The sentence is difficult to understand. Simple compound sentence

The complication of the sentence arises in the presence of members of the sentence and units that are not members of the sentence with relative semantic and intonational independence. The complication of the proposal is caused
1) homogeneous members,
2) isolated members (including clarifying, explanatory, connecting, participial, participle, comparative turnover),
3) introductory words and sentences, plug-in constructions,
4) appeals,
5) direct speech.
Homogeneous members of a sentence
Homogeneous are two or more members of a sentence that are connected to each other by a coordinating or non-union connection and perform the same syntactic function.
Homogeneous members are equal in rights, do not depend on each other.
Homogeneous members are connected by coordinating unions or simply enumerative intonation. In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating unions (causal, concessive), for example:
It was useful because it was an educational game.
The book is interesting, although complex.
Homogeneous can be both main and secondary members.
Homogeneous members may have the same or different morphological expression:
He often had colds and lay in bed for weeks.
There is some difficulty in identifying the homogeneity of definitions. Definitions are considered homogeneous in the following cases:
1) they are used to list the varieties of objects, characterizing them on the one hand:
Red, blue, green pencils are scattered on the table.
2) they list the signs of one object, evaluated positively or negatively, i.e., synonymous emotionally:
It was a cold, snowy, boring time.
3) the following definition reveals the content of the previous one:
New, unknown horizons opened before him.
4) the first definition is an adjective, the second is a participial turnover:
On the table lay a small, illegibly signed envelope.
5) with reverse word order (inversion):
There was a briefcase on the table - a large, leather one.
With homogeneous members, there may be generalizing words - words with a more general meaning in relation to homogeneous members. Generalizing words are the same member of the sentence as homogeneous members, and can be both before and after homogeneous members.
1. Generalizing word to homogeneous members:
Everything has changed: both my plans and my mood.
Everything: both my plans and my mood - suddenly changed.
Everything has changed, somehow: circumstances, my plans, my mood.
2. Generalizing word after homogeneous members
Scraps of papers and newspapers lay everywhere on the table, in the cupboards.
In the table, in the cabinets - in a word, scraps of papers and newspapers lay everywhere.
Separate members of the sentence
Separate are called secondary members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning, intonation and punctuation.
Any members of the sentence can be isolated.
Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent, common and non-common:
This man, skinny, with a stick in his hand, was unpleasant to me.
The most common are isolated definitions expressed by participial phrases, adjectives with dependent words and nouns in oblique cases.
Separate circumstances are more often expressed by gerunds and participles:
Waving his arms, he spoke quickly.
Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition can also be isolated despite:
Despite my best efforts, I couldn't sleep.
Separation of other circumstances depends on the intention of the author: they are usually isolated if they are given special importance or, on the contrary, are considered as a side note. Circumstances with prepositions due to, due to, in view of, lack of, according to, on occasion, due to, contrary to:
Contrary to the forecast, the weather was sunny.
Of the additions, very few are isolated, namely, additions with prepositions except, besides, excluding, over, besides, including:
In addition to him, there were five other people.
Some isolated members may be clarifying, clarifying or connecting.
A clarifying member is a sentence member that answers the same question as the other member after which it stands and serves to clarify (usually it narrows the scope of the concept expressed by the member being refined). Qualifier members can be common. Any members of the sentence can be clarifying:
His intelligence, or rather the speed of reaction, struck me (subject).
Below, in the shade, the river roared (circumstance).
An explanatory member is a sentence that names the same concept as the member being explained, but in different words. The explanatory members are or can be inserted with the conjunctions exactly, namely, that is, or (= that is):
The last, fourth part of the novel ends with an epilogue.
An adjunct is a sentence member containing additional clarifications or comments. Attaching terms are usually joined with words even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, and moreover, and, yes, yes, and yes, and in general, and only:
He was often laughed at, and rightly so.
Appeal
Appeal is a word or phrase that names the person (less often the subject) to whom the speech is addressed.
Appeal can be expressed in one word and ambiguous. A one-word appeal can be expressed by a noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun in I. p., a non-single-word appeal may include words dependent on this noun or an interjection about:
Dear granddaughter, why did you rarely call me?
Waiting for a flight from Sochi, go to the arrivals area.
Again I am yours, O young friends! (the title of the elegy of A. S. Pushkin).
An appeal can be expressed by a noun in the form of an indirect case if it denotes a sign of the object or person to whom the speech is addressed:
Hey, in a hat, are you extreme?
AT colloquial speech address can be expressed by a personal pronoun; in this case, the pronoun is distinguished intonation and punctuation:
Hey you, come here! (the sentence is one-part, definitely personal, common, complicated by appeal).
The appeal is not grammatically connected with the sentence, is not a member of the sentence, is separated by commas, can take any place in the sentence. An appeal at the beginning of a sentence can be separated with an exclamation point:
Petya! Come here immediately! (the sentence is one-part, definitely personal, common, complicated by appeal).
Introductory words, phrases and sentences.
Plug-in designs
Introductory words and phrases show the speaker's attitude to the expressed thought or to the way it is expressed. They are not members of the sentence; they are distinguished in pronunciation intonation and punctuation.
Introductory words and phrases are divided into groups depending on the meaning they express:
1) feelings, emotions: unfortunately, to annoyance, to horror, fortunately, to surprise, to joy, strange thing, the hour is not even, thank you, etc.:
Luckily, the weather cleared up in the morning.
2) the speaker's assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being reported: of course, undoubtedly, perhaps, perhaps, it seems, it should be, of course, in fact, in essence, in essence, in fact, presumably, I think, etc.:
Perhaps the weather will be fine today.
3) the source of what is reported: in my opinion, I remember, they say, they say, according to, they say, in the opinion, etc .:
In my opinion, he warned about the departure.
4) the connection of thoughts and the sequence of their presentation: firstly, finally, further, on the contrary, on the contrary, the main thing, thus, on the one hand, on the other hand, etc.:
On the one hand, the proposal is interesting, on the other - dangerous.
5) a way of shaping thoughts: in a word, so to speak, otherwise / or rather / more precisely, in other words, etc.:
He came in the evening, or rather, almost at night.
6) appeal to the interlocutor in order to attract attention: let's say, let's say, understand, excuse me, imagine, do you understand, believe, etc.:
I didn't know this, believe me.
7) an assessment of the measure of what is being said: the most, the least, at least without exaggeration:
He spoke to me, at least like a big boss.
8) degree of commonness: it happens, it happened, it happens, as usual:
He, as usual, sat in the corner of the room.
9) expressiveness: apart from jokes, to be honest, it will be said between us, funny to say, etc.:
To be honest, I'm very tired.
It is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous unions, adverbs, words of nominal parts of speech.
The word however can be introductory, but can be an adversative conjunction (= but) used to connect homogeneous members, parts of a complex sentence or sentences in the text:
The rain, however, charged for a long time - an introductory word.
Mistakes are not rude, but unpleasant - a union (can be replaced with but).
The word is finally introductory if it is in the enumeration series (often with introductory words first, second, etc.), and is an adverb if the value is equal to the adverbial expression in the end:
I finally came out to the clearing - an adverb.
Firstly, I'm sick, secondly, I'm tired, and finally, I just don't want to go there - an introductory word.
Similarly, it is necessary to distinguish between the introductory and non-introductory use of words in this way, in fact, means others.
Introductory words can be not only words and phrases, but also sentences. Introductory sentences express the same meanings as introductory words, they can be introduced by unions if, how, how much, etc.:
Elegance, I think, will never go out of fashion (= in my opinion).
This book, if I'm not mistaken, came out last year (= in my opinion).
I come and - can you imagine? - I do not find anyone at home (= imagine).
Insert constructions expressing an additional remark can be introduced into the sentence. Intermediate constructions usually have a sentence structure, are separated by brackets or dashes, and may have a different purpose of the statement or intonation than the main sentence.
Finally (it was not easy for me!) she allowed me to come.
Direct and indirect speech
The statements of other persons included in the author's narration form the so-called alien speech, which can be direct and indirect.
Direct speech is a literal reproduction of someone else's statement.
Indirect speech - retelling someone else's speech in the form of a subordinate clause or minor members simple sentence. Wed:
He said, "I want to go with you."
He said he wanted to come with us.
He spoke of his desire to come with us.
In indirect speech, the words of the speaker undergo changes: all personal pronouns are used from the point of view of the author of the retelling; appeals, interjections, emotional particles are omitted, being replaced by other lexical means:
The brother said, "I'll be late." ® Brother said he would come late.
She told me: “Oh, dear, how good you are!” ® She enthusiastically told me that I was very good.
A question translated into indirect speech is called an indirect question and is framed in two ways:
I kept thinking who it was.
I kept thinking: who would it be?
Direct speech can be after, before or inside the words of the author, and also frame the words of the author on both sides, for example:
1) direct speech after the words of the author:
The boy asked: "Wait for me, I'll be there soon."
Mom asked again: “How long do you need, five minutes?”
2) direct speech to the words of the author:
"I'm staying at home," I said decisively.
"Why?" Anton was surprised.
3) the words of the author break direct speech:
"I'm going to sleep," Melnikov decided. "It's been a very hard day."
"It's decided," he added dreamily to himself, "even though I'll finally get some sleep over the weekend."
"What should I do? - he thought, and said aloud: - Okay, I'm going with you. (In the last example, the author's words contain two verbs with the meaning of verbal-cogitative activity, the first of which refers to the previous part of direct speech, and the second to the next; this is what causes such punctuation.)
4) direct speech within the words of the author:
He threw over his shoulder: “Follow me,” and walked down the corridor without looking back.
Direct speech can take the form of a dialogue. The dialogue is formatted in two ways:
1. replicas follow each from a new paragraph, are not enclosed in quotation marks, each is preceded by a dash:
- Will you come?
- I do not know.
2. Replicas follow in a line:
"So are you married? I didn't know before! How long ago? - "About two years". - "On whom?" - "On Larina". - "Tatyana?" - "Do you know them?" - “I am their neighbor” (A. S. Pushkin).
Quotes
A quotation is a complete or partial statement from the author's text (scientific, artistic, journalistic and other literature or report) with an indication of the author or source.
Quotations are made out as direct speech or as a continuation of the sentence.
Quote as direct speech
1. The quoted sentence or part of the text is given in full:
Pushkin noted: “Chatsky is not at all clever man- but Griboyedov is very smart.
2. The quotation is not given in full (not from the beginning or not to the end of the sentence, or with the ejection of part of the text in the middle); in this case, the gap is indicated by an ellipsis, which can be enclosed in angle brackets (as is customary when citing scientific literature):
Gogol wrote: "Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon ... this is a Russian man in his development, in which he, perhaps, will appear in two hundred years."
The quote may not be from the beginning of the sentence:
Pisarev wrote: "... the beauty of the language lies in its clarity and expressiveness."
"... The beauty of the language lies in its clarity and expressiveness," Pisarev wrote.
3. If the author or editor underlines individual words in the quotation, this is specified in brackets indicating the initials of the author or the word Ed. - editor:
(underlined by us. - E. L.) or (our italics. - Ed.).
4. If the author inserts his own explanatory text into the quotation, then it is placed in straight brackets:
“He [Pushkin], wrote Gogol, “at the very beginning he was already national, because true nationality does not consist in the description of a sundress, but in the very spirit of the people.”
Quote as a continuation of the sentence
A quotation can be framed not as a direct speech, but as a continuation of a sentence or an isolated component of the text:
Gogol wrote that "with the name of Pushkin, the thought of a Russian national poet immediately dawns."
“Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery” (Pushkin).
A poetic quotation can be framed without quotes, but with a red line and observance of poetic lines:
May you be blessed forever
That came to flourish and die.
Yesenin
Parsing a simple sentence
A simple sentence is parsed according to following scheme:
Underline the parts of the sentence.
Indicate the type of predicate (predicates): PGS, SGS, SIS.
Make a descriptive analysis according to the following scheme:
For the purpose of the statement:
- narrative,
- interrogative
- incentive.
By intonation:
- non-exclamatory
- exclamatory.
By the number of grammatical bases - simple,
By the presence of one or both main members:
1) two-part.
2) one-part. with main member
a) subject - denominative;
b) predicate:
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal,
- impersonal.
By the presence of secondary members:
- common,
- uncommon.
By the presence of missing members:
- complete,
- incomplete (indicate which member / members of the proposal is / are omitted).
By the presence of complicating members:
1) uncomplicated,
2) complicated:
- homogeneous members suggestions;
- isolated members of the proposal;
- introductory words, introductory and plug-in constructions,
- direct speech;
- appeal.
Here is an example of parsing a simple sentence.

Complicated simple sentence - what is it? An exhaustive answer to the question posed will be given in the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about how a simple sentence can be complicated, as well as about which ones work in a particular case.

general information

A complicated simple sentence is a sentence that includes some kind of syntactic construction. Moreover, it should not have a grammatical basis.

It should be noted that among the constructions that complicate a simple application, definitions, additions, circumstances, and so on stand out. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Homogeneous Members

What does a simple compound sentence look like? Examples are provided in this article.

If you need to complicate any sentence, then homogeneous members are ideal for this. As a rule, this term is used in relation to those lexical units that answer the same questions, and are also associated with the same word. It should be noted that such members of the sentence are usually separated by commas (from each other). Let's give a clear example: "He collected information for an article in Moscow, and in Orenburg, and in Ufa."

Definitions

How is the sentence (simple) complicated, which is presented below: "The road, paved with tiles, went into the forest." It is difficult to define. This is a minor member, denoting a sign of an object and answering the following questions: "what?", "what?", "whose?" AT this case this is a separate definition. It should be noted that such expressions can be adjectives or pronouns with and without dependent words, as well as participles or participles and (rarely) numerals.

Let's take an illustrative example:

• “By nature timid and modest, he was always annoyed at his own character traits.” This is a separate definition that refers to a pronoun.
• “On the silver window from the frost, the flowers faded overnight.” This is a non-delimited definition.

How is such a complicated simple sentence isolated? This can be seen from the examples above. Commas should be used to highlight definitions that come after the defined lexical unit or refer to a personal pronoun.

Applications

A simple complicated sentence (a knowledge test on this topic is very often given after the theoretical part) may include any application, that is, a definition expressed by a noun. As a rule, it gives a completely different name, which characterizes the chosen object in a peculiar way. Here are some illustrative examples:

Punctuation of a simple compound sentence with an appendix:

• separate personal pronouns;
• applications with the union "as" are separated;
• common applications that appear after the word being defined are isolated;
• the comma is replaced by a dash if the appendix is ​​at the very end of the sentence.

Add-ons

An addition is a secondary member of a sentence, denoting an object and answering questions of indirect cases. Such turns are isolated if they include the following words: besides, besides, over, including, except for, along with, excluding, instead of etc. For clarity, we give an example:

• "She heard nothing but the sound of rain."
• “I really liked the article, except for some details.”

Circumstances

A circumstance is a secondary member of the sentence, indicating the time, place, mode of action and reason, as well as answering the questions "when?", "Where?" "why?", "how?" Here's an example:

It should be noted that circumstances are always isolated if they are expressed by a gerund or as well as turns "despite the + noun".

Introductory constructions and appeals

A complicated simple sentence is the one in which there is (address) naming the person or object to whom or what they are addressing with a certain speech. Also, introductory constructions can be used instead of appeal. These are words, combinations or whole sentences, with the help of which the speaker expresses his subjective attitude to the content of a particular statement (for example, feelings, uncertainty / confidence, order of thoughts, source of the statement, ways of expressing thoughts, etc.).

It should be noted that references are always separated by commas. As for introductory structures, they can be separated with a dash or brackets. To illustrate, here are a few examples:

• "Once - I don't remember why - there was no concert."
• "The winter seems to be cold."
• "The essence of American films (if you've seen them) is somewhat monotonous."
• "Oh Mary, how beautiful you are."

Specifying members of a sentence

Clarifying members of a sentence are those that explain others. It should be noted that most often clarifying are the circumstances of time and place. In addition, definitions sometimes act as such members of a sentence.

Here are some examples:

• “The downpour began in the evening, around eight o’clock.”
• "Ahead, at the very roadside, a large fire was burning."

Qualifying members are always separated by commas.

How to define a simple complicated sentence

If you come across a task in which you need to find a simple complicated sentence, then perhaps the following algorithm will help you:

• Eliminate all sentences without punctuation marks.
• Highlight the stem and eliminate those sentences where punctuation marks separate the stem from each other.
• Regarding the rest of the sentences, you should try to find out why they have certain punctuation marks (introductory words, homogeneous members, adverbial or participial phrases, etc.).

A simple sentence, both common and non-common, can be complicated by homogeneous members. Syntactic relations in such a sentence include both composition and submission. Homogeneous members are syntactically equal in relation to each other, at the same time they are all subordinate to any member of the sentence or any member is subordinate to them.

For example:

Drops glistened on hazel leaves dew, not yesterday rain (Paust.) - homogeneous definitions subject drops;

The essence of homogeneity lies in the simultaneous, parallel subordination of a number of members to one or another member sentence or in dominance in relation to it - with complete independence from each other, with complete syntactic equality. A number of homogeneous members of a sentence is a composing combination of words in which none is the main, dominant one.

The proposal may be complicated by a homogeneous series of main or minor members.

For example:

And all this: and lanterns and naked trees and houses and sky - reflected in the asphalt(A. T.) - a number of homogeneous subjects;

Clouds then they swam to the moon, then scattered (Shishk.) - a number of homogeneous predicates;

From stations, from locomotives, from wagonspoured thick steam(Paust.) - a number of homogeneous additions;

A mournful cry was heard now outside the window, now above roof, then in the oven(Ch.) - a series of homogeneous circumstances

The proposal may have several rows of homogeneous members - main or secondary.

For example:

It was stuffy dry, messy, noisy, cramped and it smelled a lot not that new oilcloth, not burnt cork, not that puppy (S.-Ts.) - a number of homogeneous main members of an impersonal sentence and a number of homogeneous additions

A sentence can be complicated by simultaneously homogeneous rows of subject and predicate.

For example:

Admire, remember: here is nature- carnival. Everybody is here plays and sings: and the sea, and mountains, and rocks (Ch.)

Homogeneity of the members of the proposal- this is a syntactic phenomenon that does not follow directly from either morphological or semantic conditions, although to a certain extent it depends on them. So, the members of the proposal presented can be homogeneous.

For example:

Or in the same words: Fire then flared up, then weakened from green midges burning in the lamp glass(Paust.),

or different: Tanya spoke long and with great feeling (Ch.)

So, syntactic conditions homogeneity of the sentence members are:

1) syntactic connection with the same member as subordinate or dominant;

2) the uniformity of the syntactic function;

3) the absence of dependency relations between members of a homogeneous series.

meansexpressions homogeneity in Russian are:

- intonation;

- unions;

- word forms.

1)Intonation - this is universal remedy, acting as an indicator of homogeneity, as an indicator of a coordinative connection, regardless of the availability of other means. The main feature of the intonation of homogeneity is the separation of the members of a homogeneous series from each other, the impossibility of pronouncing them as integral speech segments - syntagmas. This is facilitated by pauses between members, as well as the presence of phrasal stress on each of them and uniform rises in tone. These features of the intonation of homogeneity are manifested both in the use of conjunctions and in the non-union combination of homogeneous members of the sentence. Without unions, they act more prominently.

For example:

There were wonderful days, dazzling bright, sultry, windless - blessed days(Ch.).

2) Unions . However, with the help of intonation alone, it is difficult to convey the nature of the relationship between members of a homogeneous series, especially if we have in mind the written form of speech. Better indicators of relationships are coordinating conjunctions . There are three groups of unions corresponding to the main types of relations between homogeneous members of the proposal:

1) connecting;

2) adversative;

3) separating.

1. Connecting unions indicate a simple enumeration of homogeneous members of the sentence, which are combined in a row as equivalent, not contradictory
friend. Connective unions are and, yes, also, like...and, not only...but also(as well as their variants), etc.

Main union and, stylistically neutral, expresses a “pure” connection, enumeration, does not introduce any shades.

For example:

And I had in this hotel a fleeting and interesting meeting(paust.)

Other unions contribute certain stylistic and semantic shades:

- Yes- vernacular;

- also- accession;

- like...and- compatibility;

- not only ... but also- admissibility, with an emphasis on the significance of the connected members, etc.

2. Opposing alliances indicate the incompatibility of members of a homogeneous series, their contradiction to each other in relation to the explained or explanatory word, as well as their difference, revealed by comparison. Conjunctive unions are but, but, on the other hand, although, however, yes, not so much ... as etc. All of them express certain modifications and shades of opposing relations:

- ko and not ... but- opposition, incompatibility;

- although- concession;

- but- reimbursement;

- not so much ... how much- comparison, etc. P.

Exercise:

Compare:

It - not truth, a- death(M. G.);

I was happy and satisfied not so much personal acting success, How many recognition of my new method(St.);

horse, although with difficulties, but meekly walked amble(L. T.);

Despondency not so much weighed down how soothed(M. G.).

3. Divisive unions indicate the selectivity or alternation of members of a homogeneous series in their relationship with the explained or explanatory word. Unions are dividing or, either, then ... then, not that ... not that, either ... or(as well as their variants). They express various kinds or shades of divisive meaning:

- or, or- alternativeness, i.e. mutually exclusive meanings of homogeneous members, connection with the explained or explanatory word of only one of them;

- then ... then- changeability, alternation and impossibility of simultaneous correlation of homogeneous members with the explained or explanatory word;

- not that ... not that, either ... or- obscurity, indistinguishability of homogeneous members relative to each other or the uncertainty of the speaker's perception of what is indicated by them.

Exercise:

Compare:

All night bonfire fire then flares up then goes out(Paust.);

Around or elderly family men or green youths(Sol.);

Lips either from blueberries, either black from the cold(TV); The narrow road next to the railway embankment broke off into huge sand pits, then into the endless swamp(quiet);

Now she wanted to cry not that from grief not that from happiness(Sim.);

... The river, rushing, fluttering, suddenly breaks heavy ice, throws them off and appears naked, confused not that pine, not that out of indignation(Sol.)

3) Word forms . Conjunctions and intonation are the main means of expressing homogeneity. An additional indicator is the form themselves homogeneous members suggestions. In combination with the main means, the same forms of the members of the coordinative series emphasize their independence from each other and a uniform attitude towards the explained or explanatory word. In particular, the repetition of a preposition in the composing series of prepositional-case forms emphasizes their homogeneity; at the same time, the omission of a repeating preposition (in one or more cases) is an additional indicator of homogeneity.

For example:

The horses were waking up from everyone rustle, scream quail, from horn of a tugboat(Paust.);

Already turned blue above distant turn rivers, above turning yellow sands, over steep coast, over silent on the other side forest (A.S);

And so to charm night fire, to bitter smell smoke, cod boughs, running across fire and fluffy white ashes the knowledge of tomorrow's weather also joins(paust.)

In the expression of homogeneity, contextual lexical indicators can also act as additional ones: repetitions, antonymic pairs, etc. At the same time, they can interact with conjunctions, correcting their meaning and expressing together with them meanings unusual for these unions. Yes, in the proposal But the merchant- when trades, and when and whistles into the fist(A. T.) lexical repetition of an adverb when combined with an adversative conjunction a expresses separation relations (cf.: Merchant then trades, then whistles into the fist).

Punctuation marks should not be counted among the means of expressing homogeneity: they serve to indicate the syntactic and semantic division of the text in writing and, therefore, convey, with a greater or lesser degree of conditionality, the main means of expressing homogeneity - intonation.

End of work -

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All topics in this section:

Explanatory note
In the "Syntax. Punctuation”, according to the State educational standard, the following topics should be studied: - the subject of syntax; - phrase;

Disciplines
Type of work Labor intensity, hours Total labor intensity Classroom work

The concept of syntax
The syntax section is the last, final section of the modern Russian language course. As you know, in the science of language, it is customary to distinguish five main language levels.

The subject of studying the syntax of the Russian language
There is no unequivocal answer to the question of what is the subject of the syntax of the Russian language. On this issue, four scientific directions are known in the science of the Russian language.

Syntactic means of the Russian language
The syntactic means of the Russian language, with the help of which sentences and phrases are built, are diverse. The main forms are sl

Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the rules for combining words in coherent speech; it is the science of the connection of words. The subject of syntax is the word in

The concept of a phrase as a nominative unit of language
The term "phrase" was understood and is understood by linguists in different ways. For some, it means any grammatical combination of meaningful words, including a sentence. Such a look

The composition of the phrase
The phrase is binomial. It distinguishes a grammatically dominant member and a grammatically dependent, subordinate member. So, in the phrase:

Syntactic relations between members of a phrase
Words in a phrase enter into not only grammatical relations with each other, but also into semantic relations. The relationship between the dominant and subordinate members of the phrase can be generally

Types of connection of words in a phrase
The dependence of a subordinate member on the dominant one is expressed in a phrase by formal means: - inflections; - official words; - position (position) of words from

Types of phrases depending on the morphological expression of the core word
Structural and semantic features of the phrase largely depend on what part of speech the dominant member is expressed. Therefore, the syntax considers the classification

verb phrases.
In verb phrases, the dominant member can be expressed by one or another verb form, namely: 1. infinitive form (read

Substantive phrases.
In substantive phrases, the dominant member is expressed by a noun or a substantiated word ( big house, bystander, n

adjectival phrases.
In adjectival phrases, the dominant member is represented by an adjective (pleased with success, red from sunburn, capable of music). hung up

Phrases with a numeral as the main word.
Phrases with numerals denote a certain or indefinite number of objects (seven friends, second from the left). different structural properties have t

Exercise 1 Write out all the phrases from the sentence: In terms of genre scientific style quite varied.

A phrase is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically. Simple

The concept of a proposal
The sentence is the basic unit of syntax. A sentence is the main means of expressing and communicating thoughts. Its main function in language is communicative

Predicativity
Predicativity is the relation of the statement contained in the sentence to reality, established and expressed by the speaker. Predicativity manifests itself and reveals

Message intonation
The intonation of the sentence has a closed structure: - beginning; - development; - completion. Without these elements of intonation, build a real sentence

Grammatical organization
Along with predicativity and intonation of the message as the main features, the sentence is characterized by grammatical organization. It manifests itself as in the presence of a connection of words (this

Current division of the offer
The actual (or communicative) division of a sentence, which has a different nature than the grammatical one, is carried out in the process of speech, in a certain situation of communication, taking into account the connection

Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement
Proposals for the purpose of the statement are divided into: - narrative; - interrogative; - incentives.

Narrative sentences.
A declarative sentence expresses a message. It can be: 1) description: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and carelessly (M. G.); To Quarantine

Incentive suggestions.
An incentive sentence expresses the will, the motivation to act. It is addressed to the interlocutor or a third party. The object of motivation may be several (or many

Interrogative sentences.
An interrogative sentence is used to express a question addressed to the interlocutor. With the help of a question, the speaker seeks to obtain new information about something, confirmation or denial of any

Types of sentences by emotional coloring
Emotional sentences are divided into: - exclamatory; - non-exclamatory Declarative, motivating and interrogative phrases

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Read the following texts with the correct intonation: Text 1 I opened my eyes. White and even light filled m

A sentence is the main means of expressing and communicating thoughts. Its main function in language is communicative, that is, the function of a message. Predicativity

Topic outline
1. The concept of a simple sentence. 2. Two-part sentences: - subject; - predicate. 3. One-part sentences: - verbal one-part sentences

The concept of a simple sentence
In Russian, a simple sentence is diverse in structure and semantics. Differences in the structure are associated with the structure of the predicative core, with the ratio of major and minor h

Two-part sentences
The main members, subject and predicate, are the predicative basis of a two-part sentence. First of all, the main categories of proposals are expressed in them.

Subject
In Russian, the subject is an absolutely independent main member of a two-part sentence. The grammatical indicators of subject independence are

Predicate
The grammatical dependence of the predicate on the subject lies in the fact that the predicate plays an active role in expressing the predicative connection of the main members of the sentence. Forms with

One-part sentences
One-part sentences are an independent structural-semantic type of a simple sentence, opposed to two-part sentences. Their specificity lies in the fact that

Verbal one-part sentences
Verbal one-part sentences are diverse in structure and in grammatical meanings. In the expression of the main elements of predicativity - modality, time, person - the decisive role belongs to

Definitely personal suggestions.
In one-part definite-personal sentences, an action (sign) is expressed, correlated with a certain agent (carrier of the sign), which, however, is not verbally indicated. Indication of concret

Indefinitely personal proposals.
In one-part indefinite-personal sentences, an independent action (attribute) is expressed. The agent (carrier of the sign) is not named, but is grammatically presented as indefinite. For example

Generalized personal proposals.
In one-part generalized personal sentences, an independent action (feature) is expressed. The agent is not verbally designated, but grammatically presented as a generalized one. Indication of reference to generalization

Impersonal offers.
In one-part impersonal sentences, an independent action is expressed regardless of the agent. The verb forms of the main member of the sentence do not indicate the agent and are not able to do this with

Substantive one-part sentences
Substantive one-part sentences are fundamentally verbless, i.e. not only do not contain either "physical" verb forms or zero forms, but also do not imply

Nominative proposals.
One-part nominative sentences express the existence of an object in the present tense. Both the existential meaning and the indication of the coincidence of being with the moment of speech are manifested in the main member, without

Genitive suggestions.
In terms of the main meanings of beingness and the present tense, expressed in the main member, genitive sentences are similar to nominative sentences. However, the genitive quantitative (quantitative) introduces into them d

Implicit Offers
The main structural types of a simple sentence - two-part and one-part - in the Russian language are opposed to the so-called indivisible sentences. For example:

Common Suggestions
The main structural types of a simple sentence: - two-part: The children woke up; The winter was snowy; The sun began to bake; Teaching children is no easy task; -

Definition
A definition is a minor member of a sentence that expresses general meaning feature, which is realized in diverse private values. The proposal includes

Circumstances
This type of secondary members of the sentence is very diverse and heterogeneous in meaning and form. The circumstantial secondary members of the sentence characterize the action or

Complete and incomplete sentences
The distinction between complete and incomplete sentences is very important for linguistic theory and educational practice. In theoretical terms, the concept of completeness / incompleteness is associated with the very essence of the proposal.

Proposals complicated by isolated members
The structure of a simple extended sentence containing one or another number of minor members can be further complicated by isolating one (or several) of

Separate definitions
Separation of definitions is a productive method of complicating the structure of a simple sentence. Thanks to isolation, the feature expressed by the definition is updated, and all

Separate circumstances
Separation of circumstances is determined, first of all, general conditions. However, private and additional terms. Taking into account various conditions can be identified

Comparative turns
The specificity of this type of isolated structures is manifested both in meaning and in design; the conditions for separating them are also special. Comparison, assimilation as specific

Constructions not included in the sentence structure
Along with sentences that conclude a message, motivation or question, constructions are used in speech that are not independent sentences and are not included in the structure of the preposition.

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Define the following structural oppositions in a number of sentences: - two-part - one-part sentences; - non-rasp

The subject and predicate are the predicative basis of a two-part sentence. First of all, the main categories of the sentence are expressed in them - modal

Topic outline
1. The concept of a complex sentence. 2. Allied complex sentences: - compound sentences; - complex sentences: - undivided complex sentences

The concept of a complex sentence

Allied compound sentences
The structure of allied complex sentences is determined by the number of predicative parts and their structure, and the grammatical form is represented by allied means: unions, allied (rel.

Compound sentences
A compound sentence (CSP) expresses the meaning of grammatical equivalence. The main indicator of this value, and at the same time a means of connecting parts

Connective offers.
In complex connecting sentences, the meaning of homogeneity is expressed in the enumeration of the same type of events, situations, which is formalized by connecting unions. Basics

Opposing proposals.
In compound opposing sentences, relations of opposites, incompatibility are expressed; their grammatical form is created by conjunctions a, but, yes, however, the same,

Connecting offers.
Compound connecting sentences combine the meaning of grammatical equivalence and addition: the first part is semantically complete, autonomous, and the second

Complex sentences.
As we have seen, the minimum composition of a compound sentence is determined by the content of the relations between its parts. Some relationships determine a closed structure (comparison, opposition

Complex sentences
A complex sentence (CSS) consists of two unequal predicative parts; this is its elementary structure: the dominant part is “the main sentence

Undivided complex sentences
In undivided complex sentences, subordinate clauses are conditional. They explain, characterize certain word forms in the main part

Pronominal-correlative compound sentences.
In pronominal-correlative sentences, the contact word - a demonstrative pronominal word - performs several functions at the same time. First, it organizes

Explanatory compound sentences.
The structure of explanatory complex sentences is determined by the valence of contact words, the need for their "distribution". Valence is formed not so much by g

Dissected complex sentences
The main structural feature of dissected complex sentences is the correlation of predicative parts (main and subordinate) as a whole; there is no link between them

Comparative adverbs.
Comparative clauses are attached to the main part of a complex sentence with the help of conjunctions while, meanwhile, if ... then, then how.

Conditional clauses.
Conditional clauses are attached to the main part of a complex sentence through conjunctions if (then), as well as stylistically colored if, if, times

Adventitious target.
Adverbial target denotes a goal, a motive that explains the content of the main part of a complex sentence. They join by means of alliances so that (mouth)

Adventitious concessions.
Concession relationships are complex. To explain them, they say that adnexa(concessive) complex sentence denotes the opposite condition

Connecting
This is a special kind of complex sentence that does not apply to either undivided or divided sentences. On the one hand, complex sentences with subordinate clauses

The term "complex sentence" should, strictly speaking, denote only a two-component difficult sentence, i.e., consisting of the main part and the subordinate. It's an element

Associative compound sentences
A non-union complex sentence is one of the two main structural types of a complex sentence in Russian, which is distinguished by a formal criterion. Bessoyuz

Non-union complex sentences of a complicated structure.
Compound sentences with an allied connection have a flexible structure. It can form both separate types of relations (enumeration, explanation, conditionality, etc.), as well as their various combinations. Etc

Polynomial compound sentences
The term "polynomial complex sentences" refers to a variety of constructions that have two common features: a) the number of predicative parts is more than two;

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Prove that these sentences are complex. Something began to seem to me, as if I had a dream at night, from which the rest

A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonational combination of predicative units that are grammatically similar to a simple sentence.

The concept of speech and text
Structural means of the language, its units are actually embodied in speech activity person. The syntax units we have considered are the phrase and the sentence

Distinctive features of the text
According to L.M. Maidanova, the definition of the concept of "text" includes three distinctive features of the text: - integrity;

ORT turned to face the kids
The first channel intended to come to grips with the "children's issue" last fall. It is difficult to say what exactly prevented colleagues. Most likely a crisis. And now it's autumn again, and now they have everything

Kinds and types of texts
In the linguistic literature, a typology of texts was carried out, which showed that, on the basis of common grounds, it is possible to classify all known texts. For example, by type

Build your house
... The village of Pronkino. It is noticeably younger. There are new good houses. The villagers build them themselves. The board of the Frunze collective farm allocates cash loans, helps with transport

American satellite missing in Mars orbit
We'll have to wait with Martian weather news. The world's first interplanetary meteorological satellite "Mars Claim Orbiter" was lost while approaching the "red planet". NA specialists

Miss student appeared in Orenburg
So the interuniversity beauty contest "Miss Student" was held. It was attended by girls from four universities: OSU, OGAU, OGMA, OGLA. In the hall of the house of culture "Russia" the atmosphere

Here are the texts for analysis.
Text task: Indicate the features of the description and narration in the given text. About half a century ago, in the holiday village of Kuokkala, he stood not far from

The text is a specific product, the result of speech activity. It is built according to abstract grammatical schemes, according to generalized rules, but concludes concrete

The main types of speech errors
Among the qualities of good speech are purity, expressiveness, richness, and its appropriateness. For a journalist, the qualities of purity and relevance will merge with correctness and clarity. In the real process

Wrong choice of words in the phrase and sentence
For a more accurate expression of our thoughts, the correct choice of words in the phrase and sentence plays an important role. For example: Most of the students in our group showed

Speech errors of a grammatical type associated with a violation of the agreement of the members of the sentence.
For example: Advice was given to teachers who asked for help. The time allocated for professional development of teachers was clearly not enough.

Wrong word order in a sentence
Speech errors can be associated with incorrect word order and sentence. For example: The spaceport warms the sun with warm rays. The phrase turned out to be two-shift. Not

Some features of word order in a simple sentence.
I. In Russian, sentences with a direct order of the main members are widespread, when the subject (or the group of the subject, that is, the subject with words dependent on it) stands

Word order in sentences with isolated and non-isolated common definitions.
I. Participial and an adjective with dependent words must come before or after the noun they refer to, and must not include it in their composition. Nap

Replacing subordinate clauses with participial and adverbial phrases.
I. The participial turnover is close in meaning to the attributive subordinate clause. For example: Happy is the traveler who finds himself in untouched lands

material
1. List the main types of speech errors. 2. Tell about speech errors related to the incorrect pronunciation and use of individual words and word forms. 3.

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Read, indicate the cases of inversion. 1. The season started with "The Singer from Palermo". Of course, I was the most worried (F.

Topic outline
1. The concept of punctuation. 2. Punctuation marks at the end of independent sentences and between parts of a complex sentence. 3. The use of a comma between homogeneous members of the sentence.

The concept of punctuation
Punctuation (Late Latin punctuatio, from Latin punctum - point) - this is a collection of rules for punctuation marks; - placement of punctuation marks in the text;

Punctuation marks at the end of independent sentences and between parts of a complex sentence
I. At the end of independent sentences (simple and complex), a period or a question mark or an exclamation point is put. A period is put if the sentence is narrative

The use of a comma between homogeneous members of a sentence
Homogeneous are members of a sentence that answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. For example:

Offers
In the absence of a linking verb in a compound nominal predicate, a dash is put: 1. if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the nominative case.

Words with homogeneous members
I. Between homogeneous members connected by repeating unions (and ... and, neither ... neither, yes ... yes, or ... or, either ... either, then ... then, not that .. .not that), a comma is put. For example

Separate members of the sentence
Separate members are called members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation. Separate are: a) definitions; b) applications;

Separation of definitions
1. Single and common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they refer to a personal pronoun. For example:

Offers
The clarifying members of the sentence are distinguished when pronouncing intonation, and in writing - with commas. 1. Most often, clarifying circumstances are isolated

Separation of add-ons
Separate additions with prepositions except, instead of, in addition to, except for, including, excluding, etc. For example: Who, besides the hunter, experienced how gratifying it would be

Comparative turns
Circumstances expressed by comparative phrases beginning with unions like, as if, exactly, as if, as if, what, what, than, etc., are separated by commas.

Introductory words and introductory sentences
Introductory words are words (or phrases) with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he reports. Most often as introductory words

Punctuation marks in a compound sentence
I. 1. Each of the sentences included in the compound is separated from the other by a comma. For example: Both friends kissed very tightly, and Manilov took his guest away

One subordinate clause
Subordinate clauses are connected to the main clause with the help of subordinating conjunctions or allied words. Unions, connecting the subordinate clause with the main one, are not, however, a member

Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of several types. 1. Complex sentences with sequential subordination

Punctuation marks with them
I. The use of commas and semicolons

When the speaker produces a text in the process of speech activity, there may be a need to convey someone else's speech, to include its content in the information. foreign speech -

Quotes are verbatim excerpts from texts, someone's statements. Quotes are a kind of direct speech. Both complete sentences and their parts can be quoted.

material
1. Define punctuation. 2. What are the main directions in the study of punctuation? Tell us about the features of each. 3. What is a punctogram? 4. When

The concept of punctuation
Exercise 1 A. Read, highlight phrases in each sentence, set the main and dependent words in them and indicate the way they are connected.

Offers
Exercise 3 Read, indicate among complex sentences compound, complex, non-union. Rewrite, emphasizing the grammatical basis of each simple sentence

Proposal members
Exercise 7 Read, indicate the homogeneous members of the sentence. What members of the sentence are they, how are they connected? Rewrite with missing punctuation

Punctuation marks in a simple sentence
Exercise 13 Rewrite, inserting missing letters, placing punctuation marks. Do parsing simple sentences, indicating: 1) the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (according to

The use of dashes between members of a sentence
Exercise 14 Rewrite, denoting the subject and predicate and putting dashes where necessary. 1. Don river is capricious (Paust.). 2.

Words with homogeneous members
Exercise 18 Read, highlight homogeneous members and indicate how they are connected. Rewrite, placing the missing punctuation marks, underline the unions connecting homogeneous members, mark

Punctuation marks for isolated members of a sentence
Exercise 23 Read. Point out the isolated members of the sentence and explain the punctuation with them. 1. The flame of our fire illuminates it [stone] from the side, facing

Separation of definitions
Exercise 24 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Explain punctuation for isolated definitions. I. 1. For the house

Separation of add-ons
Exercise 31 Read. Indicate the isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds or participles. Rewrite with missing punctuation marks

Comparative turns
Exercise 40 Read, indicate comparative turns. Rewrite, placing the missing punctuation marks, opening brackets. I. 1. Light

Punctuation marks in complex sentences
Exercise 49 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Make a syntactic analysis of complex sentences indicating: 1) the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (if the complex sentence

Offer
Exercise 50 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Make a syntactic analysis of compound sentences. I. I began to read and

Offer
Exercise 57 Read. Indicate subordinate clauses, note which union or allied word each of them is connected with the main one, what meaning it has. Rewrite, ra

Punctuation in them
Exercise 64 Read and establish semantic relationships between simple sentences that are part of a complex non-union. Rewrite with missing punctuation marks

Punctuation marks in direct speech and dialogue
Exercise 70 A. Rewrite, adding missing punctuation marks and replacing lowercase letters with uppercase letters where necessary. 1. He raised his head, looked

Quotes and punctuation marks attached to them
Exercise 72 Arrange these statements as quotations, accompanying them with the words of the author. The place where these words should be inserted is marked with ||. 1. Treat with words

Punctuation is a collection of punctuation rules; placement of punctuation marks in the text; the same as punctuation marks.

Criteria for assessing knowledge, skills and abilities of students
The final form of control of knowledge, skills and abilities in the discipline “Modern Russian: Syntax. Punctuation" is an exam. The exam is conducted orally, the student is

Fund of control tasks by discipline
"Modern Russian language: Syntax. Punctuation" (for students of the specialty "Journalism") Note: Fund control

Topic 1.3.1 Sentence as a basic syntactic unit
Task 24 Define a simple sentence: A) I opened my eyes. C) in a foggy sky

Topic 1.3.2 Simple sentence
Task 32 Define a one-part sentence: A) Dawn. c) Will I have to go back? C) Everything was snowy and silent behind the glass

Topic 1.3.3 Complex sentence
Task 62 Define a complex sentence: A) I began to imagine. C) That night it rained in the garden, and then a few

Topic 2.6 Punctuation
Task 88 Define an exclamatory sentence: A) Quicker, horses, quicker. C) We drove into the bushes. C) The road has become bumpier.

V Glossary
NORM (LANGUAGE), literary norm, - pronunciation rules adopted in the social and speech practice of educated people, grammatical and other language means, word rules

List of conditional abbreviations
Abr. - F. Abramov Azh. – V. Azhaev Aks. – S.T. Aksakov A.K.T. – A.K. Tolstoy Andr. – L. Andreev A.N.S. – A.N. So

Information about the researchers of the Russian language
AVANESOV Ruben Ivanovich [b. 1(14). 2.1902, Shusha ( Nagorno-Karabakh) Azerbaijan. SSR] - owls. linguist, corresponding member USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Graduated from Moscow State University (1925), prof. Moscow State University (since 1937), Doctor of Philology.

Compound sentence (CSP)

Complex sentence (CSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,

Associative complex sentence (BSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,

Polynomial complex sentence (MSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,

How was Gray rescued?
We are sometimes worthy of our honest and incorruptible dogs. This gray dog ​​irritated the souls of the regulars of the Nizhny Novgorod market. The dog whined plaintively, instead of the front paw - to

Healthy men sobbed like children
Fifteen minutes ago, there was an explosion deep underground. But at the entrance to the shopping center there is already a whole crowd of onlookers. They interfere with the work of firefighters and employees of the Emergency Medical Center. “What

Links Nomination chain
1. Means of interphrase communication 1. The structure of the nominative semantic type: kidneys: a) means of communication between concepts - a) bases

The concept of dialogue
(an excerpt from the book "Educational opportunities for communication in the activities of a journalist) It is especially important for a journalist to understand that the success of his

flightless flyers
On the warm days of Indian summer or a little later, but in good weather, you will certainly see wingless little flyers-travelers. A spider sits on a knot, releases a silver flexible

The train can't leave without you
It seems to me that we have known each other for a long time, although it has only been six years since I first saw

Complicated simple sentence

Chapter 1.1. General questions of the theory of complicated sentences. 2

§ 1.1.1. The concept of a complicated sentence. The complication is semantic and syntactic. 2

§ 1.1.2. The difference between a complicated sentence and an uncomplicated one. Signs of a complicated sentence. 3

§ 1.1.3. Types of complications. The complication is constructive and non-constructive. Additional predicativity and intra-row relations. four

Chapter 1.2. Additional predictability. Its varieties. 5

§ 1.2.1. The concept of additional predicativity. Main Varieties 5

§ 1.2.2. Semi-predicative. 6

§ 1.2.3. Additional verbal predicativity. 7

§ 1.2.4. Additional predicativity and sentence members. 7

Chapter 1.3. Internal relations. their main manifestations. eight

§ 1.3.1. A series as a syntactic construction. The concept of intra-row relations. eight

§ 1.3.2. Row types. Homogeneous members of the proposal. Series with heterogeneous members. eight

§ 1.3.3. Explanation and its varieties: the actual explanation, inclusion, clarification. 9

§ 1.3.4. Analogues of rows created by derivative prepositions with comparative-distinguishing relations. ten

Chapter 1.4. Allied constructions that complicate a simple sentence. eleven

§ 1.4.1. Constructions with parallel members (three-member union construction) and constructions without parallel members. eleven

§ 1.4.2. A construction with the union "as" in the meaning of "as". 12

§ 1.4.3. Constructions with comparative conjunctions. 12

§ 1.4.4. Construction without parallel members. Secondary allied bond 13

Chapter 1.5. communication complication. fourteen

§ 1.5.1. insert structures. Their relation to complication.. 14

§ 1.5.2. Appeal. fifteen

Literature . 16

Chapter 1.1. General questions of the theory of complicated sentences

§ 1.1.1. The concept of a complicated sentence. Complication semantic and syntactic

The term "complicated sentence" can be considered traditional. The traditional syntax usually describes different kinds complications, but not defined general concept complicated proposal. And this is completely natural: a complicated sentence could not be defined in general terms, since complication meant very different syntactic phenomena. Complicated sentences included such sentences in which there are relatively independent syntactic constructions and turns: isolated members of the sentence, clarifying members of the sentence, homogeneous members, comparative phrase, introductory words and other introductory components, insertions, appeals and some others. Punctuation played an important role in what was taken into account when classifying a sentence as complicated: if a simple sentence has punctuation marks, then it is complicated.

An important role in the development of the theory of complicated sentences was played by numerous works of prof. A.F. Priyatkina, on which we will rely in explaining this phenomenon. Full description complicated sentence is contained in study guide A.F. Priyatkina "Syntax of a Complicated Sentence". - M., 1990.

First of all, it is necessary to determine the relationship of a complicated sentence to syntactic units - to a simple or complex sentence. On the one hand, a complicated sentence can be a very complex formation, saturated constructively and semantically no less complex than a polypredicative formation. For example: He, the commissar, had to become on a par with Sarychev, if not by personal charm, not by past military merits, not by military talent, then by everything else: integrity, firmness, knowledge of the matter, and finally courage in battle(K. Simonov). The sentence is complicated by homogeneous members with the union "if not - so", non-union rows of homogeneous members and two explanations: "he, commissar" and an explanatory construction with a generalizing phrase "everything else". Another example:

On the other hand, despite the constructive and semantic complexity, a complicated sentence is a sentence with one predicative center (in our example, “it should have become flush”), the complication occurs within a simple, monopredicative sentence. Consequently, the question of the relation of this phenomenon to syntactic units is solved unambiguously: this sentence is simple, not complex, there is no grammatical polypredicativity, the main feature that distinguishes a complex sentence from a simple one, in a complicated sentence.

In order to define a complicated sentence as a special syntactic phenomenon, it is necessary to establish which syntactic aspect the concept of "complication" refers to, which syntactic aspect is meant. There is a semantic complication; semantic polypropositivity: a sentence is semantically complicated if it contains more than one proposition. Let's compare two examples: 1) Her new dress was noticed by everyone. - 2) Her embarrassment was noticed by all. In the first sentence, there is one proposition, enclosed in a predicative construction and a non-verbal distributor: “the dress was noticed by everyone” (“seen” - the predicate, “everyone” - the subject actant, “dress” - the object actant). There are two propositions in the second sentence: in addition to the one that is common with the first sentence (contained in the predicative construction), there is a second one, expressed by the predicate word "embarrassment" and the word form "her" spreading this word: "her embarrassment" - she was embarrassed. Thus, the second sentence is semantically complicated, but there is no formal-syntactic complication here; in the formal-syntactic respect, it is no different from the first sentence. Let's compare with the above proposals one more: Embarrassed, she fell silent. There are two propositions in this sentence (“she fell silent”, “embarrassed” - she was embarrassed), i.e. the sentence is semantically complicated, polypropitive, and in addition, there is a formal syntactic complication, which manifests itself in the syntactic relation of additional predicativity: participial turnover is in a two-way relationship - it refers not only to the predicate (“shut up” - why? - embarrassed, because she was embarrassed; the connection of the gerund with the verb-predicate is adjunction), but also to the subject, and this relationship is formalized by intonational emphasis. Another example: There were flowers and gifts on the table. There is no semantic complication in this sentence, the sentence contains one proposition contained in the predicative core: the predicate "lay", the subjective actant - "flowers" ("gifts"), the adverbial actant - on the table. In a formally syntactical sense, this sentence should be considered complicated: there are special syntactic relations here - coordinative, expressed by the coordinative union "and". Let's look at another example: I don't think you love her. The sentence has an introductory word, accentuated intonation. Traditionally, sentences with introductory words are considered complicated. Is it true? What is the introductory word used for? It expresses the modus meaning, which refers to the semantic aspect of the utterance, conveying the attitude of the speaker to the content of the utterance (in this case, authorization, the presentation by the speaker of the utterance as “their own”, is combined with persuasiveness, an expression of non-categoricalness). In the grammatical, formal-syntactic aspect, the introductory word "in my opinion" does not play any role.

Thus, the complication of a simple sentence is a syntactic, grammatical phenomenon, and as such it has its own distinctive features.

§ 1.1.2. The difference between a complicated sentence and an uncomplicated one. Signs of a complicated sentence

A simple sentence can be quite common, but not have signs of complication. For example: Two large lamps under glass shades burned brightly in the office. The predicative core of the sentence is “two light bulbs were on”, all other word forms are verbal distributors (“ brightly burned", " large light bulbs, light bulbs under lampshades », « glass lampshades") and the determinant "in the office", referring to the entire predicative core.

A.F. Priyatkina identifies the following features that distinguish a complicated sentence from an uncomplicated one:

1. In an uncomplicated sentence, there are only such syntactic positions that are expressed word forms: these are components of the predicative core, verbal distributors included in the sentence as components of a phrase (in the example given, such word forms are highlighted), as well as determinants that spread the sentence as a whole and express the connection with the sentence by the word form (in this example, the determinant "in the office").

A complicated sentence has special syntactic positions: the distributor is introduced into the sentence directly, and not through a phrase, or the position is duplicated, that is, the sentence contains two (or more) subjects, additions, etc. For example: In the office, crowded with books, two large bulbs burned brightly. The sentence has a component introduced into it directly, which occupies a special syntactic position of a semi-predicative member. Therefore, this proposal is complicated. Another example: In our city in winter especially in January, very often there is ice. The selected component creates a complicated sentence, since there is a duplication of the syntactic position of the circumstance (“in winter, especially in January”).

2. Uncomplicated and complicated sentences differ in syntactic relations. In an uncomplicated sentence, there are syntactic relations of two types: predicative (the relationship between the subject and the predicate) and subordinate (the relationship of the verbal distributor to the main word, the determinant to the sentence).

In a complicated sentence, syntactic relations of other types are necessarily present: coordinative, semi-predicative, explanatory, etc. In the last two examples, there are such relations: semi-predicative (“closely crowded ...” in relation to the noun) and explanatory (“in winter, especially in January”).

Simple sentence is a sentence that has one grammatical basis.

A simple sentence can be complicated by homogeneous members.

Homogeneous are two or more members that answer the same question, refer to the same member of the sentence and, therefore, perform the same syntactic role (they are the same members of the sentence: subject, predicate, definitions, additions, circumstances). Homogeneous members are equal in rights, do not depend on each other.

Homogeneous members are connected by a coordinating or non-union connection, they can be both common (to have dependent words with them) and non-common.
For example : Vinogradov was small in stature, and thin, and weak as a child.

In rare cases, they can be connected by subordinating unions (causal, concessive).
For example: The book is interesting, although complex.

Note:
Are not homogeneous members of the proposal:

• repetition of the same words:
  I'm going, I'm going in the open field; And the snow walked and walked ;
• phraseological units with repeated conjunctions:
  and day and night; both old and young; neither give nor take; neither fish nor fowl;
• combinations of verbs acting as a single predicate:
  I'll go and see what the children are doing; I'll take it and tell you everything;

Connection of homogeneous members

• Unionless (enumeration, intonation)
• Coordinating conjunctions
  • connecting: and, yes(=and), neither ... nor;
  • adversative: but, but, yes (= but), however, but, otherwise, not that, but not that, although, although not, however;
  • separating: or, either, whether ... whether, or ... or, then ... that, not that ... not that, either ... or ;
  • gradation: not only ... but also, how ... so and, although ... but, not so much ... how much, so much ... how much, not that ... but, not that ... but, if not ... then.
• Generalizing words
  Generalizing words with homogeneous members of the sentence denote concepts that are generic or common in relation to the elements of a number of homogeneous members. The generalizing word answers the same question and is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members.

Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members

1. Homogeneous members connected without unions (intonation) are separated by commas:
Swallows, larks, rooks, nightingales fly to warmer climes in autumn.

2. Comma with homogeneous members NOT put:

• if homogeneous members are connected by single unions And, OR, OR, YES(= AND):
  It was snowing and melted on warm earth. I have vacation in June or in July.
• if homogeneous members are connected by union YES AND:
  I'll take yes and I'll leave.
• in stable word combinations of words:
  They went through fire and water and copper pipes. Glory to the living and the fallen. The meeting was attended by both parents and children.
• in compounds of a homogeneous member with a pair of homogeneous members that form a close semantic unity or have a common dependent component:
  The courier delivered asters and carnations tied with ribbon and a note addressed to me.

3. A comma with homogeneous members is placed:

• if homogeneous members are connected by unions BUT, BUT, YES(= BUT), BUT, ALTHOUGH, BUT:
  Fairy tale is a lie Yes hint in it. Inexpensive, but useful gift.
• if homogeneous members are connected by gradational unions ( HOW ..., SO ... / NOT ONLY BUT... / NOT SO MUCH... AS MUCH... / ALTHOUGH... BUT...), then the comma is placed only once - before the second part of the union:
  In the end of January how in technical schools so sessions are held at universities.
  We are interested in Not only quantitative, but and qualitative indicators.
• e if homogeneous members are connected through repeated unions I...I, YES YES,THAT ... THAT, OR EITHER, OR OR:
  corals, and amethysts, and topazes come to life in skilled hands.
  Doctors or scold, or exalt to heaven.
  Note: A comma is placed before the first repeating union if a homogeneous series was started before it. In other cases, a comma is placed before the second, third, etc. union used in enumeration.
• if homogeneous members are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed only before paired groups:
  Take apples or pears, cookies or gingerbread from the store.

4. Generalizing words

• if the generalizing word is in front of homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after it:
  The cat was nowhere to be found: neither in the living room, nor in the basement, nor in the front garden..
• if the generalizing word is after homogeneous members, then a dash is placed before it:
  Neither in the living room, nor in the basement, nor in the front garden - there was no cat anywhere.
• if the generalizing word is in front of homogeneous members, and after the completion of the homogeneous series, the sentence continues, then a colon is placed after it, and after the completion of the homogeneous series, a dash:
  Nowhere: neither in the living room, nor in the basement, nor in the front garden - was there a cat.
• if a comma is needed after the completion of a homogeneous series, then a dash is not put : There was no cat anywhere: neither in the living room, nor in the basement, nor in the front garden, and I didn’t look in the attic.

Homogeneous members of a sentence

Homogeneous members are connected by a coordinating or non-union connection, they can be both common (to have dependent words with them) and non-common. They may have the same or different morphological expression:

Subject.

Flattery andcowardice- the worst vices(expressed by nouns);
Sometime in the summerbrothersandtwo guysfrom a neighboring yard inadvertently went deep into the forest and soon realized that they were lost(expressed by a noun and a combination of a numeral with a noun).

Predicate.

Homogeneous predicates are combinations of either simple verbs, or compound predicates, or predicates of a mixed type.
Linden tablewasrecentlyscraped outandwashed up;
Forestwas old, clean, without undergrowth;

Add-ons

have the form of one case: Hidefrom the rainandwindthere was nowhere;
expressed by the object infinitive: It was orderedshow upto the exam on time andreport backin front of the group.

Circumstances

They are united, as a rule, by the same value: time, place, reason, purpose, etc.:
His speech flowedhard, butfree.
It is sometimes possible to combine and dissimilar circumstances, subject to the generalization of the meaning of the combined words:
Somewhere, once upon a timeI heard these words;Whyandwhyi need to be there?

Definitions

They are considered homogeneous in the following cases:

1. they are used to list the varieties of objects, characterizing them on the one hand:
   Red, blue, green pencils are scattered on the table.
2. they list the signs of one object, evaluated positively or negatively, i.e., synonymous emotionally:
   It was a cold, snowy, boring time.
3. The following definition reveals the content of the previous one:
   New, unknown horizons opened before him.
4. the first definition is an adjective, the second is a participial turnover:
   On the table lay a small, illegibly signed envelope.
5. with reverse word order (inversion):
   There was a briefcase on the table - a large, leather one.

Homogeneous definitions refer to the word being defined, you can insert the union AND between them, they are pronounced with enumerative intonation