Slavic conspiracies in folklore. An old conspiracy from a serious illness

Signs, fortune-telling, witchcraft, conspiracies are known among all peoples. They are based on the mythical perception of the world, which has given the environment a special, secret meaning. In ancient times, they were based on figurative, metaphorical thinking, assimilation by analogy. The vitality of these phenomena is striking: superstition and witchcraft, especially in a modernized guise, exist today.

Fortune-telling is a means of recognizing the future. The fortuneteller does not try to influence the natural course of events, but only seeks to penetrate the hidden secrets. To recognize the future, one had to turn to evil spirits, so fortune-telling was perceived as a sinful and dangerous activity (for example, fortune-tellers took off their crosses). For fortune-telling, places were chosen where, according to the people's idea, it was possible to come into contact with the inhabitants of the "other world" (crossroads, baths, cemeteries, etc.), as well as the time of day at which this contact was most likely (evening, midnight , until the first roosters). Nevertheless, Christian images also penetrated into fortune-telling.

Holy Mother of God,

Bring me to that temple

Where to get married to us!

Guessing, people tried to get an answer to one or another important question for them: about health, about the harvest and offspring of livestock, about the fate of those who went to war ... The most numerous were the girls' fortune-telling about the upcoming marriage.

Fortune-telling was based on the method of interpreting "signs": sounds; accidentally heard words; reflections in the water; the outlines of melted wax, tin or egg white poured into the water; animal behavior; thrown objects (wreath, felt boots) - and so on. To obtain these "signs", actions were taken in which objects, animals, plants were used. Sometimes actions were accompanied by verbal formulas:

In the field, in the field there is a snowball, there is my fiancé.

Where the dog breaks, there he dwells.

There was a custom to attach fortune-telling to calendar days: Maslenitsa, St. George's Day, Easter, Trinity, Ivan Kupala, and especially - to the winter Christmastide.

The most developed in artistic terms were Christmas-tide submarine fortune-telling - collective fortune-telling about the future. In them, the primary role was played by the symbolism of special sub-dish songs.

The name "podvodnye" comes from the type of fortune-telling. Gathering in a hut, the participants (most often girls) took a dish (bowl), put rings or other small objects in it, removing them from themselves, poured water into the dish and covered it with a handkerchief. (A variation of this ritual without water is also known.) Songs - poetic predictions were sung in chorus, and someone, without looking, took out the items put there from the dish. First, the bread was honored and only then other songs were sung. They could portend wealth, a wedding, the continuation of girlhood, misfortune, death. Whose thing was taken out, this was the prediction. The number of songs depended on the number of fortunetellers.

The main poetic symbols were universal images of bread, gold, a house, a road, a tree. In the songs predicting the harvest and wealth, the most characteristic was the image of bread and grain associated with it, sheaves, kvashni, bowl. Wealth was also symbolized by the images of a pike, a bear, and a mouse. Misfortune or death was predicted by the croaking of a crow, a memorial pancake, a white linen, a coffin. Marriage - a cat with a cat, as well as symbols of wedding songs and rituals, often paired: a sable with a marten, a birch with an oak, two doves; wedding ring.

Song predictions had a constant, traditional meaning, but in some cases variation was allowed in their interpretation.

The composition of sub-saber songs is characterized by the final setting formulas, performed after each song:

To whom it is necessary, that will come true,

This will come true, it will not pass;

To whom they sang

Good for that!

And someone will get this song,

That will come true, will be remembered.

Often, after each couplet, the refrain was repeated: "Glory!", "Glory, my goodness!" and others. Refrains (containing an appeal to the Slavic god of love Lada), as well as the tunes of sub-saber songs, reveal their connection with the songs of the spring-summer calendar.

According to popular terminology, yliya was a kind of subtle songs: each song began with a special melody addressed to Elijah the prophet, whom the people connected with the ancient heavenly deity - the thunderbolt (possibly Perun):

How dreadful evenings we have today, Elijah!

Terrible evenings and Vasilievsky, Ilya!

Sing the original songs, Elijah!

The call of this deity could only be expressed in a refrain:

"Neck, idea!"

Christmas divination is described in Russian literature ("Svetlana" by V. A. Zhukovsky, "Eugene Onegin" by A. S. Pushkin, "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy).

A conspiracy (or spell) is a work of a magical nature, pronounced with the aim of influencing the surrounding world, its phenomena and objects in order to obtain the desired result. Conspiracies are an integral part of witchcraft. The conspiracy was often accompanied by actions with water, fire, various subjects and so on., as well as the sign of the cross. Pronouncing therapeutic conspiracies (for example, in a bathhouse), the patient was given infusions of medicinal herbs, spat, applied massage, elements of hypnosis.

The most ancient conspiracies were short, explaining magical actions. Witchcraft and generally could not be accompanied by a word, but consist only of one action (see Reader). The ritual of the execution of conspiracies required a certain time and place (at morning or evening dawn, at midnight, on Maundy Thursday; by the river, at the chicken perch, in the oven, etc.).

Mythologists saw in conspiracies ancient myths-prayers addressed to pagan deities. And in our time, conspiracies are considered as a source of reconstruction of the mythopoetic world. They are brought together with myths by the identification of the natural and the human, the appeal to mythological characters (natural elements, space objects, mythical creatures). The conspiracies were significantly influenced by Christianity: both the rite (the sign of the cross, prayer) and bookishness (for example, Christian saints are often mentioned).

An important sign of a conspiracy is belief in the magical power of the word. This was reflected in its popular names: conspiracy, slander, whispering, word, prayer. Every person possessed simple conspiracies from bruises, cuts, boils, etc. However, A. N. Afanasyev also emphasized that conspiracies are "the subject of secret knowledge of healers, sorcerers, healers and healers.<...>They are unsuitable for fun and, like monuments of a prophetic, wizarding word, contain a terrible force that should not be tortured unless absolutely necessary; otherwise you will make trouble. "

Conspiracies were passed from elder to younger, more often by relatives. There was a belief that sorcerers must get rid of their knowledge before death and that they could do it by deceit (for this they only had to touch another person).

They also believed that the text of the conspiracy could not be changed, otherwise its strength would weaken. Therefore, not hoping for memory, the conspiracies were entered into notebooks. There was even a written form of their existence. However, despite this, conspiracies, like any folklore phenomenon, were subject to variability. At the end of the conspiracy, the performer could utter words that "neutralize" possible mistakes:

Be my words and slander.

Some non-agreements

Execution-full of strong-modeling ... Etc.

Only another conspiracy could destroy or weaken the power of a conspiracy. In the late tradition, the conspiracy was not always required to be pronounced: it was enough to write it down on paper and wear it in an amulet on the chest (for example, "The Dream of the Mother of God" is a road guardian of travelers, travelers).

Conspiracies were universal in household use: economic (farmers, shepherds, hunters, for a successful trade ...); medicinal; love (they were called dryers or ot-drying); social and everyday life (on the royal eyes, how to deny oneself from torture, go to court, from a bullet in a war ...). The most numerous are medicinal conspiracies. The direction of conspiracies, like any witchcraft, could be not only good, but also evil, which was expressed in the desire to inflict damage on someone, to send damage. Therefore, they distinguished between "white" and "black" conspiracies.

The characters in the conspiracies are very diverse. These are the personified carriers of evil: twelve sisters - twelve daughters of Herod, melancholy, dryness, the demon Salchak, thin, Gryz Gryzets, sounds, thunderous thunder ... On the other hand, numerous helpers who carry out requests or orders: the Mother of God (Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos ), Holy Savior (Jesus Christ, Lord), Yegor the Brave, Father, Holy Father Simon, red sun, bright month, frequent stars, morning dawn, violent winds, whirlwind, fire, fire serpent, father black smoke, mother water, mother skin-snake ...

In the artistic system of conspiracies, it is necessary to note the richness of epithets.

The method of comparison plays an important role in them. For instance:

How are you, mother wild.

You run away, you do not regret

No berezhki, no pebbles,

So I do not regret it.

At the same time, there are conspiracies without this technique, which speaks of the variety of their forms. G. A. Bartashevich calls conspiracies-appeals, conspiracies-requests, conspiracies-formulas of wishes, conspiracies-prayers, epic conspiracies with a developed central image, conspiracies such as abracadabra, conspiracies-dialogues, conspiracies-medical advice, - and these are not all types ...

In epic conspiracies with a developed central image, there were permanent elements compositions: opening (prayer introduction), epic part (description of ritual actions, real or symbolic), expression of wishes, setting-ending. Usually the action takes place on the sea-Okiyane, on the Buyan island, in the middle of which there is a copper pillar from earth to sky, or there is a white Alatyr stone. The action can also take place in the mountains, in an open field.

Conspiracy building is a consistent combination of formulas. A folklore formula is a stable verbal construction, as a rule, rhythmically ordered and having the character of a complete judgment. The formula is repeated in different works of the genre (many genres of folklore have developed their own formulas).

In conspiracies, the most common formulas were initial formulas (prayer introductions) and final formulas (fixings), which could end with "minification". For instance:

In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit! Amen.

God bless Christ! ...

(Initial formula)

May my words be strong and strong.

The key is a lock.

Amen, amen, amen!

(Final formula).

Various formulas were used within the text: miraculous dressing, intimidation, sending to the "other world", medical advice, threats, curses, wishes ... Especially important is the formula for invoking evil (in "white") and inflicting evil (in "black" conspiracies) , which usually contains enumerations:

And put on his yearning longing.

Dry dryness,

Cry unforgiving -

Eyes are clear.

Black eyebrows

Lungs, liver and heart

His blood is hot

To make his blood boil hot

About me the servant of God Akulina,

And I would seem to him

Sweeter than father and mother

And all friends and comrades ...

The style of "white" and "black" conspiracies could be repeated according to the principle mirror reflection: I, the servant of God (the name of the rivers), will become, blessing, I will cross myself, out of the hut with doors, out of the courtyard with the gates ... ("white" conspiracy); I, the servant of God (the name of the rivers), will not bless, and I will go without crossing myself, from the hut not by the door, from the gate not to the gate; I will come out with an underground log and a smoky window ... ("black" conspiracy).

Important elements of conspiracy formulas are epithets, comparisons, symbols. It is assumed that the formulaic nature of conspiracies goes back to song magic syncretism, therefore, rhythm is developed in them, and sometimes rhymes arose:

Go thin

For the dashing swamps,

For a rotten deck

Where bulls don't roar

Roosters don't sing.

There is your walk,

There is your beauty

There is eternal life.

Despite the utilitarian orientation, many conspiracies were examples of high poetic art. A. Blok called love plots "a poem of longing and passion."

Zueva T.V., Kirdan B.P. Russian folklore - M., 2002

Another section of Russian folklore, rooted in the distant primitiveness of the Stone Age, is the numerous and varied conspiracies.

Pre-agricultural hunting animism, belief in ghouls and bearers and their appeasement with "treasures" can to some extent be represented on the basis of later folklore materials. The closest material to this topic is conspiracies - pagan spells for almost all occasions: for a successful hunt, for protecting livestock from forest animals, a talisman against disease, damage and all evil, good luck spells, a love spell for girls or guys and maliciously putting trouble on our own enemies.

It is very important to note that among the conspiracies as such, there are absolutely no spells associated with agriculture. Agrarian magic was widely manifested in the New Year and spring-summer cycles of ritual songs and was usually of a collective nature, while conspiracies, as a rule, were individual. The genre of conspiracies was created, apparently, before the establishment of the dominance of agriculture.

Considerable literature is devoted to East Slavic conspiracies.

The material collected by the researchers consists of two groups: one includes the records of the ethnographers themselves, and the second - old handwritten collections of conspiracies compiled by sorcerers and healers in the 16th - 18th centuries. or which are court records of witchcraft matters. The records of ethnographers, as it seems to me from my own little experience, do not reflect the full completeness of the incantations that actually existed. This is especially true of harmful magic, since the village sorcerers, famous for their ability to send corruption, were extremely reluctant to share the secrets of this dark and punishable craft.

A feature of old manuscript collections is, firstly, the predominance of protective formulas over harmful ones, and secondly, the Christianized form of many conspiracies, when the bearers of evil are shown not vampire ghouls, but devils and devils, while deliverers from evil are not ancient guardians, but Christian saints and angels. We should not be confused by this, since Christian dualism was not an invention of theologians, but reflected very deep primitive ideas that existed from ancient times among all those peoples among which Christianity spread.

The deep archaism of conspiracies shows through even in their language. The conspiracy dictionary is full of old, long-forgotten sayings: "khramina" instead of a hut, "ubrus" instead of a towel; “Gobino” (harvest, grain), “tiun” (princely ruler), “guest” (merchant), “magician” (sorcerer), “haratya” (parchment), “zed” (clay foundation); "Magic", "temple of idols", "ghouls", etc. It seems that the primary records of conspiracies were made by some literate and bookish wise men back in the Middle Ages. Sometimes archaic signs lead even deeper: for example, a hunting prey is a beast killed by a spear; the spear can be throwing ("greyhound spear"); a herd of cattle is called the Vlasy (Veles) clan.

In a number of cases, archaic words are encountered in conspiracies, incomprehensible even to the healers themselves. So, in one conspiracy from wolves, I wrote down in the village. Vshizhe (Bryansk region), the "khort with khortenyats" was mentioned; the narrator-sorceress did not know the meaning of these words, which were not at all used by the locals. "Hort" is a wolf, as is evident from some Russian and Bulgarian dialects, but in the example given, this long-forgotten word was included in the conjuring formula along with the mention of wolf and cubs. The second example of oblivion of the original meaning is the word "plum", translated by some informants as "horsefly", "gadfly", but the true meaning of which should be closer to the concept of a dragon or a lizard: St. In another conspiracy, a plum tree is mentioned lying on the ocean under an ash tree, next to a lizard. Saint George hardly chased a gadfly with a spear, and one can hardly say about a horsefly that he was lying near a lizard. The word has survived, but the meaning is dark.

A conspiracy in ancient times was the verbal accompaniment of a pagan incantatory rite. To the share of researchers of the XIX - XX centuries. only insignificant fragments of the ritual side and props were received; words have long been torn away from actions and have become almost a complete substitute for them.

Some of the ritual is sometimes included in the text of the conspiracy; it is the time and place of casting spells and the unusual path of the caster himself. The time is designated very differently: "at sunset", "how people fall asleep", "in the morning", "in the old month"; sometimes the restriction is stricter: “on Ivanovo Friday,” “on Great Thursday,” that is, only once a year. The place of casting the spell is usually “dark forest”, “black forest”, “green oak forest” or somewhere “near the water”, “at the grave” or even at an anthill. Sometimes you have to go “into the open field”. The actions of a person going to utter a spell or, more precisely, a slander, are peculiar and sometimes completely opposite to the usual, everyday ones:

I will become without blessing.

I will go without crossing myself

Not gates - dog holes, cockroach paths.

Not in a clear field, but in a dark forest ...

I will go ... without blessing ...

Not through the gate - through the garden hole.

I'm not going to the sub-eastern side,

I'll look in the direction of the sunset ...

I will go to the evil side, to the west, to Father Satan ...

I will not wash with water, not with dew,

Rub down not woven, not spun - rub down

I will get up without blessing ...

I'll go downstairs, with a basement log,

A mouse hole, a dog pipe, a gate hole.

I will stand to the east with a ridge, to the west with a face.

Give out hell! Make way, Mother-cheese-earth!

Come out of this land one hundred and seventy devils….

It should be said that such conspiracies with reverse, irrational actions of the spellcaster and with an appeal to evil forces were not pronounced to protect oneself from possible misfortune, but, on the contrary, when the spellcaster himself sought to harm someone. In other cases, the conspiracies often obeyed Christian norms, and the order of pronunciation was common.

Conspiracy action

The effective side of rituals, in which conspiracies were only a verbal addition, is almost forgotten or poorly recorded by folklorists, whose informants were very reluctant to disclose the incantatory rite in its entirety. Sometimes only fragments of ritual actions become known to us. So, for example, in order to separate two lovers, you need to cut off a slingshot branch and, with the appropriate conspiracy, break the twig into two "pieces", burn one of them, and bury the other in the ground. The conspiracy explained that as the two "parts" were forever divided, so the guy and the girl were separated forever. In order to defeat the enemy, one should, for example, go out of the hut, kick a high stupa and knock it to the floor: this is how the enemy must be defeated. The action was accompanied by words. When pronouncing one hunting plot, they needed: aspen bark, cobwebs, dew incense and theotokos grass; what actions were performed with these drugs is unknown.

Often the conspiracy should have been spoken of on bread, on a gingerbread given to the bride, on salt, on water or wine, on a needle, on the trail of the person to whom the conspiracy is directed, on a thistle, on wool sheared from cattle, etc. required special props and the fusion of words with actions performed in a certain way at a strictly defined time.

Handwritten books with conspiracies for many occasions are of exceptional interest. Here, in these old manuals on black magic, the reader of the 16th - 18th centuries. found not only accurate texts of conspiracies, but also detailed description all the necessary actions and the requisite props or drugs required during their performance.

Here, for example, is a description of the actions of the spellcaster, which is extremely important for archaeologists who find many human clay figures in the layers of different eras and are far from always able to comprehend their purpose. The book provides for the desire to send dashingly at your enemy; for this you need:

"To make a man in his [ enemy] a name made of clay, carry it to a secret place and put it standing, and shoot 27 arrows in the belly. "

In the process of shooting, "distant" arrows and a conspiracy is pronounced with all the dashing wishes; the magic formulas of the spell are backed up by the magical actions of the rite. In some cases, we see in these witchcraft books advice of direct appeal to the unknown (alien) dead, that is, to the vampire ghouls:

“Before reading the conspiracy, one should dig a grave, where the unknown dead man is, and not take the dead out. Yes, remove the top board and straighten the shroud and pierce the needle through the shroud three times ... “In this way, the prepared needle is used at the moment of pronouncing the conspiracy.

The information about the rituals conveyed by the original materials of the 17th century is precious to us, since the various ritual actions that had to be performed by a sorcerer or an ordinary person using a spell in order for the spell to be effective do not appear from the texts of the conspiracies.

Sometimes the description of actions is so detailed and so detailed regulates all the actions of the caster that it can be called a script of the rite, a kind of pagan service book. Here is one of the options for the ritual of guarding livestock during the first spring pasture in the field:

“First: to get up in the morning before dawn, take a spear, which has been in the beast, and which to let the cattle go for the summer. Circle three times, and go to the far side of the yard, and say: "Let the iron circle of my cattle be on vacation!"

Yes, put the spear on the side of the gate, and walk around say:

"Show my cattle to every black and gray beast, and to the prowler, let us stump and stump, and as a stone from this day and throughout the summer, until the white snow."

Yes, put up a candle to Saint George yourself. Yes, pray for saving your belly ...

Yes, put on a candle of one candle yourself, but dinner is meaningful, and for that day, save it: fresh pike, and the bones of that day were not swords.

But when you dine, move the table away, but don't touch anything on the table, and flood the candle's waste ... but go out into the yard with the whole family, and all the cattle, blessing, let them out of the yard, and stand against the spear.

Yes, take the spear, and put it in such a place in a secluded place so that no one touches it, while the belly (cattle) in the forest walks to white snow.

Yes, when you come to the hut, hide (put in order) the table in the likeness.

But don’t give the bones to the dog of that day and don’t give anything to anyone. ”

In the same manuscript, there is another version of a similar ceremony:

“Eve of Yegorov days on night do not put anything in the cattle shed. Get a kosach (black grouse), and an egg with a kosach; and put a candle without fire in front of Egor in the evening. As people fall asleep - one or two people you (how to come to Yegor) - bow three times.

Yes, take an ax and a scythe and an egg and take a candle and light it, lift the same in your hands and carry it on the salt, and pull the ax in your right hand on the ground, and in the other hand carry the candle and the scythe by the throat and the egg, and go three times and say: "Let an iron tyn become near my cattle from earth to heaven from the beast and from the wolf and from every beast that walks on the earth and from the forest." And go around three times and speak three times. When I came to Yegor, put a candle with fire and put an egg side by side (?), And kill a mow with a knife with the rear and say: “For you, Saint Yegor, a black ram from me and from my cattle, and you, Saint Yegor, guard and take care of my cattle ... ".

Weapon conspiracies

In other amulets, other recipes for magical actions are given, but the verbal part remains more or less stable. Among the props are mentioned: wool from cattle (from each head), a lock and a key, a pike and almost certainly something from a peasant weapon - an ax or a hunting spear. The spear, the oldest human weapon, is emphasized in conspiracies. So, the epic Dobrynya Nikitich, having defeated the Serpent, "slander" his spear, which should destroy the harmful snake blood:

Strikes with a spear on the cheese-earth,

He himself condemns to the spear:

Make way, mother, cheese-earth ...

Deep archaic emanates from the recommendations of the first, above, rite: in each hut in a secluded, secret place should be kept a spear, already stained with the blood of a bear; it serves as a sacred item in the spell of the wholeness of cattle driven into the forest.

Rituals and conspiracies, as an integral part of them, reached the 17th - 20th centuries. in a highly updated form; they are overgrown with Christian symbolism and terminology, they mention many relatively late realities, such as a lock and a key, but their spirit and all the magical manipulations they recommend lead us into a deep and distant primitiveness.

The primitive worldview is especially evident in the detailed, verbose lists of those forces that can help or harm a person. Here are a few lists that are typical in their comprehensiveness:

“... I conjure and curse all evil spirits and angry man and from his house ... [ By the prayers of angels, and their darkness] run and move away

all anger,

and guile

and envy,

and jealousy,

binding,

retention

outrage,

sly eye,

evil speech,

lingual decay,

are silent,

and everything that is harmful, and the advice of wicked people,

dashing look,

and other evil dirty lessons,

and evil demons,

and vows

and spells destructive and

bodily harm, and ailments,

and deadly ulcers,

and all sorts of skodas of this life

vain to squalor and belittling

belly and name ... everyone

by the sorcery of the sorcerers.

What is evil - let it move away

By listing all possible types misfortunes that people hostile to him can bring to a person, who sorcery with all sorcery, the creator of the spell seeks further to provide for all the various circumstances of causing harm:

“And that it was slyly in that house, this prayer would be read in it, as if it would be resolved, if it would be bound in heaven either on earth or in the sea, so be it!

Even on this land:

or on the way,

or on the field,

or in the mountains,

or in caves,

or the abyss of the earth,

or in a bath,

or in a cave,

or in the temple of idols,

or in a well,

or in the roof,

or at the door,

or in the window,

or at the upper threshold,

or at the lower threshold,

or in mud,

or at the core,

or in the wall -

yes it will be resolved!

Or in the yard

or at the entrance,

or in the door,

or in a bar,

or in a ditch,

or in the tree,

or in the leaf and in the root and in the branch

- yes it will be resolved!

Or on poly

or in the fields and in the vineyards,

or in vveh,

or in the grass,

or in the tree,

or in the river,

or in the source shop,

or in all the brave ones,

or in the skin of the flesh,

or in the main trim,

or in foot shoes,

or in gold,

or in silver,

or on the ground (clay base),

or in copper,

or in lead

or in tin,

or in the gland,

or in sea fish,

or in four-legged earthly animals,

or in birds,

flying through the air.

Movable and immovable,

in haratya or in paper,

or in ink,

or in some thing -

The compiler of this conspiracy prayer, taking care of the prevention of evil spilled everywhere in nature and in all human surroundings, lists the entire fauna and all elements of the landscape (rivers, forests, mountains, grass), the courtyard and house of a person, his clothes and shoes, all the materials from which objects are made (wood, copper, gold, iron), and even parchment and ink, with which harmful formulas can be written. Regardless of Christian phraseology, late accessories (like paper), we sense here an extremely early animistic outlook.

Nowhere, except for conspiracies, primitive animism appears so fully and in relief. The competent "sorcerer" has preserved in the most accurate way the characteristic feature of animism: the ubiquity of spirits and their utmost concreteness. It is not enough to mention the estate of the man protected by the conspiracy as a well-known complex, he had to list 17 separate elements - from the threshold to the roof, from the stove to the window. Undoubtedly, Potebnya's student A. Vetukhov was right, who was the first to connect the origin of conspiracies with animism.

Prayer conspiracies

Consider a few more examples that are important for understanding animism. Conspiracy-prayer from the "uskopu" - from damage:

“May the hell or air forces not touch me, the servant of God, my name, or my house, or my kind, or my subgenus

not in the days

not at night,

not on the way

neither by rivers and banks,

seas and rivers and rivers,

and water sources

by the mountains and hills,

and the sands

and on the roads and waters,

and with slopes,

and wilds and forests,

and in the swamps,

and in the fields,

and vegetable gardens,

and different gardens,

and the mustache,

sources, and wells,

and in every construction:

and unclean,

field and steppe,

below in the temple of God

and houses of worship,

not at the dissolution of chapels,

which when covering with forest ... ".

The conspiracy from corruption seeks to provide for all options for dashing people who can send illness:

"... I will go into an open field ... I will cover myself with a cloud, I will gird myself with the morning dawn, I will become a young month, I will shut up with frequent stars

from the ghosts,

from the parable,

from snags, from white,

from the ugly man,

from an adherent person,

from black,

from black [ redhead ],

from fair-haired,

from the black eye,

An interesting hunting conspiracy "to hunt an animal or a bird."

Its beginning is similar to the previous conspiracy - from damage from a variety of dashing people. The main content of the conspiracy is to prevent the harmful ability of "comrade thought" and "envious eye". The Mother of God must, at the request of the hunter, send the holy spirit to help him, which would protect him from the magician and magician and any spies:

And in secret the beholders

and express the beholders

and from the tail of the beholders,

from the crowd of those who look,

from the window of the beholders

and through the window of those looking

from the canopy,

from the gates, from under the gates to look,

look out of you

and meeting the beholders walking,

and go behind the watchers ...

And so that I, the servant of God,

could not poke,

do not spoil,

I don't think to think

not a thought to think ...

And hto cannot read in the woods,

and he could not have me, a slave

God, spoil ...

not in a new month,

not at the expense of the month,

not in between days,

not in the morning dawn,

not in the evening dawn,

not in the sun,

not at sunset,

no one on a day in the sun,

not in the night during the month,

not early in the morning,

not late in the evenings,

"Put, madam, mother, the Most Holy Theotokos ... around me you are iron from lessons and priest ... from earth to heaven on all four sides."

The countless host of ubiquitous evil-ghouls (or people who control them by the evil force) in conspiracies are also opposed by an immense host of good forces, berekinas, whose role by the 17th century. has already passed to the Christian saints (there are over a hundred of them in the prayer-conspiracies) and thousands of thousands of angels.

Malicious conspiracies

Some conspiracies provide for a person's desire to become dashing, to send evil to someone, using the dark power of ghouls. It is these harmful conspiracies that are devoid of the Christian element and begin with a denial: "I will go without being blessed."

Moving evil spells in the right direction is carried out with the help of the winds:

... The winds are violent,

brave winds

midday,

night and midnight,

day and noon,

blow and blow,

Suck and love Dmitry Alexander! ..

Idols, devils, cover these words.

The archaic, hunting stratum in conspiracies includes spells for a successful hunt for wolves, foxes, lynxes, "beaded wolverines", and hares. The saints are asked:

Rush and drive from all 4 sides

on my skier, on my trail ...

gray prowling wolves,

rugged and brown foxes,

gray lynxes,

beaded wolverines,

white hares ...

(Animals) would run from all sides:

from the east and from the west, from the south and north.

On a day in the sun

and at night - for a month,

by small frequent stars,

would not keep (animals) neither mosses, nor swamps, nor rivers, nor lakes.

Flee for thirty lands,

over thirty seas,

over thirty rivers,

There are special conspiracies addressed to the bear and to the lynx, conspiracies from wolves, also dating back, obviously, to the distant hunting time.

Above, in a number of cases, I freely used Russian medieval terminology, correlating conspiracies with the concept of "ghouls".

I think we have the right to do so. Some conspiracies talk about pagan graves ("idol's coffins"), and sometimes ghouls are directly named ("... ghoul and wise man ..."). In a number of cases, the ghouls are not named by this name, but they are clearly implied: the sorcerer, sending damage to a person, asks in his conspiracy to help him "the dead, killed, from the tree of the fallen, lost, unbaptized, nameless ..."

In some conspiracies, the lists of those who died not by their own death, alien dead, suicides become as detailed and comprehensive as the above lists “from the tail of the beholder” and “through the window of the beholder”. All these dead are ghouls, evil ones are subjects of evil. They mainly fall into two categories: these are people who died before their due date as a result of misfortune (i.e., defeated by evil forces), and strangers who died not in their kind-tribe, or people who are devoid of traditional funeral rituals.

DK Zelenin very clearly divided the old Russian ideas about the dead into two polar, opposing categories: on the one hand, the deceased generations of native ancestors (grandfathers, dziady) are the patrons and protectors of the living, and on the other, “ghouls”, “ hostage dead ", ghouls harming living people.

All conspiracies-slander, sending damage, death, separation, cooling, death of livestock, drought, fire, provide for the implementation of a malicious plan through these "ghouls" and ghouls, whose souls are located either near the place of accidental death, or in swamps and bogs, but they can also move (mainly in the wind). Therefore, in such slanderous words, the earth from the grave, the shroud from the grave of the "unknown dead", the dead hand, nails from the coffin, etc. are often mentioned or used as an accessory of the ritual. And charm conspiracies, as a negative reflection of harmful slander, provide for protection from ghouls, driving them away by the power of words and magical rites. The concept of "malicious ghouls" is probably very close to the ancient Russian "navi", the evil dead, flying in the night winds and killing people; They tried to appease the navy by drowning a bathhouse with them on Maundy Thursday.

The "mortgaged dead" were not buried according to the usual rite, and the church should not be blamed for this, since according to Christian views "without church singing, without incense" only suicides were buried, and in general all the unnaturally dead ("killed, lost fallen from the tree ”). If such a "ghoul" turned out to be buried in a common cemetery, then, according to popular beliefs, he could become the cause of great general misfortunes, and if a misfortune occurred, then the ghoul had to be dug out of the grave, pierced with an aspen stake or doused with water (in case of drought) and throw the corpse out of the graveyard.

Bishop Serapion of Vladimir in 1273, during a time of great "poverty", condemned such actions: "Oh, evil madness, oh, lack of faith! .. Do you pray to God that she was drowned or to take out a strangled man? Do you want to calm down the execution by this God? " ... He wrote about such customs in the 16th century. Maxim the Greek: "The bodies of those drowned or killed and defeated are not worthy of burial, but after taking them out in the field, we take them away with a stake." If, in the spring, “chilly winds” were blowing, which could freeze the seedlings, then “if a certain drowned or murdered man has been buried for a long time ... we will unearth the accursed one and erupt him nowhere far away”.

Along with such decisive actions aimed at neutralizing the "evil ghoul", appeasing the dangerous dead was widely practiced. Once a year, at seven, they were commemorated and buried. Zelenin leads interesting example commemoration for the enemies. The graves of the "foxes" - Poles who robbed the local villages during the Time of Troubles have survived in Obonezh'e. "Panov" were commemorated at seven o'clock (the seventh Thursday after Easter); “In honor of them, jelly is brewed, which is eaten near the chapel in the grove. One year they missed this festival, and there was a poor harvest of oats, which was attributed to the vengeance of the "lords"; since then they celebrate neatly every year. " Before us here is the most real sacrifice to the harmful dead, about which the author of the "Lay of Idols" of the 12th century. said that in ancient times the Slavs "put treasures to the ghouls ...".

The idea of ​​a special mysterious, but partly controlled power of ghouls should have arisen very early, even in the bowels of the hunting society. The ubiquity of the spirits of evil, which is marked by Russian conspiracies of the 17th - 19th centuries, their connection with dark forest, the shaking marshes of Bagna, ravines, rivers and lakes suggest that the Mesolithic unknown forest, which then covered half of Europe, left its mark on the initial ideas about the forces of evil that await man in these places. It was easy to get lost in this forest, to fall from a tree, looking out for the smoke of your camp, to drown in a quagmire, to die in a fight with a wolf pack. Those who died no one knows where, defeated by harmful forces, obviously, themselves became in the eyes of their relatives dangerous representatives of the camp of invisible, supposed prags. The composition of the ghouls included, in all likelihood, the killed real enemies, foreign tribes, and "fiends of the human race" - criminals expelled from the tribe and died outside the tribal territory.

Collected by the clerks of the 17th century. and ethnographers of the XIX - XX centuries. pagan incantations and slander have passed a very long historical path. The vitality of this genre, its practical use until comparatively recently, they determined the replenishment of it with many later elements. Of the two halves of the primitive dualistic worldview - the spirits of good and the spirits of evil - only the second survived in its form, while the first (the spirits of good) was almost completely Christianized. The pagan incantation that accompanied the pagan actions turned into a Christian prayer, where the echo of primitiveness was only the obligatory multiplicity of human defenders: tens and hundreds of saints and "darkness of those" nameless angels.

The ancient beregini turned out to be completely replaced by Christian characters.

Dualism remained in the sharp contrast of the formulas of conversion, in the details of the rituals. When it came to helping people, about protecting them from evil spirits, the person behaved as usual: he washed himself, crossed himself, walked through the doors and gates into an open field, turned his face to the rising sun... If the person himself was planning a black, evil deed, then he went, “do not be blessed,” with a “dog hole” at sunset or at midnight and not into an open field, but into a dark forest, closer to the abodes of ghouls.

Evil forces are depicted in conspiracies in an unusually archaic way, and this helps us to some extent imagine the main essence of primitive hunting animism.

Firstly, the evil forces of conspiracies are largely associated with various dead people, alien, unknown and therefore hostile, or their fellow tribesmen who died an unnatural death, that is, according to the ideas of the primitive hunter, defeated, captured by the evil forces of the forest, swamp bog , river whirlpool or hostile hortas, lynxes and wolverines. These are the likely foundations for belief in ghouls.

Secondly, conspiracies persistently and meticulously, with all the imagination of their writers, assert the ubiquity of evil forces. Evil lies in wait for man everywhere; all nature is permeated with it. The accumulator of evil and the inflicter of evil can be not only the forest in general, but also specific tree, and not only the tree as a whole, but also some part of it. Therefore, the conspiracy provides for the neutralization of the evil principle "in the tree, and in the leaf, and in the root, and in the branch." Evil can threaten from everywhere, the source of maliciousness can be any object, any person, any "dashing look" from the window, from behind the tyna, from under the gate or through a crack in the hut. The carriers of evil are the winds of all directions, all the “seventy-seven winds,” midday and midnight.

The power of ghouls is devoid of anthropomorphism. Emanation of evil comes from the ghouls, but the evil force itself, carried by the winds, is formless, incorporeal and invisible.

Traces of primitiveness in Slavic folklore and culture

The hunting primitiveness, the millennial time of the formation of mankind, human society, its relationship to nature and the initial period of developing a worldview left an indelible mark on the religious ideas of all subsequent times.

Totemic representations, animism, magic of all kinds, the cult of animals and the cult of ancestors - all this is rooted in different chronological layers of the Stone Age, in psychology primitive man the era of the appropriating economy. However, the remnants of these distant views are well traced among all civilized peoples (including the Slavs) up to the 20th century, intertwined with a powerful stream of other ideas generated by the agricultural era.

In this chapter, we examined only partly the traces of hunting primitiveness in the later East Slavic folklore, having briefly touched on some rituals and partly the cycle of fairy tales. There are a lot of them, these traces, in rituals (comedians, turitsy, etc.), in folk costume (hats: horns, magpie, kichka, kokoshnik), in round dance games and dances (bull, gander), in children's folk games, which often turn out to be the last stage of degeneration of ancient pagan rituals (for example, the already mentioned "Lizard").

Conspiracies-incantations reflected archaic animistic ideas about coastal women and ghouls, about ubiquity, complete dissolution of harmful, hostile forces in nature.

All this is of great interest to us and should be considered in detail, but it is advisable to do this only after we get acquainted with the second great era in the life of mankind - with the era of agricultural economy, which gave rise to many new ideas.

The hunters of the Stone Age were considered here, naturally, without any connection with any ethnic groups (only the remnants traced among the Slavs were caught); in the subsequent, agricultural, era, the contours of the Proto-Slavic massif will already be identified, and the consideration of pagan ideas will gradually acquire, so to speak, Slavic concreteness.

For the sake of love, people are ready to do anything. It seems that there is enough strength to move mountains and go through the largest deserts in the world. It is real pleasure and happiness when your loved one responds to your feelings, but what if the one you love with all your heart does not want to be with you? This brings unbearable torment. It seems that life is over, and nothing bright and good awaits ahead. Is there a way out of such a difficult situation? Yes, it certainly is, only now, not everyone will have the courage to try to get out of the situation in this way. Now we are talking about a love spell.

Bring back the love of her husband

To regain your husband's love, go out on a clear moonlit night to the fence of your house. Stand facing the moon and lock both hands in front of your chest. Speak the conspiracy quietly, but firmly, without stopping or stumbling in words: Mother my Moon, you live on soft clouds, in stellar heavenly chambers. I will obey you, I will bow to your belt. Take all my melancholy, adjust it to my husband's temple, let him think about me, suffer, never forget night and day, dry up, yearn for me, for his married wife. My charm, charm, grow, like dough, grow stronger, rise, throw yourself at the servant of God (name). Let him cry and grieve without me, like a dove circling a dove, it would be sweeter than wine, hotter than fire, and he would have been with me all his life. My word is strong, my work is fashionable. Key, lock, tongue. Amen. Amen. Amen.

Love spell through dew

Love, created on the dew on the day of Ivan Kupala, will never pass. Collect this dew on July 7th. To do this, you should get up very early and be in the field and in the forest until dawn. They collect dew in a vessel from which no one has ever drank. Collect dew from leaves, bushes and grass directly into a new bowl. Then you will be surprised at how much dew there is at this time. Having collected the dew, stand facing the sunrise, crossing yourself three times, wash your face, chest and knees with dew. Then say loudly, loudly and confidently: In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Doseleva was half dry in the water during the reign of King Agryan. Water descends from heaven, and in heaven the Lord God ecu. You, Ivan Kupala, bring dew, tears, longing, dryness for me, for God's servant (name), for God's servant (name). I wash Lanita with dew, I open my passionate love. I, God's servant (name), with God's servant (name) are eternal and endless. And as long as there is dew in God's world, no one will tear our bodies apart. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen.

Prayer of the bride for a successful marriage

On the eve of the wedding, the bride must read this conspiracy three times. You need to read like this:
Mistress Theotokos, Queen of Heaven, deliver me in my marriage, save and have mercy on me from my husband's beating, from the anger of my mother-in-law, from my sister-in-law's abuse, from illness and poverty, from jealousy. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Now and ever and forever and ever. Amen.

For love

I, the servant of God (name), will go out into the light. More beautiful, better than me anywhere. I will go into an open field, into a wide expanse, there I will find 77 stone ovens. On those stoves there are fiery orgs, hot orgs, oohs, sighs, love flurries: 77 oohs, 77 sighs, ahs, suffering, day and night experiences, love languor and impatience. Get up, go, look for the servant of God (name), drag him, lead him to me, to the servant of God (name). I will fill him, I will lure him, I will take him as my betrothed. An hour, half an hour, minutes, twist, mix, throw yourself at his heart and liver. He would have thought about me, would not forget, would not drink or drink, he would miss, yearn, cry and grieve for me, God's servant (name), lament with bitter tears, but when he sees, so that he will not let go of himself. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Now and ever and forever and ever. Amen.

Love conspiracy for 12 years

On the Savoy Mountain, at its height, an irontooth oak grows. On that oak there is a hollow, round and large; in that hollow there is an expensive place. There is a bed on that expensive spot. No one should lie on the cramped bed. And there lies longing, the enemy's strength. All who approached her, she dried up all. Oh, you, longing longing, dry dryness, call you, longing, all your kind, collect you, longing, all your fruit, from old to small, from fathers-mothers, from grandfathers-great-grandfathers, from grandchildren-great-grandchildren, from gossip- darlings. All of you, dryness, aches, get up, go, find the servant of God (name), dry him, break him, thrust him into his heart: melancholy, dryness, dryness, suffering, jealousy, attention, love for me, for God's servant (name) ... If he lived, he would grieve, he would walk around - he kept in mind, he slept at night - he saw in a dream, he took me by the hand, he hugged me with his other hand, pressed me to his heart, kissed me on the lips, for 12 God years he wept and suffered for me, no didn’t forget one minute. As I said, I punished. Key, lock, tongue. Amen. Amen. Amen.

From girlish loneliness

Go out on Pokrov on the balcony or outside, so that you stand under open air... Raise both hands to heaven and say: Bride Bride, Queen of Heaven, lead me out of the brides, take off the heavy cross from me, bless me on the crown. Now and ever and forever and ever. Amen. Usually a girl gets married the same year. This ceremony is carried out in secret, all alone.

For loyalty and love

Let your hair down, barefoot and without any belts, stand facing your doorstep, but not outside, but inside the apartment. Bow and read: Father the brownie, call my husband home. Call him on the threshold: in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening, on a black moonlit night, on a black moonless night. Send you nine winds, nine vortices after him. Let them find him, at least walking, at least standing or sleeping, or drinking, or after a hedgehog. Meet him in front, shoot in his heart with anguish. So that he could neither live, nor be, nor daytime, nor spend the night with my rival (name). He would have kept me on his mind, he would have seen me in a short dream. As this threshold always stands in its place, dries and crackles, so my husband (name) would stand in front of me, crackling, squealing, drying. Bless my words, God. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Now and ever and forever and ever. Amen.
To be happy in marriage, they pray to the holy martyr Tryphon: “O holy martyr Tryphon of Christ, quick helper to all who come running to you and pray before your holy image, quick-obedient representative! Hear now and for every hour the prayer of us, unworthy of your servants, who honor your holy memory in every place.
You, the servitor of Christ, yourself promised ecu, before your exodus from your life of perishable, pray for us to the Lord and ask him for this gift: and whoever, in any need and sorrow, will begin the holy your name That one, let him be delivered from every mischief. And as if you sometimes the Tsarev's daughter in Rome with the city of the devil tortured ecu, save us from his fierce intrigues all the days of our belly, especially on the strange day of our last breath, stand before us, when in darkness the ghosts of crafty demons surround and frighten us : wake us then a helper and a quick exorcist of wicked demons, and the leader of the Kingdom of Heaven, where you are now coming from the face of the saints at the Throne of God, pray to the Lord that let us be partakers of the everlasting joy of joy, so that with you we will be worthy of glorifying the Father and the Son and Holy Comforter Spirit forever. Amen.

From any parting with a loved one

Grab a live fish with your hand right in the water and say: As a fish cannot live without water, as a person cannot live without food, so that my dear, God's servant (name), could not live without me, God's servant (name), could never leave me farther. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Now and ever and forever and ever. Amen.

Strong love conspiracy

Read on drink and food: In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. To the icon with the face, to the rival with the ridge, to the husband, the servant of God, with the shoulder. He would love me and not look enough, said that he was with me, not talk enough, sleep with me, but not sleep enough, kiss me, but not kiss me. As a hungry man thinks about food, so my husband would dream about me, about his married wife, God's servant (name). Be you, my words, picky, my speeches, be persuasive. To my words a key and a lock. The lock is in the mouth, and the key is in the sea. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen.

Strong conspiracy for love

God's house. God's threshold. The throne of God. The power of love is mighty, the tear of jealousy is flammable. Go, longing, to every hair, to the servant of God (name), to his crown, to his temple, to the liver and heart, to the blood and to the vein, to all his joints, to all his thoughts, thoughts, to his chest white, ruddy cheeks, for lust and sighs. He would not fall asleep to sleep, he would not eat. Ten winds, the tenth is a whirlwind. Twist his brains so that he does not eat, does not sit, does not lie, but rushes to me from everywhere and runs. The locks will not hold him, the bolts will not stop him. Lyubushka-darlings will not cajole, aunts will not persuade, uncles are not at once mints. All he would have kept me, the servant of God (name), in my head, would not let go of my mind. Let him hear my voice everywhere, without me he does not breathe clean air. As a fish dies on the shore without water, grass without mother earth dries up, there is no sky without clouds, so let the servant of God (name) never forget me with anyone. And whoever treats him will get tired from the first day. Amen.

Strong love spell

Place three candles on a new white tablecloth. They recite the spell three times and extinguish one candle after each time. When all three candles have been extinguished, tie them together and light them again so that nothing remains of the candles. Chad, let the smoke out the window, let them leave with a spell. O Eternal Lord, I pray to You with tenderness. Create a high wall, create a deep pit, an impassable fence, an insurmountable longing. The depth is three fathoms of the earth, the height is of immeasurable height, and the anguish of immense depth. Lock up, Lord, and block, so that the servant of God (name) does not leave me, he does not find another friend for himself. Close it with a key and take it for yourself, help, Lord, God's servant (name). Until this lock is opened, until then the servant of God (name) will not stop loving me. Key, lock, tongue. Amen.

Conspiracy words for love

They read through the open door of the stove as soon as the wood is on fire: Dym Dymovich, Wind Vetrovich, do not fall either on the water or on the ground. Fall on the servant of God (name), on the zealous heart. As the smoke in the furnace wriggles, so the servant of God (name) about the servant of God (name) wind, wriggle around. My words will be strong and molded. Stronger than stone, stronger than damask steel. Amen. Read three times.

For ardent love (very strong love spell)

Made with salt. They read it holding the salt in a salt shaker in their right hand. They read the nine morning dawns in this way, while the stoves are not yet heated and no one has washed or eaten in the house. On the tenth day, this salt is used to salt food to their sweetheart. Never a single woman after this love spell will interest your husband. Oh my God. I will sigh heavily, shake my violent head. Get out of the cemetery, longing, come, find, attack the servant of God (name), so that without longing for me, for his married, lawful wife, he does not sleep, does not get up, don’t lie, don’t remember his father and mother, but me, servant of God (name), never to forget. Just as pain does not allow you to forget about yourself in your body, how you can never forget bread and salt, the nine winds, and the tenth whirlwind, take away from all widowers and widows, from abandoned orphans and young women, all their hot tears. Turn them into salt, turn them, turn them, fall on my salt in my right hand, enter the body of the servant of God (name) with food. Be there, and live there. Let him be sad without me and toil. It rushes to all four corners. Meet him, winds, at least walking or at least standing. Take the soul out of it, drink the blood from it, push it into the back with a twist. All to me, God's servant (name), see off, drive and send: from oak tables, maple beds, from friends and girlfriends. Bread is my friend, salt is my mother. There is no one who can break my conspiracy. And the servant of God (name) is forever, from now on I will finish so that I (name) will not be forgotten. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Now and ever and forever and ever. Amen. Amen. Amen.

Love conspiracies and spells (a conspiracy that is valid until death)

Three commemorations are served on one day, in three churches at the same time for the repose and for the health of the one who needs to be dried. Then they go to a place where the wind blows, and there they throw the earth, brought in advance from the cemetery, from the three graves of the dead, bearing the same name as the husband. They throw the earth against the wind and say: As the dead servant of God (name) no longer wear hats, so the servant of God (name) living without me, the servant of God (name), will no longer live. As the dead servant of God (name) no longer walks, so the servant of God (name) living without me can not be. Amen. Amen. Amen.

For devoted love

This conspiracy is read until dawn. There is a willow in an open field, on that willow a bird has a nest, dropped an egg with a chick in the sea. Like this bird's heart ached about the egg, so that the servant of God (name) had a heartache and itching about me, God's servant (name). With food so that he would not eat me up, with wine so that he would not drink, with youngsters so that he would not forget, until his gray old age he would not stop loving. I would seem to him at night the Moon, at dawn - the morning star, in thirst - sweet water, with hunger - food. My hands are wings, my eyes are arrows. Love century, never forget me, never change me with anyone. I will close the keys, I will bury the locks in the sands, I will throw the keys into the ice-hole. Whoever gets those keys, only he will become an obstacle to me in my love. Key, lock, tongue. Amen.

A conspiracy of love for twenty years

Buy two wedding candles on your Angel day. They read a conspiracy on them, and then stand in the church at someone's wedding (be sure to take the candles with you). After the wedding, the candles must burn out to the end. Store the leftovers at home, in a secluded place. They read like this: you are wedding angels, you are wedding rings, you are holy candles, golden images. Just as people trust you, trust you with their fates, pray and hope, so I, God's servant (name), trust you and hope. Bless the heart of God's servant (name) for long love, for twenty years of life for me, God's servant (name). Just as the red Sun cannot be without rays, how hard it is for a person to live without his clear eyes, for a nursing child without milk, for a centenarian old man without a batog, just as a fish cannot be without water, a living person without food, so my husband could not be without me , his wife, God's servants (name). How difficult it is for a person to live without sleep, just as there is no house without doors and windows, a head without thought, so he would have pulled her to the altar to get married from this time, from my order. My word is strong. Key, lock, tongue. Amen.

Eternal love conspiracy

They tear dry grass in the field, break the dry paws of the spruce (the lowest ones) and make a fire on the full moon on women's days (Wednesday, Friday). With your left hand, throw three freshly laid eggs from a hen that did not know a rooster into the fire. Walking around the fire in a clockwise direction, cast a spell for love. In the name of the Divine Fire! Servant of God (name), listen to me. As unborn chicks are burned, so your heart will burn forever. Your soul, body, blood, you will all turn into love! So that you (name) could not sleep, you could not stand still, neither eat without me, nor drink without me, you could not walk with your feet, ride on horseback, sleep with women, walk with girls, you won’t cross the bridge, you won’t cross the river, You won't sit down, you won't make a decision, you won't raise your hands against me, you won't say a word against me. People joyfully greet the red sun, children greet their beloved mother, they cannot live without salt, water, food, they cannot weave linen from the air. I am one for you, God's servant (name). The forest crowns us, fire crowns us, the earth crowns us, God's words crown us. Hour by minute, the age of God for the age, and you and I will finish it. Amen.

Conspiracy for love without betrayal

Read on the wedding ring: The Lord gave land, the Lord gave water. The earth gave birth to gold and silver. And just as everyone buries themselves with gold, they reach out to it, so my husband (name) would burrow into me, admire, he would never part with me. With his lips, hands he reached out to me, to his married wife, the servant of God (name), hugged and had mercy on me. Just as the true Christ did not betray the faith, so my husband, the servant of God (name), would not know anyone except me, until the grave he would not betray me. Now and ever and forever and ever. Amen.

Conspiracy of loyalty

I have a seal of fidelity, no one can take this seal: neither by hand, nor in conspiracy words, not a dissuasive spell, not a trilingual curse, not a gray-haired grandfather, not a cunning one, not a sorceress, not an evil sorceress, not a shaman, not a cunning deception, not clear eyes, not black curls, not a white chest, not an Adam's garden, not a front, nor backwards. My seal cannot be broken, the servant of God (name) cannot be lured, he cannot change me forever and ever. Age him to admire me, as afraid of the fire of treason. As a child is crying on the chest, foals are screaming at their mother. No one will stand between us, only one thing can separate: if someone dies of us, he will take the seal with him. Angels, archangels, take the seal, wear it for me. Century after century, from now on and will finish. Key, lock, tongue. Amen.

Very strong love spell

They get up at the crossroads, look at the moon and read aloud: Clear field, wide expanse, I call brothers here, 13 devils, drink, take a walk, feast, remember the servant of God (name). You drink from (name) blood, sit on a stone board, give him a heavy yearning for me, God's servant (name). So that he fiercely bored, suffered hard, grieved, sobbed blood. As the sister cries for her brother at the commemoration, the grandfather yearns for the grandmother at the funeral service. He does not eat, does not drink, does not take anything into his head, neither labor, nor work, nor joy, nor care, neither in the morning nor during the day, neither water nor fire. With prayer, do not lime, with a broom, do not sweep away the thoughts of the servant of God (name) for me, God's servant (name). I lock it with a lock, I lock it with a key. The pike is in the water, the finish is in me. While I am alive, my business cannot be interrupted, not beaten in prayer, not removed, not washed away. So it will be now and will finish it. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen.

Conspiracy for eternal love without betrayal

Get up with their feet in the water. They read it in an undertone nine times. In this water, you will need to rinse your husband's shirt, dry it and let it be worn for a week. There is an entrance on the ground, whoever enters it will find my water. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit (bow). I will take the servant of God (name) by the right hand, I will bring eternal love and boredom to me on him. Do not wash off him, do not dissuade, do not stop loving me, do not forget (bow). He would eat and not seize, he would drink and not drink, he would be bored in separation, suffer, he wouldn’t know peace and breath. Be I to him like bread, like water, like a clear sky and earth, sweeter than freedom, akin to blood. (Name), give your heart and take my heart. Close, mother earth, help, sister-water (bow). Walk, (name), for me, for God's servant (name). Four stars above (bow), the power of water below (bow). In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Now and ever and forever and ever. Amen.

Conspiracy words for men to approach a girl

Before you go where there is a girl in front of whom you are shy, read the conspiracy to approach the girl. You will see, everything will work out for you. My earth, mother, the sun is red, matchmaker, take it and help me, fix my business and strengthen it. The earth sprinkles with sand, the red sun lights up, the Lord blesses us with the servant of God (name). I will approach with a snake, lie down with soft moss, enter the house as an unexpected guest, and go out as a welcome groom. Now and ever and forever and ever. Amen.

How to add a fellow to yourself

I will stand, blessing, go out, crossing myself, from door to door, from gate to gate to the blue sea. There are 12 brothers, I will go closer to them, I will bow lower. 12 brothers, go to the blue sea, there is an island on the blue sea, there is an oak on the island, under this oak there is a slab of slabs, yearning longing, dry dryness. Lift this stove, take this longing, bring it, lay it on the zealous heart of the servant of God (name). Let him grieve-sadness, so that he yearns, grieves, screams in a bad voice for me, the servant of God (name). So that he could neither live, nor be, not day the day, not an hour, not while away a minute. With you, the Sun is red, with mother the dawn of the morning Mary, the evening Marimyana, the midnight Ulyana, with you, the bright moon. I would not walk, I would not sit, I wouldn’t sit, I wouldn’t think about it, I wouldn’t smoke, I wouldn’t go out for a walk, I wouldn’t eat, I wouldn’t drink, I wouldn’t sleep, I would get up in the morning, I wouldn’t mind. servant of God (name). Lighter than the midday wind, faster than a fire thunderbolt, let another girl seem terrible to him, like a lioness, like fiery ones, like sea ones, scary, like a striped owl, like a shaggy witch. And for him, the servant of God (name), I am a firebird. Amen.

Dry on love

Read 12 dawns in windy weather.
Damn Satan, there are horns on the head, come out of hell, help me, the servant of God (name) to me. With the wind I send dryness, melancholy, love and longing. You go to him, evil, from the violent wind in your face. To take his love-longing, beat, break, did not let him sleep at night, sent to my porch. Feisty evil, gnawing grief, heart sucking, do not give, love, the servant of God (name), neither eat, nor sleep, nor be with others; oppose him, my dear, all people and inhumans, uncles, sons-in-law, mother and father and friends, all young women, like a gelding of a mare, so that he knows me alone, he misses me alone, he grieves and grieves, he doesn’t feast with anyone, bread he didn't eat, he didn't drink water, he wouldn't sit at the oak table without me, he didn't go to bed at midnight, take it, longing, love, and don't let it go at any moment, at any hour. The words of the master are strong, molded, stronger than stone, sharper than damask steel, faster than fiery lightning. Amen.

Severe dryness

To talk about drinking, on food, so that the young man falls in love: Ancient Beelzebub, give me the key ring to open the door where the terrible beast lies. Call him longing. I will let him go and send him to the servant of God (name). Let him follow on his heels, torment him with heavy anguish. Horned Beelzebub, you are the chief Satan, you have been given the power to do evil, I will incline my relics to you, I will ask you for help, give me the heart of a servant of God (name). Amen.

Love spell on the ring

In the Pokrov, they put the husband's wedding ring in a glass of holy water and put this glass under the bed. At night, when you have mercy, think to yourself and say: The ring has no end, my husband has no other crown forever. I am the first for him, I am the last for him. Amen. Give the ring to your husband in the morning.

Love spell on straw from seven yards

They collect straw from seven yards, put it in a pile, and then the woman should roll on the ground around this pile. The straw is set on fire and read into the smoke: As straw is given for power to this fire, so, my dear husband (name), give me your peace. As smoke submits to fire, rises upward, so you, servant of God (name), obey me forever, never part with me. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Now and ever and forever and ever. Amen.

Love spell on a leash

So that the husband does not wander around friends and girlfriends, take a dog's leash, step it back and forth, and then, knocking the leash on the threshold, say: How the dog was accustomed to this leash, tamed to the owner, so that my husband (name) to mine he nailed to the threshold, never fought back from his house for ever and ever. On Monday to hug, on Tuesday to have mercy, on Wednesday to kiss warmly, on Thursday I did not lag behind the hem, on Friday to court, on Saturday I would take more care of me, on Sunday he would die of love for me, cry and suffer, white light without me, God slaves, have not seen. Key, lock, tongue. Amen. Amen. Amen.

Conspiracy words on fishing net

By this strong conspiracy they caught the guys as suitors even for the ugliest girl. And how they then lived well and well, that everyone only envied them. They did it this way: early, at the first sign of dawn, they went to the river, found nets put by fishermen. Holding the net with their right hand, they read the love spells three times: Lord, help. Lord bless. And you, net, fish for the uncle-fisherman, and for me, the servants of God (name), the groom. Rise you, my fiance, from summer and from winter, from autumn and from spring, from north and from south. I speak to this network of my dear friend. As fish are caught in the net, as they no longer get out of it, they fall asleep without water, do not wake up, so my fiance (name) would come to my house and would not leave me anywhere else. I close for you (name) all the paths, roads, I close the return thresholds for you. Until the network itself untied all the nodes, until then my fiance (name) will not give me up. Be you, my words, molded and strong. I close the aminem. I'm covering up with Amin. Key, lock, tongue. Amen. Amen. Amen.

Into the morning dew

To stand with bare feet on the morning dew grass and read the invocation-hex: Dew to dew, tear to tear, dawn to dawn. You are Zoryushka-Zarya, where are you, who are you not happy about. Rejoice my heart. Bring a haze-smoke to the soul of the Christian servant of God
(name). Fall like dew, a salty tear on his zealous heart. As the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos grieves, grieves for Her Son, so the servant of God (name) would grieve and miss me, the servant of God (name). Dawn to dawn, tear to tear, servant of God (name) to me. Amen.

On the first snow (dryness on a woman)

As Christian people are happy with the Protection of the Father, the white snow, the first snow, so the servant of God (name) would rejoice in me always and everywhere, the servant of God (name). Without me, she would have abandoned all business and worries, all mothers and aunts, grandfathers and grandmothers, girlfriends and friends, and everyone would be looking for me all over the world, everyone would be happy to meet me, how happy little children are at the first snowball. And as the snow melts in a hot hand, so let it melt without me and toil forever. My word is strong and smooth. As the snow sticks behind your feet, so stick, stick to me, the servant of God (name). Amen.
They read it while looking at the first snow.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
FSBEI HPE "Udmurt State University"
Faculty of Journalism

abstract
"Characteristics of one of the traditional genres of Russian folklore - conspiracies"

Performed:
Alexandrova Anastasia
OB 031300 - 11
Checked:
Ignatova Anastasia Vyacheslavovna

Izhevsk, 2011
Introduction
“The Russian people have created a huge oral literature: wise proverbs and cunning riddles, funny and sad ritual songs, solemn epics, - chanted to the sound of strings, - about the glorious deeds of heroes, defenders of the land of the people - heroic, magical, everyday and ridiculous tales.
It is in vain to think that this literature was only the fruit of the people's leisure. She was the dignity and intelligence of the people. She became and strengthened his moral image, was his historical memory, the festive clothes of his soul and filled with deep content his whole measured life, flowing according to customs and rituals associated with his work, nature and the veneration of fathers and grandfathers. "
The words of A. N. Tolstoy very clearly and accurately reflect the essence of folklore.
Folklore- This is folk art, very necessary and important for the study of folk psychology today. Folklore includes works that convey the main most important ideas of the people about the main values ​​in life: work, family, love, social duty, homeland. Our children are being brought up on these works even now. Knowledge of folklore can give a person knowledge about the Russian people, and ultimately about himself.
Several genres of folklore are distinguished - these are fortune-telling, conspiracies, ritual songs, epics, fairy tales, proverbs, sayings, riddles, bylichki, little dogs, chants, ditties, etc.
We will consider one of these genres of folklore - the conspiracy.

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Characteristics of conspiracies
What is a conspiracy?
Definition from the dictionary of the Russian language Ozhegov:
Conspiracy (in superstitious beliefs - magic words that have the witchcraft or healing power of a conspiracy from an illness.
Definition from the encyclopedic dictionary "Holy Russia":
Conspiracy- a magical rite aimed at communication with otherworldly forces ( evil spirits) for help and support. At the same time, they pronounced certain words and performed ritual actions. The main executors of the conspiracies were healers or sorcerers, who were rightly considered by the people to be Satan's accomplices. The conspiracies were divided into "good" and "bad". Good conspiracies were designed to cure a person, ensure his success, and repel him from enemies. "Malicious" - to send damage, cause illness, harm a person. There were love conspiracies (drying, drying), household, hunting, healing (from the evil eye, from toothache, from fever, and others), deadly (to send death), etc. The Russian Church condemned conspiracies, considering them a satanic act. Many investigative cases (XVI-XVIII centuries) are known about conspiracies and witchcraft. Many conspiracies that have survived in the Russian countryside in the new, new-20th century, had deep pagan roots. The content of their magical actions was carried out, as it were, in the center of the world, on an island in the middle of the sea-ocean, on the Alatyr-stone, near the sacred oak. The "conspirators" turned to the stars, dawns, trees, natural elements and ancient pagan characters.
From the dictionary of astrological terms:
Conspiracy- an incantatory verbal formula spoken with a purpose
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causing or preventing any event. Especially
common in Slavic countries. Russian conspiracies are often indicated
and other names, depending on their purpose: slander,
amulets, suckers, dryness, whispering, words and others. In the end
of many conspiracies, a setting is placed: "Be my word strong and fashionable.
The key and the lock to my words. "

Conspiracies were pronounced accompanied by magical actions, subject to the observance of ritual positions and norms (in certain places, in a whisper or with a special voice, etc.), slandering objects that supposedly had special power (roots, water, fire, bones, stones , bear marigold, footprint). The goal was to achieve the desired results in various spheres of life: economic ("against drought", "for a good harvest", "for planting bees in a hive"), commercial ("for a successful hunt"), military ("from military weapons"), therapeutic ("from fever", "from toothache"), family ("from the melancholy of a dear mother in separation from a sweet child"), love ("dryness" and "sucking"). The "black" Z. aimed at causing harm, ill will. The magical basis of the conspiracies was either appeals for assistance to God, the Theotokos, angels, saints, the sun ("Do not fall and burn my vegetables and my bread, but burn and fell kukol and wormwood grass"), by the dawn of the morning and evening ("Fall you to my rye so that it grows like a tall forest "), to violent winds, to real and fantastic objects and loci (" Ocean-sea "," Brawler-island "), or comparing the desired with various actions (" Like water the stones are spinning away ... so they would be spinning arrows past me "). Conspiracies ended with a "fix" - a formula that confirmed the immutability of their actions. In conspiracies, mythological, religious, magical motives are combined with elements of high poetry.

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Conspiracy history
The first mentions of conspiracies are found in the annals, which mentions the vows pronounced in the 10th century. when concluding peace treaties with the Greeks. In the monuments of the XII-XV centuries, conspiracies and spells, sorceress women are mentioned. The mass spread of conspiracies is evidenced by the court cases of the 17th-18th centuries, since quackery was brutally persecuted by the church and the state.
Collections "Great Russian spells" (1869), prepared by L. Maikov; "Russian folk medicine" by G. Popov (1903); "Conspiracies, amulets, saving prayers, etc." N. Vinogradova; "Materials on the ethnography of the Russian population of the Arkhangelsk province" (1878) P.S. Efimenko testify to the widespread existence of conspiracies in the 19th and early 20th centuries among the people.
Although references to the texts of conspiracies themselves have been known for a long time, the first publications related to the study of this genre appeared in the middle of the 19th century. In 1841 I. Sakharov's book "Tales of the Russian People" was published. One of the parts of I. Sakharov's work was entitled "Russian folk black book", in this part the author of the book considered issues related to quackery and sorcery.
Continued the study of conspiracies behind Sakharov VI Dal ("On the beliefs, superstitions of the Russian people"), FI Buslaev ("Historical sketches of Russian folk literature"), AN Afanasyev "Poetic views of the Slavs on nature." These works became the basis for the actual scientific study of conspiracies. F.I.Buslaev, A.Afanasyev, V.Dal in their works touched upon the problems of the origin of the conspiracy, its historical life and the development of this genre.
The study of the genesis of conspiracies was continued and considered in the writings
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A.N. Veselovsky ("Research in the field of Russian spiritual verse"), A.A. Potebni. A. Potebnya's theory, interpreting the conspiracy "as a verbal image of wishes through comparison", developed in the work "Explanation of Little Russian and Related Songs", influenced the further study of the conspiracy.
A huge contribution to the study of the conspiracy was made by the monograph by NF Poznansky "Conspiracies. Experience in the study of the origin and development of conspiracy formulas." It can be said that the book of N. Poznansky summed up very impressive results of the work of Russian and European scientists in the field of research of the conspiracy as a genre of oral folk art and outlined the personal approach of the author of the book to the problems of the origin of the conspiracy, its development, functioning, etc.
The work of A. Blok "Poetry of conspiracies and spells" is significant. In his article, the poet drew attention to the amazing lyricism and poetry of the conspiracy.
After 1917, the study and collection of conspiracies in Russia received much less attention than they deserve.
In 1936, at the All-Russian Conference on Folklore, V.P. Petrov's survey report on conspiracies was read, but, unfortunately, it was not immediately published. In Soviet times, the works of A.M. Astakhova, P.G. Bogatyrev, N.I.Savushkina, Z.I. Vlasova, V.N. Toporov and others were devoted to the study of conspiracies. In the writings of these scientists Special attention devoted to the study of the poetics of the conspiracy, its structure, changes in this genre, composition, images. A detailed classification of the characters (images) found in conspiracies was presented by OA Cherepanova in the article "Typological and linguistic interpretation of some elements of conspiracies." There are known works devoted to the study of just love conspiracies: Yu.A. Kiseleva "On the functional and semantic structure
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love conspiracies ", I. Chernov" On the structure of Russian love conspiracies ".
Composition of conspiracies
In terms of composition, the conspiracies that have come down to us are a rather motley phenomenon. It can be assumed that the most ancient type of conspiracy building is their two-part form. In the first part, a description of the conspiracy rite is given, and in the second, the conspiracy formula itself is given, ending with a "setting". So, a conspiracy for good plant growth is characteristic. It begins with a description of the conspiracy itself: "I will rise, servant of God (name), blessing, I will go and pray from the hut at the door, from the door to the gate, into an open field, directly to the east and I will say ..." And then after the word " I will say "the conspiracy formula itself is already going on:" Goy thou the sun is hot, do not fall and do not burn my vegetables and my bread (name), but burn and burn cockle and wormwood-grass. " And this conspiracy formula ends with a "setting": "Be my words strong and sculpted." However, such two-part compositions are rare in existing publications. Over time, in connection with the withering away of the conspiracy rite, the first part of the conspiracy, containing a description of the rite, is reduced, and then completely dies off. In the beginning of many conspiracies, we find the influence of the Christian religion. Such conspiracies, as a rule, begin with the words: "Lord God, bless Christ!" , “In the name of the father and son and the holy spirit, amen,” etc. The “fastener” that ends the conspiracy formula, in the opinion of those who speak, serves to consolidate what has been said, to increase the magical effectiveness of the conspiracy. "Anchors" are often based on the principle of comparison. And they are also sometimes influenced by the Christian religion. Here is an example of such a “setting”: “All my words, be blessed, strong and strong, stronger and more cruel than iron and damask steel, and a sharp knife, and eagle's nails, and all my strong and strong words.
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The Kazan Mother of God applied her seal with her golden ring. Always from now to forever. Castle stone. Amen, amen, amen! " Poetic style and rhythm. At the heart of the creation of conspiracies is the principle of comparing certain phenomena, images or objects. An unusually wide use of comparisons is their genre stylistic specificity. There are often cases when not one, but several comparisons are used in a conspiracy. So, in one "pristushka" a young fellow who talks to him wants the girl he is attaching to yearn for him as much as “a mother for a child, a cow for a calf, a cat for kittens, a duck for ducklings, etc.”. Sometimes comparisons in conspiracies turn into hyperboles. So, in one incantation, the speaking shepherd says: “And as rivers flow to the Okyan sea from sinking mountains, from dense forests, from mosses and swamps, and creeks, and from arable lands, and from forest mows, so my sweet belly would come, peasant cattle, go home from the forest. " The second distinctive feature of the style of conspiracies is the rather frequent use of "cross-cutting epithets" in them, which serve as a means of strengthening, emphasizing and highlighting the main idea. So, in the conspiracy, the purpose of which is to "dry" the girl, the adjective "dry" is a recurrent epithet. Here is an excerpt from this conspiracy: “... at that white stone there is a dry tree, at that dry tree there is a dry peasant, chopping up a dry tree and putting it on the fire. As soon as a dry tree flared up abruptly, so soon and abruptly the heart of the servant of God (such and such) would flare up after the servant of God (such and such) ”. The poetic style of conspiracies is characterized by the widespread use of all kinds of repetitions, which are largely due to the desire for maximum detail and concretization. An example is the conspiracy from a snake sting. “You, the snake Irina, you, the snake Katerina, you, the field snake, you, the meadow snake, you, the marsh snake, you, the underfloor snake, gather around the circle and say udrug, take out the unclean poison from the joints, from the joints, from the veins, from half-lived, from half-veins, from distant joints, from distant
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half-joints, from black wool, from a white body, from pure blood, from a pure heart, from a violent head. " In the given example, the words "joint", "half-joint" and "half-life" are used twice, the word "snake" is used six times and the preposition "from" is thirteen. These repetitions greatly enhance the expressiveness of the conspiracy. The peculiarities of the syntax, and above all the wide use of repetitions, in the conspiracies are associated with the originality of their rhythm. The rhythm in conspiracy prose is based on the alternation of certain intonationally similar speech segments, most often devoid of any commensurability (both in the number of syllables and in the arrangement of stress). But sometimes in conspiracies it is possible to note And a certain commensurability of several adjacent speech segments, and even rhyme. Then before us is a typical verse of paradise. "Let's give an example from one love" drying out ": On the sea on the okyane, the lips do not dissolve, on the island on Buyan the heart does not break, there is a pillar; tomb: the heart would not break, there is a red maiden in it, the blood does not flare up, melancholy is an enchantress; she would not kill herself, her blood does not flare up, she does not go into anguish.the legs do not rise, Amen, the eyes do not open, A kind of rhythm of conspiracies noticeably distinguishes them from everyday colloquial speech, emphasizes intonational unusualness and thereby increases faith in the power of their magical influence... Attaching great importance to the intonation-rhythmic organization of speech in a conspiracy, A. Blok wrote: "A rhythmic spell hypnotizes, inspires, compels." From what has been said, it is obvious that the genre of the conspiracy is distinguished by its striking originality both in its purpose and in content and artistic form. A.M. Gorky noted that conspiracies, like other types of ancient folklore, played an important role in the life of ancient people. In them, according to Gorky's definition, “the desire of the ancient working people to facilitate their work, to increase its productivity, to arm themselves against four-legged and two-legged enemies, as well as by the power of words, was expressed in them,
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by the method of "conspiracies", "incantations" to influence the spontaneous phenomena of nature hostile to people "(Gorky M. Sobr. soch. M., 1953, vol. 27, p. 300).
Classification of conspiracies
The foundations of the scientific approach to the study of conspiracies and the classification of conspiracies that are currently used were laid by L.N. Maikov. He classified all conspiracies into: medical, love, commercial, economic, etc., with the allocation of subtypes (for example, among love conspiracies, drying and drying are distinguished).
etc.................

(based on the works of N.I. Kravtsov)

Based on the work of V.Ya. Proppa... First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the concepts of "genus" and "species" belong to the area of ​​classification. A precise definition of what is meant by a genre is impossible outside the framework of the classification of genres; genres must be defined each both in itself and in their relation to other genres from which they must be distinguished. Both of these questions - the question of the definition of genres and their classification, are essentially two sides of one big question.

In the broadest sense of this word, a genre can be defined as a series or set of monuments, united by the commonality of their poetic system. Since folklore consists of works of verbal art, first of all, it is necessary to study the features and patterns of this type of creativity, its poetics

The specificity of the genre consists in what reality is reflected in it, by what means this reality is depicted, what is its assessment, what is the attitude towards it and how this attitude is expressed. The unity of form predetermines the unity of content, if we understand by “content” not only the plot, but the mental and emotional world expressed in the work. It follows from this that the unity of "form" is determined by the unity of all that is commonly called "content" and that they cannot be torn apart.

Based on the work of V.P. Anikina. The division of children's folklore into play and non-play does not bring us closer to understanding complex system genres. The system most consistently adhered to by V.P. Anikin accurately reflects the multi-composition and genesis of children's folklore. There is no doubt about the legitimacy of singling out in children's folklore the poetry of nurturing (lullabies, little dogs, nursery rhymes, jokes), boring fairy tales, the creators and carriers of which are primarily adults. The presence in the children's oral and poetry repertoire of works that have dropped out of the repertoire of adults is also obvious - in fact children's creativity... But it cannot be the basis of the working classification, since many genres of children's folklore, attributed by him to the third group - the children's own work (rhymes, judgments of lots, teasers, jerks, tongue twisters), are built, as the analysis shows, on the basis of direct or indirect borrowings from adult folklore or literature. According to the genetic principle, V.P. Anikin. He distinguishes three groups of works: the poetry of adults for children, works that have fallen out of the folklore of adults and learned by children, the children's own creativity. Within them, the researcher examines individual genres and their varieties.

N.I. Kravtsov also noted that in order to systematize folklore works, one should choose a literary classification, that is, division into genders, types and genres. Genre should be understood as a way of depicting reality (epic, lyrical, dramatic), under a guise - a type of art form, and under a genre - thematic group works. The classification takes into account that two forms of speech are used in folklore - poetic and prosaic. In addition, all works with a certain degree of convention can be divided into ritual or non-ritual in connection with their attachment or non-attachment to one or another folk rite, and “the area of ​​ritual poetry is not subordinate to the specified genders, since it is not defined on the basis of poetic design, but on the basis of being ”.

3. Mythological consciousness. Slavic mythology.

Mythological consciousness is thinking in visual images, "bodily" and
plastic in character, included in life, but not directly related to it. V
mythological consciousness has no abstract abstract concepts, no generalizations, not all
realized and comprehended. Mythological consciousness creates images of fantasy and tries to
live, proceed from them. There is a lot of mysticism in this consciousness, there are no clear boundaries between nature,
animals and humans - everything is perceived as one world. Elements of mythological consciousness
have children preschool age- they talk with toys, they themselves become like them,
enliven nature, often fantasize about their past before birth. V
such consciousness is deformed information; for it exists on the basis of a weak
awareness, manifests itself spontaneously, moral concepts and ideals are unclear in it. WITH
with age, it is overcome by a rational type of thinking.

Ancient Slavic mythology is complex in structure and rich in content. Unfortunately, very few sources have survived to this day describing the beliefs of the ancient Slavs, and the creatures adjacent to them at that time. Firstly, Slavic mythology is so ancient that most stories existed only in verbally... Secondly, the history of the Slavic people was such that people's beliefs changed several times.
violently, while almost all references to the previous
worldviews. Ancient Slavic mythology affects a huge period of time and contains information from the creation of the world to the everyday scenes of the Slavic people. At the same time, it can be divided into two large stages: the ancient, pristine stage, and the new, modern for
ancient Slavs. Unfortunately, there are no sources left describing the events that led to
such a transition, it is only known that some event took place in the world, which all
changed. According to the beliefs of the ancient Slavs, the World was divided into three parts: the upper world, located above the heavens, the world of gods and divine beings - Rule; the middle world, the world in which people, animals, plants live - Reality; and lower world, the world of the dead - Nav. But these worlds, although they are separated from each other, are not separately existing, they are interconnected and interpenetrated, but an ordinary mortal is not allowed to cross the border of the worlds. Each of the worlds has its own laws and rules, each of the worlds are looked after by their own gods.
In general, the pantheon of ancient Slavic gods is very numerous. Most deities
identified with various forces of nature, although there were exceptions, the most striking
an example of which is Rod, the creator god. The entire pantheon can be divided into two large
circle: the older gods who ruled all three worlds in the primordial stage, and the second circle - the young gods who took the reins in the new stage. The Slavs believed that all worlds are united by a single sea of ​​chaos, and all worlds are located in this sea. Initially, the world was created by Rod and his two sons Belbog and Chernobog. In the future, other descendants of the Family modified and developed the world. The ancient Slavs believed that before them, the Volots were the most developed creatures in this world, and the Slavs are the direct descendants of these giants. But people are not the only intelligent beings in Reveal. A huge number of creatures live in the neighborhood with them, some of them help Slavic people, others hate and harm people.

4. Conspiracies as a genre of ritual folklore. The work of A.A. Block "Poetry of conspiracies and spells".

Conspiracies are a peculiar kind of ritual folklore. Conspiracies are short prosaic oral-poetic works that, in the opinion of their performers, have the power of magical influence. As you know, art is at the earliest stages of its development. It had not so much aesthetic as utilitarian and practical significance. Conspiracies also belong to this type of art. Although conspiracies are works of art, no aesthetic goals were pursued by their performers. Their functions were purely practical: by the magical power of the word to evoke the desired (good harvest, recovery, love, etc.) A.A. Blok devoted a special article to conspiracies, in which he deeply revealed their great and unique poetry.

5. The problem of studying and classifying calendar-ritual poetry. Major editions.

Calendar-ritual poetry is a kind of folklore that accompanied agrarian holidays and the work of a farmer during the economic year.

The origins of calendar-ritual poetry are in the tribal society. In the most ancient layer of calendar rituals, beliefs, songs, the cult of the Sun has already been reflected. It is no coincidence that the largest agricultural celebrations, primarily Christmas, Kupala, fell on the winter and summer solstices. With the development of society, calendar-ritual poetry widely reflected in itself labor activity farmer, moral and ethical ideas of the people, a poetic view of the world, nature, man.

The poetry of the Belarusian agricultural calendar includes over 20 genre and group song varieties. The cyclization of calendar-ritual poetry is due to the cycle in nature, the alternation of the seasons. Four large cycles are distinguished in the poetry of the Belarusian agricultural calendar: spring, summer, autumn, winter. Each season, each seasonal production period had corresponding customs, beliefs, song accompaniment. They had in common an extensive agrarian basis, a target setting, and individual motives caused by it.

Spring ceremonies and songs were supposed to sanctify a particularly important period in the life of an ancient farmer - the beginning of field work, the time of spring sprouting, pasture pasture.

Summer ceremonies and songs were intended to preserve bread at the time of ripening, to contribute to a successful harvest.

The autumn period of the agricultural calendar was poor in ceremonies. Associated with harvesting spring crops, sampling, processing flax, sowing winter crops - the end of field work, it was characterized by the predominance of pre-holiday motives in songs, the development of a strong lyrical beginning in them.

The problems of studying the calendar and ritual activities of the peoples of Siberia were associated, first of all, with the accuracy and reliability of the placement of ritual folklore. These difficulties were associated with the impossibility of applying this principle, since the calendar songs of immigrants in many cycles of rituals were not the most ancient.

The second problem was the selection of material: while observing the functional principle, the number of ritual songs will be limited, since most of them are not associated with rituals. Therefore, in most collections in each section, ritual and non-ritual folklore material is given, while non-ritual works (songs, carols) are associated with a certain holiday or custom.

The third difficulty of researchers is associated with the peoples living in Siberia. The calendar poetry of the Russian ethnos has undergone changes and enriched at the expense of the Belarusian and Ukrainian folklore, due to the peculiarities of their culture and traditions. Folklore of Siberians is the creativity of the East Slavic community, therefore, attempts to highlight only Russian folklore will destroy the unity of culture and erase the features of the Siberian ritual community. From century to century, the Siberian region has been replenished with different peoples, different Russian dialects, therefore, songs and carols do not have dominant dialectal features. In addition, it is important to note that Siberia is characterized by another feature: the natural and climatic conditions of the Siberian regions. The climate influenced the settlement of Russians from the Trans-Urals. Interethnic ties of Russians with the aboriginal population, a large number of Old Believers in Siberia left a specific imprint in folk calendars each separate area.

6. The genre composition of the calendar-ritual poetry of the winter period

(based on the works of V.I. Chicherov and N.P. Kolpakova).

Winter period in the peasant calendar had a preparatory character. The ceremonies and songs of the winter cycle were aimed at influencing the future harvest in advance, preserving winter crops, winter crops in the fields.

Calendar rituals and their poetry are divided into four cycles according to the four seasons: winter, spring, summer, autumn. The essence of the rites and songs of the winter cycle is to ensure the future good harvest and livestock. The first part refers to the time from the birth of Christ to the so-called baptism, the second - from baptism to Shrovetide and is characterized by preparation for spring agricultural work.

The most important aspect of the ritual and poetry of the winter cycle was kalyadovanie. In ancient times, it was associated with the cult of the sun being born, and therefore with the winter solstice and the turn from winter to warmth. After the adoption of Christianity, the holiday of Kolyada coincided with the celebration of the Nativity of Christ.

Kalyada (from Lat.) - the first day of the month. The main part kalyadaniya was the walking of youth with a star to their homes and the glorification of the deity (in antiquity Kalyada, and then Christ). Roaming began before Christmas and ended on New Year's Eve. It included singing songs (kalyadok), the main theme of which was the search for Kalyada and appeal to her, the glorification of family members, at home, and the owner was glorified for homeliness, the son for courage and dexterity, the daughter for beauty, the owner's wife for the ability to lead House. Kalyadki ended with a request to the owners of the house to reward kalyadovschik for their work and songs. The reward was a treat. For all Slavs, carols include, first of all, the wish for prosperity and happiness. The golden cycle of rituals ends with Shrovetide. It was celebrated at the end of February or at the beginning of March. For Russians, this holiday consists of 3 parts: meeting (Monday), revelry or break on the so-called "clean" Thursday and farewell.

IN AND. Chicherov it was proposed to divide the rituals into two different-sized cycles:

1) ceremonies associated with the preparation of the harvest,

2) rituals accompanying the receipt.

The first cycle included two periods: winter and spring-summer; the second cycle corresponded to the autumn period of the agricultural calendar. Such an absolute attention to the agrarian function is not entirely justified, since in addition to the agricultural function, any rite had a more or less pronounced family or marital orientation. This classification is not entirely convenient, since it allows you to group all folklore works, taking into account only the calendar time of their performance. IN AND. Chicherov also divides ceremonies into active, designed to influence nature, and passive, the purpose of which is to find out what fate has in store for a person. The first group of rituals includes spells, glories; the second is represented by all kinds of fortune-telling.

N.P. Kolpakova adhering to the traditional thematic division of poetry in the course of the wedding ceremony, in the book "Lyrics of the Russian Wedding" he states that "the song repertoire was not so assigned to individual ritual moments as most lamentations" "Songs in many cases were like decorating plug-in episodes." These provisions are absolutely true only for a North Russian wedding, but not acceptable: for a Central Russian wedding, where wedding songs are so numerous, intense, so tightly "strung" on the wedding ceremony that they can in no way be considered "decorating" inserts. "They are the main, presenter, the main genre In addition, it is not entirely possible to agree with the thematic cycles proposed by N.P. Kolpakova in the section of wedding lyrics. , the proposed theme "Well done before marriage", "girl before marriage" can be described as "choosing a bride" - this more accurately indicates the meaning of such songs, and, most importantly, in in this case the connection with the matchmaking rite is clear. That is why, in the proposed by N.P. There is no group of short wedding songs organically merged with ceremonial acts in the bell genre classification of Russian folk song.

First spring holiday- the meeting of spring - falls on March. On these days, in the villages, figurines of birds (larks or waders) were baked from dough and handed out to girls or children. Vesnyanki are ritual lyric songs of the incantatory genre. The rite of the "spell" of spring was imbued with the desire to influence nature in order to obtain good harvest... The imitation of the flight of birds (tossing larks from the dough) was supposed to cause the arrival of real birds, the friendly onset of spring. The images of spring and birds dominate in the freckles. Vesnians are characterized by a form of dialogue or appeal to imperative mood... Unlike a conspiracy, vesnianki, like carols, are performed collectively, which is expressed in appeals on behalf of a group of people. Spring festivities and youth games continued, starting from the red hill, throughout April, May and June, despite the difficult field and garden work... At these festivities, a drawn-out game and round dance songs were performed that did not have ritual significance. Their themes - family, love - are revealed in everyday life.

Trinity-Semitic week: Seven - the seventh Thursday after Easter, Trinity - the seventh Sunday, also called the "Rusal" week or "green Christmastide". This is a girl's holiday, surrounded by blooming nature - in a field outside the outskirts, in a grove. The nature of this holiday is determined by its main character - birches. Girls, smartly dressed and taking food with them, went to "curl" birches. The girls' holiday was also accompanied by fortune-telling. Girls, weaved wreaths and threw them into the river. By a wreath that sailed far away, washed ashore, stopped or drowned, they judged the fate awaiting them. Divination by wreaths was widely reflected in the songs performed both during divination and without reference to it.

Holiday of Ivan Kupala. The holiday of the summer solstice was celebrated on the night of Ivan Kupala (from 23 to 24 June). This is a celebration of "full bloom of vegetation." On Kupala holidays, the earth is not helped, but, on the contrary, they try to take everything from it. Healing herbs are collected on this night. Whoever finds a fern, it was believed, will be able to find a treasure.

Funeral of Kostroma. At the same time (before Peter's Day, June 28), the holiday of Yarila or Kostroma was also celebrated, which meant farewell to the summer until the new revival of the forces of the earth. The central episode of the ceremony is the funeral of Yarila, Kupala or Kostroma. The image of Kostroma is similar to the image of Shrovetide. The merry funeral of Kostroma is similar to the same funeral of Maslenitsa.