Factors influencing the formation of personality

On formation human personality influence external and internal, biological and social factors. Factor(from lat. factor-doing, producing) - the driving force, the cause of any process, phenomenon (S. I. Ozhegov).

TO internal factors includes the individual's own activity, generated by contradictions, interests and other motives, realized in self-education, as well as in activity and communication.

TO external factors include macroenvironment, meso- and microenvironment, natural and social, education in a broad and narrow social and pedagogical sense.

environment and upbringing social factors, while heredity biological factor.

For a long time there have been discussions among philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and educators about the relationship between biological and social factors, about the priority importance of one or another in the development of a person's personality.

Some argue that a person, his consciousness, abilities, interests and needs are determined by heredity (E. Thorndike, D. Dewey, A. Kobe, and others). Representatives of this trend elevate hereditary factors (biological) to the absolute and deny the role of the environment and upbringing (social factors) in the development of the individual. They mistakenly transfer achievements biological science about the heredity of plants and animals on the human body. It's about recognizing innate abilities.

Other scientists believe that development entirely depends on the influence of the environment and upbringing (D. Locke, J.-J. Rousseau, K. A. Helvetius, etc.) They deny the genetic predisposition of a person and argue that a child from birth is a “blank slate , on which you can write everything, "that is, development depends on upbringing and the environment.

Some scientists (D. Diderot) believe that development is determined by an equal combination of the influence of heredity, environment and upbringing.

K. D. Ushinsky argued that a person becomes a personality not only under the influence of heredity, environment and upbringing, but also as a result of his own activity, which ensures the formation and improvement of personal qualities. A person is not only a product of heredity and the circumstances in which his life passes, but also an active participant in the change, improvement of circumstances. By changing circumstances, a person changes himself.

Let us consider in more detail the essential side of the influence of the leading factors on the development and formation of personality.

Some authors, as noted above, assign the decisive role to the biological factor - heredity. Heredity is the property of organisms to transmit certain qualities and characteristics from parents to children. Heredity is due genes(translated from the Greek "gene" means "giving birth"). Science has proven that the properties of an organism are encrypted in a kind of genetic code that stores and transmits all information about the properties of an organism. Genetics has deciphered the hereditary program of human development. It has been established that it is heredity that determines the general thing that makes a person a person, and the difference that makes people so different from each other. What does a person inherit? The following are inherited from parents to children:

-anatomical and physiological structure, reflecting the specific characteristics of an individual as a representative of the human race (Homo sapiens): the makings of speech, upright walking, thinking, labor activity;

-physical features: external racial characteristics, physique, constitution, facial features, hair, eye, skin color; physiological features: metabolism, arterial pressure and blood type, Rh factor, stages of maturation of the body;

-features of the nervous system: the structure of the cerebral cortex and its peripheral apparatus (visual, auditory, olfactory, etc.), features of nervous processes that determine the nature and a certain type of higher nervous activity;

-anomalies in the development of the body: color blindness (color blindness), "cleft lip", "cleft palate";

-predisposition to certain diseases of a hereditary nature: hemophilia (blood disease), diabetes, schizophrenia, endocrine disorders (dwarfism, etc.).

Need to distinguish congenital features human, associated with a change in the genotype, from acquired, which were the result of unfavorable living conditions. For example, complications after illness, physical injuries or neglect during the development of a child, eating disorders, labor, hardening of the body, etc. Deviation or a change in the psyche can occur as a result of subjective factors: fear, strong nervous shocks, drunkenness and immoral acts of parents, other negative things. Acquired changes are not inherited. If the genotype is not changed, then some of the innate individual characteristics of a person associated with his uterine development are also not inherited. These include many anomalies caused by such causes as intoxication, radiation, alcohol, birth trauma, etc.

An important question is whether the inheritance intellectual, special and moral qualities? As well as what children inherit - ready abilities to a certain type of activity or only makings?

It is established that only makings are inherited. Makings- these are anatomical and physiological features of the organism, which are prerequisites for the development of abilities. Inclinations provide a predisposition to a particular activity.

There are two types of assignments:

- universal(structure of the brain, central nervous system,
receptors);

- individual(typological properties of the nervous system, which determine the rate of formation of temporary connections, their strength, strength
concentrated attention, mental performance; individual features of the structure of analyzers, individual areas of the cerebral cortex, organs, etc.).

Abilities - individual personality traits, which are subjective conditions for the successful implementation of a certain type of activity, Abilities are not limited to knowledge, skills and abilities. They are found in the speed, depth and strength of mastering the methods and techniques of activity. High level of ability development - talent, genius.

Some scientists adhere to the concept of innate abilities (S. Bert, X. Eysenck and others). Most domestic specialists - physiologists, psychologists, teachers - consider abilities as lifetime formations that are formed in the process of activity and as a result of education. Not abilities are inherited, but only inclinations. The inclinations inherited by a person can be either realized or not. Being the individual-natural basis of abilities, inclinations are an important but insufficient condition for their development. In the absence of appropriate external conditions and adequate activity, abilities may not develop even if there are favorable inclinations. The absence of early achievements may indicate not a lack of abilities, but rather an organization of activities and education that is inadequate to the existing inclinations.

Particularly controversial is the question of inheritance of abilities for intellectual (cognitive, educational) activity.

Some scientists believe that all people receive from nature high potential opportunities for the development of their mental and cognitive powers and are capable of practically unlimited spiritual development. The existing differences in the types of higher nervous activity only change the course of thought processes, but do not predetermine the quality and level of intellectual activity itself. They do not agree with the opinion that the level of intelligence is transmitted from parents to children. However, these scientists recognize that heredity can adversely affect the development of intellectual abilities. Negative predispositions create brain cells in the children of alcoholics, broken genetic structures in drug addicts, and some hereditary mental illnesses.

Another group of scientists considers the existence of intellectual inequality of people a proven fact. The cause of inequality is recognized as biological heredity. Hence the conclusion: intellectual abilities remain unchanged and constant.

Understanding the process of inheritance of intellectual inclinations is very important, as it predetermines the practical ways of educating and educating people. Modern pedagogy focuses not on identifying differences and adapting education to them, but on creating conditions for the development of the inclinations that each person has.

An important question is about inheritance of special inclinations and moral qualities. special are called inclinations to a certain type of activity. Special inclinations include musical, artistic, mathematical, linguistic, sports, etc. It has been established that people with special inclinations achieve higher results, move faster in the corresponding field of activity. Special inclinations can appear already at an early age, if the necessary conditions are created.

Special makings are inherited. In the history of mankind there were many hereditary talents. It is known, for example, that J.S. Bach had 18 famous musicians in five generations of his ancestors. Many talented people were in the family of Charles Darwin.

Of particular importance is the question of inheritance of moral qualities and psyche. For a long time, the assertion dominated that mental qualities are not inherited, but acquired in the process of interaction of the organism with external environment. The social essence of the personality, its moral qualities are formed only in vivo.

It was believed that a person is not born either evil, or kind, or stingy, or generous, or a villain or a criminal. Children do not inherit the moral qualities of their parents; information about social behavior is not embedded in the genetic programs of a person. What a person becomes depends on the environment and upbringing.

At the same time, such prominent scientists as M. Montessori, K. Lorentz, E. Fromm argue that the moral qualities of a person are biologically determined. From generation to generation, moral qualities, behavior, habits and even actions are transmitted - both positive and negative ("the apple does not fall far from the tree"). The basis for such conclusions are the data obtained in the study of the behavior of humans and animals. According to the teachings of IP Pavlov, both animals and humans have instincts and reflexes that are inherited. The behavior of not only animals, but also humans in a number of cases is instinctive, reflex, based not on higher consciousness, but on the simplest biological reflexes. Hence, moral qualities, behavior can be inherited.

This question is very complex and responsible. Recently, domestic scientists (P.K. Anokhin, N.M. Amosov and others) have taken a position on the genetic conditioning of morality and social behavior of a person.

In addition to heredity, the determining factor in the development of personality is the environment. The environment is the reality in which human development takes place. influences the formation of personality geographic, national, school, family, social Wednesday. The concept of "social environment" includes such characteristics as the social system, the system of production relations, the material conditions of life, the nature of the flow of production and social processes, etc.

The question of whether the environment or heredity has a greater influence on human development remains debatable. The French philosopher K. A. Helvetius believed that all people from birth have the same potential for mental and moral development, and differences in mental characteristics are explained solely by the influence of the environment and educational influences. The environment is understood in this case metaphysically, it fatally predetermines the fate of a person. Man is considered as a passive object of environmental influence.

Thus, all scientists recognize the influence of the environment on the formation of man. Only their views on the assessment of the degree of influence of the environment on the formation of personality do not coincide. This is because there is no abstract environment. There is a specific social order, specific near and far environment of a person, specific living conditions. It is clear that a person achieves more high level development in an environment where favorable conditions are created.

Communication is an important factor in human development. Communication- this is one of the universal forms of personality activity (along with cognition, work, play), manifested in the establishment and development of contacts between people, in the formation of interpersonal relationships.

A person becomes a person only in communication, interaction with other people. Outside of human society, spiritual, social, mental development cannot take place. The interaction of a person with society, as is known, is called socialization.

The socialization of the individual is an objective phenomenon observed in the life of every person when he embarks on an independent life in society. Like any social phenomenon, socialization is multifaceted and therefore is studied by many sciences: sociology, cultural studies, ethnography, history, psychology, pedagogy, etc.

In addition to those listed above, an important factor influencing the formation of personality is upbringing. Education in a wide social sense often identified with socialization. Although the logic of their relationship could be characterized as relation of the whole to the particular. Is socialization a process? human social development as a result of natural and organized influences the totality of social factors. Education is considered by most researchers as one of the factors human development, which is a system of purposeful formative influences, interactions and relationships carried out in various spheres of social life. Education is a process of targeted and consciously controlled socialization (family, religious, school education), it acts as a kind of mechanism for managing socialization processes.

Education makes it possible to overcome or weaken the consequences of negative influences on socialization, to give it a humanistic orientation, to attract scientific potential for predicting and constructing pedagogical strategies and tactics. The social environment can influence unintentionally, spontaneously, while the educator purposefully directs development in a specially organized environment. educational system.

Personal development is possible only in activities- In the process of life, a person constantly participates in a wide variety of activities - gaming, educational, cognitive, labor, social, political, artistic, creative, sports, etc.

Acting as a form of being and a way of human existence, activity:

Ensures the creation of material conditions for human life;

Contributes to the satisfaction of natural human needs;

contributes to the knowledge and transformation of the surrounding world;

is a factor in the development of the spiritual world of man, a form and condition for the realization of his cultural needs;

enables a person to realize his personal potential, achieve life goals;

creates conditions for self-realization of a person in the system of social relations.

It should be borne in mind that the development of a personality under the same external conditions largely depends on its own efforts, on the energy and efficiency that it displays in various types activities.

Personal development is greatly influenced by collective activity. Scientists recognize that, on the one hand, under certain conditions, the team levels the personality, and on the other hand, the development and manifestation of individuality is possible only in the team. Collective activity contributes to the manifestation of the creative potential of the individual, the role of the team in the formation of the ideological and moral orientation of the individual, his civic position, and emotional development is indispensable.

important role in the development of personality self-education. Self-education begins with the awareness and acceptance of an objective goal as a subjective, desirable motive for one's activity. The subjective setting of a specific goal of behavior or activity gives rise to a conscious effort of will, the definition of an activity plan. The realization of this goal ensures the development of the individual.

Thus, the process and results of human development are determined by various factors - both biological and social. Factors in the development and formation of personality do not act in isolation, but in combination. Under different circumstances, various factors may have a greater or lesser influence on the development of personality. According to most authors, in the system of factors, if not decisive, then the leading role belongs to education.

Questions for self-control

1. What is personal development?

2. What are driving forces personality development?

3. How do socialization, upbringing and personality development relate?

4. What factors determine the development of personality?

5. How does activity affect personality development?

Main literature

1. Slastenin V. A., Kashirin V. P. Psychology and Pedagogy: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments. M., 2001.

2. Likhachev B. Pedagogy: Course of lectures. 3rd ed. M., 1999.

3. Kharlamov I. F. Pedagogy. Minsk, 2001.

additional literature

1. Voronov V.V. Pedagogy in a nutshell (compendium manual). 3rd ed. M., 1999.

2. Gessen S.I. Fundamentals of Pedagogy: An Introduction to Applied Philosophy. M., 1995.

3. Kon I. S. The child and society. M., 1988.

4. Kotova I. V., Shiyanov E. N. Socialization and education. Rostov-on-Don, 1997.

Dubinin N.P. What is a person. M., 1983.

Chapter 3. Education as a social phenomenon and pedagogical process

A man, if he wants to become a man, needs to be educated.

Ya. A. Comenius

The personal qualities of a person are manifested exclusively during socialization, that is, in the process of implementation general activities with other individuals. In another case, the improvement of his spiritual, mental and spiritual self-development is impossible. In addition, during socialization, the formation of the environment of each person occurs.

The real reality in which the individual develops is called the environment. In addition, personality development is influenced by various external circumstances: family, social, school and geographic. Scientists, talking about the impact of the environment on the formation of personality, in most cases have in mind the home and social microclimate. The first factor corresponds to the immediate environment (family, acquaintances, relatives, etc.), and the second - to the distant one (material well-being, political system in the country, interactions in society, etc.).

A great influence on the self-improvement of a person, starting from his very birth, has a home environment. It is there that the first and most important years, necessary for the formation of a person, pass. Family relationships determine the interests, needs, values ​​and views on certain situations. In addition, there are laid the initial conditions for improving the personal qualities of each individual.

The process of interaction between a person and his environment is called socialization. This term appeared in American psychology and originally implied the relationship by which the individual adapted to his environment. Based on this, adaptation is the initial component of socialization.

The main goal of society is to maintain the social environment in an optimal state. At the same time, it constantly forms stereotypes and standards, which it tries to maintain at the proper level. In order for a person to develop normally, it is necessary to adhere to these rules, since, otherwise, the process of socialization can develop for a very long time or completely stop. However, thanks to the principles of freedom and independence initially laid down in each person, each individual should form his own opinion on any situation. Thus, individuality is formed, which is the main driving factor in the development of both each individual and the whole society.

As a result, the full disclosure of the concept of socialization occurs in the totality of the following factors: independent regulation, adaptation, development, integration, as well as dialectical unity. The more these components influence the individual, the faster he becomes a person.

Socialization consists of several stages during which a decision is made certain tasks. Modern psychology divides these stages, depending on the participation of the individual in labor activity, as well as on how he relates to it.

Factors Influencing Personal Improvement

In sociology, factors are usually called certain circumstances that create favorable conditions for socialization. A.V. Mudrik formulated the basic principles and identified four stages of specialization:

• microfactors - social conditions that affect each, without exception, personality: family, home atmosphere, a group of peers in a technical school or university, various organizations in which an individual learns and interacts with an environment similar to him;
• mesofactors (or intermediate factors) - are determined by the larger social atmosphere, i.e., with the place where each individual lives in this moment: village, city, district, region, etc. In addition, differences can be by belonging to any subculture (group, sect, party, etc.) and also by the means of obtaining information (television, Internet, etc.) d.);
• macro factors - have an impact on significant human groups that occupy a certain territory on a scale: planets, countries, states, etc. Moreover, some factors can be inherited from previous factors.
  - megafactors (or the largest) - imply factors in the largest representations: the world, the planet, the universe, etc. Also, in some cases, it can be considered in relation to the population of the earth living in vast areas (countries, continents, etc.) .).

If we compare all these components, then most of all the development of personality is influenced by microfactors. With their help, the process of interaction occurs through the so-called agents of socialization. These include those persons with whom each particular person interacts. Depending on his age, agents can be completely different people. For example, for children, these are the closest relatives (parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents), neighbors, acquaintances, friends, etc. In youth and youth, the main agents of socialization are: spouses, study and work colleagues, colleagues in the army . In adulthood and old age, their own children, grandchildren, etc. are added. At the same time, most agents can move from category to category starting from a very early age.

How is the human environment formed?

Each person tries to form around himself such an environment that would in every possible way contribute to his development and self-improvement. At the same time, he should not feel constrained and restless. After all, everyone understands that it is much easier to develop in an environment where all other people also strive to improve and improve their lives.

According to the conclusions of scientists, the influence of the environment on each specific person almost imperceptible, but it has a very powerful effect. Therefore, it is necessary to try to form an environment around yourself exclusively of successful and interesting people.
To form a successful environment, the following principles must be followed:

1. Always look for opportunities to meet and chat with interesting and successful people. When talking with them, you can always learn some important and necessary information. However, it should be remembered that you yourself must be something interesting to this person.
2. Study the work of interesting people. It can be an autobiography, a book, video or audio materials. From them you can learn a lot of useful things for yourself.
3. Develop diversified. This includes various habits and hobbies: outdoor morning workouts, yoga classes, trainings, seminars, etc. At such events, it is very common to meet like-minded people and form a successful environment.

Creating an environment means constantly working on improving yourself, at every moment in time and in any area.

For self-improvement, it is necessary to set more complex tasks and goals for yourself each time. Depending on age and social status, they can be completely different, but the main factor must remain unchanged, that any activity must be aimed at improving the individual as a person.

There are two main theories about how environment influences personality development. According to one of them, a person is initially born with a program embedded in him, which forms his abilities and character. On the other hand, it is the environment of a person that forms the personality of each individual person.

If a person takes a look at his surroundings, then he will be able to identify certain patterns, that is, all these people will be of approximately the same social status, education, and also have common interests. Thus, it will also match all of these parameters. And if an individual wants to change his life and improve it in some way, then the first thing to do is to change his environment. After all, it will be very difficult or almost impossible to reach your goal in an environment where they don’t believe in you.

There is a good example in our history - Mikhail Lomonosov. As a young man, he had a strong thirst for knowledge. However, in the environment in which he was initially, the boy could not acquire the necessary skills and abilities. So he made a very difficult choice. The young man not only changed his environment, but also his place of residence, leaving for an unfamiliar city. Being completely alone, he did not give up, but, on the contrary, got stronger and revealed himself as a gifted and talented person.

On the other hand, at present, there are a lot of reverse examples. Many young people, having been born in large cities, received excellent education and work, become the usual "gray" mass. They have no interests, exist only for one day and are ordinary life-seekers.

From all this we can conclude that the environment always influences the formation and development of personality. Sometimes to a greater extent, sometimes to a lesser extent. Its influence on children is especially strong, therefore main goal parents is to help form a circle of friends and acquaintances in their child, as well as show some principles by their own example. An adult needs to identify for himself the priorities of his future life and, based on them, form the necessary and successful environment around him.

Personality formation

an objective and natural process, during which a person acts not only as an object of influence, but also as a subject of activity and communication.

Personality, like everything specifically human in the psyche, is formed and revealed in the course of active interaction with the external and objective environment, through the assimilation or appropriation by the individual of socially developed experience. In this experience, systems of ideas about the norms and values ​​of life, about the general orientation of a person, relations to others, to oneself, to society, etc., relate directly to the individual. different times and different cultures, these systems are different, but their meaning does not change and can be expressed through the concepts of “objective existence” or “social plans (programs)” of the individual. The Society organizes special activities aimed at the implementation of these plans. But every individual is also active, and the activity of society meets its activity; the processes that are played out at the same time, and constitute the most important, sometimes dramatic events in the course of the formation and life of the individual.

The formation of personality is the process of mastering a special sphere of social experience, but it is completely different from the mastery of knowledge, skills, etc. Indeed, as a result of this mastery, new motives and needs are formed, their transformation and subordination. It is impossible to achieve this by simple assimilation - these would be motives known, but not really acting. New needs and motives, their subordination arise not during assimilation, but during experiencing or living: this process occurs only in real life, always emotionally saturated, often subjectively creative.

The most important and major stages of personality formation are as follows. According to A. N. Leontiev, in line with the theory of activity, a person is “born” twice. Its first "birth" is at the preschool age, when a hierarchy of motives is established, the first correlation of immediate motives with social criteria- there is an opportunity to act contrary to the direct impulse, according to social motives. It is marked by the establishment of the first hierarchical relations of motives, the first subordination of immediate motives to social norms. So, here is born what is reflected in the first criterion of personality.

Her second "birth" - at the age of adolescence and is associated with the awareness of the motives of her behavior and the possibility of self-education. It is expressed in the appearance of the desire and ability to realize one's motives and carry out active work on their subordination and resubordination. This ability for self-consciousness, self-guidance and self-education is reflected in the second criterion of personality. Its obligation is also fixed in the legal concept of criminal liability.

The question of the mechanisms of personality formation, which is extremely important for the theory of personality and for the practice of education, has not been sufficiently developed.

The spontaneous mechanisms of personality formation include a fairly general mechanism for shifting a motive to a goal, as well as a more special identification mechanism and a mechanism for accepting and mastering social roles (-; ). These are spontaneous mechanisms, because the subject, being exposed to their action, is not fully aware of them, and in any case, does not consciously control them. They dominate until the age of adolescence, but even after that they continue to participate in the development of the personality along with conscious forms of self-construction. These mechanisms, to the extent that they relate to the development of the individual, operate in line with the general, general process of objectifying the need for communication (- : ; ). Everything is given to this need in psychology. greater value. In terms of its fundamental nature, it is equated with organic needs: it is just as vital, because its dissatisfaction leads to deterioration. physical condition babies and young of higher animals, and even to their death. It turns out to be the main driving force for the formation and development of personality.

The mechanism of motive shift operates at all stages of personality development, only with age those main motives of communication change and become more complicated, which direct this shift to mastered actions, because as you grow, the circle of social contacts and connections becomes wider.

The identification mechanism begins to operate from an early age: children imitate their parents in everything - in manners, speech, clothes, activities. All this is reproduced purely externally, but at the same time, the internal features of the parents are assimilated. This is very clearly manifested in role-playing games, especially when playing in a family. Feature identification - in that it passes, especially at first, regardless of the consciousness of the child, and is not completely controlled by the parents. This imposes on educators a special responsibility - for the quality of their own personality. At later age stages, the circle of persons is extremely expanded, from which the sample-object of identification is selected. Among those may be not only real people, acquaintances or strangers, but also literary heroes. But usually there comes a time when the "sample" loses its attractiveness and subjective significance, and this is natural: a person has taken something important and necessary from the sample, but she has her own way. The deactualization of the model marks the completion of a certain stage in the development of the personality, its rise to a new stage: it turns out that new relationships have developed, new motives have appeared, and this makes us set new goals and look for new ideals.

The mechanism for accepting and mastering social roles also operates from an early, preschool age: an older preschooler dreams of becoming a schoolchild, etc. This mechanism is in many respects similar to the identification mechanism, but is much more generalized; often there is no personalization of the mastered standard - a social role or a social position. Many moments of the process of entering the role, its development and implementation are "hot spots" in life. Often dreams about roles - in such dreams, ideas about how an individual will look in a new, desired role play a significant role. These experiences reflect the desire to appear before others in a new way, according to a new role. In a more advanced phase, the individual often grows together with the role, it becomes part of his personality, and the loss of the familiar role is experienced as the loss of a part of the personality. Close to this are the situations of temporary "de-robbing" - when serious illnesses, natural disasters etc.

The development of social roles is most directly related to the formation and life of the individual, because in the course of it:

1) new motives appear;

2) there is a subordination of motives;

3) systems of views, values, ethical norms and attitudes are modified.

All these mechanisms of personality formation can also take conscious forms, but awareness is not necessary for their action, and often impossible. As a rule, all these mechanisms act together, intertwining and mutually reinforcing, and only mental abstraction allows us to consider them separately.

Dictionary of practical psychologist. - M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 .

See what "personality formation" is in other dictionaries:

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Books

• , S. S. Komissarenko. The monograph considers personality as a subject of scientific humanitarian knowledge and the main subject of social and cultural processes. Using the cultural-anthropological approach, the personality ...

The formation of personality is a process that does not end at a certain stage of human life, but always lasts. There are no two identical interpretations of the term "personality", because this is a rather multifaceted concept. There are two radically different professional views on the phenomenon of the human personality. According to one of them, the development of personality is influenced by the natural data of a person, which are innate. The second view evaluates the personality as social phenomenon, that is, it recognizes exclusively the influence on the personality of the social environment in which it develops.

Personality formation factors

Of the many theories of personality presented by various psychologists, one can clearly distinguish the main idea: personality is formed on the basis of a person’s biological data and the learning process, gaining life experience and self-awareness. The formation of a person's personality begins already in early childhood, and continues throughout life. It is influenced by a number of factors, both internal and external. Let's consider them in more detail. Internal factors are, first of all, the temperament of a person, which he receives genetically. External factors include upbringing, the environment, and the social level of a person, and even the time, the century in which he lives. Let us consider in more detail the two sides of personality formation - biological and social.

Personality as a biological object. The very first thing that affects the formation of personality is the genetic material that a person receives from his parents. Genes contain information about the program that was laid down in the ancestors of two genera - maternal and parental. That is, a newborn person is a successor of two births at once. But here it should be clear: a person does not receive traits of character, giftedness from his ancestors. He receives a basis for development, which he must already use. So, for example, from birth a person can get the makings of a singer and a choleric temperament. But whether a person can be a good vocalist and control the irascibility of his temperament depends on him directly from his upbringing, worldview.

It should also be noted that personality is influenced by culture, the social experience of previous generations, which cannot be transmitted with genes. The significance of the biological factor in the formation of personality cannot be ignored. It is thanks to him that people who grow up in the same conditions become different and unique. The mother plays the most important role for the child, because he is closely connected with her, and this contact can be attributed to the biological factors influencing the formation and development of the personality. In the mother's womb, the child is completely dependent on the mother.

Her mood, emotions, feelings, not to mention her lifestyle, greatly affect the baby. It is a mistake to think that a woman and her fetus are connected only by the umbilical cord. They are interconnected, this connection affects the lives of both. The simplest example: a woman who was nervous a lot and experienced negative emotions during pregnancy will have a child who succumbs to fears and stresses, nervous conditions, anxieties and even pathologies in development, which cannot but affect the formation and development of the child's personality.

Each newborn person begins his own way of personality formation, in which he goes through three main stages: absorption of information about the world around him, repetition of someone's actions and behavior patterns, accumulation of personal experience. In the prenatal period of development, the child does not get the opportunity to imitate someone, cannot have personal experience, but he can absorb information, that is, receive it with genes and as part of the maternal organism. That is why heredity and the attitude of the expectant mother to the fetus, the way of life of a woman are of such great importance for the development of a personality.

The social side of personality formation. So, biological factors lay the foundation for personal development, but the socialization of a person also plays an equally important role. Personality is formed sequentially and in stages, and these stages have a certain similarity for all of us. The upbringing that a person receives in childhood affects his perception of the world. It is impossible not to underestimate the impact on the personality of the society, of which it is a part. There is a term that indicates the accession of a person to the system of society - socialization.

Socialization is an entry into society, therefore it has a framework for duration. The socialization of the individual begins in the first years of life, when a person masters the norms and orders, begins to distinguish the roles of the people around him: parents, grandparents, educators, strangers. An important step in the beginning of socialization is the acceptance by the individual of his role in society. These are the first words: “I am a girl”, “I am a daughter”, “I am a first grader”, “I am a child”. In the future, a person must determine his attitude to the world, his calling, his way of life. For the personality of adolescents, an important step in socialization is the choice of a future profession, and for young and mature people, the creation of their own family.

Socialization stops when a person completes the formation of his attitude to the world and realizes his own role in it. In fact, the socialization of the individual continues throughout life, but its main stages must be completed on time. If parents, educators and teachers miss some points in the upbringing of a child or teenager, then the young person may have difficulties in socialization. For example, people with whom preschool age sex education was not carried out even at the elementary level, they have difficulties in determining their sexual orientation, in determining their psychological gender.

Summing up, we can say that the starting base for the development and formation of personality is the family, in which the child comprehends the first rules of behavior, the norms of communication with society. Then the baton passes to kindergartens, schools, universities. Of great importance are sections and circles, interest groups, classes with rehearsals. Growing up, accepting himself as an adult, a person learns new roles, including the role of spouse, parents, specialists. In this sense, the personality is influenced not only by upbringing and the environment of communication, but also by the means mass media, Internet, public opinion, culture, political situation in the country and many other social factors.

The process of personality formation

Socialization as a process of personality formation. The process of socialization has a huge impact on the development and formation of personality. The formation of personality as an object of social relations is considered in sociology in the context of two interrelated processes - socialization and identification. Socialization is the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, values ​​necessary for his successful functioning in this society. Socialization covers all the processes of familiarization with culture, training and education, through which a person acquires a social nature and the ability to participate in social life.

In the process of socialization, everything around the individual takes part: family, neighbors, peers in children's institutions, school, the media, etc. For successful socialization (the formation of personality), according to D. Smelser, three factors must act: expectations, behavior changes and striving to meet those expectations. The process of personality formation, in his opinion, occurs in three different stages: 1) imitation and copying of adult behavior by children, 2) the game stage, when children are aware of behavior as the performance of a role, 3) the stage of group games, at which children learn to understand what a whole group of people are waiting for them.

Many sociologists argue that the process of socialization continues throughout a person's life, and argue that the socialization of adults differs from the socialization of children in several ways: the socialization of adults rather changes outward behavior, while the socialization of children forms value orientations. Identification is a way of realizing belonging to a particular community. Through identification, children accept the behavior of parents, relatives, friends, neighbors, etc. and their values, norms, patterns of behavior as their own. Identification means the internal development of values ​​by people and is a process of social learning.

The process of socialization reaches a certain degree of completion when the individual reaches social maturity, which is characterized by the acquisition of an integral social status by the individual. In the 20th century, Western sociology established an understanding of sociology as that part of the process of personality formation, during which the most common common personality traits are formed, manifested in sociologically organized activity, regulated by the role structure of society. Talcott Parsons considers the family to be the main organ of primary socialization, where the fundamental motivational attitudes of the individual are laid.

Socialization is a complex, multilateral process of social formation and development of the individual, occurring under the influence of the social environment and the purposeful educational activities of society. The process of socialization of the individual is the process of transforming an individual with his natural inclinations and potential opportunities for social development into a full member of society. In the process of socialization, a person is formed as a creator of material wealth, an active subject social attitude. The essence of socialization can be understood under the condition that a person is considered both as an object and a subject of social influence.

Education as a process of personality formation. The educational impact of the surrounding social environment has a huge impact on the formation of a person's personality. Education is a process of purposeful influence on a person by other people, the cultivation of a personality. The question arises. What plays a decisive role in the formation of the personality, its social activity and consciousness - outwardly higher supernatural, natural forces or the social environment? In concepts highest value attached to moral education on the basis of bringing "eternal" ideas of human morality carried out in the form of spiritual communication.

The problem of education is one of the eternal social problems, the final solution of which is, in principle, impossible. Education remains not only one of the most massive forms of human activity, but also continues to bear the main burden of shaping human sociality, since the main task of education is to change a person in the direction determined by social needs. Education is the activity of transferring socio-historical experience to new generations, a systematic and purposeful impact that ensures the formation of the personality, its preparation for social life and productive work.

Considering education as a function of society, which consists in consciously influencing an individual in order to prepare him to fulfill one or another social role by transferring to him the social experience accumulated by mankind, developing certain features and qualities, it is possible to determine the specificity of the subject of the sociology of education. The sociology of education is the formation of a personality as a specific carrier of sociality with certain worldview, moral, aesthetic attitudes and life aspirations as a result of education as a purposeful activity of society.

On the one hand, the upbringing of a personality is aimed at familiarizing a person with the values ​​of culture, on the other hand, upbringing consists in individualization, in acquiring a personality of its own "I". For all the importance of purposeful educational activity, the decisive factor for the formation of a personality with conscious traits and principles of behavior is, nevertheless, the influence of specific living conditions in itself.

Conditions for the formation of personality

The moral formation of a personality is an important part of the process of socialization of an individual, his entry into the social environment, his assimilation of certain social roles and spiritual values ​​- ideology, morality, culture, social norms of behavior - and their implementation in various types of social activity. The socialization of an individual, his moral formation is due to the action of three groups of factors (objective and subjective): - universal experience in the field of work, communication and behavior; - the material and spiritual features of a given social system and the social group to which the individual belongs ( economic relations, political institutions, ideology, model, law); - the specific content of industrial, family, household and other social connections and relationships that make up the personal life experience of the individual.

From this it follows that the moral formation of the personality occurs under the influence of the conditions of social existence. But social existence is a complex concept. It is determined not only by what characterizes society as a whole: the dominant type of production relations, the organization of political power, the level of democracy, official ideology, morality, etc., but also by what characterizes large and small social groups. These are, on the one hand, large social communities of people, professional, national, age and other demographic macrogroups, and on the other hand, family, school, educational and production teams, household environment, friends, acquaintances and other microgroups.

The individual is formed under the influence of all these layers of society. But these layers themselves, their influence on people, both in content and in intensity, are unequal. General social conditions are the most mobile: they change to a greater extent as a result of social transformations, the new, progressive is more quickly established in them and the old, reactionary is being eliminated. Macrogroups are slower and more difficult to social change and therefore lag behind general social conditions in their social maturity. The most conservative are small social groups: they have stronger and more stable old views, customs, and traditions that contradict collectivist ideology and morality.

Formation of personality in the family

The family, from the point of view of sociologists, is a small social group based on marriage and blood relationship, whose members are connected by common life, mutual help, moral responsibility. This ancient institution of human society has gone through a difficult path of development: from tribal forms of hostel to modern forms family relations. Marriage as a stable union between a man and a woman arose in a tribal society. The basis of marital relations gives rise to rights and obligations.

Foreign sociologists consider the family as social institution only if it is characterized by three main types of family relations: marriage, parenthood and kinship, in the absence of one of the indicators, the concept of "family group" is used. The word "marriage" comes from the Russian word "to take". family union may be registered or unregistered (actual). Marriage relations registered by state institutions (in registry offices, wedding palaces) are called civil; illuminated by religion - church. Marriage is a historical phenomenon, it has gone through certain stages of its development - from polygamy to monogamy.

Urbanization has changed the way and rhythm of life, which has led to a change in family relations. The urban family, not burdened with running a large household, oriented towards self-reliance and independence, has passed into the next phase of its development. The patriarchal family was replaced by the married one. Such a family is usually called nuclear (from the Latin core); It includes spouses and their children). Weak social security, material difficulties experienced by the family at the present time, have led to a reduction in the birth rate in Russia and the formation of a new type of family - childless.

According to the type of residence, the family is divided into patrilocal, matrilocal, neolocal and unilocal. Let's take a look at each of these forms. The matrilocal type is characterized by the family living in the wife's house, where the son-in-law was called "primak". For a long period in Russia, the patrilocal type was widespread, in which the wife, after marriage, settled in her husband's house and was called "daughter-in-law." The nuclear type of marital relations is reflected in the desire of the newlyweds to live independently, separately from their parents and other relatives.

This type of family is called neolocal. For a modern urban family, a typical type of family relationship can be considered a unilocal type, in which the spouses live where there is the possibility of living together, including renting housing. Held among the youth sociological survey, showed that young people entering into a marriage union do not condemn marriages of convenience. Only 33.3% of respondents condemn such marriages, 50.2% treat it with understanding, and 16.5% even "would like to have such an opportunity." Modern marriages are getting old. Average age people entering into marriage over the past 10 years has increased among women by 2 years, among men - by 5 years. The tendency, characteristic of Western countries, to create a family by solving professional, material, housing, and other problems, is also observed in Russia.

Marriages are now generally of different ages. Usually, one of the members of the marriage union, more often the eldest, takes responsibility for solving economic, household and other problems. And although family psychologists, for example, Bandler, consider the optimal difference in the age of spouses 5-7 years, modern marriages are characterized by a difference of 15-20 years (and not always a woman is younger than a man). The change in social relations also affected the problems of the modern family.

In the practice of family relations fictitious marriages take place. In such a registered form, marriage is typical for the capital and large industrial and cultural centers of Russia, their basis is the receipt of certain benefits. The family is a complex multifunctional system, it performs a number of interrelated functions. The function of the family is a way of manifesting the activity and vital activity of its members. The functions should include: economic, household, recreational, or psychological, reproductive, educational.

Sociologist A.G. Kharchev believes reproductive function family is the main social function, which is based on the instinctive desire of a person to continue his kind. But the role of the family is not reduced to the role of a "biological" factory. In fulfilling this function, the family is responsible for the physical, mental and intellectual development child, it acts as a kind of birth control. Currently, demographers note a decrease in the birth rate in Russia. So, in 1995, newborns amounted to 9.3 per one thousand of the population, in 1996 - 9.0; in 1997-8 newborns.

A person acquires value for society only when he becomes a personality, and its formation requires a purposeful, systematic impact. It is the family, with its constant and natural nature of influence, that is called upon (to form character traits, beliefs, views, worldview of the child. Therefore, highlighting educational function family as the main has a social meaning.

For each person, the family performs emotional and recreational functions that protect a person from stressful and extreme situations. The comfort and warmth of a home, the fulfillment of a person's need for trusting and emotional communication, sympathy, empathy, support - all this allows a person to be more resistant to the conditions of modern hectic life. The essence and content of the economic function is to maintain not only general economy but also in the economic support of children and other family members during their disability.

How is the personality of each person formed? Does her upbringing influence her or is heredity the main thing? Is art necessary or can one do without it? Below we will consider all the main factors influencing the development of personality.

From birth to death, we develop:
moral, spiritual,
. Five factors influence our formation. Among them, according to Zenkovsky (teacher, culturologist):

• heredity,
• upbringing,
• Wednesday.

Some scholars add culture and individual human experience. These factors influencing personality development have been debated for decades: which is more important, genetics or learning? What is the effect of art on a person? These questions do not yet have an exact answer, like many others related to society. The influence of the environment on the development of personality is undeniable. But let's try to prioritize at least for ourselves.

Heredity and environment in the development and formation of personality

The formation of personality traits is influenced by biological and social factors. The influence of heredity and environment is undeniable, since they are external and internal factors of development. They can also be called natural and social. Professors all over the world are struggling over which of them is the leading factor in personality development.

Heredity as a factor in personality development

What do we inherit from our parents besides the color of our eyes, skin and hair? Is there a gene responsible for the future intelligence of a child? Yes and no. We inherit only the ability to any type of activity (sports, languages, creativity), but not ready-made data, with the help of which you can immediately turn into a talented artist or a brilliant writer right from the cradle. These inclinations should be developed, provided the child with the right educational environment, then they will bear fruit. Otherwise, they will remain deeply hidden even from the owner of the abilities. The need for education and development is determined by the conditions for the development of the individual.

Geneticist N.P. Dubinin insists that
not passed from parents to children. This may upset academics, but give hope to those who have not mastered even the school curriculum. However, the type of thinking is transmitted, without reference to the quality of mental abilities.

Bad habits of mothers and fathers always affect the offspring: alcoholism, drug addiction, mental illness make their own negative adjustments to the inheritance of abilities and intelligence.

Environment as a factor in personality development

In addition to heredity, there are other factors that are important in shaping a person. The influence of society on the development of the individual is colossal. Everyone knows the stories about accidentally found “Mowgli” children who live for years outside of society, far in the forests, fed by wolves and monkeys. They are not adapted to a normal life, the degree of maturity remains at the level of 4-5-year-old children even after many years of rehabilitation with correctional teachers and psychologists.

Family and education in matters of personality development

The influence of upbringing on the development of the personality is as important as heredity with the environment. Sometimes, it is upbringing that can correct the formation of a person with poor heredity or who grew up in a bad environment.

Education as a factor in the development of personality manifests itself in childhood. Initially leading role parents play in this process, teaching the baby to eat, sleep, dress independently. Then comes the turn of kindergartens, schools, in which the rights of upbringing are transferred to educators and teachers. But at the same time, it is important not to stop the educational process at home, revealing to the child the norms of morality, honor, and dignity. Not all school teachers are able to weave ethical, aesthetic moments into a purely educational subject process.

The influence of upbringing on the development of the personality by parents will always be more important than any other. The attitude of parents to the child, the chosen vector of interaction with the child, the amount of time devoted to him, attention is reflected in the entire future life of a person, forming a fundamental basis.

Culture is the key to success

Sociologists, educators and culturologists are actively exploring the question of what factors influence human development, in addition to those already mentioned. It turned out that the influence of culture on personality development is invaluable. The artistic representation of reality forms the intellect, moral principles, attitudes, feelings of a person.

The spiritual influence of art on a person is specific, it enlightens, purifies the senses, sometimes causing the so-called "catharsis". In addition to the cleansing function of art for the development of the individual, there is a compensatory function, that is, it contributes to the spiritual harmony of a person.

The influence of culture on the development of the individual lies in gaining the ability to see the beautiful around oneself, in the formation of emotional intelligence, in the cultivation of the skill of coherent and figurative expression of one's thoughts. It broadens the horizon, enriches the inner world.

“The emotions of art are intelligent emotions,” - L. S. Vygotsky, psychologist, founder of cultural-historical theory.

Feelings and experiences received when contemplating masterpieces confirm the influence of art on enriching the relationship of a person with the outside world, spiritually elevating a person. But for the correct perception of artistic and musical works, it is necessary to have an artistic and aesthetic understanding, that is, constantly from childhood to acquire knowledge about culture and art, developing an aesthetic sense in oneself.

The influence of music on the development of a sense of beauty is also important, especially classical music, which forms a vivid perception of harmonious sound. People who create masterpieces of art confirm with their talent that activity as a factor in personal development is very important, especially in your favorite business.

Instead of output

Knowing what influences the formation of an individual, you can try to grow a smart, capable, creative society. If everyone from childhood feels the influence of music on the development of a person and the influence of art on his perception of the world as a whole, he will be born from
parents with good heredity, ready to give the baby a favorable family environment and competent upbringing, then the world will become a little better.