What is a homogeneous definition. Definition of the term "homogeneous definitions"

The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of the proposal are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from inhomogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

Primarily, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.

Each of homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting and exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and forms a single complex name together with the noun. And a definition more distant from the noun characterizes all this complex name as a whole: Good May day that is the definition good does not refer to the word day, and to the phrase May day.

Heterogeneity relationships are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definitions (big glass vase, new leather bag), at the same time, the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of the complex name, and the qualitative one characterizes all this complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; each interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbling autumn leaves; faded gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: large stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions mean different signs subject: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions semantically different. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the features of different objects; 2) definitions that name the features of the same object. ( Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one object, but with different sides: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects are designated that differ in any one respect: in color, purpose, material, geographic location etc.

For example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly flamed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly obligatory and easily recognizable. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the union c.)

2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions, which characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:

a) definitions-synonyms (the homogeneity of which is obligatory, since they express one feature, i.e. characterize the subject from one side): sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

b) definitions that denote signs different, but often and naturally accompanying each other (between such definitions, you can insert a causal union because, because): dark, low clouds; nocturnal, desert city;

3) definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is single, and the second is participial turnover (a single definition precedes the common one): walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga(but: walked through the quiet taiga illuminated by stars).

4) definitions-epithets (emotional, artistic definitions). Such definitions are found mainly in the descriptive contexts of works of art, where, with the help of homogeneous definitions every single detail of the description is underlined. Uniformity such definitions may be mandatory or optional. Homogeneity does not receive a distinct design and depends on the entire statement. Such definitions are combined by some common feature. The basis for this association may be the similarity of the impression produced: The letter is written in large, uneven, thin handwriting. (A. Kuprin); Short, velvety grass grows green near the spring. (I. Turgenev); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fyodorovna went into their dark, stuffy, boring rooms. (A. Chekhov); In the gray sky there were wadded, dry clouds (K. Paustovsky).

Without definitions explaining the property and quality of an object, human speech would be "dry" and uninteresting. Everything that has a sign is conveyed in sentences with the help of definitions. It is the description of objects that creates our knowledge about it and our attitude towards it: a delicious fruit, a bitter experience, a beautiful person, a white and fluffy rabbit, etc. Such explanations characterizing objects help to understand them better.

The concept of homogeneous members

For greater disclosure of the content of a sentence or to strengthen any part of it, homogeneous members of sentences are often used. They answer the same question and explain or refer to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous Members absolutely independent and are connected in a sentence either by enumerative intonation or by coordinating conjunctions. Rarely, they can be connected by subordinating unions that convey the meaning of concession or the reasons for what is happening.

For example:

All members of the sentence, both secondary and main, can be homogeneous equally. Difficulties in punctuation often raise doubts about their uniformity. To know when commas are needed and when not, you need to understand what distinguishes between homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions.

Definitions heterogeneous and homogeneous

Homogeneous are definitions that refer to one member of the sentence or that characterize it, and answer one question. Commas are placed between homogeneous definitions, as they describe an object from any side or list its varieties, for example:

Heterogeneous definitions give a description of the subject from different angles, characterizing it according to its various qualities.

This is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Examples have shown that homogeneous are divided according to the characteristics and conditions that they characterize. They also have an enumerative intonation.

Heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions can be divided according to the way of expressing signs and according to the place in the sentence.

Non-homogeneous include:

• Definitions that characterize or reveal the properties of an object from different angles. At the same time, its various qualities can be listed - shape, color, width, height, material, etc. For example: a long black scarf was wrapped several times around the neck (definitions indicate the length and color of the object).
• Definitions consisting of a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example: a girl took off a red woolen mitten from her hand and stroked the kitten (“red” is a qualitative adjective characterizing the color, “woolen” is a relative one, indicating the material).
• Definitions represented by qualitative adjectives included in different semantic groups. For example: his cheerful green eyes squinted (two quality adjectives characterize the word being defined from different angles).

Another feature that distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (examples clearly demonstrate this) is the absence of a listing intonation when they reveal their various properties in objects.

Main signs of homogeneity

In order to determine what type definitions in a sentence belong to, one should know what particular features of an object they can characterize. In the section "Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions" (grade 8), the main features indicating homogeneity are given:

They also distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions of punctuation marks in a sentence. With homogeneous secondary terms, they are always put.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

It is important to correctly determine whether or not to put punctuation marks when the sentence has homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Lesson (grade 8) on this topic gives the following examples of comma placement:

Commas are not put if homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are separated by a coordinating union and. For example: red and yellow balls (uniform definitions); the house was large and stone (heterogeneous definitions).

Additional signs of homogeneity and heterogeneity

In addition to the main ones, there are additional signs indicating that the definitions are homogeneous. This is characteristic either of poetic forms bound by the requirements of rhyme or terminology. In such speech constructions, definitions, even after the object they define, may be undefinable. For example:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (the exercises confirm this) can move from one quality to another. For example, when one definition stands in front of another, which makes up a single phrase with the subject: a long train.

A special kind of definitions

A special variety includes definitions that connect explanatory relationships. In this case, it is easy to determine where homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions are. The test for their difference lies in the substitution of conjunctions "namely" and "that is".

• A completely different, interesting time has come (another, namely interesting).
• The play received a new, original sound (new, that is, original).

A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions connected by explanatory conditions.

Note

As the rules show, they may have exceptions or notes, which confirms the study of the topic “homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions”. A lesson in grade 11 introduces students to a note on this topic. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions tend to change the meaning of the sentence, for example:

• New, yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the former ones were not yellow).
• New yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the number of yellow taxis increased).

In the first example, the emphasis is on the fact that taxis in the city have become yellow. In the second, new cars appeared among the yellow taxis.

double punctuation

Depending on what intonation the speaker uses, in some phrases the definition following the first one may become not homogeneous, but explanatory. For example:

• New proven methods led to the result (before these methods did not exist).
• New, proven methods resulted (previous methods were not proven).

In the second example, you can substitute the unions "that is" and "namely", so a comma is placed and the intonation changes.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Agreed definitions relating to one defined word can be both homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions each directly related to the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Between themselves, homogeneous definitions are connected by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only intonation of enumeration and connecting pauses.

Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases:

a) to indicate the distinguishing features of different objects (varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue panels of light fall on passers-by, slide along facades (Cat.));

b) to designate various, logically one-dimensional, signs of the same object (the signs of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on the one hand, for example: Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furm.)).

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but at the same time, the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (the unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the features, appearance etc.), for example: Napoleon made an inquiring gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L.T.).

In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the sign they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, feather grass steppes completely change and get their own special, original, incomparable look (Aks.).

Between homogeneous definitions, since they form a coordinative series and are in a logically and semantically identical relationship to the word being defined, one can usually insert a coordinating union: cheerful and open smile, open and charming smile etc. (Heterogeneous definitions do not allow this: one cannot say: climbed the creaky and wooden stairs, put on a new and red dress.)

Usually, the adjective and the participial phrase following it (or just participle) act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was somehow sad in this small garden, already touched in late autumn (Hump.); clean, ironed shirt; grey, dull day.

Definitions are heterogeneous, if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined, for example: The sun disappeared behind an advanced low broken cloud (L.T.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, in different ways, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an oblong pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. But, if it is possible to bring such signs under a common generic concept, the definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Along the mossy, swampy banks, huts blackened here and there (P.) (the unifying feature is marshy).

Definitions expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives are heterogeneous, since they are not in the same relation to the noun: the relative adjective extends the noun, and the qualitative one joins the phrase (relative adjective + noun) as a whole name: sunny autumn day.

Also, the definitions expressed are not homogeneous:

1) pronoun and adjective: your new hat, this wooden casket;

2) ordinal number and adjective: second stone house;

3) participle and adjective (in that order): purely washed wooden floor, tanned cheerful face.

The clarifying definitions are not homogeneous either (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limits the feature expressed by it), for example: Only a narrow, three hundred fathoms, strip of fertile land is the property of the Cossacks (L. T.)

Homogeneous definitions?

lady nee

The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of a sentence are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from heterogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

First of all, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.

Each of the homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting, exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and forms a single complex name together with the noun. And a definition more distant from the noun characterizes all this complex name as a whole: Good May day, that is, the definition good does not refer to the word day, but to the phrase May day.

Heterogeneity relations are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definitions (a large glass vase, a new leather bag), while the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of the complex name, and the qualitative one characterizes all this complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; every interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: the first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbling autumn leaves; faded gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: big stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions denote different attributes of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions are semantically diverse. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the features of different objects; 2) definitions that name the features of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one subject, but from different angles: There were old hanging wall clocks in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects that differ in any one respect are indicated: by color, purpose, material, geographical location, etc.

For example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly flamed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly obligatory and easily recognizable. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the union c.)

2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions that characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:

A) definitions-synonyms (the uniformity of which is obligatory, since they express one feature, i.e., characterize an object from one side): a sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

B) definitions that designate signs are different, but often and naturally accompanying each other (between such definitions, you can insert a causal union because, because): dark, low clouds; nocturnal, desert city;

3) definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is a single, and the second is a participial turnover (a single definition precedes the common one): they walked along a quiet taiga illuminated by stars (but: they walked along a quiet taiga illuminated by stars).

Tell me what is heterogeneous definitions?

kitty

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, indicate different features of an object, for example, its size, shape, color, material, location, etc. For example: that the forest was cut down in winter (V. Soloukhin). 2) Bestuzhev removed a green knitted (color and material) glove from her hand and kissed her cold fingers (K. Paustovsky). 3) A thick rough (size and purpose) notebook, in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches, was placed at the bottom of the suitcase (V. Kaverin). 4) Around noon, a lot of round high (shape and location) clouds usually appear ... (I. Turgenev).
As a rule, definitions expressed by a combination of a qualitative and relative adjective are heterogeneous.

mire kim

Designate the defined words, underline homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. For a long time, no attention was paid to the Dymkovo painted clay toy. Interest, and then real world recognition, came to her in our days. Indeed, today there is an acute shortage of good.


For a long time, no attention was paid to the Dymkovo painted clay toy. Interest, and then real world recognition, came to her in our days. Indeed, today there is an acute shortage of good.
Dymkovka is a children's joyful optimistic view of the world. Here are caring serious nannies with children; graceful playful water carriers; funny colorful rams with golden horns; harmless nobles - arrogant and funny. These are happy young people riding a boat; funny moving buffoons on horseback; shy young ladies with umbrellas. And how amusing in his arrogant majestic pose is the rider on the spotted horse!
famous Dymkovo toy semitones and imperceptible transitions are alien. These are catchy optimistic toys burning with colored spots.

Incorrect punctuation is one of the common mistakes allowed in writing. The most complex punctuation rules usually include the placement of commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear idea of ​​their features and differences helps to make the record correct and well readable.

What is a definition?

This is a minor member of the sentence, denoting a sign, property or quality of the object denoted by the noun. Most often expressed as an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "what?" "whose?". However, there are cases of using a noun as a definition ( plaid dress), an infinitive verb ( dream of being able to fly), an adjective in the simple comparative degree ( an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

Definition this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of a simple (or predicative part of a compound) sentence. Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Therefore, they will respond to general question and perform the same syntactic function in the sentence. Homogeneous members are interconnected by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that it is usually possible to rearrange them as part of a syntactic construction.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet blossomed proudly towered above their fellow flowers.". Homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize an object on the same basis. Or another example: Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city, languishing from the heat.". In this sentence, one feature is logically related to another.

Related videos

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinguishing features

This question is often difficult. To understand the material, let us consider in more detail what features each group of definitions has.

These are the main features, the knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means correct punctuation.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always homogeneous

1. The adjectives standing next to each other characterize the object according to one attribute: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " In the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, French culture in advance».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature in different ways. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news.».
3. Definitions after a noun, with the exception of terms such as overhead clamshell crane. For example, in A. Pushkin's poem we find: “ On the winter road, a boring trio of greyhounds runs". In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, with each definition logically distinguished.
4. Homogeneous members of the sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the sign in ascending order. " The sisters, seized with a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions.».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " Entered the room cheerfully tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile».

The combination of a single adjective and participial turnover

We must also dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Homogeneous almost always are definitions corresponding to the scheme "single adjective + participle turnover". For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen.". However, if the participial turnover is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the whole combination, the rule “punctuation marks with homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly descended on the damp earth.».

One more point must be taken into account. Consider this example: In the midst of the thick, spreading fir-trees darkened at dusk, one could hardly see a narrow path leading to the lake.". This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions, expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word "thick". Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, it is distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases where a comma is optional but preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying, causal features. For example, " at night,(can be inserted BECAUSE) the deserted streets were clearly visible long shadows from trees and lanterns". Another example: " Suddenly, the old man heard deafening,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at Luzhin's large, pale face, she... was filled with... pity."(V. Nabokov). Or A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has come».
3. When using adjectives in a figurative sense (close to epithets): " large, fish eyes Timothy were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Similar homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are excellent remedy expression in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional Cases

Sometimes in speech one can meet sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood on this site, but now new, high ones flaunted.". As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions related to the same noun, but having the opposite meaning.

Another case concerns definitions linked by explanatory relations. " Quite different, alien to the boy sounds were heard from open window ". In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is”, will be appropriate.

Punctuation rules

It all depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are placed at unionless connection. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door.". In the presence of coordinating unions ("as a rule", "and") punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them.". Therefore, these sentences are subject to the punctuation rules applicable to all syntactic constructions with identical members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. The exception is sentences with combinations that allow a double interpretation. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods.". AT this case it all depends on the meaning of the sacrament. A comma is placed if "namely" can be inserted before the word "verified".

Conclusion

An analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on the knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.

Without definitions explaining the property and quality of an object, human speech would be "dry" and uninteresting. Everything that has a sign is conveyed in sentences with the help of definitions. It is the description of objects that creates our knowledge about it and our attitude towards it: a delicious fruit, a bitter experience, a beautiful person, a white and fluffy rabbit, etc. Such explanations characterizing objects help to understand them better.

The concept of homogeneous members

For greater disclosure of the content of a sentence or to strengthen any part of it, sentences are often used. They answer the same question and explain or refer to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are absolutely independent and are connected in a sentence either by enumerative intonation, or rarely they can be connected by concessions conveying meaning or reasons for what is happening.

For example:

All members of the sentence, both secondary and main, can be homogeneous equally. Difficulties in punctuation often raise doubts about their uniformity. To know when commas are needed and when not, you need to understand what distinguishes between homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions.

Definitions heterogeneous and homogeneous

Homogeneous are definitions that refer to one member of the sentence or that characterize it, and answer one question. Commas are placed between homogeneous definitions, as they describe an object from any side or list its varieties, for example:

Heterogeneous definitions give a description of the subject from different angles, characterizing it according to its various qualities.

This is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Examples have shown that homogeneous are divided according to the characteristics and conditions that they characterize. They also have an enumerative intonation.

Heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions can be divided according to the way of expressing signs and according to the place in the sentence.

Non-homogeneous include:

• Definitions that characterize or reveal the properties of an object from different angles. At the same time, its various qualities can be listed - shape, color, width, height, material, etc. For example: a long black scarf was wrapped around the neck several times (definitions indicate the length and color of the object).
• Definitions consisting of a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example: a girl took off a red woolen mitten from her hand and stroked the kitten (“red” is a qualitative adjective characterizing the color, “woolen” is a relative one, indicating the material).
• Definitions represented by qualitative adjectives included in different semantic groups. For example: his cheerful green eyes squinted (two quality adjectives characterize the word being defined from different angles).

Another feature that distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (examples clearly demonstrate this) is the absence of a listing intonation when they reveal their various properties in objects.

Main signs of homogeneity

In order to determine what type definitions in a sentence belong to, one should know what particular features of an object they can characterize. In the section "Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions" (grade 8), the main features indicating homogeneity are given:

• enumeration of qualities various items: aspens were decorated with yellow, purple and red foliage, birches - golden (definitions characterize foliage of different colors);

  

• disclosure of the signs of an object, on the one hand, or a state: a warm, quiet, unhurried rain rustled through the foliage (homogeneous definitions convey the state of rain);
• each following definition reveals or complements the meaning of the previous one: every September the forest is briefly transformed, acquiring a special, bright, unique look(the following definition reveals the meaning of the previous one);
• between definitions, you can substitute the union and: on the table lay pencil, ink sketches (pencil and ink sketches);
• when they convey different attributes of an object, united in a common context by a single property: inflamed red eyes (red due to inflammation);
• when they stand after the defined word: we immediately looked after ourselves a fluffy, tall, slender Christmas tree (the defined word “tree”, after which there are definitions describing it);
• when this minor member of the sentence is an adjective and a fragrant, toasted loaf was taken out of the oven following him.

They also distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions of punctuation marks in a sentence. With homogeneous secondary terms, they are always put.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

It is important to correctly determine whether or not to put punctuation marks when the sentence has homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Lesson (grade 8) on this topic gives the following examples of comma placement:

• When homogeneous definitions are expressed by a single adjective followed by participle turnover, then a comma is placed between them: the son handed his mother a large bouquet of wildflowers he had collected.

  

• When they list the attributes of various objects, for example: red, yellow, orange, blue flowers, painted by children on a gray fence, made it festive.
• When listed different properties one object, indicating one of its properties: cold, hard ice cream balls were of different colors.
• When all homogeneous definitions refer to one word and a union can be put between them and: he answered with an honest, calm look (an honest and calm look).
• When they are located directly after the word being defined: he saw a graceful, fragile, tender girl.
• When they list the synonymous properties of an object in a single context: a stormy, roaring, deafening storm broke out.
• When there are signs due to mutual dependence: heavy, prolonged downpour (lingering due to being heavy).

Commas are not put if homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are separated by a coordinating union and. For example: red and yellow balls (uniform definitions); the house was large and stone (heterogeneous definitions).

Additional signs of homogeneity and heterogeneity

In addition to the main ones, there are additional signs indicating that the definitions are homogeneous. either poetic forms bound by the requirements of rhyme or terminology. In such speech constructions, definitions, even after the object they define, may be undefinable. For example:




Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (the exercises confirm this) can move from one quality to another. For example, when one definition stands in front of another, which makes up a single phrase with the subject: a long train.

A special kind of definitions

A special variety includes definitions that connect explanatory relationships. In this case, it is easy to determine where homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions are. The test for their difference lies in the substitution of conjunctions "namely" and "that is".

• A completely different, interesting time has come (another, namely interesting).
• The play received a new, original sound (new, that is, original).



A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions connected by explanatory conditions.

Note

As the rules show, they may have exceptions or notes, which confirms the study of the topic “homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions”. A lesson in grade 11 introduces students to a note on this topic. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions tend to change the meaning of the sentence, for example:

• New, yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the former ones were not yellow).
• New yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the number of yellow taxis increased).



In the first example, the emphasis is on the fact that taxis in the city have become yellow. In the second, new cars appeared among the yellow taxis.

double punctuation

Depending on what intonation the speaker uses, in some phrases the definition following the first one may become not homogeneous, but explanatory. For example:

• New proven methods led to the result (before these methods did not exist).
• New, proven methods resulted (previous methods were not proven).

In the second example, you can substitute the unions "that is" and "namely", so a comma is placed and the intonation changes.

In Russian between heterogeneous definitions comma not
placed between homogeneous definitions a comma is placed.
Several agreed definitions that are not related to each other
unions can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions are directly related to the defined (main)
in a word, while they are in relation to each other
enumerations (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and between
they can put the union and):
Here's an example:
Red, yellow tulips. Yellow tulips. Red tulips. Red
and yellow tulips.

Heterogeneous definitions not pronounced with enumeration
intonation, it is usually impossible to put a union between them and.
Heterogeneous definitions are otherwise related to the defined (main)
word. One of the definitions (the closest one) is directly related to
defined by the word, while the second is already associated with
a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:
Here's an example:
Short passenger train.
In this sentence, the composition closest to the main word is associated with
its definition is short.
The definition of short is associated with the whole phrase - passenger
composition (Passenger composition is short).

Definitions are homogeneous if:

designate features different items;
Here's an example:
Blue, white balls - blue and white balls; the balls were blue; the balls were
white.

designate various signs one object, characterizing it with
one side;
Here's an example:
Wooden, burnt barn - wooden and burnt barn; barn was
wooden; the barn was burned down.

Characterize the subject from different angles, but in this context
are united by some common feature;
Here's an example:
Sunny, beautiful day - “Sunny, and therefore beautiful”;
cloudy, dreary days - "cloudy, and therefore dreary."

In context, synonyms are created between definitions.
relations;
Here's an example:
sharp, cutting pain in the leg - in this context, the forms are acute and
cutting act as synonyms, that is, as words that are close in
value.

They are artistic definitions - epithets;
Here's an example:
Oval cat eyes.

They form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens
the sign they express;
Here's an example:
joyful, festive, radiant mood.

A single definition is followed by a definition expressed by the participial
turnover, that is, participle with a dependent word;
Here's an example:
Grey, neatly combed hair.

Stand after the word being defined;
Here's an example:
Hair gray, combed.

The second definition clarifies the first - between the definitions you can put the union that is or namely.
Here's an example:
Normal, peaceful coexistence of states is normal, that is, peaceful coexistence of states.

Definitions are heterogeneous if they:

They characterize an object from different angles, in different respects, that is, they express signs related to different generic (general) concepts:
Here's an example:
small wooden shed- size and material
the wooden shed was small;
gray oval clouds - "color and shape",
the oval clouds were grey;
pot-bellied walnut bureau - "form and material",
the walnut bureau was pot-bellied;

Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed:

Pronoun and adjective;
His new car.

Qualitative and relative adjectives;
Small wooden shed.

Relative adjective and single participle;
A neglected orchard.