindness, Kaluga, singing, youth, France).
• MULTIPLE number - refers to several items ( letters, children). Some nouns are used only in the plural ( glasses, sleigh, name day, scissors, gate, Alps).

gender of a noun

GENUS- a constant attribute of a noun. Nouns do not change by gender.

• MALE- he is mine ( horse, car).
• FEMALE- She is mine ( rye, earth).
• AVERAGE- it's mine village, ring).

RULE: to determine the gender of a noun, you need to put this noun in the initial form: with balls - a ball (m. R.), on the ground - land (f. R.), by the sea - the sea (cf. R.).

• COMMON GENDER- he, mine, this / she, mine, this ( crybaby, orphan).

Spelling "Soft sign (b)after sizzling at the endnouns"

• Is written- feminine ( mouse, rye, oven, lies, power).
• Not spelled- in the masculine garage, reeds, comrade, borscht).

A soft sign after a hissing noun at the end indicates that it is a feminine noun.

Declension of a noun

declension of nouns- this is a change of words in cases. The case is determined by questions.

Cases and questions:

To make it easier to remember questions of cases, you can substitute auxiliary words.

• Nominative case (is) who? what?
• Genitive case (no) whom? what?
• Dative case (I give, glad) to whom? what?
• Accusative case (I see) whom? what?
• Instrumental case (satisfied, admiring) who? how?
• Prepositional case (I think, I speak) about whom? about what?

RULE: To determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word with which this noun is connected in meaning, and put a case question from it.
EXAMPLE: The old man was fishing with a net. (A.S. Pushkin)

Caught (with what?) with a net (T. p.); caught (whom?) Fish (V.p.).

NOUN INITIAL FORM- singular nominative form ( always determined in morphological parsing).

Three declensions of nouns

In Russian, nouns that have the same endings in the same cases are divided into three groups - declension.

• To 1st declension include names feminine nouns and male with endings -BUT, -I in the nominative singular (ruler, earth, mom, dad, uncle).
• Co. 2nd declension include names null masculine nouns and neuter with endings -O, -E in the nominative singular ( lesson, day, mirror, field).
• To 3rd declension relate null ending feminine nouns in the nominative singular and ending in soft sign (blizzard, carrot, thing, daughter).

RULE: to determine the declension of a noun in the plural, you need to put this noun in the initial form, determine its gender and highlight the ending.

SPELLING "Letters E and I in the case endings of nouns"

To correctly write an unstressed case ending of a noun, you need:
1. Determine the case.
2. Determine the declination.
3. Remember the ending of the nouns of this declension in the right case: a letter (to whom?) to grandmother (1st cl., D. p., singular, -e); to ride (on what?) on a bicycle (2nd cl., P. p., singular, -e).
4. Check the unstressed case ending with the stressed ending of the noun of the same declension: thinking about the Motherland (about the land); trees in hoarfrost (in silver); I saw in the hole (in the steppe).

SPELLING "Letters O and E after hissing and C in the endings of nouns"

After hissing and C in the endings of nouns in the instrumental case, the vowel is written under stress O, and without stress - a vowel E: a doctor - a task, a chick - a bird.

Morphological analysis

1. Part of speech. What does it mean to answer the question.
2. Initial form (nominative singular).
3. Immutable signs: animate or inanimate; own or common noun; gender (male, female, neuter); declination (1,2,3).
4. Variables: case, number.
4. Role in the proposal.

This is independent part speech that designates the subject and answers the questions who? what?
The value of the object expressed nouns, combines the names of the most various items and phenomena, namely: 1) the names of specific cabbage soup and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp); 2) the names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, youth, deer, mosquito); 3) the names of various substances (oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt); 4) names of various phenomena of nature and social life (storm, frost, rain, holiday, war); 5) the names of abstract properties and signs, actions and states (freshness, whiteness, blueness, illness, expectation, murder).
initial form noun- nominative singular.
Nouns are: own (Moscow, Russia, Sputnik) and common nouns (country, dream, night), animate (horse, elk, brother) and inanimate (table, field, dacha).
Nouns belong to the masculine (friend, young man, deer), feminine (girlfriend, grass, dry land) and middle (window, sea, field) gender. Names nouns change in cases and numbers, that is, they decline. Three declensions are distinguished for nouns (aunt, uncle, Maria - I declension; horse, gorge, genius - II declension; mother, night, silence - III declension).
In a sentence nouns usually act as a subject or object, but can be any other members of the sentence. For example: When the soul in chains, in the soul screams yearning, and the heart longs for boundless freedom (K. Balmont). I was lying in the scent of azaleas (V. Bryusov)

Proper and common nouns

Proper nouns- These are the names of individuals, single objects. Proper nouns include: 1) names, surnames, nicknames, nicknames (Peter, Ivanov, Sharik); 2) geographical names (Caucasus, Siberia, middle Asia); 3) astronomical names (Jupiter, Venus, Saturn); 4) names of holidays ( New Year, Teacher's Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day); 5) the names of newspapers, magazines, works of art, enterprises (Trud newspaper, Resurrection novel, Enlightenment publishing house), etc.
Common nouns they call homogeneous objects that have something in common, the same, some kind of similarity (a person, a bird, furniture).
All names own are written with a capital letter (Moscow, Arctic), some are also taken in quotation marks (cinema "Cosmos", the newspaper "Vechernyaya Moskva").
In addition to differences in meaning and spelling proper nouns have a number of grammatical features: 1) they are not used in the plural (except for the cases of designation of different objects and persons that are called the same: We have two Ira and three Olya in the class); 2) are not combined with numerals.
Proper nouns can become common nouns, and common nouns- in own, for example: Narcissus (the name of a handsome young man in ancient Greek mythology) - narcissus (flower); Boston (city in USA) - boston ( wool fabric), boston (slow waltz), boston (card game); work - the newspaper "Trud".

Animate and inanimate nouns

Animated nouns serve as the names of living beings (people, animals, birds); answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as the names of inanimate objects, as well as objects flora; answer the question what? Initially, in the Russian language, the category of animation-inanimateness developed as a semantic (semantic) one. Gradually, with the development of the language, this category became grammatical, so the division of nouns into animated and inanimate does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and non-living.
An indicator of the animateness or inanimateness of a noun is the coincidence of a number of grammatical forms. Animated and inanimate nouns differ from each other in the form of the accusative plural. At animate nouns this form is the same as the genitive case, and inanimate nouns- with the nominative case, for example: no friends - I see friends (but: no tables - I see tables), no brothers - I see brothers (but: no lights - I see lights), no horses - I see horses (but: no shadows - I see shadows), no children - I see children (but: no seas - I see seas).
For masculine nouns (except for nouns ending in -а, -я), this difference is preserved in the singular, for example: there is no friend - I see a friend (but: there is no home - I see a house).
To animate noun may include nouns that should be considered by value inanimate, for example: "our nets dragged a dead man"; discard a trump ace, sacrifice a queen, buy dolls, paint matryoshkas.
To inanimate noun may include nouns that, according to the meaning they express, should be attributed to animated, for example: to study pathogenic microbes; neutralize typhoid bacilli; observe the embryo in its development; collect silkworm larvae, believe in your people; Gather huge crowds, arm armies.

Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns

According to the features of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) specific nouns(chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract, or abstract, nouns(struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns(beast, foolishness, foliage, linen, furniture); 4) real nouns(cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); 5) singular nouns(pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).
Specific nouns are called, which denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form plural forms. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, the second table.
abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote some abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), do not combine with cardinal numbers, but can be combined with words many, few, how much, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!
Collective nouns are called, which denote a set of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have the form of only the singular and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old people, foliage, birch forest, aspen. Wed: The old people talked for a long time about the life of the young and the interests of the youth. - Whose are you, old man? The peasants, in essence, always remained owners. In no other country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and expected the arrival of adults. All students successfully passed the state exams. - Students take an active part in the work charitable foundations. Nouns old people, peasantry, children, students are collective, the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.
real nouns are called, which denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words may be chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, medications, various materials, kinds food products and agricultural crops, etc. Real nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numbers, but can be combined with words that name units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.
singular nouns are a variety real nouns. These nouns name one instance of those items that make up the set. Compare: pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.

gender of nouns

Genus- this is the ability of nouns to be combined with the forms of agreed words defined for each generic variety: my house, my hat, my window.
By sign gender nouns divided into three groups: 1) masculine nouns(house, horse, sparrow, uncle), 2) feminine nouns(water, earth, dust, rye), 3) neuter nouns(face, sea, tribe, gorge).
In addition, there is a small group common nouns, which are able to serve as expressive names for both male and female persons (cry-baby, touchy, good fellow, upstart, grabber).
The grammatical meaning of gender is created by the system of case endings of a given noun in the singular (thus, noun gender distinguished only in the singular).

Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns

To masculine include: 1) nouns with a base on a hard or soft consonant and a zero ending in the nominative case (table, horse, reed, knife, crying); 2) some nouns ending in -а (я) like grandfather, uncle; 3) some nouns ending in -o, -e such as saraishko, bread, house; 4) noun apprentice.
To feminine applies: 1) most nouns with the ending -а (я) (grass, aunt, earth) in the nominative case; 2) part of nouns with a base in a soft consonant, as well as in w and w and a zero ending in the nominative case (laziness, rye, silence).
To neuter include: 1) nouns ending in -o, -e in the nominative case (window, field); 2) ten nouns per -mya (burden, time, tribe, flame, stirrup, etc.); 3) the noun "child".
The nouns doctor, professor, architect, deputy, guide, author, etc., naming a person by profession, occupation, are masculine. However, they can also refer to females. The coordination of definitions in this case is subject to the following rules: 1) an unseparated definition must be in the form of the masculine gender, for example: A young doctor Sergeev appeared on our site. A new version of the article of the law was proposed by the young deputy Petrova; 2) a separate definition after a proper name should be put in the feminine form, for example: Professor Petrova, already known to the trainees, successfully operated on the patient. The predicate should be put in the feminine form if: 1) there is a proper name in the sentence before the predicate, for example: Director Sidorova received a prize. Guide Petrova led the students through the oldest streets of Moscow; 2) the form of the predicate is the only indicator that we are talking about a woman, and it is important for the writer to emphasize this, for example: The principal of the school turned out to be a good mother. Note. Such constructions should be used with great care, since not all of them correspond to the norms of book and written speech. General nouns Some nouns with the endings -а (я) can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons. These are nouns of the general gender, for example: crybaby, touchy, sneak, slob, quiet. Depending on the gender of the person they designate, these nouns can be assigned either to the feminine or to the masculine gender: little crybaby - little crybaby, such a wretch - such a wretch, a terrible slob - a terrible slob. In addition to such words, nouns of the general gender can include: 1) invariable surnames: Makarenko, Malykh, Defier, Michon, Hugo, etc .; 2) colloquial forms of some proper names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya. The words doctor, professor, architect, deputy, tour guide, author, naming a person by profession, occupation, do not belong to nouns of the general gender. They are masculine nouns. General nouns are emotionally colored words, have a pronounced evaluative meaning, are used mainly in colloquial speech, therefore, are not characteristic of scientific and official business style speech. Using them in a work of art, the author seeks to emphasize the colloquial nature of the statement. For example: - You see how it is, on the other side. She turns everything shameful with us. Whatever he sees - everything is not right, everything is not like mom's. So right? - Oh, I don't know! She's a crybaby, and that's all! Aunt Enya laughed a little. Such a kind laugh, light sounds and unhurried, like her gait. - Well, yes! You are our man, knight. You won't shed tears. And she is a girl. Tender. Mom's dad (T. Polikarpova). Gender of indeclinable nouns Foreign common nouns indeclinable nouns are distributed by gender as follows: The masculine gender includes: 1) names of male persons (dandy, maestro, porter); 2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzee, cockatoo, hummingbird, kangaroo, pony, flamingo); 3) the words coffee, penalties, etc. The feminine gender includes the names of females (Miss, Frau, Lady). The middle gender includes the names of inanimate objects (coats, mufflers, necklines, depots, metro). Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin denoting animals and birds are usually masculine (flamingos, kangaroos, cockatoos, chimpanzees, ponies). If, according to the conditions of the context, it is required to indicate the female of the animal, the agreement is carried out according to the feminine gender. The nouns kangaroo, chimpanzee, pony are combined with the past tense verb in the feminine form. For example: Kangaroo carried a kangaroo in a bag. The chimpanzee, apparently a female, was feeding the cub a banana. The mother pony was standing in a stall with a small foal. The noun tsetse is an exception. Its gender is determined by the gender of the word fly (feminine). For example: Tsetse bit a tourist. If it is difficult to determine the gender of an indeclinable noun, it is advisable to refer to a spelling dictionary. For example: haiku (Japanese three-line) - cf. takku (Japanese five-line) - f.r., su (coin) - cf., flamenco (dance) - cf., taboo (prohibition) - cf. .R. Some indeclinable nouns are fixed only in dictionaries of new words. For example: sushi (Japanese dish) - cf., taro (cards) - pl. (genus not defined). The gender of indeclinable foreign place names, as well as the names of newspapers and magazines, is determined by the generic common word, for example: Po (river), Bordeaux (city), Mississippi (river), Erie (lake), Congo (river), Ontario (lake), "Humanite" (newspaper). The genus of indeclinable abbreviated words in most cases is determined by the genus of the stem word of the phrase, for example: Moscow State University (university - m.r. ) MFA (academy - female). Gender of complex nouns written with a hyphen The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen is usually determined: 1) by the first part, if both parts change: my chair-bed - my chair-bed (cf.), new amphibious aircraft - new amphibious aircraft (m.r.); 2) for the second part, if the first does not change: a sparkling firebird - a sparkling firebird (female), a huge swordfish - a huge swordfish (female). In some cases, the gender is not determined, because compound word used only in the plural: fabulous boots-walkers - fabulous boots-walkers (plural). Number of nouns Nouns are used in the singular when talking about one subject (horse, stream, gap, field). Nouns are used in the plural when talking about two or more objects (horses, streams, cracks, fields). According to the features of the forms and meanings of the singular and plural, the following are distinguished: 1) nouns that have forms of both the singular and the plural; 2) nouns that have only the singular form; 3) nouns that have only the plural form. The first group includes nouns with a concrete-objective meaning, denoting counted objects and phenomena, for example: house - houses; street - streets; person people; city ​​dweller - city dwellers. The nouns of the second group include: 1) the names of many identical objects (children, teachers, raw materials, spruce forest, foliage); 2) names of objects with a real value (peas, milk, raspberries, porcelain, kerosene, chalk); 3) the names of a quality or attribute (freshness, whiteness, dexterity, melancholy, courage); 4) names of actions or states (mowing, felling, delivery, running around, surprise, reading); 5) proper names as names of single objects (Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi); 6) the words burden, udder, flame, crown. The nouns of the third group include: 1) the names of compound and paired items (scissors, glasses, watches, abacus, jeans, trousers); 2) names of materials or waste, residues (bran, cream, perfume, wallpaper, sawdust, ink, 3) names of time intervals (holidays, days, weekdays); 4) names of actions and states of nature (troubles, negotiations, frosts, shoots, twilight); 5) some geographical names (Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Sochi, Carpathians, Sokolniki); 6) the names of some games (blind-seek, hide-and-seek, chess, backgammon, money). The formation of plural forms of nouns is mainly done with the help of endings. In some cases, there may also be some changes in the stem of the word, namely: 1) softening of the final consonant of the stem (neighbor - neighbors, devil - devils, knee - knees); 2) alternation of final consonants of the stem (ear - ears, eye - eyes); 3) adding a suffix to the plural stem (husband - husband\j\a], chair - chair\j\a], sky - heaven, miracle - miracle-es-a, son - son-ov \j\a]) ; 4) loss or replacement of formative suffixes in the singular (master - gentlemen, chicken - chickens, calf - tel-yat-a, bear cub - cubs). For some nouns, plural forms are formed by changing the stem, for example: person (singular) - people (plural), child (singular) - children (plural). For indeclinable nouns, the number is determined syntactically: a young chimpanzee (singular) - a lot of chimpanzees (plural). Case of nouns A case is an expression of the relationship of an object called a noun to other objects. In Russian grammar, six cases of nouns are distinguished, the meanings of which are generally expressed using case questions: The nominative case is considered direct, and all the rest are indirect. To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need to: 1) find the word to which this noun refers; 2) put a question from this word to a noun: to see (whom? what?) a brother, to be proud (of what?) of success. Homonymous endings are often found among the case endings of nouns. For example, in the forms of the genitive case from the door, the dative case to the door, the prepositional case about the door, there is not the same ending -i, but three different homonym endings. The same homonyms are the endings of the dative and prepositional cases in the forms around the country and about the country. Declension types of nouns Declension is a change of a noun in cases and numbers. This change is expressed using a system of case endings and shows the grammatical relationship of this noun to other words in the phrase and sentence, for example: School\a\ is open. The construction of the school\s\ is completed. Graduates send greetings to schools \ e \ According to the peculiarities of case endings in the singular, a noun has three declensions. The type of declension can only be defined in the singular. Nouns of the first declension The first declension includes: 1) feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land, army); 2) masculine nouns, denote people, with the ending -а (я) in the nominative singular (uncle, young man, Petya). 3) nouns of general gender with the endings -а (я) in the nominative case (cry-baby, sleepyhead, bully). Nouns of the first declension in indirect cases of the singular have the following endings: It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns in -ya and -iya: Marya - Maria, Natalya - Natalia, Daria - Daria, Sophia - Sofia. Nouns of the first declension in -iya (army, guard, biology, line, series, Maria) in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -и. In writing, confusion of the endings of nouns of the first declension into -ey and -iya often causes errors. Words ending in -ey (alley, battery, gallery, idea) have the same endings as feminine nouns with a soft consonant stem such as earth, will, bath, etc. Nouns of the second declension The second declension includes: 1) nouns masculine with a zero ending in the nominative singular (house, horse, museum); 2) masculine nouns ending in -о (-е) in the nominative singular (domishko, saraishko); 3) neuter nouns ending in -o, -e in the nominative singular (window, sea, gorge); 4) noun apprentice. Masculine nouns of the second declension have the following endings in oblique singular: In the prepositional singular of masculine nouns, the ending -e predominates. The ending -у (у) is accepted only by inanimate masculine nouns if: a) they are used with prepositions в and на; b) have (in most cases) the character of stable combinations denoting the place, state, time of action. For example: an eyesore; stay in debt on the edge of death; grazing; go about; boil in their own juice; be in good standing. But: work hard, in sunshine; grammatical structure; in right angle ; in some cases, etc. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns: -ie and -e: teaching - learning, treatment - treatment, silence - silence, torment - torment, radiance - radiance. Nouns of the second declension ending in -й, -е in the prepositional case have the ending -и. Words on -ey (sparrow, museum, mausoleum, hoarfrost, lyceum) have the same endings as masculine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as horse, elk, deer, fight, etc. Nouns of the third declension The third declension includes names feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular (door, night, mother, daughter). Nouns of the third declension in the indirect cases of the singular have the following endings: The words mother and daughter, related to the third declension, when changed in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative, have the suffix -er- in the stem: Declension of plural nouns In case endings plural differences between individual types of declension of nouns are insignificant. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, the nouns of all three declensions have the same endings. In the nominative case, the endings -i, -ы and | -а(-я) predominate. The ending -e is less common. You should remember the formation of the genitive plural of some nouns, where the ending can be zero or -ov. This includes words that name: 1) paired and compound objects: (no) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses); 2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Yakuts); 3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz; 4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes). In some cases, plural endings perform a meaningful function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance technique”) - pipe knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe"). Variable nouns Variable nouns include: 1) ten nouns per -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown); 2) noun path; 3) noun child. Variable nouns have the following features: 1) the ending -i in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular - as in the III declension; 2) the ending -em in the instrumental case of the singular as in the second declension; 3) the suffix -en- in all forms, except for the nominative and accusative cases of the singular (only for nouns in -mya). The word way has case forms of the third declension, with the exception of the instrumental case of the singular, which is characterized by the form of the second declension. Wed: night - nights, way - ways (in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases); the steering wheel - the steering wheel, the way - the way (in the instrumental case). The noun child in the singular retains the archaic declension, which is currently not actually used, and in the plural it has the usual forms, except for the instrumental case, which is characterized by the ending -mi (the same ending is characteristic of the form people). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms, these words do not have endings. Grammatical meanings individual cases in relation to such nouns are expressed syntactically, for example: drink coffee, buy cashews, Dumas novels. Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -о, -е, -и, -у, -ю, -а (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting females ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames ending in -o, -ih, -y (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of an alphabetic and mixed character (Moscow State University, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of the department). The syntactic function of indeclinable nouns is determined only in context. For example: The walrus asked the Kangaroo (R.p.): How can you stand the heat? I'm shivering from the cold! - Kangaroo (I.p.) said to Walrus. (B. Zakhoder) Kangaroo is an indeclinable noun, denotes an animal, masculine, in a sentence it is an object and subject. Morphological analysis of a noun Morphological analysis of a noun includes the allocation of four permanent features (proper-common, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two inconstant (case and number). The number of constant features of a noun can be increased by including such features as concrete and abstract, as well as real and collective nouns. Scheme morphological analysis noun.