Lexical norms of the Russian language examples. Lexical compatibility

1. The concept of lexical norms ah, their aspects.

2. Lexical norms in terms of accuracy. Speech violations of lexical norms in terms of accuracy.

3. Lexical norms in terms of expressiveness.

4. Lexical norms from the point of view of language development.

1. The concept of lexical norms, their aspects.

Lexical norms- these are norms that regulate the rules for the use and combination of words in speech. The use of a word in speech is always determined by the features of its lexical meaning - content, which reflects our knowledge and understanding of an object, phenomenon, property or process.

When using a word in speech, we must ensure that, firstly, its lexical meaning is realized appropriately and correctly, and secondly, that the word correctly expresses our attitude, that is, it is expressive. In accordance with this, lexical norms have two aspects: precision and expressiveness.

2. Lexical norms in terms of accuracy. Speech violations of lexical norms in terms of accuracy.

Accuracy- the quality of speech, which lies in the correspondence of the semantic side of speech to reality, in the ability to find the right words to express one's thoughts.

The use of a word in speech is always determined, first of all, by the peculiarities of its lexical meaning, and also depends on the context - its environment.

Lexical norms that regulate the aspect of accuracy prescribe to avoid speech errors - violations of lexical norms. Let us briefly consider what these main speech flaws are.

1. Violation of lexical compatibility of words. Lexical compatibility of words is the ability of words to connect with each other. If you do not take into account the lexical meaning of words, as well as the tradition of combining words in a phrase, there is lexical incompatibility. For example, there are words whose compatibility in Russian is phraseologically related: stale bread, a callous person, but not stale torus t or callous friend. We can say deep night or deep old age but we can't talk deep day or deep youth. In some other cases, we are inattentive to the lexical meaning of the words that we combine into a phrase. For instance, conversation read(this is an oral genre!), a conversation can be held, and a book or lecture can be read.

In this way , we examined lexical norms - the rules for using words in accordance with their meaning and expressive characteristics, got acquainted with the phenomena that accompany the development of our language.

Words in speech are not used in isolation, one at a time, but in combinations. Not all of them freely connect with each other. Lexical compatibility of words is their ability to connect with a certain range of other words. Sometimes, due to the complexity of such a choice, speech is allowed

In a sentence, words are related to each other both in meaning and grammatically. In the latter case, such a connection provides a grammatical one. Semantic connections ensure the correctness of the statement in terms of content. The words used in speech should be consistent with others. This is expressed in two types of compatibility - lexical and semantic.

Lexical compatibility refers to the ability of words to enter into combinations with only a limited number (or units) of words.

Semantic is expressed in the ability of words to correlate with a whole class of other words that unites common sense. For example, a group of verbs that describe the state of a person (think, laugh, etc.) can be combined with all words that designate people (doctor, passerby).

In a number of cases, when it is not about specific things, but about their relations (abstract, abstract vocabulary), then lexical compatibility is conditional. For example, you can "give advice", "inspect", "resist", etc. All these verbs play the same role, they are easy to replace with synonyms (“advise”, “examine”, “resist”), but it is almost impossible to confuse them. A Russian-speaking person will never say, for example, "produce advice."

Some variants of incorrect compatibility are massive (very often different people they are used in speech with the same errors): “the meeting has been convened” (need: “the meeting took place”), “develop one’s horizons” (need: “broaden one’s horizons”). This is due to the fact that in one situation different set phrases can be used, and often the replacement of components leads to a semantic inaccuracy. The traditional phrase "Let me raise a toast!" is also incorrect. You can either "raise a glass" or "make a toast."

Also typical mistake, in which lexical compatibility is violated, is the phrase “the level of service has improved”. The level can go up, but the quality can go up.

The rules for using words and phrases in exact accordance with their meanings are called lexical norms Russian literary language.

Violation lexical norms leads to ambiguity and serious speech errors.

Compliance lexical norms The Russian language implies the ability of the speaker to choose the right word from a number of close or even identical in content, i.e., synonymous words, as well as the ability to distinguish between paronymic words.

Paronyms- these are words that are similar in sound, in terms of lexical and grammatical affiliation, as well as in terms of the unity of the root morpheme, but different in meaning: ignorant - ignorant, hateful - hateful, draw - draw.

Paronyms form binary (pair) combinations, among which stand out:

full (absolute) paronyms - words of the same logical-grammatical series, denoting various concepts: earthy - earthly, contentment - contentment;

incomplete paronyms - single-root words with incomplete delimitation of meanings: dramatic - dramatic, tragic - tragic, fantastic - fantastic;

partial paronyms (quasi-paronyms - "imaginary" paronyms) - single-root words belonging to the same part of speech, but characterized by sharp differences in the meanings of suffixes: frontal - frontal, granular - grain.

One-root paronyms- the phenomenon in the language is not accidental. They arise as a result of word-formation processes. Because of this, they have a similarity not only in sound, but also in meaning.

One-root paronyms may differ:

1) meaning or shade of meaning: subscription(right use of something. within a certain period) subscriber(subscriber) weekday(not holiday, working) - everyday(not festive, working, intended for everyday life, everyday, ordinary);

2) lexical compatibility: pay(pension, salary, fee, debt) - pay(expenses, losses, travel);

3) syntactic compatibility: pay(travel, telephone conversations) - pay(for travel, for telephone calls);

4) lexical-syntactic compatibility: put on(coat) - dress(child);

5) stylistic coloring: boyish(special) - boyish(colloquial).

In progress historical development paronyms can come closer, more often in separate meanings of the word; For example, business and businesslike synonymized in meaning (expressing busyness, preoccupation with affairs).

Relationship of paronyms to homonyms, synonyms, antonyms

When studying paronyms, the question naturally arises about their relationship to other lexical categories - homonyms, synonyms and antonyms. So, some scientists consider paronymy as a kind of homonymy, and paronyms, therefore, as "pseudo-homonyms", indicating their formal proximity.

Paronyms differ from homonyms in the following ways.

Firstly, paronyms have different spellings ; For example: dictation - dictation(paronyms), dacha1- a portion given in one dose, dacha2 country house, usually summer holiday, dacha3- a piece of land under a forest (homonyms).

Secondly, paronymous words never have a complete match in pronunciation ; for example: paronymous spitz - spire and homonymous hairpin1- a device for pinning hair, hairpin2- thin heel.

In addition, the semantic proximity of paronyms is explained etymologically: initially they had a common root. And the similarity of homonymous words is purely external, random (with the exception of those cases when homonymy develops as a result of the disintegration of the meanings of a polysemantic word).

Mixing different words, close in pronunciation, is observed, as a rule, in speech, since in the language system most of similar words are quite clearly demarcated from each other, although in some cases similarly sonorous words with the same root turn out to be very close to each other and the difficulties of their differentiation are not always easily overcome.

For instance: lyrical - lyrical, comical - comical, raspberry - raspberry modern researchers call incomplete paronyms.

The words of this type approach similar-root synonyms, although they also have obvious distinctive features:

A) paronymous refer either only to native Russian words ( vagrant - vagrant, remains - remains, pay - pay, litters - marks), or only to borrowed ones ( subscriber-subscription, being - entity, fact - factor). And in a synonymous series, both can be combined; For example: yoke - yoke, slavery, bondage, where the first two are original Russians, the third is Old Slavonic borrowing, the fourth is Turkic.

B) synonyms, denoting the same or a close concept, are often semantically extremely close, while paronyms always denote completely different concepts and differ from each other by clear semantic differentiation.

When distinguishing between paronyms and synonyms, it should be borne in mind that the difference in the meanings of paronyms is usually so significant that it is impossible to replace one of them with another. Mixing paronyms leads to gross lexical errors: "Mother put on (should put on) a coat on the child"; "Travelers were sitting in the lobby of the hotel" (need to be seconded).

Synonyms are often used interchangeably. With all the originality of semantic structures, they provide the author with the right to a wide choice of the most suitable word in terms of meaning, not excluding options for synonymous replacement. At the same time, cases of the transition of paronyms into synonyms are known.

So, relatively recently the word put up with mattered "to become humble, submissive, humble", its use in the meaning "to reconcile" was considered unacceptable. However, in colloquial speech, this word has increasingly come to mean - "accustomed to, reconcile with something": to put up with poverty, put up with disadvantages. Modern explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language mark this meaning as the main one.

Thus, former paronyms, as a result of their confusion in speech, can get closer and eventually turn into synonyms. However, it should be borne in mind that the interchangeability of recent paronyms is permissible only if the new meaning that has developed in them is fixed in the language.

The semantic difference of paronyms does not, as a rule, extend to the extreme opposite, i.e. paronyms do not enter into antonymic relations. They can only be contrasted in context: "Duty, not position"; "Service, Not Service"(newspaper headlines). However, such opposition of paronyms is not reflected in their systemic connections in the vocabulary and is of an occasional nature.

The use of paronyms in speech

Paronyms require special attention, since their mixing is unacceptable in speech.

The inaccuracy of the use of paronyms is the result of various reasons.

In one case, their confusion arises as a result of the convergence of the realities denoted by these words of the type: bottom-bottom, needle - needle - needle, chara - cup, bowl - cup.

It is characteristic that in almost all such words the sound similarity is insignificant, and their erroneous mixing is possible.

In another case, the reason for the incorrect use of words is the commonality of the scope of the concepts, objects, processes, actions, qualities they call, or the similarity of the emerging associative links: gross - net, lancet - tweezers, pilot - boatswain, cooking - jam, shaped - molding, baroque - rococo.

Sometimes the inaccuracy of the use of paronyms is a consequence of the possibility of their synonymous connection and the proximity or identity of the boundaries of lexical compatibility: anecdotal(anecdotal) hike, apathetic (apathetic) state. Whereas in a number of other cases such convergence is impossible, it leads to an error: It was completely anecdotal(instead of anecdotal) story;He always seemed somehow apathetic(instead of apathetic).

The occurrence of a speech error also occurs as a result of not distinguishing the stylistic belonging of words.

Often there is a convergence of bookish, special words with colloquial ones: antinomy mixed with the word antimony; interstyle words, stylistically neutral - with colloquial or vernacular: senselessness with colloquial nonsense; foulbrood- with vernacular foulbrood; rusty- with colloquial rusty and vernacular obsolete rusty; toothy- with colloquial toothed.

The close semantic connections of derivational suffixes also contribute to the confusion of paronymic words: -n- and -sk- ; -ovit- , -ov- and -n- ; -stvo- and -awn- and others ( inventive - resourceful, businesslike - businesslike - efficient, improvement - livability).

The cause of confusion may be the indistinguishability of paronymic words little known to a native speaker. This can explain the confusion in the speech of words empire - vampire, distance - authority, excavator - escalator.

Despite the fact that the mixing of paronymic words is often observed, the very phenomenon of paronymy is quite natural.

New paronyms arise in Russian constantly. This is facilitated by the law of analogy actively operating in the language. As well as the specifics of the author's use of similar-sounding words.

The correct use of paronyms - necessary condition literate, cultured speech, and, on the contrary, mixing them is a sign of low speech culture.

Stylistic functions of paronyms

Paronymy as one of the linguistic phenomena has long been used by speakers, writers, poets, publicists.

It underlies the creation of a special kind stylistic figure, - the so-called paronomasia , the essence of which is a deliberate confusion or a deliberate clash of paronyms: not stupid, but oak; and deaf and stupid.

Paronyms can perform various stylistic functions. Thus, the intentional combination of similar-sounding words is a means of creating an unusual image in order to enhance its persuasiveness. For example, the paronyms crown - wreath in M. Yu. Lermontov's poem "The Death of a Poet": And having taken off the former wreath, they put a crown of thorns, entwined with laurels, on him ...

Paronyms are also used to highlight the corresponding concepts: Young Turgenevs personify honor and honesty; From the doors of the barn... came out a bent, bent old woman. Paronyms are often compared in the text: I would be glad to serve, it's sickening to serve; their opposition is also possible: I wanted deeds, not deeds.

Often the use of similar-sounding words underlies the pun and gives the speech a humorous tone; thanks to a completely unexpected play on words in familiar and stable expressions, which at the same time acquire a new imagery and expressiveness; for example, the aphorism of E. Korotkov: Classics should not only be read, but also read.

For correct use words in speech is not enough to know their exact meaning, it is also necessary to take into account the features of the lexical compatibility of words, that is, their ability to combine in speech with each other.

Some words in Russian have limited compatibility. For example, the word pouring combined with the word rain, word hazel- with a word eyes, word bosom- with a word friend etc.

The rules for the use of words in accordance with their stylistic coloring are called stylistic norms Russian language.

The stylistic coloring of a word is formed as a result of its constant functioning in one or another variety of the Russian language (literary language, in dialects, jargons or vernacular), as well as in one or another sphere of communication (scientific, official business, journalistic, aesthetic or everyday) .

Any word of the Russian language has a stylistic coloring. Wed: Human- lit., general public; potato- lit., official-case; forehead- lit., art-poet., obsolete, high; belly- simple, lower

Stylistic coloring determines the appropriateness of using one or another language tool in a particular speech situation. The use in speech of words with a stylistic coloring unusual for a given situation of communication and a given text is perceived as a speech error.

A high level of speech culture and compliance with lexical norms require speakers to be accurate not only in the use of individual words, but also in the use of phraseological units, that is, whole, stable combinations that are not created in the process of communication, but are reproduced in finished form.

Introduction

There are many such words in the Russian language that seem to be “attracted” to each other. For example, they say: “herd of cows”, “herd of horses”, “flock of sheep”. Therefore, an unsuccessful combination of words makes laugh: "A flock of ducks and hares appeared in the distance." V this case words are connected incorrectly, i.e. lexical compatibility is broken.

Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. Indeed, in speech, words are used not one at a time, not in isolation, but in phrases. At the same time, some words are freely combined with others if they fit them in meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility. So, very similar definitions - long, long, long, long - are attracted to nouns in different ways: you can say a long (long) period, but not a long (long) period.

The limitations of lexical compatibility for certain words are often explained by their use in special meanings. For example, the word round in its main meaning - "one that resembles the shape of a circle, ring, ball" - freely connects with the words of the corresponding subject-thematic group: round table, round box; round window. But, speaking in the meaning of “whole, whole, without interruption” (about time), the word round is combined only with nouns year, day, and in the meaning of “full, perfect” - with such as an excellent student, an ignoramus.

In other cases, the reason for limiting lexical compatibility is the assignment of a word to set expressions. For example, the velvet season is "the autumn months (September, October) in the south." This expression has a stable character and it is impossible to replace the word "season" with any other, even the closest in meaning, for example, "velvet autumn".

Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained by the association of similar phrases. For example, they write: "to satisfy modern requirements", mixing combinations of "meet the requirements" and "meet the needs"; “the conversation was read” (“a lecture was given” and “a conversation was held”); "improve the level" ("improve the quality" and "raise the level").

lexical compatibility error

1. Violation of lexical compatibility

Semantic errors

Violation of lexical compatibility is caused by semantic errors of two types - logical and linguistic.

Logical errors are associated with not distinguishing between concepts that are close in any respect. Often people do not distinguish between areas of activity, cause and effect, part and whole, related phenomena.

Thus, in the sentence “Residents of a seaside town witnessed a large theatrical performance”, an error is found in the phrase “witnesses of the performance”. The word "witness" means "eyewitness" - this is the name of a person who finds himself at the scene of an incident. This word is associated with the sphere of judicial and legal activity. In the field of theatrical and concert activity, which is referred to in the proposal, the word "spectator" is used. This error is associated with a lack of distinction between areas of activity.

The erroneous combination “prices have risen in price” is associated with a lack of distinction between the related concepts of “prices” and “goods”: goods rise in price, and prices rise. Examples of similar errors in the sentences can be given: “The timely start-up of the plant causes concern”; “52 trees have been planted in the park”; "As a result of the plague, people left the city." All these errors are not explained by a distinction between related phenomena: they fear not that the combine will be launched, but that it will not be launched at the scheduled time; lay not trees, but a park; people leave the city not as a result, but because of the plague. Possible corrections in these cases: “There is concern that the plant will not be launched at the scheduled time”; “52 trees planted in the park”; "As a result of the plague, the city was deserted."

Linguistic errors are associated with not distinguishing denoting words that are in any semantic relationship. These are mostly synonyms and paronyms.

Not distinguishing between synonyms, words that are close or coinciding in meaning, leads to errors in use. For example, the words "role" and "function" in the sense of "work, circle of activity" are synonymous, but genetically they are associated with different designations: the role - with the sphere of theater and cinema, and the function - with logic. Hence the established lexical compatibility: the role is played (played), and the function is performed (performed). The words "brave" and "brave" are synonymous, but "brave" is associated with outward manifestation called quality, and "bold" - both external and internal, therefore, a thought, a decision, an idea can only be bold, but not brave.

Not distinguishing between paronyms, i.e. words that partially coincide in sound also lead to errors in use; most paronyms are single-root words that differ in suffixes or prefixes and, as a result, shades of meaning, as well as stylistic coloring. For example, a misdemeanor (offense) is an act (action committed by someone); guilty (who committed a crime) - guilty (guilty of something, violating the rules of morality, politeness, etc.); to pay (for something) - to pay (for something).

Paronyms may be associated with different options common root. For example, short (small in size, the opposite of long) - short (stated briefly, in a few words). Therefore, they say a short text, but brief retelling text.

Borrowed words may also appear in paronymic relations: parity (equality) - priority (primacy, advantage), dequalification (loss of qualification) - disqualification (deprivation of qualification), etc. To distinguish between paronyms foreign origin need to use dictionaries foreign words.

The following are frequency pairs of paronyms:

Fulfill - fulfill have the general meaning "to carry out, put into practice", for example, to fulfill (fulfill) an order, but the second verb has a book character;

Long - long coincide in the meaning of “ongoing, long”, for example, a long (long) conversation, a long (long) pause, but “long” indicates the length in time, and “long” emphasizes the procedural meaning of the noun; “long” is usually combined with the names of periods of time (long night, long winter), and “long” with the names of actions and states calculated for a long time (long flight, long treatment);

Agreement - agreement differ in that "agreement" means a written or oral agreement, a condition of mutual obligations (friendship and cooperation agreement), and "agreement" - an agreement reached through negotiations (an agreement to include an issue on the agenda);

Truth (truth, actual state of affairs) - truth (correspondence to truth). For example, the desire for truth is the truth of the assumptions put forward;

Ordinary - ordinary are distinguished by the fact that in the first word unremarkable, unremarkable is emphasized, and in the second - typicality. For example, an ordinary person is an ordinary day.

To identify the specifics of words related by paronymic relations, it is necessary to correctly represent the morphological composition of the word and the method of its formation. For example, in pairs to learn - to master, to complicate - to complicate, to make heavier - to make heavier words with the prefix o- have the meaning of a higher degree of manifestation of the action. In pairs hygienic - hygienic, logical - logical, practical - practical, economic - economical, differing in suffixes -ichesk- / -n-, the second adjective denotes a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent (qualitative adjective). This implies compatibility: hygienic norm - hygienic fabric, logical laws - a logical conclusion, practical application - practical clothing, economic policy- an economical device.

Stylistic mistakes

Stylistic errors are a violation of the requirements of unity functional style, unjustified use of emotionally colored, stylistically marked means. Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that its stylistic coloring imposes on the use of a word.

The most common stylistic mistakes include:

1. The use of clericalism - words and phrases characteristic of formal business style. For example, "As the revenue side of my budget increased, I decided to buy a new car for permanent use" - "I began to receive a lot of money, so I decided to buy a new car."

2. The use of words (expressions) of inappropriate stylistic coloring. So, in a literary context, the use of jargon, vernacular, abusive vocabulary is inappropriate; in a business text, colloquial and expressively colored words should be avoided. For example, "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor" - "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor."

3. Mixing styles - unjustified use of words in one text, syntactic constructions, characteristic for different styles Russian language. For example, a mixture of scientific and colloquial styles.

4. Mixing vocabulary from different historical eras. For example, “On the heroes of chain mail, trousers, mittens” - “On the heroes of chain mail, armor, mittens.”

5. Incorrect sentence construction. For example, "Despite his youth, he good man". There are several ways to correct these errors. First, change the word order in the sentence: "There are many works that tell about the author's childhood in world literature" - "In world literature there are many works that tell about the author's childhood."

6. Secondly, redo the sentence: “From other sporting events, let's talk about the barbell” - “From other sporting events, barbell competitions should be highlighted.”

7. Pleonasm - verbal excess, the use of words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view. In order to avoid pleonasm, you must do the following:

Replace the word with a single root, for example, a monumental monument - a monument;

Remove the word from the phrase, for example, the main essence is the essence, valuable treasures are treasures;

Remove a word from the text without reducing the quality. For example, "Operation is the way in which an action is performed" - "Operation is a way of performing an action"; "Building a model in accordance with known rules» – «Building a model according to the rules».

8. Tautology - the use of single-root words within the boundaries of one sentence. For example, "Tell a story"; "Ask a question." Ways to correct tautologies are:

Replace one of the words with a synonym. For example, "Torrential downpour did not stop all day" - "Torrential rain did not stop all day";

Remove one of the words. For example, "Along with these signs, there are a number of others" - "Along with these signs, there are others."

The tautology is easily detected when reading the text aloud. Overused words usually include which, so that and can.

9. Lexical repetitions in the text. For example, "In order to study well, students must pay more attention to learning." Words that are repeated should be replaced with synonyms, nouns should be replaced with pronouns, or a repeating word should be removed altogether, if possible - "To achieve success, students must pay more attention to classes."

10. Substitution of the concept. This error occurs as a result of missing a word. For example, "Patients who have not visited an outpatient clinic for three years are laid out in the archive" (we are talking about cards of patients, and from the text of the sentence it follows that the patients themselves were handed over to the outpatient clinic).

11. This error, which arose as a result of the author's stylistic negligence, can be easily corrected: it is necessary to insert an accidentally omitted word or phrase. For example, "Farmers strive to increase the number of sheep on the farm" - "Farmers strive to increase the number of sheep on the farm."

12. Choice of singular or plural forms. Often there are problems with the use of the singular or plural. Examples of correct use are combinations: two or more options, three or more forms, there are several options, there are some options.

For correct use, agreement on meaning is increasingly used: if a single whole is meant, then the singular is used, and if it is necessary to emphasize individual objects, the plural.

13. Agreement of words in a sentence. Often there are errors in the agreement of words in a sentence, especially with regard to the control of verbs. For example, "This section talks about opening, working and saving a document" - "This section describes the procedures for opening and saving documents, as well as working with them."

14. Creation of verbal nouns. You should be careful to create verbal nouns, because. many of the created words are not in the dictionary, and their use is considered illiterate (order - ordering, not ordering; collapse - folding, not folding).

15. Stringing the same forms. You should avoid stringing the same case forms, for example, using the words “to” and “which”. For example, "In order to avoid the possibility of danger" - "To avoid the occurrence of danger."

16. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions. For example, “The man was wearing a burnt padded jacket. The quilted jacket was roughly darned. The boots were almost new. Moth-eaten socks" - "The man was dressed in a roughly darned burnt padded jacket. Although the boots were almost new, the socks were moth-eaten.

Stylistically unjustified use of tropes. The use of tropes can cause a variety of speech errors. Unsuccessful imagery of speech is a fairly common flaw in the style of authors who have poor pen skills.

For example, “The judge was just as simple and humble.

2. Errors in the use of borrowed words

V last years The Russian language is intensively replenished with borrowed words. This is because the country has entered a new socio-political formation, as well as free market relations. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. It can be said without exaggeration that there was a linguistic explosion. However, there is nothing wrong with this, because borrowed words are the result of contacts, relationships between peoples and states.

The presence in one language of words from other languages ​​and their use in speech is an objective reality. The number of such words is constantly increasing due to the penetration of new words and the expansion of the scope of old ones, used in a narrow sense.

Unfortunately, when using borrowed words, many mistakes are made (spelling, orthoepic, grammatical, lexical), which are explained by the special position of foreign words: in a new language for themselves, they have weak family ties (or do not have them at all), so their root for most native speakers is confusing, the meaning is unclear, but their modernity is felt in comparison with familiar Russian or borrowed words that have long been mastered.

The most common type of error is associated with the unreasonable use of a foreign word, which does not introduce anything new in comparison with its Russian or a borrowed synonym that has long been mastered. For example, “The presentation of the perfume took place last Friday; The perfume sold well." If the word "perfume" has the meaning of a particular type of perfume, or denotes some class of perfumery, which includes the perfume in question, a comment should be made; if the word "perfume" is used in its direct meaning of "perfume", then the need for its use in this text is highly doubtful.

Another type of error is the stringing of borrowed words, which can “stun” the reader with the scientific presentation. For example, "There should be a selection of property profitability." The difficulty of understanding is associated with the use of two borrowed words in a row, and each of them is used incorrectly. The word "breeding" means "a section of agronomy and livestock science that deals with the breeding of new varieties and breeds (selection method)". The word "profitability" means "the property to be cost-effective (profitable, profitable)." Apparently, the word “selection” is used here, in its direct translation from English as “selection”, but such a meaning has not yet been formed in Russian, in addition, it is not combined with the word denoting “property”, therefore, such a use is perceived like a logical fallacy. It should be written: "There should be a selection of the most cost-effective (profitable) types of property."

Ignorance often leads to mistakes exact value borrowed word. For example, "Crime and Punishment" is a cult novel by Dostoevsky. The word "cult" has two meanings:

1. an adjective to the word "cult" in the sense of "service to a deity and related actions, rituals" (cult objects);

2. widely known, popular; causing the worship of his adherents (cult film).

It is obvious that in the above phrase the word "cult" is used in the sense of the word "popular", which is incorrect. It should be written: "Crime and Punishment" is a popular novel.

Most pleonastic combinations occur precisely when borrowed words are used. For example: “short briefing” (“short” is included in the meaning of the word “briefing”, therefore it is superfluous), “landscape” (the word “locality” is superfluous), “top priority” (the word “main” is superfluous).

A borrowed word that has a Russian synonym is usually higher in style (somewhat more formal), so it is not well suited for interpersonal confidential communication, for describing inner world person, his feelings, moods. Foreign words are more suitable for information about political events, scientific phenomena, for communication between organizations and states. For example, an alliance is an alliance: an alliance of liberals and democrats, an alliance of the governments of Moscow and the Moscow region, but an alliance of hearts, an alliance of friends. Thus, borrowed words have a stylistically more limited use than their Russian synonyms. Ignoring this feature of borrowed words leads to stylistic errors. For example, “Literature itself as a total value is under threat”, where instead of the word “total” one should use the words “universal” or “eternal”.

Among borrowings there is a special group of words denoting concepts that are characteristic of a completely specific country (a number of countries) or people. Such borrowings are called exoticisms. For example, prairies are flat steppe spaces in North America, and savannahs are plains in South America and Africa, covered with grassy vegetation, among which groups of trees and shrubs are scattered. Exoticisms are quite appropriate in texts describing the reality with which these words are correlated (here it is necessary to ensure that the prairies do not end up in South America, and the savannas - in North).

The Russian text also contains foreign inclusions and barbarisms. Foreign inclusions are words, phrases, sentences in a foreign language of one-time use. Acquiring a regular character and taking shape in Cyrillic, they become barbarisms, for example: happy end (happy end), weekend (week end), shop (from shop - shop). For many foreign words barbarism is the first stage of entry into the language (show, marketing). But a word or expression can be fixed in the language precisely as barbarism, while having a Russian synonym, for example: nihil - nothing, tête-à-tête - alone. It is necessary to distinguish between the use of barbarisms to describe non-Russian reality, when they act as a characterological means, similar in function to exoticisms, and to describe Russian reality. The first, if they are not widely known, are accompanied by explanations. When describing Russian reality, barbarisms are used exclusively as an expressive means (Vivat, Russia!) and are not allowed in strictly informative texts.

I would also like to note that the incorrect use of borrowed words leads to the following errors:

1. Violation of orthoepic norms.

This section includes errors in the pronunciation of borrowings, as well as incorrect placement of stress in foreign words. For example, "expert instead of expert, kv" artal instead of quart "al, cat" alog instead of catal "og", kilo "meters instead of kilo" meters.

2. Violation of spelling norms. For example, the word "billiard" instead of "billiards".

3. Violation of grammatical norms. For example, "two shampoos", "two shoes" is the wrong gender.

4. Violation of the norms of word compatibility. For example, "Only here there were interesting nuances."

Conclusion

Analyzing the above, we can distinguish a number of features of the violation of lexical compatibility, namely:

1. Errors are predominant in relation to grammatical and stylistic norms proper. The leading types of violations in the field of vocabulary are the use of words in an unusual meaning, the indistinguishability of the meanings of synonyms and paronyms;

2. Are characterized by "genre stability";

3. Possess "quality stability". This is a misnomer and combination.

4. Misuse words of certain parts of speech are more susceptible (primarily verbs that have specific features of lexical meaning, as a rule, the presence of a differential feature that specifies compatibility), words that are in certain systemic relationships (a significant number of synonyms, a branched semantic structure, etc. .).

Word matching plays an important role in artistic speech. Expansion of the habitual connections of words, giving them new shades of meaning, underlies many classical images. great masters artistic speech: “a gray-haired winter threat” (A.S. Pushkin), “pot-bellied walnut bureau” (N.V. Gogol), “rubber thought” (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). As a striking stylistic device, the violation of lexical compatibility is also used by modern writers. For example, “We lost hope of crushing his regiment” (K. Simonov). Many such combinations are fixed in the language, become stable, which indicates their approval by the linguistic taste of the time.

Humorists often resort to violation of lexical compatibility to give speech a comic connotation. For example, "The population of the circulation ark fell asleep"; "an apple with a mole" (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). This stylistic device underlies various jokes: “The genius was recognized alive; "He was appointed director of his own free will."

In search of unexpected images, vivid speech expression, poets especially often expand their lexical compatibility. Suffice it to recall the classic lines of M.Yu. Lermontov: “Sometimes he falls passionately in love with his elegant sadness”; A.A. Feta: “September has died. And the dahlias burned with the breath of the night "; B. Pasternak: “February. Get ink and cry! Write about February sobbing. This stylistic device is also appreciated by contemporary poets: “A small forest asked for snow from greedy or impoverished skies” (B. Akhmadulina).

However, in colloquial speech, a violation of lexical compatibility can become an annoying speech error. For example, "The hollow made a cozy impression on us." After all, an “impression” can be pleasant, and a “corner” can be cozy.

When using words that have an extreme limited opportunities lexical connections, violation of compatibility often becomes the reason for the comic sound of speech: “Students worked on their experimental site as the most notorious specialists”; “Children, dejected by experience, came to the circle of young naturalists.” Lexical errors in such cases cause damage not only to the style, but also to the content of the phrase, because the associations that arise in this case suggest the opposite meaning.

In conclusion, we can say that an attentive attitude to the word, to the peculiarities of lexical compatibility in the Russian language will help to avoid such errors in speech, and in other cases - will allow you to use unusual combinations words to create vivid images or as a source of humor.

Bibliography

1. Bragina A.A. Neologisms in Russian. M. - 1995.

2. Fomenko Yu.V. Types of speech errors. Novosibirsk - 1994.

3. Zeitlin S.N. Speech errors and their prevention. M. - 1982.

Lecture 4. Lexical norms

Vocabulary. Types of lexical units

The concept of lexical norm and typical lexical errors

Violation of accuracy, clarity, consistency, brevity of speech as a result of lexical errors

1. Vocabulary. Types of lexical items

Vocabulary- the vocabulary of the language, which covers individual words and stable combinations of words. All words can be divided into several groups depending on their lexical features.

Depending on the number of lexical meanings, single-valued and polysemantic words are distinguished. single word can have only one lexical meaning ( book, table, monologue, alert). polysemantic word has two or more values endure, green). In the explanatory dictionary, all meanings of a polysemantic word are given in one dictionary entry, each meaning is numbered, and before interpreting the word there may be a note, for example, trans.(figurative meaning). The direct meaning is the basic meaning of the word. A figurative meaning is a secondary meaning that arose on the basis of a direct one.

Lexical units, depending on the semantic relationships between words, are divided into synonyms, homonyms, antonyms, paronyms. Synonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, different in sound, the same or close in meaning. Synonyms can differ from each other in shades of meaning, stylistic coloring, or both. Antonyms- Words that are opposite in meaning. Antonyms denote contrasting concepts that are correlated with each other. Antonyms can express opposite concepts of time (a long time ago - recently), place (up - down), space (north - south), etc. Homonyms- words that are identical in spelling and sound, related to one part of speech, but not related in meaning, for example: In dictionaries, homonyms, unlike polysemantic words, are given in different dictionary entries, since homonyms, unlike polysemantic words, are not have a common value component. Paronyms words are called that are similar in sound, but different in meaning, having, as a rule, the same root and belonging to the same part of speech, for example: spectacular - effective, addressee - addresser, tactical - tactful.

Lexical units are subdivided in terms of the scope of use. Common called vocabulary, understandable to all native speakers of the Russian language. Uncommon words are used only by one or another social group. These words are jargon(emotionally expressive words that are used by a particular social group and have a correspondence in the literary language), dialectisms(words that are used only by residents of a certain territory), argotisms ( words used in the speech of people of a certain social environment in order to hide the content of speech from representatives of others social groups), professionalism, terms.

Lexical units may be characteristic of only one style of speech, or they may be neutral i.e. to be used in any style.

Depending on the origin, the words are native Russian and borrowed. Native Russian Borrowings(foreign vocabulary) - words that came into the Russian language from other languages ​​​​and are used according to the laws of the Russian language.

Depending on the frequency of use, passive and active vocabulary is distinguished. Vocabulary of everyday use is active (table, house, work, contract, tax, etc.). Passive vocabulary is rarely used. Passive vocabulary includes obsolete words that have gone out of active use. They are divided into two groups: historicisms and archaisms. Historicisms - words denoting objects, phenomena that are not in modern life: corvee, quitrent, veche, arshin. Archaisms- words whose lexical meaning has changed. Archaisms have synonyms in the modern Russian language, because the objects and phenomena denoted by these words have not been lost. For instance, forehead (forehead), fingers (fingers), shame (spectacle), shuytsa (left hand), right hand (right hand). In addition to obsolete words, passive vocabulary includes neologisms(new vocabulary units). Neologisms can be individually-author's and general language. Individual author's neologisms belong to book speech, are created consciously, are not widely used, and are not recorded in dictionaries. Such neologisms are created in order to give expressiveness to speech. General language neologisms arise when there is a need to name the desired subject.

2. The concept of lexical norm and typical lexical errors

Lexical norms- word usage rules:

the use of words in accordance with their meaning, stylistic coloring, evaluative properties;

correct combination of words (semantic and lexical).

Typical lexical errors are associated with a violation of the norms of word usage.

Using a word without regard to its lexical meaning

ignorance of the lexical meaning of the word

the influence of paronomasia, i.e. sound similarity of words with different roots: mirage - turn, injection - infection

desire for euphemism -: This phenomenon is not given enough attention. Uncomfortable in the workshop: it is in disrepair.

b) Violation of lexical compatibility

Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. Some words have free compatibility, i.e. easily combined with other words: hard work, hard task, difficult character; others are limited to one or two uses: pitch darkness, pouring rain, tribute. The limited lexical compatibility of certain words is explained by their use in special meanings. Polysemantic words are selectively combined with other words: in each case, it is necessary to take into account the specific meaning of the word. For example, you can say deep night, but you can't deep evening; you can say the Velvet season, but you can't velvet autumn.

In many cases, the ban on word compatibility is imposed by linguistic tradition: play a role(norm - play a role), have features (perform functions). Intentional incompatibility is a vivid means of expression often used by humorous writers to give a comical tone to speech. For instance: It is difficult to forgive other people's shortcomings, even more difficult to forgive other people's virtues..

Causes of violation of lexical compatibility:

association with a phrase that is close in meaning, for example , In deep childhood, his favorite pastime was the game of war;

the emotional-expressive coloring of words is not taken into account: the combination of words of different expressive coloring (negative and positive expression): All notorious specialists were invited to an international conference. There is a comic expression;

bad choice of synonym: This event took place a few days ago(right - happened);

mix of paronyms: At the first meeting, Dina did not perceiveUmov seriously.

pleonasm (a speech error that occurs in a phrase in which one of the words is superfluous, because its meaning duplicates the meaning of another word);

tautology (unjustified repetition of cognate words in a sentence);

c) Violation of semantic compatibility

Logical compatibility is determined by the connection of objects and phenomena of reality.

Causes of violation of semantic compatibility

Mixing paronyms. Some paronyms differ in meaning (shades of meanings), some only in lexical compatibility. When mixing paronyms that have different semantic shades, semantic errors arise. For instance, This is the critical moment of the game.(full of criticism - critical, turning point - critical).

False associations arising under the influence of paronomasia (sound similarity of words with different roots). For instance, Motorcycle shows are always a real celebration of stuntmen and spectators, here you can see suchmirages (right - turns).

The use of a polysemantic word without taking into account semantic compatibility ( low health in meaning poor health, low knowledge etc.).

Convergence of words by adjacency (metonymic replacement of the desired word): prices are expensive.

Careless use of antonyms. Because of their weakness the decision was postponed for a week.

3. Violation of accuracy, clarity, consistency, brevity of speech as a result of lexical errors

Lexical errors can lead to a violation of the brevity of speech. Verbosity is the use of words and phrases that carry optional, unnecessary information. For instance: Still not doing well enough to meet commitments(instead of Commitments are still not being fulfilled well enough; Passion for computer games is one of the most important signs of the times, a modern phenomenon.(instead of Passion for computer games is one of the most important signs of the times(or modern phenomenon)).

Typical lexical errors that violate the brevity of speech are pleonasm and tautology.

Pleonasm - the use of close in meaning and therefore extra words. For instance: The expression on her face is very expressive.(facial expressions- that's the facial expression ; Loud applause and ovations erupted(applause and ovation- synonyms).

Tautology is the repetition of the same or the same root words in one sentence. For instance: heavy rain, ask a question. The tautology can be hidden, it is found in sentences in which a Russian and a foreign word with the same meaning is used. Their similarity is found when translating a foreign word into Russian. For instance: memorial monument (memorial- serving to perpetuate the memory of someone) , souvenir(souvenir- a keepsake).

Intentional repetition of words and forms is a means of semantic and emotionally expressive expressiveness: bitter grief, vanity of vanities, live and live. In a number of cases, tautological expressions have become fixed in speech due to changes in the meaning of a particular word and the absence of the necessary equivalent in the language. Yes, the expression patriot of his country became permissible because the word patriot in addition to the meaning “loving the homeland”, it acquired an additional meaning - “loving something, devoted to something”: patriot of his land, patriot of his school. entrenched in speech and expression used book and reality.

Thus, knowledge of lexical norms is one of the conditions for good speech, since lexical norms contribute to the accurate expression of thoughts without verbosity, idle talk, provide clarity and consistency of the statement.

Lexical errors can be avoided by using dictionaries.

Explanatory dictionaries fix the lexical meaning of the word. In dictionaries of foreign words the source language is indicated, the meaning of the word and examples of its use are given.

In phraseological dictionaries the meanings of phraseological units are presented, i.e. set expressions, the value of which is not derived from their constituent components.

You can also use dictionaries of synonyms, homonyms, dictionaries of lexical compatibility. In the dictionaries of synonyms, synonymous rows are given, the general meaning of each row is indicated, the difference between synonyms from each other is noted, examples of the use of synonyms are given, sometimes the origin of the word.

These dictionaries reflect the richness of the Russian language and are the most important means of raising the level of human speech culture: enriching speech, forming the accuracy and clarity of speech.

Literature

Reference books

Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech: Tutorial for universities. 14th ed. - Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2005. - 544 p.

Ippolitova N.A., Knyazeva O.Yu., Savova M.R. Russian language and culture of speech: a course of lectures / Ed. ON THE. Ippolitova. - M .: TK Velby, Publishing House Prospekt, 2007. - 344 p.

Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. ed. d.ph.s., prof. OK. Graudina and Doctor of Philological Sciences, prof. E.N. Shiryaev. – M.: Norma, 2006. – 560 p.

Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / A.I. Dunev, M.Ya. Dymarsky, A.Yu. Kozhevnikov and others; Ed. V.D. Chernyak. - M .: Higher school; S.-Pb.: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University im. A.I. Herzen, 2002.

Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 1994.

Krysin A.P. Explanatory dictionary of foreign words. M., 1998.

Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. M., 1984.

Dictionary of new words of the Russian language. Ed. N.Z. Kotelova. St. Petersburg, 1995.

Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. M., 1974.

Dictionary of compatibility of words of the Russian language. M., 1983.

Modern dictionary of foreign words. M., 2000.

Thematic dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. V.V. Morkovkin. M., 2000.

Dictionary Russian language at the end of the 20th century. / Ch. ed. Sklyarevskaya G.N. - St. Petersburg, 2000.

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language: In 2 volumes / Compiled by A.I. Fedorov. – M.: Citadel, 1997.