Hmm, yoda_daro claims that this is a test to determine their sexuality...
Instruction The frames of the film merge for us into continuous movement due to ...
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Suggestions are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.
Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, before, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.
Derived prepositions formed from independent parts speech by losing their meaning and morphological features.
It is necessary to distinguish derivative prepositions from independent parts of speech homonymous to them.
Prepositions:
against Houses, ahead detachment, near rivers, inside tents, around garden, along road, near coast, according to instructions;
around axes, due to bad weather, about work, due to rain, during days, in continuation nights, say Finally, by virtue of circumstances;
thanks to rain, in spite of disease.
Independent parts of speech:
Adverb:
live against, go ahead, stand near, wash inside, inspected around, stick along, did not have near, live according to, looked back around, have in mind
Noun:
put to the account jar, because of in this case, during rivers, in continuation novel, in custody on the book, believe by virtue of.
gerund:
thanks to mistress, despite on both sides.
Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case. Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases.
Note.
Prepositions consisting of one word are called simple (in, on, to, from, before, from, in spite of, after and etc.). Prepositions consisting of two or more words are called constituent (in spite of, in conclusion and etc.).
Morphological analysis excuse
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological trait:
immutability
III. syntactic role.
Union - a service part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences in complex sentence. Unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.
writing unions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex (compound).
Subordinating unions connect simple sentences in a complex (complex-subordinate) sentence, of which one is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to the next one can pose a question.
Unions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, either, how, what, when, barely, as if etc., and conjunctions consisting of several words, composite: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that and etc.
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:
Connecting: and; yes (meaning and); not only but; like... so;
opposing: a; but; yes (meaning but); though; but;
Dividing: or; or or; or; then ... then; not that... not that.
Parts of some unions ( like ... so and, not only ... but also, not that ... not that etc.) are at different homogeneous members or in different parts complex sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:
Causal: because; because of; as; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that and others;
Target: to (to); in order to; so that etc.;
Temporary: when; only; just; Bye; barely, etc.;
Conditional: if; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;
Comparative: as; as if; like; as if; exactly, etc.;
Explanatory: what; to; like others;
concessions: despite the fact that; although; no matter how, etc.
Morphological analysis of the union
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1)
Composing or subordinating;
2)
The unchangeable word.
III. syntactic role.
Particle- the service part of speech that introduces into the sentence various shades meanings or serves to form word forms.
Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence.
According to the meaning and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.
Shaping particles
Form-building particles include particles that serve to form a conditional and imperative mood verb.
Particle would (b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb by other words.
negative particles
The negative particles are not and neither.
Particle not can give sentences or individual words not only a negative, but also a positive meaning with a double negation.
Prepositions and conjunctions are official parts of speech which many people have difficulty writing. They are used to establish relationships between words in a sentence and to build certain grammatical structures: near the fence, past the bus stop, in front of the building. And if the spelling of non-derivative service parts of speech ( at a neighbor, on the table, in the refrigerator) most often do not cause difficulties, then when writing derivatives, you have to remember various rules.
In addition, it can be difficult to immediately determine whether the selected part of speech is a noun or a preposition. Examples of such structures are the following: during year, go towards each other yes(where the highlighted words are derived prepositions), along the river, late for a meeting with a friend(here the highlighted words are nouns with non-derivative parts of speech).
Classification by origin and structure
As mentioned earlier, prepositions are usually divided into derivatives and non-derivatives. Non-derivatives include simple prepositions that have long existed in the Russian language: under the ceiling, above the water, to the ingredients.
What prepositions are called derivatives? These include those that were originally other parts of speech. There are 3 types:
In the Russian language exercises for the 7th grade, there are often tasks in which you need to distinguish the official part of speech from independent. It should be remembered that a derivative preposition can often be replaced with a non-derivative one:
- due to strong wind- due to strong wind;
- find out about the application - find out about the application;
- after five minutes - after five minutes.
In addition, to independent parts of speech, unlike service ones, you can ask a question. In the case of service parts of speech, the question is asked of nouns or pronouns related to them:
- looked around (where?) around - went around (where?) around the house;
- costs (where?) ahead - ran (where?) ahead of me.
Many derivative prepositions lose their former lexical meaning:
- within five minutes (time value);
- in connection with illness and adversity (in the sense due to);
- came up with a congratulation like last year (meaning like).
Constructions derived from gerunds can be distinguished as follows: for this, you need to remember that the verb form can be replaced by a verb by slightly rearranging the sentence. In the case of a preposition, this is not possible. For example:
- We left the room, thanking the hosts for their hospitality. You can replace the gerund with a verb: We left the room and thanked the hosts for their hospitality.. Here thanks to is a participle.
- Thanks to the teachers, we were able to enter the institute. In this case, replacing the highlighted word with a verb will change the meaning of the phrase and will be incorrect. Hence, here thanks to- suggestion.
In addition, it is customary to subdivide prepositions and conjunctions into simple (consisting of one word: inside, about, before), complex (2 simple ones are included: because of, from under) and compound (consisting of 2 or more words: regardless to, to the extent, for purposes).
Rules for writing compound prepositions
All prepositions and conjunctions, regardless of their origin and structure, are written separately from independent parts of speech. However, the spelling of structures such as despite difficult circumstances - played, despite the strings, often causes problems.
So, compound derivative service parts of speech are most often written together, especially when it comes to adverbial or verbal. Here are examples of phrases with them: sit in front of the boss, walk around the site, walk with friends. However, among denominated prepositions, a number of derivative prepositions should be distinguished (the list of which is given below), which always have a separate spelling:
Other structures can also be added to this list: in the form, in execution, in measure, in continuation and similar ones.
Consolidated spelling observed in combinations:
- took a loaf instead of bread;
- inquired about a new position;
- the event was canceled due to bad weather;
- continued to work beyond the plan;
- bought a car like the previous one.
Complex prepositions from under, because of and others are always written with a hyphen.
Denominative prepositions: E or And at the end
Often doubts are caused by the spelling of combinations during, in conclusion, in accordance. You should remember the special cases of spelling derivative prepositions. The table shows the most commonly used combinations.
Special use cases
Prepositions are service parts of speech that are not used separately, but only with nouns or pronouns that replace them, which are in a certain indirect (any, except for the nominative) case. In most cases, it is not difficult to determine the case necessary for agreement:
- on the (on what? on whom?) outskirts - prepositional case;
- for (who? what?) friends - genitive;
- in spite of (who? what?) strange circumstances - accusative case.
However, you should remember the exceptions when the noun should not be in the genitive, but in the dative case:
- thanks to (to whom; to what?) unexpected return;
- according to (to whom; to what?) drawn up schedule.
Another common mistake is the presence or absence of soft sign at the end of words near and through. Their correct spelling should also be remembered.
Usage examples in Russian
To begin with, here are examples of texts from fiction:
I took her with me on a trip, despite the fragile age of my child, I took her to my friend who lived in Siberia. (L. Charskaya, "Sibirochka")
... Open eyes closed by bliss
Towards the northern Aurora,
Be the star of the north! (A. Pushkin, "Winter Morning")
... The moon is like a pale spot,
Turned yellow through the gloomy clouds ... (A. Pushkin, "Winter Morning")
Now let's look at several sentences where prepositions are used, and in some - nouns, adverbs or participles homonymous with them.
He went to (...) meeting a new day, not at all (...) looking at those around him .
It is necessary to determine whether words or phrases will be written together or separately from each other. Let's try to figure it out, for this we will determine, with what part of speech we're dealing. It should be remembered that another word can always be inserted before a noun, and a derivative denominative preposition can be replaced with another one that is similar in meaning. In the case of a (...) meeting, you can make a replacement: he went to a new day . Therefore, this word is a preposition. Since it was not in the list of exceptions that are written separately, the correct spelling is merged.
Let's deal with the second spelling. Let's try to replace not (...) looking at a preposition with a similar meaning contrary to: completely contrary to the . The result was a phrase with a completely different meaning. We conclude that we have a gerund with a particle NOT, which, of course, is written separately from the word.
The man quickly walked to (...) along a long alley, not (...) despite the fact that a piercing wind was blowing .
Let's look at the first word. If this is an adverb, then a question can be asked to it from the verb; but when along is a derivative or non-derivative preposition, then it will refer to the noun, and the question is not asked about it. In our case, along refers to a noun. alleys, therefore, is a preposition (derived from the adverb along). The spelling of adverbial and verbal prepositions is always continuous.
We proceed with the second word in the same way as in the first sentence: we will try to replace it with another word. In this example, we get a completely similar meaning, although a piercing wind was blowing, from which we conclude that we are dealing with a verbal preposition, which was formed from a gerund and is written together.
During (…) next day the store was not open.
To determine which letter to write at the end of a word, it is necessary to determine what the combination within (...) is. If it is a noun (you can insert an adjective referring to the word current: strong current), then its ending is determined in accordance with the rules of its declension. If we are talking about a preposition (having a temporary meaning), you need to write the letter E at the end.
In the selected sentence, the combination is used in the meaning of time: the store was not working (when?) during the next day, therefore, the letter E was omitted.
Target: acquaintance with the difference between derivative prepositions and non-derivative ones; ways of forming derivative prepositions.
Tasks:
1. Give the concept of derivative and non-derivative prepositions, their similarities and differences.
2. Fix the spelling of complex prepositions.
3. Improve the speech competence of students.
Methodical methods: linguistic analysis, teacher's explanation, work to prevent speech errors, exercises.During the classes
I. Linguistic warm-up
Task: Correct speech errors. Warn against danger, confidence in victory, worry about the younger brother, pay attention to the spelling characteristic of verbs.(Warn against danger, confidence in victory, worry about the younger brother, pay attention to spelling, characteristic of verbs).
II. Checking homework
1. A coherent monologue answer to the topic “Preposition as a service part of speech” (1 student tells, the rest give examples and review his answer).
2. Checking the tablets compiled by the students and summarizing the material on this topic using the table.
"Preposition as an official part of speech":
1. Preposition - a small word, a necessary part of our speech.
2. Does not change.
3. Separately from independent words, it is not used in speech.
4. Expresses the dependence of the noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in the phrase and sentence.
5. Expresses various relationships between independent words.
6. It has a meaning that manifests itself only in combination with independent words.
7. Forms two-way syntactic links between the main and dependent word.
8. Is a member of the offer together with case form name and specifies the meaning of the case.
III. The concept of derivative and non-derivative prepositions
1. The word of the teacher.
The very name of the prepositions that will be discussed suggests their features. Non-derivative prepositions have no analogues in other parts of speech, they were formed as prepositions in, on, without, from, about, with, with, at, through other. They are used with different cases, have many meanings. Derived prepositions are formed by switching independent parts of speech into official ones, they are usually used with one case, they have one or more meanings: for example, the preposition in continuation(hour, year) is formed from a noun with a preposition (to believe in the continuation of cooperation); pretext in spite of formed from a gerund (a chess player plays in spite of the boards) and so on.
2. Independent study of the theoretical material of the textbook (§ 50, p. 136).
What did you learn about prepositions? - What prepositions are called non-derivative? Derivatives? - How are derivative prepositions formed?3. Teacher summary using a table:
IV. Exercise
1. Exercise 296: commented letter.
2. Independent work.
Guys, everyone has a card on their desk. Task: Write out phrases with derivative prepositions from sentences, then nouns with prepositions. Prove your point. Coal was loaded for three days. (Obruchev). There was nothing interesting in the continuation of the novel. The polar explorers were no longer interested in continuing the expedition. The restless behavior of the dogs during the night led to believe that some animals might meet. (Obruchev). The river has overflowed, and changes have been outlined in its course.
3 Analysis of phrases with derivative prepositions.
Exercise. From the sentences written on the board, write out phrases with derivative prepositions, putting the verbs in the initial form; make the necessary graphic symbols, determine the meaning of derivative prepositions and the case of nouns. Say what independent parts of speech these prepositions were formed from. (Difficult spellings are explained along the way and attention is drawn to the spelling of derivative prepositions).
1. Due to the large difference in temperature and atmospheric pressure, constant winds from the mainland blow over the interior of Antarctica.
2. Due to the upward movement of air near the Earth's surface near the equator, low pressure is formed.
3. Knowledge about the Earth, its nature, population has been accumulated over long millennia.
4. Since the Earth rotates on its axis, the moving air is gradually deflected to the east and does not reach the poles.
Record Sample
Conclusion: Derivative prepositions, just like non-derivative ones, express the dependence of some independent words on others, establishing certain relationships between them. derivative prepositions retain traces of the meanings of those independent parts of speech from which they were formed: nouns, adverbs, participles. Give examples in which the words “during”, “due to”, would be independent parts of speech.4. Exercise 297 (oral); phonetic, morphological and parsing- on the board (3 students perform analysis at the blackboard, the rest of the students are divided into 3 options, work independently, then a check is carried out). Conclusion: derivative prepositions given in the exercise are formed from adverbs.V. Debriefing
(It is carried out with the help of signal cards: P is a derivative preposition, H is a non-derivative preposition). Appear from underground.Stand in front of the house.Win through willpower.Late due to traffic delay.Sail away from the shore.Quarrel over a trifle.
VI. Reflection
Tree of knowledge - leaves of three colors: red, yellow, green.
Red - in this topic for me there is a lot of incomprehensible.
Yellow - I did not understand some questions in this topic.
Green - I understood this topic very well.
VII. Homework
A derivative and non-derivative preposition, first of all, is a service part of speech. It links words together and shows their dependence on each other. Prepositions cannot be used separately; they always stand next to pronouns, nouns or numerals. So...
Pretext
Literally, "preposition" means "before the word" and, indeed, they always come before the words with which they are combined.
There are only four exception prepositions, which are located both before and after the combined words. This is:
For the sake of boredom, for the sake of boredom;
Go towards fate, go towards fate;
In defiance of laws, in defiance of dreams;
Against plans, against plans.
In terms of frequency of use, prepositions take place immediately after nouns, verbs and pronouns.
Between significant words subordination determined by means of prepositions.
When grammatical relations are made up of a combination of a noun and a preposition, the meaning of the latter is obtained.
In phrases, the connection between words is carried out at the expense of endings and prepositions. For example, follow your mother.
Prepositions and cases
In most cases, prepositions are used with any one case:
- with the genitive case, you can use a derivative and non-derivative preposition y, as well as for, before, from other;
- the preposition is combined with the dative case to, even in Russian there are those that with other cases, except for the dative, are not used at all - thanks to, in spite of, according to, contrary to, towards;
- with accusative case about, through, through etc.;
- with creative before, above, between;
- and with prepositional - oh at.
Some prepositions are used with two cases at once, for example:
- prepositions in and on the equally true to use with words in the accusative and prepositional cases;
- under and behind- in the accusative and creative.
Prepositions with and on can stand before words in the genitive, accusative and instrumental cases.
With the nominative case, prepositions are not used at all.
Thus, according to the preposition in front, you can find out in which case the word is, what has great value for correct spelling.
The main morphological feature of the preposition is immutability.
Prepositions by structure
Prepositions are distinguished by structure, meaning, relationships, origin and structure.
Structurally, prepositions can consist of one word - simple ( oh, u, in, on, with and others), from two words connected by a hyphen - complex (because of, over etc.), as well as from several words - compound ( in spite of, due to etc.).
Prepositions by meaning
There are categories in the meaning of prepositions:
Single-valued prepositions are used with a single case, multi-valued - with several. Depending on the case construction, the meaning of the preposition may change. Some of them have more than thirty.
Prepositions non-derivative and derivative
A separate block is the classification of prepositions by structure and origin.
Non-derivative prepositions have always been, they are considered primitive, and they have always been prepositions. Like this? It becomes clear from the definition of derivative prepositions, which were originally other parts of speech (for example, adverbs), and with the development of the language they began to be used as prepositions - around, behind, in part. Also, derivatives include prepositions made up of several simple ones - because of, over.
Derived prepositions also have their own categories depending on the part of speech from which they were formed:
From adverbs - adverbial prepositions, they point to space and time - instead of, against, through and others;
From nouns - denominative prepositions, express objective, and sometimes adverbial relations - like, during, in part;
From verbs - verbal, they are formed from gerunds (verbal forms) and show circumstantial relationships: excluding, despite, etc.
Spelling of prepositions
All derivative and non-derivative prepositions are written separately from words. The spelling is checked with a question that can be inserted between them. For example, on the table, on (what?) the table.
If prepositions are derived from adverbs, they are written together: run towards the sun. It is important to learn to distinguish between prepositions and adverbs. The former are not used without nouns or pronouns: approach towards (adverb), approach towards (preposition) a traffic light.
It must be remembered that derivative prepositions in view of, like, about, instead of, like, due to are written fluently.
Another way to distinguish non-derivative and derivative prepositions from other parts of speech is to replace it with a preposition that is similar in meaning. For example: because of a breakdown, the car could not drive - because of a breakdown, the car could not drive.
The ending - e written in sentences like: during, in the course of, as a result of. The reason for this spelling was their origin - these prepositions are formed from the form. To distinguish them from nouns, you should try to substitute a definition: in the turbulent flow of the river, in the weary continuation of sleep. If this succeeded, then in front of you is a noun with a preposition.
Paired derivative prepositions are written through a hyphen from under, over other.
Non-derivative and derivative prepositions have their own exceptions - words with features in spelling. Through ends with a soft sign. The sun was breaking through the thick darkness. And here's a suggestion near, same way on the contrary, written without a soft sign at the end: near the stream. Prepositions according to and thanks to stand before a noun or pronoun in the dative case, but not the genitive - thanks to the efforts.
Continuous spelling of derivative and non-derivative prepositions
in the middle it is written together in the case when it expresses spatial relationships: in the middle of that sea.
Despite, despite- in contrast to the participle with a preposition, they are written together and take on a concessive meaning. We walked despite the rain. Without looking at him, the girl passed by.
Like in meaning like it looks like is written fluently. Like rowan berries. Look at the similarity of isosceles triangles.
In view oh oh pretext about has a slurred spelling. Compare: gave instructions about the subbotnik. He ordered me to deposit money into my account.
The same is written towards, but do not confuse with to a meeting. For example, towards the sunny day; to meet his youth.
A rather complex derivative preposition, which is not similar to a noun, not only in continuous spelling, but also with the final letter e - as a consequence. It is a synonym for preposition due to. No one was hurt as a result of the earthquake. As a consequence some changes have been made to the case. There is another adverb subsequently, it is also always written together and with a letter and at the end.
Following spelled together when synonymous with a preposition behind. She followed him quickly. They were moving forward.
It looks like or like are written fluently. Like a shadow, or maybe a light. There were often merry fellows in his family.
Taking on a causal or consequential meaning, a preposition due to (because of) has a slurred spelling. Due to the strong storm, the signal was weak. If it concerns space, then it is written separately. There was nothing special about these bushes. Exception: keep in mind.
Separate writing of prepositions
The list of derivative and non-derivative prepositions that are written separately looks like this:
- in business;
- in connection with;
- into change;
- to avoid;
- Finally;
- as;
- in moderation;
- by virtue of;
- for;
- as;
- Unlike;
- in continuation;
- during.
Prepositions and other parts of speech
Non-derivative prepositions and derivatives especially, often sound similar to other parts of speech. In order not to get confused and not make mistakes when writing them, you should remember a few rules and features.
You can make sure that you have a derivative preposition in front of you by replacing it with another one without losing its semantic meaning. Due to lack of materials, the house was not completed. Due to lack of materials, the house was not completed.
Preposition: derivative and non-derivative prepositions |
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Prepositions | Adverbs | Notes |
opposite the garden | standing opposite | Derivatives and non-derivatives prepositions: writing examples. If there is no noun nearby Otherwise, it's a suggestion. |
ahead of the column | fly ahead |
|
near the house | lie near |
|
inside the box | paint inside |
|
around the baths | looked around |
|
along the hedge | stitch along |
|
near the sandbox | nobody near |
|
according to the order | think according to |
|
around the clearing | beauty around |
|
due to bad weather | he had in mind |
|
have lunch with you | have lunch together |
|
longing away from home | see in the distance |
|
Prepositions | Nouns | |
about the offer | funds have been credited to the account | |
due to thunderstorm | amended as a result | |
during the lecture | along the stream | Non-derivative prepositions and derivatives that have the meaning of time are interchangeable: among them, during, in continuation. It will help to distinguish them from a noun with a non-derivative preposition that in the case of the latter there is no time value. Even before the noun, you can insert a definition. |
in continuation of what has been said | in the continuation of the article |
|
heard at the end | in the review he heard | |
due to lack of time | no one believed in his power | |
Prepositions | Participles | |
thanks to the light | thanks mom | |
despite the pain | without looking out the window | |
Parsing a preposition: morphology
Derivative and non-derivative prepositions: the rule contains three points.
- Preposition: part of speech. It is necessary to define the preposition and its grammatical meaning(in what phrase it is, what words it is used to connect, with what case it is used, with what else it can).
- Permanent morphological features preposition (structure, structure, word length).
- Preposition: syntactic role (which member of the sentence is part of).
Attention! Prepositions
To learn how to write derivative and non-derivative prepositions correctly, the exercises must be performed as often as possible. Especially derivatives that were formed from so easily confused with a noun, adverb or participle, thereby making a mistake.
The table above will help you quickly remember or learn how this or that preposition is written. Derivative and non-derivative prepositions are found in almost every sentence, their list is very extensive, therefore, when writing, they should be treated with special attention.
