Lexical norms examples of words. Lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language

For correct use words in speech is not enough to know them exact value, it is also necessary to take into account the features lexical compatibility words, i.e. their ability to connect with each other. So, "similar" adjectives long, long, long, long, long are "attracted" to nouns in different ways: a long period, a long period (but not a long, long, long period); long way, long way; long-term fees, long-term credit. Often words with the same meaning can have different lexical compatibility (cf .: a true friend is a genuine document).

The doctrine of lexical compatibility is based on the position of Acad. V.V. Vinogradov about phraseologically related meanings of words that have a single compatibility (bosom friend) or limited opportunities compatibility (stale bread, loaf; stale person, but you can’t say “stale candy” (chocolate), “stale comrade” (father, son).

To develop the theory of lexical compatibility great importance Vinogradov singled out phraseological combinations and established the main types of lexical meanings of words in the Russian language. Phraseology deals with phraseological combinations, the subject of lexical stylistics is the study of the combination in speech of words that have free meanings, and the definition of those restrictions that are imposed by the language on their lexical compatibility.

Many linguists emphasize that the lexical compatibility of a word is inseparable from its meaning. Some scientists, studying the problems of lexical compatibility, come to the conclusion that there are no absolutely free combinations of lexemes in the language, there are only groups of words with different possibilities of compatibility. With such a formulation of the question, the difference between free combinations and phraseologically connected ones is destroyed.

Combining words into phrases can run into various kinds of restrictions. Firstly, words may not be combined due to their semantic incompatibility (purple orange, leaned back, water is on fire); secondly, the combination of words into a phrase can be excluded due to their grammatical nature (mine - swim, close - cheerful); thirdly, their lexical features can prevent the unification of words (words denoting seemingly connected concepts do not combine; they say to cause grief, trouble, but one cannot say to cause joy, pleasure).

Depending on the restrictions governing the combination of words, there are three types of compatibility: semantic (from the term "semantics" - the meaning of the word), grammatical (more precisely, syntactic) and lexical.

Semantic compatibility is broken, for example, in such cases: By today, there is no information yet; It is necessary to speed up the settlement of the bloodshed; My father's maiden name was Sobakin; After the death of Lensky, no duel, Olga married a hussar ... Funny combinations of words, isn't it? But if you think about it, in other cases a very undesirable underlying meaning arises: not to stop, but only to settle the bloodshed? ..

A parody example of a violation of grammatical compatibility is known: My yours does not understand ( possessive adjectives cannot be combined with verbs in the personal form). More examples: Our leader is healthy inside and out; Most of the time deputies spend on discussions.

The most drastic violation of the laws of "attraction of words" is lexical inconsistency: The voice of numbers is not comforting; In the recent past, we all had our tongues clamped down. The bright effect of "deceived expectation" is played by comedians in caustic jokes: We have won and no longer have the right to delay; Reached the yawning peaks.

Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained by the incorrect use of polysemantic words. So, in its basic meaning, the word deep can be freely combined with any other, suitable in meaning: deep (that is, having great depth) well, bay, reservoir, lake, river. However, in the meaning of "reached the limit, complete, perfect", this word is combined with a few (deep autumn, winter, but not summer, not spring, deep night, silence, but not morning, not day, not noise; deep old age, but not youth). Therefore, the statement makes us laugh: In deep childhood, he was like his mother.

The word to take place is interpreted in dictionaries by means of synonyms to happen, to come true, however, unlike them, this verb is appropriate if the planned events were being prepared, planned (A meeting was held; A meeting of the candidate for the Duma with voters took place). And if the correspondent writes: Armed clashes took place on the streets of the city, one might think that armed clashes were being prepared, planned by someone. As you can see, a violation of lexical compatibility can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the statement.

Lexical stylistics should focus on the assessment of lexical compatibility. However, the boundaries between various types combinability is very fuzzy, therefore, in the stylistic analysis of the text, one has to talk not only about "pure" lexical combinability, but also take into account various transitional cases.

All significant words that have free meanings can be conditionally divided into two groups. Some are characterized by compatibility, practically unlimited within their subject-logical connections; such are, for example, adjectives characterizing physical properties objects - color, volume, weight, temperature (red, black, large, small, light, heavy, hot, cold), many nouns (table, house, person, tree), verbs (live, see, work, know). Another group is formed by words that have limited lexical compatibility (and in the case of polysemy of words, this restriction can only apply to their individual meanings). This group of words is of particular interest.

Lexical compatibility restrictions are usually inherent in words that rarely occur in speech. Words with the maximum frequency of use (they are included in the 2500 most frequent words of the Russian language) easily enter into lexical relationships. For example, when comparing the compatibility of the words fear and fear, it turned out that the word fear is more actively combined with various verbs.

Lexical norms- this is a set of rules that regulates the use of vocabulary in accordance with the lexical meaning of words, their lexical compatibility and stylistic coloring. Vocabulary(Greek lexikos - vocabulary, verbal) - this is the complete vocabulary of the language. vocabulary as well lexical norms of the Russian language deals with the branch of linguistics called lexicology.

Why you need to study and know lexical norms of the modern Russian language? First of all, in order not to look ignorant in the eyes of interlocutors, readers or listeners. Lexicological errors are not something that can alienate the interlocutor, it can also contribute to a complete misunderstanding. In this article, we will cover the main violations of the lexical norms of the Russian language.

Incorrect use of phraseological units.

Phraseologisms are set phrases that only make sense when used as they exist. From the point of view of lexicology, it is a separate and indivisible unit of speech. Phraseologisms can be both proverbs and sayings, and aphorisms, and catch phrases, as well as idioms that have appeared not so long ago, but have already become widely known.

Examples of phraseological units:

• From the Bible: Nothing lasts forever under the sun."
• From literary works: "Thank you for the bread and salt!" M. Sholokhov.
• Foreign sayings: "Truth in Wine"Inwineveritas)" lat.
• Modern expressions that have become stable: hang out in a club, the orange revolution, etc. You can often encounter inaccuracies when using phraseological units. For example, you can meet abbreviation of phraseology, word substitution in an idiom or combination of two idioms at once. Examples of gross errors when using phraseological units can be considered the following:
• "And it's not worth an egg" instead of "And it's not worth a damn"- reduction.
• "Beat the bucket" instead of "beat the buckets"- change of a word in a phraseological unit.
• "Meeting of a narrow circle of limited visitors"- combination of phraseological units "limited number of visitors" and "narrow circle of visitors".

Pleonasms in speech.

Pleonasm is a phrase, the use of which is considered verbal excess. Why? Because often one of the two words in a phrase is superfluous, since its meaning repeats the meaning of the second word. As a result, the phrase becomes a semantic tautology. Examples of pleonasms: hot boiling water, inexplicable phenomenon, memorable souvenir, leading leaders, folklore, etc.

Incorrect use of paronyms.

Paronyms- These are words that are very similar, but radically opposite in meaning. Often they are single root. As you might guess, it is precisely because of their similarity that people often make mistakes when use these words.

Let's look at examples of paronyms.

1. Addresser(sender) - addressee(recipient). In this case, if the paronym is used incorrectly, the phrase or sentence will acquire a completely opposite meaning than the one that the speaker meant.
2. present - provide. Introduceto the award, introducehis companion to the assembled, BUT provideopportunity, provideapartments for personal use. As you can see, the meaning of a sentence and a phrase can also be greatly distorted due to making a mistake and mixing these paronyms.
3. Another, probably the most common example of mixing paronyms is the confusion in the use of words "put on" and "dressed". In order to remember once and for all how to use these paronyms correctly, you need to remember one simple rule: put on thing, we dress creature. So, put on can coat, but dress child.

Inappropriate use of words in violation of their lexical compatibility.

This violation of lexical compatibility The easiest way to immediately consider specific examples:

• "This does the function computer science teacher "-" This function is assigned to computer science teacher.
• "Should improve training sellers" - "Should improve training sellers."
• « Big half prefers girls long hair» - « More than half girls prefer long hair.

What conclusion can be drawn from this article? Correct use of words, phraseological units, paronyms and others lexical norms of modern literary language - this is an opportunity to recommend the level of your education from the first words of communication. It is also an opportunity to avoid misunderstanding with the interlocutor, readers or listeners.

Lexical norms are norms that define right choice words from lexical units that are similar in meaning or form, as well as the use of a word in certain meanings and the appropriateness of using a lexical unit in a specific communicative situation in semantic generally accepted language phrases.

Vocabulary norms are best displayed in dictionaries of foreign languages, explanatory dictionaries, directories, which contain terms and concepts used in certain areas of life. The lexical norms of the Russian language are very closely connected with the rules of word usage, because the word is considered the most important unit of the language, expressing the concept of a process or an object. A word is a unit that combines phonetic, lexico-semantic, and grammatical features. It is the main component of the proposal.

Compliance

If lexical norms are observed, speech is accurate and correct. Conversely, the accuracy of speech is determined by the choice of the word. What does it mean to follow the rules of vocabulary? The word should be used in accordance with its meaning (direct or figurative). When choosing a lexical unit, the speaker must take into account the features of the compatibility of a number of words in speech. When choosing synonyms, it is important to consider the subtle differences between them. It is also important to monitor the correct use of polysemantic words, to understand paronyms, homonyms, to avoid redundancy of speech and speech insufficiency. In the flow of speech, words should be used in accordance with the communicative situation and the style of the speaker's speech.

Non-compliance

If the word is chosen incorrectly, it can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the message, misinterpretation and unwanted stylistic coloring. Lexical norms are considered violated in cases where such errors occur:

• wrong choice of word (mixing of synonyms, paronyms);
• violation of the rules of word compatibility;
• the contradiction between the emotional coloring of the word and the intention of the speaker;
• the use of so-called anachronisms;
• mixing of various linguocultural realities;
• misuse phraseological units and so on.

Lexical norms and their originality directly depend on the lexical level of the language. main feature vocabulary - its appeal to the extralinguistic world. This is a language system that is most sensitive to changes in society, the emergence of new objects and realities, socio-political and cultural processes.

How are changes in society, culture, politics expressed at the lexical level?

When society changes, the lexical norms of the language also change. Unbeknownst to all of us, new words appear, thereby replenishing the active stock of vocabulary. Many words become obsolete and fall out of use. The meaning of a word can be transformed, the word can become multi-valued. Very often, a lexical item can change its normative status, acquire new stylistic qualities, and so on. Summing up, it should be noted that vocabulary is closely related to social life, so the vocabulary of the language is constantly changing. Over time, lexical norms become more loyal and open, and the meanings of words expand.

Introduction

Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. Indeed, in speech, words are used not one at a time, not in isolation, but in phrases.At the same time, some words are freely combined with others if they fit them in meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility. So, very similar definitions - long, long, long, long - are attracted to nouns in different ways: you can say a long (long) period, but not a long (long) period.

The limitations of lexical compatibility for certain words are often explained by their use in special meanings. For example, the word round in its main meaning - "one that resembles the shape of a circle, ring, ball" - freely connects with the words of the corresponding subject-thematic group: round table, round box; round window. But, speaking in the meaning of “whole, whole, without interruption” (about time), the word round is combined only with nouns year, day, and in the meaning of “full, perfect” - with such as an excellent student, an ignoramus.

In other cases, the reason for limiting lexical compatibility is the assignment of a word to set expressions. For example, the velvet season is "the autumn months (September, October) in the south." This expression has a stable character and it is impossible to replace the word "season" with any other, even the closest in meaning, for example, "velvet autumn".

Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained by the association of similar phrases. For example, they write: "to satisfy modern requirements", mixing combinations of "meet the requirements" and "meet the needs"; “the conversation was read” (“a lecture was given” and “a conversation was held”); "improve the level" ("improve the quality" and "raise the level").

1. Violation of lexical compatibility

Semantic errors

Violation of lexical compatibility is caused by semantic errors of two types - logical and linguistic.

Logical errors are associated with the indistinguishability of concepts that are close in any respect. Often people do not distinguish between areas of activity, cause and effect, part and whole, related phenomena.

So, in the sentence "Residents of the seaside city witnessed a large theatrical performance", an error is found in the phrase "witnesses of the performance". The word "witness" means "eyewitness" - this is the name of a person who finds himself at the scene of an incident. This word is associated with the sphere of judicial and legal activity. In the field of theatrical and concert activity, which is referred to in the proposal, the word "spectator" is used. This error is associated with a lack of distinction between areas of activity.

The erroneous combination “prices have risen in price” is associated with a lack of distinction between the related concepts of “prices” and “goods”: goods rise in price, and prices rise.

Linguistic errors are associated with the indistinguishability of denoting words that are in any semantic relationship. These are mostly synonyms and paronyms.

The indistinguishability of synonyms that are close or coinciding in meaning of words leads to errors in use.For example, the words "role" and "function" in the sense of "work, circle of activity" are synonymous, but genetically they are associated with different designations: the role - with the sphere of theater and cinema, and the function - with logic. Hence the established lexical compatibility: the role is played (played), and the function is performed (performed). The words "brave" and "brave" are synonymous, but "brave" is associated with outward manifestation called quality, and "bold" - both external and internal, therefore, a thought, a decision, an idea can only be bold, but not brave.

Non-distinguishing of paronyms, i.e. words that partially coincide in sound also lead to errors in use; most of paronyms are single-root words that differ in suffixes or prefixes and, as a result, shades of meaning, as well as stylistic coloring.For example, a misdemeanor (offense) is an act (action committed by someone); guilty (who committed a crime) - guilty (guilty of something, violating the rules of morality, politeness, etc.); to pay (for something) - to pay (for something).

Stylistic mistakes

Stylistic errors are a violation of the requirements of unity functional style, unjustified use of emotionally colored, stylistically marked means. Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that its stylistic coloring imposes on the use of a word.

The most common stylistic mistakes include:

The use of clericalisms - words and phrases characteristic of the official business style.For example, "As the revenue side of my budget increased, I decided to buy a new car for permanent use" - "I began to receive a lot of money, so I decided to buy a new car."

The use of words (expressions) of inappropriate stylistic coloring.So, in a literary context, the use of jargon, vernacular, abusive vocabulary is inappropriate; in a business text, colloquial and expressively colored words should be avoided. For example, "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor" - "The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor."

Mixing styles -unjustified use of words in one text, syntactic constructions characteristic of different styles of the Russian language. For example, a mixture of scientific and colloquial styles.

A mixture of vocabulary from different historical eras.For example, “On the heroes of chain mail, trousers, mittens” - “On the heroes of chain mail, armor, mittens.”

Wrong construction of the sentence.For example, "Despite his youth, he good man". There are several ways to correct these errors. First, change the word order in the sentence: "There are many works that tell about the author's childhood in world literature" - "In world literature there are many works that tell about the author's childhood."

Secondly, to remake the sentence: “From other sporting events, let's talk about the barbell” - “From other sporting events, barbell competitions should be highlighted.”

Pleonasm is a verbal excess,the use of words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view.

Tautology - the use of single-root words within the boundaries of one sentence. For example, "Tell a story"; "Ask a question."

Lexical repetitions in the text.For example, "In order to study well, students must pay more attention to learning." Words that are repeated should be replaced with synonyms, nouns should be replaced with pronouns, or a repeating word should be removed altogether, if possible - "To achieve success, students must pay more attention to classes."

Concept change.This error occurs as a result of missing a word. For example, “Patients who have not visited the outpatient clinic for three years are laid out in the archive” (we are talking about patient cards, and from the text of the proposal it follows that the patients themselves were handed over to the outpatient clinic).

Choice of singular or plural forms.Often there are problems with the use of the singular or plural. Examples of correct use are combinations: two or more options, three or more forms, there are several options, there are some options.

Word agreement in a sentence. Often there are errors in the agreement of words in a sentence, especially with regard to the control of verbs. For example, "This section talks about opening, working and saving a document" - "This section describes the procedures for opening and saving documents, as well as working with them."

Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions. For example, “The man was wearing a burnt padded jacket. The quilted jacket was roughly darned. The boots were almost new. Moth-eaten socks" - "The man was dressed in a roughly darned burnt padded jacket. Although the boots were almost new, the socks were moth-eaten.

Stylistically unjustified use of tropes.The use of tropes can cause a variety of speech errors. Unsuccessful imagery of speech is a fairly common flaw in the style of authors who have poor pen skills.

For example, “The judge was just as simple and humble.

2. Errors in the use of borrowed words

V last years The Russian language is intensively replenished with borrowed words. This is because the country has entered a new socio-political formation, as well as free market relations. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. It can be said without exaggeration that there was a linguistic explosion. However, there is nothing wrong with this, because borrowed words are the result of contacts, relationships between peoples and states.

The presence in one language of words from other languages ​​and their use in speech is an objective reality. The number of such words is constantly increasing due to the penetration of new words and the expansion of the scope of old ones, used in a narrow sense.

Unfortunately, when using borrowed words, many mistakes are made (spelling, orthoepic, grammatical, lexical), which are explained by the special position of foreign words: in a new language for themselves, they have weak family ties (or do not have them at all), so their root for mostnative speakers is confusing, the meaning is unclear, but their modernity is felt in comparison with familiar Russian or borrowed words that have long been mastered.

The most common type of error is associated with the unreasonable use of a foreign word, which does not introduce anything new in comparison with its Russian or a borrowed synonym that has long been mastered.For example, “The presentation of the perfume took place last Friday; The perfume sold well." If the word "perfume" has the meaning of a particular type of perfume, or denotes some class of perfumery, which includes the perfume in question, a comment should be made; if the word "perfume" is used in its direct meaning of "perfume", then the need for its use in this text is highly doubtful.

Among borrowings there is a special group of words denoting concepts that are characteristic of a completely specific country (a number of countries) or people. Such borrowings are called exoticisms.. For example, prairies are flat steppe spaces in North America, and savannahs are plains in South America and Africa, covered with grassy vegetation, among which groups of trees and shrubs are scattered. Exoticisms are quite appropriate in texts describing the reality with which these words are correlated (here it is necessary to ensure that the prairies do not end up in South America, and the savannas - in North).

I would also like to note that the incorrect use of borrowed words leads to the following errors:

Violation of orthoepic norms.

This section includes errors in the pronunciation of borrowings, as well as incorrect placement of stress in foreign words. For example, "expert instead of expert, kv" artal instead of quart "al, cat" alog instead of catal "og", kilo "meters instead of kilo" meters.

Spelling violation.For example, the word "billiard" instead of "billiards".

Violation of grammatical norms.For example, "two shampoos", "two shoes" is the wrong gender.

Violation of the rules of word compatibility. For example, "Only here there were interesting nuances."

Conclusion

Analyzing the above, we can distinguish a number of features of the violation of lexical compatibility, namely:

Errors are predominant in relation to grammatical and stylistic norms proper. The leading types of violations in the field of vocabulary are the use of words in an unusual meaning, the indistinguishability of the meanings of synonyms and paronyms;

Are characterized by "genre stability";

Possess "quality stability". This is a misnomer and combination.

To a greater extent, words of certain parts of speech are subject to misuse (primarily verbs that have specific features of lexical meaning, as a rule, the presence of a differential feature that specifies compatibility), words that are in certain systemic relationships (a significant number of synonyms, a branched semantic structure, etc.). .P.).

Word matching plays an important role in artistic speech. The expansion of the habitual connections of words, giving them new shades of meaning, underlies many classic images great masters artistic speech: “a gray-haired winter threat” (A.S. Pushkin), “pot-bellied walnut bureau” (N.V. Gogol), “rubber thought” (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). Humorists often resort to violation of lexical compatibility to give speech a comic connotation. For example, "The population of the circulation ark fell asleep"; "an apple with a mole" (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). This stylistic device underlies various jokes: “The genius was recognized alive; "He was appointed director of his own free will."

In search of unexpected images, vivid speech expression, poets especially often expand their lexical compatibility. Suffice it to recall the classic lines of M.Yu. Lermontov: “Sometimes he falls passionately in love with his elegant sadness”; A.A. Feta: “September has died. And the dahlias burned with the breath of the night "; B. Pasternak: “February. Get ink and cry! Write about February sobbing. This stylistic device is also appreciated by contemporary poets: “A small forest asked alms for snow from greedy or impoverished skies” (B. Akhmadulina). When using words that have extremely limited possibilities of lexical connections, a violation of compatibility often becomes the cause of the comic sound of speech: “Students worked on their experimental site as the most notorious specialists”; “Children, dejected by experience, came to the circle of young naturalists.” Lexical errors in such cases cause damage not only to the style, but also to the content of the phrase, because the associations that arise in this case suggest the opposite meaning. , and in other cases - allows you to use unusual combinations words to create vivid images or as a source of humor.

Bibliography

Bragina A.A. Neologisms in Russian. M. - 1995.

Fomenko Yu.V. Types of speech errors. Novosibirsk - 1994.

Zeitlin S.N. Speech errors and their prevention. M. - 1982.

1. The concept of lexical norms, their aspects.

2. Lexical norms in terms of accuracy. Speech violations of lexical norms in terms of accuracy.

3. Lexical norms in terms of expressiveness.

4. Lexical norms from the point of view of language development.

1. The concept of lexical norms, their aspects.

Lexical norms- these are norms that regulate the rules for the use and combination of words in speech. The use of a word in speech is always determined by the features of its lexical meaning- content, which reflects our knowledge and understanding of an object, phenomenon, property or process.

When using a word in speech, we must ensure that, firstly, its lexical meaning is realized appropriately and correctly, and secondly, that the word correctly expresses our attitude, that is, it is expressive. In accordance with this, lexical norms have two aspects: precision and expressiveness.

2. Lexical norms in terms of accuracy. Speech violations of lexical norms in terms of accuracy.

Accuracy- the quality of speech, which lies in the correspondence of the semantic side of speech to reality, in the ability to find the right words to express one's thoughts.

The use of a word in speech is always determined, first of all, by the peculiarities of its lexical meaning, and also depends on the context - its environment.

Lexical norms that regulate the aspect of accuracy prescribe to avoid speech errors - violations of lexical norms. Let us briefly consider what these main speech flaws are.

1. Violation of lexical compatibility of words. Lexical compatibility of words is the ability of words to connect with each other. If you do not take into account the lexical meaning of words, as well as the tradition of combining words in a phrase, there is lexical incompatibility. For example, there are words whose compatibility in Russian is phraseologically related: stale bread, a callous person, but not stale torus t or callous friend. We can say deep night or deep old age but we can't talk deep day or deep youth. In some other cases, we are inattentive to lexical meaning words that we combine into a phrase. For instance, conversation read(this is an oral genre!), a conversation can be held, and a book or lecture can be read.

In this way , we examined lexical norms - the rules for using words in accordance with their meaning and expressive characteristics, got acquainted with the phenomena that accompany the development of our language.