How coal is mined in the Kuznetsk basin. Test: Comparative analysis of the Kuznetsk and Pechora coal basins

KUZNETSK COAL BASIN, Kuzbass, is one of the largest coal basins in the world, the second coal base of the CCCP after the Donets Basin. Most of the basin is located within the Kemerovo region, a small part - in the Novosibirsk region.

General information. The area is 26.7 thousand km 2, the maximum length is 335 km, the width is 110 km. The Kuznetsk coal basin occupies a vast depression (hollow), bounded from the northeast by the mountain structures of the Kuznetsk Alatau, from the south by the uplifts of the Mountain Shoria, from the southwest by the Salair Ridge. The relief of the Kuznetsk depression (hollow) is erosive, watershed marks gradually decrease to the north from 550-600 to 200-250 m. The surface of the basin is steppe and forest-steppe; the eastern and southern mountainous outskirts are covered with taiga. The river network is part of the Ob River system. The main rivers are: Tom, Inya, Chumysh and Yaya. The largest industrial and cultural centers: the cities of Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk, Leninsk-Kuznetsky. During the years of Soviet power, the Kuznetsk coal basin has been turned into a major center of heavy industry. In addition to the coal industry, there are numerous enterprises of non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, energy and mechanical engineering.

The first enrichment plants with dry (in air) enrichment appeared in Kuzbass on the eve of the war. Enrichment of coal made it possible to use coals more widely, including coking ones, with a high ash content without deteriorating the quality of marketable coal.

In 1950, Kemerovo (since 1965, the Kuzbass Polytechnic Institute) was opened in Kuzbass, then the design institute Kuzbassgiproshakht was created, and the network of research institutes and subdivisions was expanded. In 1982, the Institute of Coal CO of the Academy of Sciences of the CCCP was organized.

Of particular importance is the introduction of advanced forms of labor organization. Brigades of miners V.I. Kozhevin, P. I. Kokorin, P. M. Kovalevich, V. D. Yalevskiy, I. F. Litvin.

Coal industry. The current mine and quarry fund of the Ministry of Coal Industry of the CCCP (1985) for the Kuznetsk coal basin consists of 68 mines (administrative units) with a total installed capacity 97.6 million tons and 22 open pits with a total installed capacity of 54.5 million tons. The average annual capacity of the mine is 1.41 million tons, the open pit is 2.48 million tons. ", "Leninskugol", "Prokopievskugol", "Kiselevsk-ugol", "Yuzhkuzbassugol", "Hydrougol", which are united by VPO "Kuzbassugol"; the rest of the sections - in the association "Kemerovougol". In addition, several mines and a cut of the Oblkemerovougol production association of the Ministry of the Fuel Industry of the RSFSR operate in Kuzbass. The operating mines are dangerous in terms of gas and coal dust. The mines of Anzhersky, Kemerovsky, Prokopyevsko-Kiselyovsky and Osinnikovsky districts are among the most gas-rich. Many mines develop seams that are dangerous for rock bumps and are prone to spontaneous combustion. The depth of development of 46 mines (68%) is 200-300 m, 20 mines are within 300-600 m, and only the Anzherskaya mine mines reserves at a depth of more than 600 m. mines), vertical and inclined (3 mines) shafts, galleries (4 mines). In Kuzbass, modern highly mechanized coal enterprises have been built - the mine "Raspadskaya", "Pervomaiskaya", "Zyryanovskaya", the cuts "Sibirgi a certain", "Chernigovsky", the coal preparation plant "Siberia".

The level of complex mechanization in stopes in 1982 was 40%, the load on the complex-mechanized stop in 1983 was 917 tons / day. The mines of the basin are equipped with modern highly mechanized complexes that allow mechanizing the process of coal mining and roof management in a wide range of mining and geological conditions. The level of mechanization of mining operations in 1982 was 74.2%. When sinking mine workings, various tunneling machines and loading machines are widely used. In 1982, 533 km of mine workings were carried out with the help of roadheaders. On the underground works electric locomotive and conveyor transport is used. Fastening of mine workings - using concrete and metal supports. The length of workings fixed with supports of these types is 86% of the total. Roofing is being introduced on a significant scale. Excavators with buckets with a capacity of 5-40 m 3, dump trucks with a carrying capacity of 40-120 tons, bulldozers with a capacity of 43 kW, and high-performance drilling rigs are used in the cuts.

Mining Kuzbass has its own machine-building base. The main enterprises of the industry: Anzhersky machine-building plant(drilling machines and drilling rigs, conveyors, spare parts for mining equipment); Kiselevsk plant named after the Hero of the Soviet Union I. S. Chernykh (mine and mining trolleys, cleaning complexes and mechanized supports; pneumostowage complexes, winches and other equipment); Kiselevsky plant of mining engineering (mine and mining trolleys, cages, winches and other equipment); Prokopyevsk mine automation plant (instruments and automation equipment, as well as spare parts for mining equipment). Kuzbass has a powerful energy base: there are 10 power plants in the region with a total capacity of 4634 thousand kW. All power plants are connected to a single energy system. The largest power plants are Tom-Usinskaya, Yuzhno-Kuzbasskaya, and Belovskaya.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the mechanization of the main mining operations was completed. A transition is being made to mechanization of fastening in longwalls on layers of gentle, and then inclined, occurrence of medium thickness. Hydroficated supports are being introduced, which, in combination with combines and conveyors, are called mining complexes of stopes. With the growth of mechanization of mining operations, coal mining is moving from steep seams to inclined and, especially, flat seams, which expands the possibilities for the introduction of mechanized complexes. A modern automated production control system allows you to receive full information about the main technological processes both underground and on the surface. The complexes are especially widespread in seams with dip angles of up to 30°, with a thickness of 1.5-3.0 m, where the greatest effect is achieved. However, the possibilities of expanding the scope of complex mechanized faces are limited. On the layers of steep and steep dip, complex mechanization is still practically absent. On thin flat and sloping seams, complex mechanization has received little distribution. In Kuzbass, about 1/3 of the volume of coal mined by underground mechanically, falls on the layers of gentle and inclined occurrence of medium thickness (1.8-3.5 m). Approximately 1/2 of the reserves of these areas have layers with complex hypsometry and tectonics, which do not always allow for high efficiency of modern complexes.

Kuzbass accounts for 7.7-9.1% of the all-Union reserves suitable for open-cast mining. Deposits available for open pit mining are characterized by a wide variety of mining and geological conditions. What they have in common is a large strength of rocks, which requires their preliminary loosening before excavation. The average stripping ratio for the existing open pits of Kuzbass is 5.8 m 3 /t, the maximum is 9.5 m 3 /t (the Novosergievsky open pit). The average mining depth is 125 m (minimum 60 m, maximum 176 m). One of the largest in the basin section "Sibirginsky" is located in the south of Kuzbass, in the Mrassky geological and industrial region. Further development of open pit mining is planned primarily through the construction of new large cuts, as well as the reconstruction of existing ones.

Hard coals on thin, medium and thick seams of steep and sloping occurrence; industrial enterprises Prokopievsk and Kiselevsk. Gas is consumed seasonally, and therefore the demand for it, with existing consumers, varies from 50-60 million m 3 to winter time up to 20 million m3 in summer. About 300-400 million m 3 of gas are produced per year. In 1955-80 the station produced about 20 billion m 3 of gas, which corresponds to about 7.5 million tons of run-of-the-mill coal. Even with a low production capacity, the efficiency of underground gasification is approximately equal to the efficiency of underground coal mining.

Coal enrichment. There are 25 enrichment plants in Kuzbass with a total capacity of 55.85 million tons per year, including 19 factories with a capacity of 47.8 million tons per year for the enrichment of coking coals and 6 factories with a capacity of 7.05 million tons per year for thermal coals ; in addition, 6 enrichment plants with a capacity of 9.7 million tons, 16 sorting plants with a total capacity of 1.75 million tons, and 2 dewatering plants with a capacity of 1.65 million tons are in operation. including 77.2% for coking coal and 18.8% for energy coal. Sorted on the simplest sorting 18.7 million tons. The main method of coal enrichment is the jigging of classified and unclassified coal (54.6%); 15.7% was processed in heavy media, 2.2% - in washing troughs, 16.6% - by flotation, 10.9% - by pneumatic method.

To improve the quality of commercial coal in the basin, the construction of new and technical re-equipment of existing factories on the basis of new technology and technology. In Kuzbass, the Kuznetsk Research Institute of Coal Enrichment has been established, which deals with issues of new equipment and enrichment technology. In 1974, one of the industry's largest central processing plants (COF) Sibir was built and put into operation with a capacity of 6,150,000 tons per year. The raw material base of the factory is the South Kuzbass mines. The first installation in Kuzbass for applying a water-oil film on the surface of fine-grade coal in railway cars is operating at the Abashevskaya CEP. The use of a water-oil film significantly reduces the loss of coal in transit from blowing.

On the basis of Kuzbass, one of the largest in the country, the Kuzbass territorial production complex, has grown. Kuzbass provides 1/5 of the all-Union production of hard coal and 1/3 of coking coal. Kuznetsk coal is sent to all economic regions of the country. Delivery of coal - by rail. The Kuzbass-Novosibirsk coal pipeline is being built, and supplies of coal to the northwestern regions of the RSFSR and to the Ukraine are being increased. More than 10 million tons of coking coal is sent to the European part of the CCCP, including 5.9 million tons to the central and northwestern regions and more than 3 million tons to the Donetsk-Pridneprovsky economic region.

More than 30% of fixed production assets Western Siberia concentrated in Kuzbass, which sends 1200 species to all economic regions of the country, as well as to 87 countries of the world industrial products.

The Kuznetsk coal basin is located mainly in the Kemerovo region, which is located in the southeast of Western Siberia, in the Kuznetsk basin, bordered from the southwest by the Salair ridge, from the southeast and east by converging spurs of the Salair ridge and the Kuznetsk Alatau, in the northwest the basin merges with the West Siberian lowland. The length of the basin from the Southeast to the Northwest is about 330 kilometers, the width reaches 100 kilometers, the total area is 26,700 square meters. kilometers. Most major rivers are Tom and Inya - the right tributaries of the Ob. The main cities are Kemerovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Prokopyevsk, Stalinsk.

Kuzbass coals are of high quality. Ash content of coal - 8-22%, sulfur content - 0.3-0.6%, specific heat combustion - 6000-8500 kcal. per kg.

The coal industry accounts for 28 percent of the total industrial output. The coal reserves of Kuzbass amount to 690 billion tons of low-ash hard coal with a sulfur content of 0.1-0.5% and are represented by all brands and technological features of coking and thermal coal known in the world.

There are 90 mines and cuts united in the Kuzbassugol, Prokopyevskugol, Yuzhkuzbassugol and Kemerovougol combines. The main part of coal (47%) is consumed in Western Siberia, about 20% - in the Urals, the rest in the European part of the country, etc.

In terms of coal mining, Kuzbass ranks second in the country after the Donbass, but significantly surpasses it in mining and economic indicators. The maximum depth of the mines does not exceed 500 meters ( average depth about 200 m.). The average thickness of the developed seams is 2.1 m, but up to 25% falls on seams over 6.5 m. The main production comes from the mines of the central and southern regions of Kuzbass (Prokopyevsko-Kisilevsky, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Belovsky, Tom-Usinsky, etc.) . Labor productivity in the Kuznetsk coal basin is much higher, and the unit costs of capital investments per ton of production and the cost of coal are lower than in the Donbass. In Kuzbass, there are also 9 mines of local industry with a total production (1972) of 2.8 million tons of thermal coal.

Coal mining is carried out both underground and more progressive - open and hydraulic methods. Specific gravity open mining coal is about 30%, hydraulic - about 5%. Kuzbass takes the second place in the country in terms of production by open and hydraulic methods. There are 3 hydro mines. An underground coal gasification station is operated in the Prokopievsko-Kisilevsky coal district. There are 25 coal preparation plants in the basin.

Modern coal mines in the Kuznetsk coal basin are large mechanized enterprises (for example, named after V.I. Lenin in Mezhdurechensk and the Yubileinoye mine administration in Novokuznetsk). These giant mines produce 10 or more thousand tons of coal every day. In the future, coal production in the Kuznetsk coal basin will grow.

In 1999, the region produced 109 million tons of coal, including 44 million tons of coking coal. More than 200 thousand people are employed in the coal industry of the region. More than 100 mines and cuts are engaged in coal mining, 17 enrichment plants are engaged in its enrichment.

Underground mechanical mining remains the leading method of extraction. The largest underground mining companies are joint-stock company Raspadskaya mine, Kirov mine, Capital mine. The open method has higher productivity and low cost. The largest sections of the basin are "Chernigovets", "Krasnogorsky", named after 50 years of October, "Sibirginsky", "Mezhdurechye" and "Kedrovsky". Since 1952, hydraulic coal mining has been used in the basin. The "Tyrganskaya", "Yubileinaya" and "Esaulskaya" mines are the leading hydro-extraction enterprises.

Underground gasification of coal in Kuzbass is represented by the South Abinsk station "Podzemgaz". The volume of processing reached 2 million tons, which amounted to almost 4 billion cubic meters. gas. The cost of a ton of reference fuel is lower than for open pit coal mining.

The increase in coal production in the basin will be due to the development of the most favorable, in mining-geological and economic-geographical relations, largest deposits: Urop-Karakansky and Yerunakovsky.

Of the new coal-mining regions, the most promising is the Yerunakovo coal-bearing region, where huge reserves of coking (4 billion tons) and power (4.7 billion tons) coals are concentrated with favorable mining and geological conditions suitable for processing both underground and open ways with high technical and economic indicators.

The Kuzbass energy system has a total capacity of 4718 MW. It includes 8 power plants: Tom-Usinskaya GRES, Belovskaya GRES, Yuzhno-Kuzbasskaya GRES, Kemerovskaya GRES, Novokemerovskaya CHPP, Zapadno-Sibirskaya CHPP, Kuznetskaya CHPP.

In parallel with the power system, two block stations operate: KMK CHPP and Yurginskaya CHPP. The network economy of the energy system has a length of power transmission lines of all voltages of 32 thousand km and 255 substations with a voltage of 35 kV. and above, which are combined into 4 enterprises of electrical networks: Eastern, Northern, Southern and Central.

The north of the region is crossed by the Trans-Siberian railway, the south - by the South Siberian. Kuzbass has direct railway communication with all regions of the country. Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk airlines have direct connections with dozens of cities in Russia and the Commonwealth countries.

The Kuznetsk coal basin is located on the territory where it is located.

It was first mentioned in the 18th century, after another 100 years, coal reserves were estimated and this deposit was called the Kuznetsk coal basin.

In this region, not only coal mining is carried out, but also its processing.

Geographical position

It is located in the southern part of Western Siberia in a shallow basin. On several sides it is framed by mountain ranges: the medium-high highlands of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the mountain-taiga region of Gornaya Shoria, which is officially part of mountain system Altai, a small hill Salair Ridge. A significant part of this basin is located on the territory of the Kemerovo region, famous for the presence of a variety of minerals, including stone and brown coal. The name Kuzbass belongs to the Kemerovo region and is its second name. An insignificant part of Kuzbass is located within the Novosibirsk region, which is noted for the presence of high-quality anthracites, and in the Altai Territory, where the extraction of subbitominous coal is developed.

natural conditions

The territory of the Kuznetsk coal basin is located in the zone of sharply continental climate. Significant constant temperature fluctuations are characteristic. Extremely negative factor is an a large number of intensive solar radiation.

The Ob River system acts as a hydrographic network for this basin. The Tom River is used as a source of drinking water supply. Its waters are used to cover the technical needs of coal mining enterprises, as it is the closest source of the necessary water for production. The transit river crosses the coal basin, stretching from south to north.

AT modern time the entire territory of Kuzbass has a sharply heterogeneous landscape. Due to the rapid development of the coal mining industry since the 20th century, almost the entire earth has undergone widespread anthropogenic transformations that harm natural landscapes and subsoil. In the eastern part, relatively little change is observed, as land disturbance here is caused by forestry activities.

In most areas of the western part of Kuzbass, as a result of active urbanization and the continuous expansion of coal mining areas, many plots of land have undergone a complete transformation. In areas of intensive open and underground coal mining, the lands are most altered. According to the transformations in the soil, the regions to the north of Kemerovo, the territory of the Prokopyevsko-Kiselevskiy district, and the environs of Mezhdurechensk are distinguished.

Characteristic

The coal-bearing strata contains approximately 350 coal seams of various types and thicknesses. They are unevenly distributed throughout the section.

• The Kolchuginskaya and Balakhonskaya suites contain 237 beds.
• The Tarbagan Formation is only 19, so it lags far behind the previous ones.
• Barzasskaya - only 3.

Their maximum thickness is 370 m. On average, coal seams with a thickness of 1.3, maximum - about 4.0 m are common. There are coal seams of much greater thickness. In some areas - within 9–15 m, sometimes up to 20 m, if we take into account the places of blow-ups, then we can name a maximum thickness of 30 m.

The depth of coal mines is on average about 200 m, the maximum depth reaches 500 m. Coal seams are developed, the average thickness of which is 2.1 m. Only up to 25% of coal production in mines exceeds 6.5 m in thickness.

Coal quality

The petrographic composition differs according to the series of coal.

The balakhon series is dominated by humus, bituminous coals, which contain vitrinite in an amount of 30–60%.
The Kolchuginskaya series also contains humus and bituminous coals, but the content of vitrinite increases to 60–90%.
In the Tarbagan series, and are mined.

The quality of coal is varied, however most specialists are among the best. In deep horizons, their composition becomes average, optimal.

• Moisture content: 5-15%.
• Ash admixture: 4–16%.
• The presence of phosphorus in a small amount: up to 0.12%.
• Big difference in volatile content: 4-42%. Products with the lowest concentration are valued.
• Sulfur impurity: 0.4–0.6%.

The coals mined in the area of ​​the Kuznetsk Basin are characterized by a calorific value of 7,000–8,600 kcal/kg, and a high calorific value of 8.6 kcal. Coals, whose place of occurrence is near the surface, in the composition have large quantity moisture and ash and lower sulfur content. Ascending from the lower stratigraphic horizons and up to the uppermost, the metamorphism of bituminous coals decreases commensurately.

Mining method

In this region, all three methods of extraction are present.

Underground mining method

It prevails over other types of coal mining in the Kuzbass. Provides higher quality coal than quarrying:

• maximum heat of combustion;
• minimum ash content;
• contains a small amount of volatile substances.

For workers, this method of extraction is the most dangerous, since cases of severe injuries, sometimes fatal, are not uncommon. The management of the mines of the Kemerovo region provides work on the modernization of traumatic mining equipment.

Nowadays, its development is practiced on the territory of Kuzbass. The share of products extracted in this way is about 30% of the total industry. In areas where the laying of coal is shallow, coal mines are opened instead of mines. For coal mining in quarries, overburden is first removed. The upper layer of the rock varies in composition and size.

If the layer thickness is close to the minimum, and the consistency is friable, then overburdening is carried out using a bulldozer.
If a upper layer If the rock is thicker, then more labor resources and time are spent on its removal. Rotary excavators are used for work, draglines are needed.

The open method of coal mining is impossible without the use of specialized equipment, which is adapted specifically for this type of industry. The bucket wheel excavator and dragline system is used only in quarries. Trucks are used as auxiliary equipment. In some production areas, single-bucket excavators are required. After the end of the first stage, drilling and blasting of coal is carried out. Wagons or vehicles are used to transport products.

Recently, this method has been chosen by more and more coal mining enterprises, since it is more economically profitable without arranging deepenings for mines. With open-pit coal mining, there is much less industrial injuries than underground. The open method allows you to work simultaneously on a large area.

Hydraulic mining

Used in areas where availability allows groundwater. Coal is extracted from the ground, transported, raised to the surface using liquid jets. Only high-speed fluid flows are allowed, therefore, in the territory of Kuzbass, only in 5% of cases it is carried out hydraulically.

The territory where the hydraulic method is used is gradually expanding, as labor productivity increases with less labor. Due to the inefficient working process, less funds are needed for production, in particular, for the purchase and renewal of working equipment; fewer workers required. When coal is mined by the hydraulic method, the harmfulness and intensity of labor are significantly reduced, and the incidence of injuries is characterized by a low rate. Increased safety during coal mining operations in longwall and preparatory faces.

Due to the increase in the scale of open-pit coal mining, the popularity of the products of the Kuznetsk coal basin is increasing. Coal mined in cuts is cheaper than from buried deposits in mines, therefore this species products are preferred to be purchased by individuals and small entrepreneurs. Both high-quality and low-grade coal is mined, which allows consumers to purchase products that meet their goals.

Consumers

Coal is purchased by enterprises involved in the coking and chemical industries, and it is also needed for the production of energy fuel. In modern times, coal is actively exported to Japan, Great Britain, Turkey, and export to Finland has been established. The supply volumes are intensively increasing. Russia's permanent partners purchasing coal are the Netherlands, Korea, and China, but the quantity of supplied products is declining. Recently, exports to Asian countries have been increasing. Active consumers of Kuzbass coal in the domestic market are residents of Western Siberia, the Urals, and the European part of Russia.

The impact of coal mining on the ecology of the region

Of course, such large-scale production negatively affects the ecological situation.

• Land disturbance due to excavation of underground mines for coal mining.
• On the territory of inactive mines, where the pits have not been reclaimed, deep sags are formed, sometimes failures.
• In windy weather, dust from dumps spreads to long distance and settles in the territory settlements.
• During coal mining and processing, chemicals are released into the air and water. In most areas, their concentration is above the permissible level.

Of course, coal mining is quite problematic for the environment, but how can you live without extracting resources? In Kuzbass, such a problem has long arisen as the division of residents into fronts: someone is worried about the integrity of the environment, others work in coal mining and there is no other way to earn money. Violation of the integrity of land, dust from dumps, release of harmful compounds and substances into the air - ecological problem but how to solve it?

Practical work for students of grade 9 No. 2

Compilation of characteristics of the coal basin in Russia.

Objective: develop the ability to draw up economic and geographical characteristics coal basins(fuel and energy bases) according to the plan, using a map, atlas maps and other sources of information.

Materials for the work:textbook on geography, atlas, other sources of information (Internet resource).

Working process:

Option 1.

Exercise: Give a description of the basin according to the plan (using the example of the Pechora coal basin).

Feature plan:

Pechora coal basin

1. Geographical position of the basin. In which part of the country, in which subject of the Russian Federation is the pool located?

It is located in the northeast of the European part of the country, in the north of the Komi Republic. Center-Vorkuta. Another city in the Inta basin. A railway was laid to Vorkuta - Pechora (Konosha-Vorkuta);

2. Mining method: underground (mine);

3. Mining depth: 300 meters.

4. Seam thickness:average power-1.5m;

5. Coal quality: high quality (0.8 kcal/kg);

6. Production cost:coals are expensive (the cost price is high);

7. The amount of production and reserves of coal: 13 million tons;

8. Consumers: enterprises of the European North

9. Problems of the basin (environmental, social, etc.)

Associated with the difficulties of selling expensive coal in a market economy. Environmental problems-heaps. Social - untimely payment of wages.

10. Prospects for the development of the basin.

Small prospects for development due to the high cost of coal, unfavorable natural conditions(raise in the cost of living and working conditions in the Arctic), competition - natural gas, as a more environmentally friendly fuel.

Option 2:

Exercise: on the map of the atlas, determine the location of Kuzbass and the Kansk-Achinsk coal basins. Give them comparative characteristic and draw a conclusion about the efficiency of exploitation of these coal basins. Fill in the table, make a conclusion.

Conclusion : coal remains one of the most important fuel resources, but it is an expensive type of fuel to extract, since the deposits are located in unfavorable climatic conditions(high wages, social problems), problems of selling expensive coal in the face of increasing competition natural gas as a cleaner fuel. However, in the future, its role will grow as the main type of fuel in the areas of its production, because. the main bases are removed from the main consumers.

Introduction.

The Kuznetsk coal basin is one of the largest coal basins in Russia.

Coal mining enterprises of Kuzbass produce more than 2/3 of coking coal in Russia.

The maximum production level in Kuzbass was reached in 1988. Since 1989, there has been a steady downward trend in coal production. The first signs of stabilization of the situation were outlined in 1995 in open pit mining and coking coal mining.

Coking coal production in Kuzbass in 1995 amounted to 39.9 million tons, which is 3.5 million tons higher than in 1994.

With a general decline in coal sales occurring in last years, the supply of Kuznetsk coal is the most stable. In 1995, a total of 90.8 million tons were shipped to consumers in Kuzbass. At the same time, in 1995, not only the mined coal was sold in full, but also 2.4 million tons were shipped from the warehouses of coal enterprises. This was achieved through the introduction in August 1995 of differentiated tariffs for the transportation of coal, which made it possible to increase the competitiveness of long-distance imported coal, primarily Kuznetsk coal. The decrease in consumer spending on the purchase of Kuznetsk coal on a monthly basis, starting from September of the same year, is estimated at 110 billion rubles.

The balance reserves of Kuzbass coal of category A + B + C1 are estimated at 58.8 billion tons, which is 29.1% of the total reserves and almost 60% of the coal reserves of Russia. At the same time, coking coal reserves amount to 30.7 billion tons, or 77% of the country's total reserves.

25.4 billion tons of reserves have been explored and prepared for industrial development, including 12.4 billion tons of coking coal.

Kuzbass coals are of high quality. The ash content of coal is 8-22%, the sulfur content is 0.3-0.6%, the specific heat of combustion is kcal/kg.

At the same time, there is a large proportion of reserves that do not correspond in their parameters to world standards in terms of mining and geological conditions of occurrence and quality.

Study of the Kuznetsk coal basin.

The first stage of the study of Kuzbass from the time of its discovery in 1721 by the miner M. Volkov until the beginning of the 20th century is characterized at first by episodic finds of individual outcrops of bedrock, coal seams, and "burnt" rocks. The achievement of the first stage of the study is contouring close to modern boundaries by a Russian geologist by 1845 large area coal-bearing deposits, which he called the Kuznetsk basin.

The second stage (beginning of the 20th century) can be regarded as a period of systematic geological exploration and the development of its individual directions. Initially, the foreign joint-stock company "Kopikuz", and later - by domestic planning authorities in Siberia, planned the creation of a large coal and metallurgical industry, which required the identification of a raw material base. The study was started in 1914 by a group of geologists led by a well-known scientist, professor. They were the first to determine the thickness of the coal seams and made a stratigraphic scheme of the basin. After civil war geological work was carried out in ever-expanding volumes, but especially since the early 1930s, when domestic drilling rigs appeared. If in 1930 - 1945 the annual volume of exploratory drilling did not exceed 100 thousand tons. running meters, then by 1954 it increased to 360 thousand linear meters, and subsequently - up to 650 thousand linear meters. There was also an intensive construction of new coal mining enterprises, as a result of which coal production increased from 0.8 million tons in 1913 to 57.7 million tons in 1955. The main results of the scientific activity of the second stage are the publication of two monographs on the geological structure

Kuzbass (1927, 1940), the appearance of the most important data on the quality of coals and the patterns of their change, according to the depth of occurrence and deposits, the establishment of a more detailed stratigraphic scheme of coal-bearing deposits, the study of tectonics of deposits.

The third stage (mid-1950s) is characterized by significant detail and deepening of the exploration of the geological structure, caused by the increased requirements of the coal industry to the degree of exploration of deposits in connection with the widespread introduction of mining mechanization. In view of the revealed increased variability of geological parameters and for the search for scarce coking coal, area prospecting and deep drilling were also increased.

The introduction of new high-performance drilling equipment and technology (self-propelled rigs, hydraulic core transport, removable core receivers, etc.) made it possible to almost double the volume of exploration and significantly increase the efficiency of field exploration. A number of fundamental methodological works were carried out on testing and assessing the quality of coals, on studying gas content, exploration methods, etc. An extended set of studies was applied to correlate coal deposits, which made it possible to significantly refine geological structure central part of Kuzbass. Detailed studies have been carried out on the reliability of geological materials, on violations of deposits, on the patterns of changes in the quality of coals. The geological survey at a scale of 1:200,000 was completed and the survey at a scale of 1:5,000 was expanded (76% completed).

Economic and geographical position of Kuzbass.

The Kuznetsk coal basin is located mainly in the Kemerovo region, which is located in the southeast of Western Siberia, in the Kuznetsk basin, bordered from the southwest by the Salair ridge, from the southeast and east by converging spurs of the Salair ridge and the Kuznetsk Alatau, in the northwest the basin merges with the West Siberian lowland. The length of the basin from the Southeast to the Northwest is about 330 kilometers, the width reaches 100 kilometers, the total area is 26,700 square meters. kilometers. The largest rivers are the Tom and Inya, right tributaries of the Ob. The main cities are Kemerovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Prokopyevsk, Stalinsk.

Kuzbass is the second coal and metallurgical base of Russia. In addition to the coal and metallurgical industries, large enterprises of the coke-chemical industry (Kemerovo), mechanical engineering, electric power industry, metallurgy (Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine and West Siberian Plant in Novokuznetsk, Belovsky Zinc Plant, Novokuznetsk Aluminum Plant) are concentrated in it. Cities, mines and factories are interconnected by access roads that have access to the Siberian railway line, as well as the South Siberian and meridional railway.

The administrative borders of the Kemerovo region are land. In the north it borders on the Tomsk region , in the east with Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Republic of Khakassia . In the south, the borders run along the main ridges of Gornaya Shoria and the Salair Ridge with the Republic of Gorny Altai and

Altai Territory, in the west - along the flat terrain with the Novosibirsk region.

An important feature geographical location The Kemerovo region is located in the depths of a huge part of the land, far from the seas and oceans. Distance to nearest north sea- Kara - almost 2000 km, to the nearest warm sea - Black - more than 4500 km.

The population of the Kemerovo region is 3.2 million people, of which 2.8 million people are city dwellers.

The labor resources of the region are 1799.5 thousand people, of which 87% are employed in the national economy, and 6.2% are in education.

The region accounts for 18% of the produced national income of Russia.

The subsoil of Kuzbass is rich in minerals. Large reserves of manganese ores have been explored in the region - 98.5 million tons (67% of Russia's reserves), but they are not mined, and Russia's demand is met by importing manganese ores, mainly from Ukraine. Iron ore reserves amount to 999.2 million tons (2% of Russia's reserves), phosphorite ores - 43.7 million tons (0.6%), nepheline ores - 152.4 million tons (3%), oil shale - 43 million tons (2%).

The coal industry accounts for 28 percent of the total industrial output. The coal reserves of Kuzbass amount to 690 billion tons of low-ash hard coal with a sulfur content of 0.1-0.5% and are represented by all known coals in the world.

grades and technological characteristics of coking and thermal coals.

There are 90 mines and cuts united in the Kuzbassugol, Prokopyevskugol, Yuzhkuzbassugol and Kemerovougol combines. In 1972, they mined 119 million tons of coal - 150 times more than in 1913 and 5.6 times more than in 1940. 42 - 45% of coal mined in the Kuznetsk basin is used for coking. The main part of coal (47%) is consumed in Western Siberia, about 20% - in the Urals, the rest in the European part of the country, etc. In terms of coal production, Kuzbass ranks second in the country after the Donbass, but significantly surpasses it in terms of mining and economic indicators. The maximum depth of the mines does not exceed 500 meters (the average depth is about 200 meters). The average thickness of the developed seams is 2.1 m, but up to 25% falls on seams over 6.5 m. The main production comes from the mines of the central and southern regions of Kuzbass (Prokopyevsko-Kisilevsky, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Belovsky, Tom-Usinsky, etc.) . Labor productivity in the Kuznetsk coal basin is much higher, and the unit costs of capital investments per ton of production and the cost of coal are lower than in the Donbass. In Kuzbass, there are also 9 mines of local industry with a total production (1972) of 2.8 million tons of thermal coal.

Coal mining is carried out both underground and more progressive - open and hydraulic methods. The share of open-pit coal mining is about 30%, hydraulic - about 5%. Kuzbass takes the second place in the country in terms of production by open and hydraulic methods. There are 3 hydro mines. An underground coal gasification station is operated in the Prokopievsko-Kisilevsky coal district. There are 25 coal preparation plants in the basin. At the mines there are 180 mechanized complexes, 365 combines for cleaning operations, about 200 tunneling

harvesters, 446 loaders, about 12,000 scraper and belt conveyors, 1,731 electric locomotives and other machines and mechanisms. All major production technological processes mining and transportation of coal in the mines are mechanized. There are 448 excavators, more than 80 electric locomotives, about 900 dump cars, 300 bulldozers, hundreds of cranes, drilling rigs, heavy vehicles at the open pits. Modern coal mines in the Kuznetsk coal basin are large mechanized enterprises (for example, the name in Mezhdurechensk and the Yubileinoye mine administration in Novokuznetsk). These giant mines produce 10 or more thousand tons of coal every day. In the future, coal production in the Kuznetsk coal basin will grow.

In 1999, the region produced 109 million tons of coal, including 44 million tons of coking coal. More than 200 thousand people are employed in the coal industry of the region. More than 100 mines and cuts are engaged in coal mining, 17 enrichment plants are engaged in its enrichment.

Underground mechanical mining remains the leading method of extraction. The largest underground mining enterprises are the Raspadskaya Mine, the Kirov Mine, and the Capital Mine. The open method has higher productivity and low cost. The largest sections of the basin are "Chernigovets", "Krasnogorsky", named after 50 years of October, "Sibirginsky", "Mezhdurechye" and "Kedrovsky". Since 1952, hydraulic coal mining has been used in the basin. The "Tyrganskaya", "Yubileinaya" and "Esaulskaya" mines are the leading hydro-extraction enterprises.

Underground gasification of coal in Kuzbass is represented by the South Abinsk station "Podzemgaz". The volume of processing reached 2 million tons, which amounted to almost 4 billion cubic meters. gas. The cost of a ton of reference fuel is lower than for open pit coal mining.

The increase in coal production in the basin will be due to the development of the most favorable, in mining-geological and economic-geographical terms, the largest deposits: Uropsko-Karakansky and Yerunakovsky.

Of the new coal-mining regions, the most promising is the Yerunakovsky coal-bearing region, where huge reserves of coking (4 billion tons) and power (4.7 billion tons) coals are concentrated with favorable mining and geological conditions suitable for processing both underground and open ways with high technical and economic indicators.

The Kuzbass energy system has a total capacity of 4718 MW. It includes 8 power plants: Tom-Usinskaya GRES, Belovskaya GRES, Yuzhno-Kuzbasskaya GRES, Kemerovskaya GRES, Novokemerovskaya CHPP, Zapadno-Sibirskaya CHPP, Kuznetskaya CHPP.

In parallel with the power system, two block stations operate: KMK CHPP and Yurginskaya CHPP. The network economy of the energy system has a length of power transmission lines of all voltages of 32 thousand km and 255 substations with a voltage of 35 kV. and above, which are combined into 4 enterprises of electrical networks: Eastern, Northern, Southern and Central.

Thermal networks combine 323 km of main networks and a fuel oil boiler house.

The north of the region is crossed by the Trans-Siberian railway, the south - by the South Siberian. Kuzbass has direct railway communication with all regions of the country. Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk airlines have direct connections with dozens of cities in Russia and the Commonwealth countries.

Conclusion.

The Kemerovo region sends to all economic regions of the country, as well as to 80 countries of the world, 1200 types of industrial products, among them: coal, coke, rolled metal, cast iron, aluminum, zinc, ferroalloys, slate, cement, glass, nitrogen fertilizers, plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic resins, electrical and heavy engineering products and others.

In terms of economic potential, the Kemerovo region is a large territorial production complex of the Russian Federation.

Small in size, compact, with a well-developed network of roads, a powerful diversified economy, the Kemerovo region plays a leading role in the economy of Siberia. About one third of the main production assets of Western Siberia are concentrated here.

Leading role in development National economy The region belongs to the fuel and energy complex. Its basis is the coal industry and electric power industry.

The Kemerovo region is the largest industrial region, a base for industrial development not only in Siberia, but throughout the country. Today, Kuzbass accounts for 44% of coal production in Russia, more than 70% of the production of all coking coal, and for a whole group of especially valuable coking coal grades - all 100%.

In addition, today Kuzbass for Russia is: more than 13% of iron and steel, 23% of rolled steel, more than 11% of aluminum and 17% of coke, 53% of ferrosilicon, 100% of mine drag conveyors.

Bibliography.

Ilyichev: Resources, economy, market. Kuzbass. Encyclopedia. - T.1. - Kemerovo: Kemerovo printing plant, 1995.

Trushina coal mining enterprises of Kuzbass in the domestic market: a textbook. - Kemerovo, 1995.

Morozov - industrial complexes of the USSR: Textbook. – M.: VZFEI Publishing House, 1985.

New energy policy of Russia / edited by Shafranin Yu. - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1995.

Placement of branches of the national economy of the Russian Federation: Textbook / Team of authors edited; VZFEI. - M.: Economic education, 1992.

Regional Economics: A textbook for universities / edited by - M .: Banks and stock exchanges. UNITY, 1995.

"Great Soviet Encyclopedia" vol. 13 / edited by 3rd publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", M., 1973.

"Small Soviet Encyclopedia" vol. 5 / edited by the publishing house "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", M., 1959.

Plan.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………..3

The study of the Kuznetsk coal basin………………………….......5

Economic and geographical position of Kuzbass……………………...7

The largest coal regions of Kuzbass……………………………….12

Conclusion………………………………………………………………..13

References………………………………………………………….14