On the territory of the KBR, human activity can be traced from ancient times - from the primitive communal system. Encampments discovered in the Baksan Gorge primitive people late Paleolithic. The most well-preserved graves and settlements of the 2nd-1st millennium BC near Nalchik are the Agubekovskoye settlement, the Dolinskoye settlement.
It has been established that the distant ancestors of the Adyghe tribes in the North-Western Caucasus (Meots, Sinds, Kerkets) absorbed Cimmerian, Scythian, Greek, and Sarmatian-Alanian ethnic elements in the 8th-4th centuries BC. The basis of the economy of these tribes was "yailage" cattle breeding and primitive agriculture, and along the coasts of the seas - trade and fishing. At the beginning of the 3rd c. BC. the Sarmatians appeared in the steppes (the Scythians concentrated in the Crimea). The position of the Bosporan kingdom became more complicated, its economic weakening began, associated with a sharp reduction in foreign trade. The main export item - bread grown in the Sindh and Meotian lands, over time began to be gradually replaced in the Greek markets by cheap Egyptian bread. As a result of military clashes with the Huns, the Sindo-Meots withdrew beyond the Kuban. Archaeologists have discovered their settlements dating back to the 4th-6th centuries. However, despite the fact that many years of hostilities had a heavy impact on the life of the Sindo-Meots (the loss of fertile lands and fishing grounds on the right bank of the Kuban led to a sharp reduction in crop and pasture areas, to a significant decrease in fishing: traditional urban centers were devastated), they nevertheless, they survived as an ethnic group and later act under the common name of the Adygs (Circassians).
In the 5th century BC, under the influence of the Greek colonies among the Sinds, a state was formed - Sindiki, where metal money was in circulation. This state existed for about 100 years and bore mainly the system and way of life borrowed from the Greeks. As a result of the Hun invasion of the North Caucasus in the 4th century AD and the invasion of the Avars in the 6th century, the Meotian-Sindo-Kerket tribes were driven back to the Kuban.
By the end of the 1st c. BC. in the steppes, on the lands of the inhabitants of the North-Western Caucasus, the Alans penetrated, who formed an extensive Alanian union, which included the Sarmatians and, apparently, part of the descendants of the Sindo-Meots. The Alans dominated the North Caucasus for more than 1000 years and left behind numerous historical monuments. The center of the Alanian state was the territory of the KBR and North Ossetia. It is here that grandiose earthen Alanian fortifications are found in large numbers - settlements, each of which occupies an area of ​​​​10-15 hectares, as on a hill between the Baksan and Chegem valleys. They are found near the villages of Argudan, old Lesken, Upper Akbash, Zhemtala, Psygansu and Elkhotovo. From the 6th century, Christianity began to penetrate into the North Caucasus. The history of the ancestors of the Circassians in this period is closely intertwined with the history of the Eastern Slavs - Antes. In the 10th century, the ancestors of the Kabardians repeatedly acted together with the Russians against the Khazars and reached their capital, Sarkel on the Don.
In the 11th century, they came into close contact with the Slavic principality on the Taman Peninsula - Tmutorokan. During the existence of the Tmutarakan principality (10-12 centuries), the majority of the settled population of which were Circassians, the ancient Russian chronicles usually also call the Circassians the name of "kasogi". In the 10-11 centuries. Tmutarakan (Tamtarakai, Matrika) for the Circassians was a major craft and trade center. The Adygs also had to deal with Byzantium, whose possessions included Abkhazia, the Taman Peninsula, Crimea, and fought against the expansion of the Khazar Khaganate. Already in 1023, the Adyghes helped Mstislav the Brave in his struggle with Yaroslav the Wise for the grand throne in Kyiv. Ethnographers note similar features in the types of clothing, dwellings, as well as the folklore of the Circassians and Ukrainians of that time.
In the first quarter of the 13th century, the Mongol-Tatars began a devastating invasion of the North Caucasus. The spearhead of aggression of the Mongols in the central part of Ciscaucasia was directed against the Alans, who were defeated in the 13-14 centuries and ceased to exist independently, hiding in the mountains and mingling with the mountain tribes formed the Ossetian, Balkar and Karachay peoples. In the first half of the 13th century, the invaders found fortified almost all the gorges of the Central Caucasus. It was to this time that the emergence of rock fortifications, watchtowers in mountain villages and entire fortresses dates back. The Tower of Amirkhan in the Cherek Gorge, the Tower of Ak-Kala and others belong to this time. In the 14th century, entire fortified citadels appeared, for example Uskhurskaya, which is associated with a new wave of invasions - Timur's campaigns. In 1395, in the face of a new formidable enemy - the conqueror Tamerlane, the Circassians were forced to unite with Khan Tokhtamysh. Ruining everything in his path, Timur went from Transcaucasia to Dagestan. The powerful Derbent fortress fell without resistance. Timur passed the river. Sunzhu and stood on the Terek. On April 15, 1395, on the banks of the Terek near the Lower Dzhulat, a grandiose historical battle broke out between the troops of Timur and the combined army of Tokhtamysh and the Circassians. Timur won. Chasing the defeated Tokhtamysh, Timur went to the lower reaches of the Volga, then moved to Moscow, but, having reached Yelets and devastated the Ryazan land, he turned back and made trips to the Crimea and Azov. Timur wanted to punish the Circassians for their resistance. The Circassians burned the steppe between the Don and Kuban. This invasion caused enormous damage to the Circassians, significantly weakened their influence.
Moving from west to east, the ancestors of the Kabardians first occupied Pyatigorye, and then the territory of modern KBR. Folklore ascribes this to a certain Kabard, after whom the area began to be called Kabardey, that is, the country belonging to Kabard, and the Adygs began to be called Kabardians.
Some historians argue that the name "Kabardians" appeared similarly to the name "Cossacks". Having separated for various reasons from their tribes on the Taman Peninsula, the ancestors of the Kabardians retired to the deep gorges of the Laba River and began to be called “kobar”, that is, “polygorges”. The suffix "day", which means "belonging to him", apparently appeared later. Therefore, “Kobar-day” - “Kabardey” is a country of polygorges, a country of Kabardians. The first mention of them in the sources in the form of "keverti" refers to the 15th century. and belongs to the Italian author Josaphat Barbaro. This is the time when this part of the Adygs separated from the Adyghe ethnic mass and migrated to the east, to the Central Ciscaucasia. In Russian sources, the name of the Kabardians has been known since the 16th century, when political ties between Russia and Kabarda were established: Kabardian Circassians, Kabardian land, Kabardian principality. Thus, after the 14th century, which ended with the destructive invasion of Timur, the Kabardians mastered the vast and fertile foothill plain, advancing in the east to the river. Sunzha and the area of ​​present-day Grozny. Having populated the foothills and blocked the entrances to the gorges, the Kabardians thereby isolated the Karachais, Balkars, Chechens and Ossetians, who became dependent on the Kabardian princes, in the stony, barren highlands. The Ossetians paid tribute to the Kabardian feudal lords - yasak, the bulk of which was cattle. According to 18th century sources The Balkars and Karachays paid tribute to the Kabardian princes also in livestock, one sheep per family per year. Dependence on the Kabardian feudal elite affected not only the economic sphere, but also in the sphere of everyday culture: the lifestyle of the Kabardian princes and Warks (professional-level warriors comparable to European knights) for a long time was the standard and role model in the feudal environment, not only in Ossetia and Balkaria, but also Dagestan, Chechnya, Kalmykia (“Adyghe khabze” - Adyghe customs, in the structure of which the code of chivalrous behavior “work khabze” stands out). According to these customs, it was considered shameful for the nobles to engage in productive labor or trade. According to the Wark ethics, it was considered indecent to live long, because a man still worthy of a knight should lay down his head in battle. Most of all, cowardice and greed were despised. “Generosity and courage are the best means of gaining fame among the Circassians,” wrote an Adyghe scholar of the 19th century. Khan Giray.
In the 17th century there was also a division of Kabarda into two parts - Greater and Lesser Kabarda. Big Kabarda occupied lands along the Baksan, Chegem, Malka, Cherek, Nalchik, Shalushka rivers and part of the Terek river valley. Malaya Kabarda was located on both banks of the Terek from Mozdok to the confluence of the Malka with the Terek. Relations between the Adyghe tribes and the Russians intensified in the 16th century, when the Adyghes waged a stubborn struggle against the expansion of the Crimean and Turkish feudal lords. The bloody enmity of the early feudal Kabardian state with the Crimean Khanate forced the supreme prince of Kabarda, Temryuk Idarov, to seek an alliance with Moscow. From 1557, his country passed under the patronage of Russia, and in 1561 Temryuk's daughter became the wife of Ivan IV Grozny. At the beginning of 1570, Temryuk Idarov died from a severe wound received in a battle with the Crimeans. The historian of the Kabardian people, Shora Nogmov, noted on this occasion: “But most of all, the people were delighted with the union and patronage of Russia.” If we take into account that Nogmov wrote his work on the basis of the oral traditions of the Kabardians, then we can see the opinion of the Kabardian people in these testimonies. Friendship with Russia contributed to the strengthening of the influence of Kabarda in the North Caucasus. Back to top 18 century, under its rule is a significant part of the Central and Eastern Caucasus. In Bolshaya Kabarda, the largest possession was "Alegukin's taverns" beyond the river. Malka. Each possession had its own combat squad, well-armed. But firearms were not widely used. The state of feudal fragmentation led to constant internecine clashes that tore apart Kabarda.
In order to protect the Kabardians from the Crimean khans and spread the influence of Russia in the Caucasus in 1567, the Russian fortress of Terki was founded on the Terek River. In 1707 Crimean Tatars with a large army invaded Kabarda. The Khan's army was thrown back to the Kuban. In total, more than 30 thousand Crimeans died during the campaign. This event and others of the same kind led to the fact that the question of Kabarda was considered at the Belgrade Peace Conference. According to article 6 of the Belgrade Peace Treaty, signed in 1739, Kabarda was proclaimed "free". Both empires (Russia and Turkey) pledged not to interfere in the internal affairs of the "Pyatigorsk Circassians" - Kabardians. In 1714-1722, Peter I sent regular troops to the Terek for the constant protection of Kabarda.
In confessional terms, the Kabardians are Sunni Muslims, like other Adyghe peoples. This religion was brought to Kabarda relatively late (in the 17th-18th centuries) by the Turks and Crimean Tatars. But a thousand years earlier, the ancestors of the Kabardians accepted Orthodox Christianity that came from Byzantium. Traces of former Christianity have been preserved both in archaeological sites and in the folklore of the Kabardians; Sh. Nogmov wrote about them. At the same time, Christianity and Islam could not supplant the remnants of traditional pagan beliefs that survived until the 20th century. (Mazitha is the god of forests, the patron of hunters; Shible is the god of lightning; Tlepsh is the patron of iron and blacksmiths; Tkhashkho, "Tha is one, Tha is great" is the supreme god, the creator of life). Pagan religious and magical cults are combined with Muslim ideas and rituals.
According to available information, Russian-Balkarian relations have been improving since the 50s of the 16th century. So, in the documents of 1558, 1586, 1587, 1588, as part of the Kabardian and Georgian embassies to Moscow, the names of translators - interpreters (tilmanch - translator into Kar.-Bal. lang.) - Kabardian Circassian, Georgian Circassian, mountain Circassian, in which sources allow us to recognize the participants of those embassies - residents of the Five Mountain Societies, that is, people from Balkaria and Karachay. In 1590, the full title of the Russian tsar was inscribed: "Iberian lands of the Kartalin and Georgian kings and Kabardian lands of the Circassian and mountain princes, sovereign." In 1558, as part of the embassy of the children of Temryuk Idarov - Saltan and Mamtryuk - there is a certain Bulgari-Murza, who is not known either among the children of Temryuk, or in the genealogical lists of Kabardian princes. Yes, and in Moscow, he was received somehow in a special way. In contrast to the fact that Saltan was baptized, awarded an estate and other honors, Bulgari-Murze was told that such honors would be given to him if he behaved as the king wanted. Such an attitude towards this Murza allows us to think that he was not a representative of the Kabardian princes, but was one of the kind of Balkar princes of the Balkarukovs. In the middle of the 17th century. Russians established direct ties with Balkaria (in Russian sources - Balkars, Balkhar taverns), through which one of the embassy routes to Western Georgia ran. The self-name of the Balkars “taulu” is mountaineers, but there are more private names for the names of mountain gorges and, accordingly, societies: malkarlyla, byzyngylyl, holamlyla, chegemllyla. The basis of the economy of the Balkars has traditionally been animal husbandry with a predominance of small cattle, primarily coarse-wooled sheep. Karachai breed. A significant part of the livestock and the best pastures and hayfields were in the hands of local feudal taubi. In the 18th century Islam penetrated Balkaria, and now the Balkars are Sunni Muslims. In 1787, the foremen of Balkaria turned to Count Potemkin with a request for acceptance into citizenship. The date of the final annexation of Balkaria to Russia is considered to be January 11, 1827, when A Balkar-Digorian delegation arrived in Stavropol - one representative from each princely family. This deputation asked to be accepted into Russian citizenship. In January 1827, the commander-in-chief of the tsarist troops in the North Caucasus, General Emanuel, took the oath of the Balkar and Digor Taubi, about which he reported to Nicholas I.
Writing in the Balkar language was created in 1924, and the basis of the literary language was the Baksano-Chegem dialect. The largest and most famous Balkar poet is Kaisyn Kuliev. During the years of Soviet power in the mountains of Balkaria appeared industrial enterprises. The largest was the tungsten-molybdenum plant in the city of Tyrny-Auz (Baksan Gorge).
The victory of Russia in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 finally decided the fate of Kabarda, when Turkey recognized it as part of Russia under the Kuchukkainarji peace treaty. Since then, there has been a strengthening of Russia's position in the North Caucasus. At a fairly short distance from each other, guard fortresses with a regular military garrison began to be built, which by the first half of the 19th century formed the so-called Caucasian line.
In 1816, General A. P. Yermolov, who became famous for his cruelty and ingenuity in terms of punitive measures to intimidate the recalcitrant highlanders, was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Caucasus. Yermolov proposed a plan for the conquest of the mountainous Caucasus, which provided for the siege of mountainous regions by cutting wide clearings in the forests, laying roads and creating defensive lines from outposts and fortresses. The highlanders, according to Yermolov's plan, were to move to the plain under the supervision of the Russian troops, and the auls who did not want to submit were destroyed and burned to the ground. The 40,000-strong Cossack army, which defended the Caucasian line from the Kuban to Laba, was transferred to Yermolov's disposal. In 1823, the Kabardian auls between Malka and Kuban were evicted. At this place, border Cossack fortifications began to be built. In retaliation for the eviction of the villages, the Kabardian princes ruined the Cossack village of Kruglolesskaya. In 1825, the Kabardians ravaged the village of Soldatskaya. In 1825, Yermolov instructed the Kabardians to move from the mountains to the plains. The Kabardians did not obey this demand. After destructive military operations, Yermolov laid new fortresses on the rivers Malka, Baksan, Chegem, Nalchik, Urvan and in the upper reaches of the Malka. Yermolov appointed the fortress of Nalchik, which had direct communication with Vladikavkaz along the shortest road across the fortified bridge on the Lesken River, as the main point at which the entire military-administrative administration of Kabarda was to be concentrated. Yermolov's measures provoked retaliatory actions by the Kabardians, who were brutally suppressed by General Velyaminov. Thus, it turns out that it can be stated with a sufficient degree of certainty that Nalchik was founded more likely in 1825, and the commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Caucasus, General Alexei Petrovich Yermolov, can be considered its founder. Be that as it may, the then Nalchik was a fortress surrounded by wooden walls, an earthen rampart and a deep moat. It housed the command of the Center of the Caucasian Line, the authorities of the fortress and the temporary Kabardian court. Nearby were the barracks of the garrison, a wooden church and a dozen turluch houses. Below the fortress, along the banks of the Nalchik River, there was a suburb (suburb of the fortress). Behind the fortress walls stood a dense forest.
During the Caucasian War - 1817-1864, Nalchik was a military garrison around which the Russian administration in this area was concentrated. During the Caucasian War, the Kabardians remained largely neutral, and Shamil's troops, who entered Kabarda in 1846, soon returned to Chechnya and Dagestan without success. These events formed the basis of the regimental song of the Kabardian Jaeger Regiment.

The Kabardian people, like other groups of the Circassians, did not have their own written language (“there are no letters in Cherkasy and they cannot write,” says one of the Russian documents). In the first half of the 19th century the people's sage and public figure Zhabagi Kazanoko came to the fore, at the same time the first researcher and educator of the Kabardians Shora Nogmov appeared, who was educated in the spiritual Muslim school with. Endery (Dagestan), and then in St. Petersburg. Sh. Nogmov compiled the first grammar of the Kabardian language on a Russian graphic basis, and also wrote the first "History of the Adyghe people" with a wide involvement of folklore and ethnographic materials of the Adyghes. These works of Sh. Nogmov have not lost their scientific significance to this day. The way of life and way of life of the Kabardians almost did not differ from the life of other Adyghe peoples and was also regulated by customary law and the Sharia court. But, speaking of pre-revolutionary Kabarda, one cannot but mention the traditional horse breeding. A beautiful riding horse was bred here, which was called the Kabardian and was supplied to the cavalry units of the Russian army. It should also be noted that the presence of good pastures and their rational use led to a high level of development of animal husbandry: at the end of the 19th century. in Kabarda, there were more than half a million heads of small cattle, primarily sheep. It seems that this economic achievement in Kabarda has not been surpassed to this day.
In the 60s. In the 19th century, Kabarda and Balkaria were included in the Terek region. Ties with the center of Russia have been strengthened since the 1970s. 19th century, when the construction of the railway connecting Rostov with Vladikavkaz was completed. In the second half of the 19th century, Kabarda was an underdeveloped agrarian province, with emerging prospects for mountain travel. Back in 1829, the first Russian expedition went to Elbrus. It included the geologist and geographer Kunfer, the physicist Academician Lenz, the botanist Meyer, and the architect of Pyatigorsk Bernardazzi. The expedition was accompanied by the head of the Caucasian line, General Emmanuel, with a detachment of 1000 Cossacks. But only the leader of the expedition Kabardian Killar Kashirgov reached the summit. The expedition left two inscriptions on the top, indicating the priority of the Russians in the conquest of Elbrus. It should also be noted another famous conqueror of the highest peak in Europe - the Balkar Akhiya Sottaev repeatedly climbed its peaks. A great contribution to the compilation of maps of the Caucasus was made by the famous Russian cartographer and explorer of the Caucasus A.V. Shepherds.
In 1913, a railway was stretched across the territory of the republic, a branch line was built to Nalchik, a railway station building and outbuildings were built, which have been preserved and function to this day. In the summer days of 1914, it became known that on July 19 (August 1, according to the new style), Germany declared war on Russia. On August 23, the Supreme Order of Nicholas II was announced on the creation of the "Caucasian native cavalry division." In the Nalchik district, work began on the formation of the Kabardian cavalry regiment. August 3 Colonel Count Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov was appointed commander of the Kabardian regiment. He was the son of a Caucasian governor who served as adjutant to the younger brother of the tsar, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. He was the great-grandnephew of Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, nee Vorontsova, a famous associate of Empress Catherine II, who became president of the St. Petersburg (Russian) Academy of Sciences. In mid-August, Colonel Vorontsov-Dashkov arrived from Petrograd in Nalchik. On August 23, by the highest order of Nicholas II, he was approved as a regimental commander.
After the revolution of 1917, the process of so-called autonomization began in the North Caucasus. In January 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a Decree on the formation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Republic, which included Kabarda, Balkaria, Ossetia, Ingushetia and Chechnya. The Mountain Republic was destined for a short life: in June of the same 1921, Kabarda withdrew from the Mountain Republic, declaring itself an autonomous region within the RSFSR. The Bolshevik Betal Kalmykov was elected the head of the new Kabarda, and the city of Nalchik became the administrative center.
In 1937, the autonomous region was transformed into the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
In July 1932, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Kabardino-Balkarian Pedagogical Institute was founded, which, two and a half decades later, became the base of the Kabardino-Balkarian State University. Soviet government highly appreciated the achievements of Kabardino-Balkaria. In 1934 she was awarded the Order of Lenin.
During the Great Patriotic War, the republic was occupied by the Nazi troops. But even before the occupation, work began in the republic on the training of destruction battalions and people's militias in the system of general education, the mobilization of auto-drawn transport and horses for the Red Army, nurses and sanitary guards, signalmen and climbers were trained at an accelerated pace.
By order of the State Defense Committee of the USSR, in mid-November 1941, the formation of the 115th Kabardino-Balkarian Cavalry Division, numbering 3,500 sabers, began. The division was fully staffed at the expense of collective farms, state farms, enterprises and state institutions of the republic. In the spring of 1942, the national cavalry division was sent to the front. She heroically defended the Don and the Rostov region, participated in the Battle of Stalingrad.
In total, during the war years, about 70 thousand sons and daughters of Kabardino-Balkaria went to the front, who courageously and heroically fought on various fronts of the Great Patriotic War.
The republic turned into a military camp, embraced by a single goal - to help the Red Army in defeating the enemy, all enterprises and collective farms and state farms began to work for the needs of the front under the motto: “Everything for the front! Everything for the victory! The industry, quickly reorganized to meet the needs, produced significant military products: a confectionery factory - food concentrates; Tyrnyauz combine - tungsten and molybdenum, hand grenades, mines, knapsack flamethrowers; meat-packing plant and plant "Chinar" - Molotov cocktails; the hydroturbine plant also carried out the production of mines, grenades, knapsack flamethrowers, repair of military equipment, and together with the workers of the Odessa plant named after. October Revolution launched the production of rockets for guards mortars "Katyusha". Tanks and other military equipment were also repaired at the Prokhladnensky Motor Repair Plant. Industry and trade artels supplied defense plants with semi-finished products for the manufacture of wooden parts of small arms, military engineering equipment, and high-quality aviation plywood. The production of leather shoes, sheepskin coats, Caucasian cloaks and hoods, underwear for soldiers, climbing equipment, as well as military vans, harness, saddles for cavalry units was launched. The Dokshuka distillery was reconstructed and produced products for military-technical purposes. Agricultural workers worked selflessly to increase the supply of agricultural and livestock products to the front. In general, during the war years, agricultural workers of the republic handed over to the state 278,130 tons of bread, 47,399 tons of sunflower, 55,275 tons of potatoes, 96,967 centners of meat, 1,641,650 centners of milk, 9,025 centners of wool and many other products, 27 thousand horses of the Kabardian breed.
Throughout the war, combat reserves of the Soviet army were being prepared in the republic. Military training of workers, collective farmers and employees was organized at industrial enterprises, collective and state farms, and state institutions. In all settlements, detachments of the people's militia were created. There was an active training of soldiers: shooters, machine gunners, mortarmen, snipers, nurses, signalmen. In the first four months of 1942 alone, more than 7.5 thousand soldiers were sent to the active army, a large number of natives of Kabardino-Balkaria were sent to the 175th and 337th rifle divisions. Cavalry detachments of militia were created in the Baksan, Kuba, Elbrus regions, in the Urvan region - a rifle unit. The clubs of Osoaviakhim have trained hundreds of Morse telegraph operators, telephone operators, radio operators, and operators. Nalchik and Prokhladnensky flying clubs graduated 700 pilots and paratroopers. According to the decision of the State Defense Committee, almost the entire male population of the republic from 16 to 50 years old (about 180 thousand people) was covered by the general education of the PVO, and women were also trained in military affairs. Fighter detachments were created to combat enemy landings.

The patriotic movement to raise funds for the construction of military equipment for the Red Army has become widespread in the republic. At the beginning of September 1941, at the initiative of the youth of the Nalchik Meat Processing Plant, fundraising began for the construction of an air unit of Komsomolets of Kabardino-Balkaria fighters, road workers - a tank column "Combat Road Worker", teachers of secondary school No. 6 in Nalchik - a tank column "People's Teacher", students School No. 1 - tank column "Soviet schoolboy". In September 1943, at the initiative of the collective farmers, the villages. Shalushka began raising funds for the construction of the tank column "Collective farmer of the order-bearing Kabardino-Balkaria" and in a short time 12,880 thousand rubles were contributed, and for the construction of the column "Death to the German invaders" the working people of the republic collected in the first half of 1944 21 million rubles. The tank column was handed over to the troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front.
At the call of workers and employees of the confectionery factory in October 1941. the collection of warm clothes for front-line soldiers began. During the war years, the republic sent thousands of sheepskin coats, fur vests, felt boots, earflaps, cloaks, etc. to front-line soldiers. - a total of 71,673 different items.
At the end of April 1942, a delegation of the republic with a train of gifts went to the fighters and commanders of the Southern Front and stayed there for 20 days, meeting with the fighters.
The working people of Kabardino-Balkaria did a great job of caring for the wounded front-line soldiers and the families of servicemen. In the health resorts of Dolinsk, in the best buildings of Nalchik, and regional centers, by the beginning of 1942, there were 14 evacuation hospitals for 13,000 beds. They were equipped with the forces and means of industrial enterprises, institutions and citizens. Special Komsomol sanitary squads of girls served to receive the wounded and care for them. Donors provided significant assistance to the wounded soldiers. From July 1941 to October 1942, up to 60 thousand wounded and sick soldiers of the Red Army were treated in the evacuation hospitals of the republic and returned to the front.
In the first difficult months of the war, Kabardino-Balkaria received more than 16.5 thousand people evacuated from Moscow, Leningrad, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, and the Baltic republics. They were given apartments, houses, jobs, children were placed in orphanages and schools, and financial assistance was provided.
Residents of Kabardino-Balkaria showed courage and courage when it became necessary to evacuate people, industrial equipment, grain and livestock from Kabardino-Balkaria to the rear areas of the country. With the help of climbers, 1,500 people were evacuated from Tyrnyauz to Transcaucasia through the Becho snow and ice pass, 3,375 meters above sea level. Of the 66 largest enterprises, 15 were evacuated by August 25, 1942. 70 thousand heads of cattle were driven through the Donguz-Orun-Bashi pass in Transcaucasia. A huge, complex and difficult work on the evacuation was carried out by the railway workers. Many of them, risking their lives, saved wagons with valuable industrial equipment and repaired damage.
In the summer of 1942, fascist troops broke through into the depths North Caucasus. On August 10, the enemy captured Pyatigorsk and reached the borders of our republic. To break through the defensive lines along the Malka, Baksan and Terek, the invaders threw two tank divisions, a large number of infantry, air force and other specialized units.
From August to January 1943, fierce battles continued for Kabardino-Balkaria. They were especially cruel in the areas of Mount Khara-Kora, the villages of Zayukovo and Kyzburun-I, Upper Kurp, Nalchik and passes.
However, it was not possible to defend Nalchik. For three days, October 26-28, fierce battles continued. 70 enemy bombers unleashed a deadly load on the city, the Nazis threw into battle up to 270 tanks, several thousand soldiers. After heavy fighting on October 28, 1942, units of the Red Army were forced to leave Nalchik.

Thousands of soldiers from Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and other regions, territories and republics of the country took part in the construction of the Nalchik defensive structure, in the defense of the passes leading from Kabardino-Balkaria to Transcaucasia, and all of them heroically defended Kabardino-Balkaria as their native land.
As is known, even before the attack on the North Caucasus, the fascists declared themselves "friends", "liberators" of its peoples. In fact, in relation to the Kabardians, Balkars and other peoples of the Caucasus, they pursued a policy of the most severe terror, repressions, executions, and atrocities. The Nazis established a heavy occupation regime in Kabardino-Balkaria. They liquidated all Soviet organs, sought to restore the rights of the Kabardians, Balkars, Russians who returned with the Nazis, who fled with Denikin's troops from their native places. They became their main social pillar. Of these, burgomasters, atamans, and elders were mainly appointed, police forces were formed, with the help of which the German commandants ruled in the occupied areas.
The German invaders, having liquidated collective farms and state farms, declared all land and wealth to be the property of fascist Germany. Bread, livestock, state and cooperative property, property of the civilian population were exported from Kabardino-Balkaria.
The Nazis tried to restore and operate factories and factories. Many of them were transferred to German entrepreneurs, various joint-stock companies and companies. At the enterprises, the invaders established a brutal routine that humiliated the dignity of forcibly rounded up workers who were supposed to work under police supervision.
The Nazis sought to kindle ethnic strife by all means. From the first days of the occupation of the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria, robberies and the most severe repressions began. With exceptional cruelty, the Nazis exterminated people. The anti-tank ditches on the approaches to Nalchik and Prokhladny were filled with the corpses of Kabardians, Balkars, Russians, Jews, and others. Among them were many women, old people, and children. Punishers from the mountain rifle battalion "Bergmann" ("Highlander") were especially rampant in Kabardino-Balkaria. The occupiers shot local residents with entire families, subjected Soviet prisoners of war to barbaric abuse. In the camp on the territory of the Primalkinsky mill on an area of ​​0.8 hectares, 10 thousand prisoners of war were kept in the most difficult conditions. Of these, 1976 people were killed. In total, during the period of occupation of Kabardino-Balkaria, the Nazis tortured 4241 people, including 2188 civilians and 2053 prisoners of war. Thousands of citizens were crippled by them and became disabled, thousands were driven to work in Germany, many of them died there.
But the terror of the fascists, their atrocities did not break the will of the peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria to win, they did not lose heart, they continued the struggle under occupation. Workers put equipment out of action, spoiled raw materials and materials, villagers hid bread, livestock, evaded payment of monetary and natural taxes to the occupiers. The population sabotaged the orders of the German command, many preferred death to work for the Nazis.
The leadership of the republic, together with the command of the 37th Army, prepared and sent people with tasks behind enemy lines. Verified communists and Komsomol members were transferred to underground work, and specially trained patriots were transferred across the front line to conduct sabotage, underground and intelligence work. The publication of leaflets was organized for distribution in the territory occupied by the Nazis. Many patriots of the republic, risking their lives, organized sabotage, kept in touch with partisans and units of the Red Army, hid wounded soldiers in their homes, treated them, and took them out of the encirclement.
Fulfilling their international duty, Kabardians, Balkars, Russians and representatives of other nationalities sheltered and saved Jews, including those evacuated, from execution, buried those who fell in battles.
In early August 1942, 11 partisan detachments were organized on the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria: Prokhladnensky, Nagorno-Zolsky, Tersko-Kurpsky, Baksansky, Maysky, Leskensky, Urvansky and others, which maintained close contact with the command of the 9th and 37th th armies, acted directly on the front line. The detachments took part in the battles with the Nazis, who captured part of the regions of the republic, penetrated behind enemy lines and delivered valuable information to the command of our troops. They fought against saboteurs and spies sent by the Nazis to the rear of our troops.

On September 21, soldiers of the 2nd Guards Rifle Division, partisans of Kabardino-Balkaria and Kislovodsk raided the enemy garrison in the village. Kamennomostsky, and the Nazis suffered serious losses. “A detachment of Kabardino-Balkarian partisans operating in the rear of the Nazi troops,” the Soviet Information Bureau reported, “made a bold attack on the headquarters of the Romanian division. Soviet partisans exterminated up to 100 Romanian soldiers and officers, destroyed two vehicles and two machine guns. For courage and heroism shown in battle during the defeat of the enemy garrison, they were awarded the Order of the Red Banner S.P. Zhankaziev, A.Kh. Zhambeev, the Order of the Red Star - H.G. Bgazhnokov, H.L. Buhurov, Ya.G. Kolesnikov and F.M. Kaufov
In mid-October 1942, the partisan detachments of the Baksan, Prokhladnensky and Nagorno-Zolsky regions were merged into one. G.M. Tsaryapin became its commander, the commissioner of the Ch.K. Kudaev. On November 1, 1942, this detachment raided the enemy garrison in the village. Khabaz. in a three-hour battle, the Nazis lost 80 soldiers and officers, 3 heavy machine guns and a mortar. This united partisan detachment guarded the Sugan gorge, while the Khulamo-Bezengievsky and Elbrus detachments defended the Cherek and Khulamo-Bezengievsky gorges and passes leading to the Transcaucasus. The partisans of Kabardino-Balkaria in late November - early December made bold raids on enemy garrisons in the villages of Upper Zhemtala and Lesken-I and dealt a serious blow to the enemy. Only the garrison in the village of Lesken-I lost more than 200 soldiers and officers killed, a lot of equipment. The command of the 37th Army highly appreciated the fighting of the partisans and awarded many with orders and medals.
At the end of December 1942, all partisan detachments of the republic were united into one. He made raids on the garrisons in the villages. Upper Zhemtala, in the Vagotsuko tract, and inflicted significant damage on the invaders.
For military merits in the fight against the Nazi invaders, 53 partisans of Kabardino-Balkaria were awarded orders and medals, and 87 people received medals "Partisan of the Patriotic War" I and II degrees.
On December 24, 1942, the troops of the Transcaucasian Front went on the offensive. They were assisted by the partisans of North Ossetia and Kabardino-Balkaria, who began active operations against the Nazis. The Nazi units, suffering heavy losses in manpower and equipment, were forced to retreat. On the night of January 4, 1943, Soviet troops broke into Nalchik and, together with partisans, liberated the capital of Kabardino-Balkaria by morning.
Fascist troops destroyed the city. All the best buildings, plants and factories were blown up. Retreating, they put up stubborn resistance to the Soviet troops, tried to delay their advance, using pre-built defensive structures, minefields and barbed wire.
On January 5, the city of Prokhladny was liberated, on January 6, Baksan and other settlements. On January 11, 1943, units of the 37th Army completed the expulsion of fascist troops from the entire territory of Kabardino-Balkaria. Soviet troops also liberated the Elbrus region, climbers climbed to the top of Elbrus and, dropping fascist standards from there, hoisted the flag of the USSR.
In the spring of 1944, more than a year had passed since the liberation of Kabardino-Balkaria from the fascist invaders. The Republic healed war wounds and continued to selflessly help the front to smash the enemy. The suffering people were waiting for the end of the war, the return to peaceful life. No one imagined that an eviction was being prepared.
The Balkar people consider March 8 the day of their national mourning. More than half a century ago on this day, according to the decision of the State Defense Committee, all Balkars were forcibly evicted from their ancestral lands to remote regions of the country - Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
From the Nalchik railway station, the settlers were sent in 14 echelons, and total number deported Balkars amounted to 37,713 people, mostly children, women and the elderly. No one had property, and 40-50 people were pushed into the cars. On the way, for 18 days of travel in unequipped wagons, 562 people died from hunger, cold and disease.
The eviction took place at a time when every fourth Balkar was in the ranks of the warring Red Army. Every second of them died defending the Fatherland from the Nazi invaders. The Balkar warriors were among the first to meet the enemy on the western border of the USSR, becoming participants in the heroic defense of the Brest Fortress. The sons of Balkaria defended Moscow and Leningrad, took part in all major operations of the Great Patriotic War, participated in the partisan movement in Ukraine and Belarus, in anti-fascist resistance in Europe, in the final liberation of the peoples of Europe from the Nazi yoke. Many of the Balkars reached Berlin, taking part in the assault on the lair of German fascism. The 115th Kabardino-Balkarian Cavalry Division fought as part of the active army. Official documents note the courage and bravery of the Balkars, drafted into the Red Army. Brave pilot Alim Baysultanov became the first Hero Soviet Union Of the natives of Kabardino-Balkaria, thousands of Balkar warriors have been awarded government awards. Shoulder to shoulder with representatives of other peoples of the USSR, they bravely fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and contributed to the defeat of the enemy.
On March 28, 1957, a decree was adopted by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the restoration of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and the Balkar people, after 13 years of exile, received the right to return to their native land.
In the post-war period, mountain tourism and mountaineering actively developed in Kabardino-Balkaria. Was built great amount various camp sites, recreation centers and alpine camps, which have acquired all-Union significance. The city of Nalchik has become one of the recreation centers in the Caucasus.
On April 5, 1957, a resolution was signed by the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the opening in Nalchik of one of the first multidisciplinary higher education institutions in the North Caucasus. educational institution- Kabardino-Balkarian State University. In 1957, in honor of the 400th anniversary of voluntary accession to Russia, the second Order of Lenin appeared on the banner of the republic. In 1971 and 1972 The republic was awarded the Orders of the October Revolution and Friendship of Peoples. The laureate of the State Prizes of the USSR and the RSFSR, the People's Poet of Kabardino-Balkaria Kaisyn Kuliev and the laureates of the State Prize of the RSFSR named after Gorky, the People's Poet of Kabardino-Balkaria Alim Keshokov and Tanzilya Zumakulova are becoming widely known outside the republic. Representatives of more than a hundred nationalities live in Kabardino-Balkaria (Kabardians make up - 49.2, Balkars - 9.6, Russians - 30.7 percent, Ukrainians, Ossetians, Tats, Georgians, Koreans, Meskhetian Turks and representatives of other nationalities - 10, 5 percent).
There are 101 rural administrations, 165 settlements, 7 urban-type settlements in the republic. The capital of the republic - the city of Nalchik - is a major cultural, scientific and industrial center, a resort city of All-Russian significance with a population of 257.3 thousand people. The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic borders on the Republic of Georgia, the Stavropol Territory, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the Republic of Ingushetia. Territory - 12.5 thousand square kilometers. As of January 1, 1994, the republic's population was 785.8 thousand people, including urban population - 59.8 percent. The average population density is 63 people per square kilometer. Kabardino-Balkaria is a land of extraordinary natural contrasts due to its relief, here you can find arid steppes, flowering valleys, lush subalpine meadows and high mountains covered with eternal snow with impregnable rocks, fabulous glaciers and noisy waterfalls.

The economy of Kabardino-Balkaria is basically an established diversified national economic complex, corresponding to the natural and climatic conditions of the republic. An important component of the economic potential of the republic is a recreational complex created on the basis of the use of healing mineral springs and unique natural conditions. Thanks to very favorable natural and climatic conditions, a multi-profile resort "Nalchik" was formed, in the arsenal of which mineral springs (bromine-iodine, nitrogen-thermal, hydrogen sulfide, mineral waters), a mud spring of Tambukan Lake. There are 19 sanatoriums, boarding houses and rest houses at the Nalchik resort that treat the musculoskeletal system, diseases of the nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, upper respiratory tract, etc.
Since 1991, Kabadino-Balkaria has become a subject of the Russian Federation with its own statehood, the institution of the president, parliament and government. Valery Mukhammedovich Kokov became the first president of the KBR. The state symbols of the KBR were developed - the coat of arms, the flag and the anthem. The state emblem of the KBR is an image of a golden (yellow) eagle in a scarlet (red) field of the shield; the eye of an eagle is azure (blue, cyan). On the chest of the eagle there is a small crossed shield, at the top is an image of a silver (white) mountain with two peaks in an azure (blue, light blue) field, below is a golden (yellow) shamrock with oblong leaves in a green field. The image of Elbrus on the new state symbol, thus, personifies the territory where the formation of the Kabardians and Balkars took place, emphasizes the long-term connection between the two close peoples. The image of Elbrus was also included in the coat of arms of the republic, which is "an image of an eagle with its head turned to the right, placed on a heraldic shield of bronze (red, black) color. On the eagle's chest there is a shield crossed by a blue-blue and green field; on a blue-blue field a stylized image of Mount Elbrus in white; on a green field - an image of a shamrock in white."

The developers of the last coat of arms of Kabardino-Balkaria started practically from scratch, although in heraldry there was a coat of arms of the Kabardian lands: according to the tradition leading from Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible, on state seal around the double-headed eagle were the coats of arms of the territories that were part of the Russian state. In the "Tsar's Title Book" published in 1672 - in three copies - the coat of arms of the Kabardian lands is also given.
The commission did not consider it possible to recommend the former coat of arms. Of the large number of projects, two were considered at the final meeting. One - prepared by the artist
K. Dedegkaev, the other - by artists Y. Akkizov and G. Pashtov. Parliament approved the second draft.
The eagle is one of the oldest emblems preserved in the state emblems of the fourth part of the countries of the world. Their images are present on the emblems of various states of the North and South America, Africa, the Arab East, Europe and, in accordance with the rules of heraldry, everywhere mean power, domination, supremacy, state sagacity, generosity.
The shield with the image of Elbrus on the chest of an eagle on the new coat of arms of Kabardino-Balkaria repeats the color scheme of the flag. The shamrock located at the bottom of the shield - a common pattern in the sewing of folk craftswomen of these peoples - is a symbol of fertility.
State flag CBD is a panel of three equal horizontal stripes: the top is blue-blue, the middle is white, and the bottom is green. In the center of the cloth is a circle crossed by a blue-blue and green field; on a blue-blue field - a stylized image of Mount Elbrus in white. The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 2:3. The national anthem of the KBR is a solemn song that combines intonations and colors of Kabardian, Balkar and Russian folk songs.
September 1, 2001. Celebrations of the 80th anniversary of the formation of the republic and the 444th anniversary of the accession of Kabarda to Russia took place in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. A military parade was held, concerts on the squares and an equestrian sports festival were also held. The evening concert at the stadium was attended by Russian pop stars from Kabardino-Balkaria: Katya Lel, Zaur Tutov, Felix Tsarikati. The day before, a solemn meeting was held, at which the President of the KBR Valery Kokov said: "Not many nations have come to this day with such difficulty and with such losses - the Day of Statehood of the Republic. The more responsible we should be in assessing events in understanding our place in this dynamic world." Plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Southern Federal District Viktor Kazantsev, head of the Russian government apparatus Igor Shuvalov, heads of neighboring republics and regions arrived at the celebrations.
On September 16, 2005, Valery Kokov, the first president of Kabardino-Balkaria, resigned ahead of schedule at his own request due to health reasons. Kokov's term as president of the republic after the re-elections on January 12, 1997 expired on January 13, 2007.
During the reign of V.M. The economy of the KBR was going through a deep crisis, the crime rate reached the 4th place in the Russian Federation, at the same time, political stability was maintained and interethnic and religious crises were avoided.
In 1992, at the height of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, the opposition became more active in Kabardino-Balkaria. The Congress of the Kabardian people began to create armed detachments to support the Abkhaz side. On September 24, 1992, at a rally in Nalchik, opposition supporters demanded the resignation of the president and government of the KBR. On September 26, 1992, Valery Kokov introduced a state of emergency in Nalchik and turned to the Russian leadership with a request to bring internal troops into the city. On October 4, the authorities and the protesters reached a compromise, and the rally was terminated.
On October 28, 1999, Valery Kokov, together with the presidents of Ingushetia Ruslan Aushev and North Ossetia Alexander Dzasokhov, tried to stop the outbreak of war in Chechnya: at the suggestion of Chechen President Aslan Maskhadov, they were to meet in Magas to negotiate a settlement of the Chechen problem. However, the meeting did not take place, as the Ministry of Defense and the FSB refused to provide security guarantees to Aslan Maskhadov.
On December 27, 2004, the President of the KBR, Valery Kokov, declared his full support for the reforms of power carried out by the administration of Vladimir Putin. Kokov called the abolition of gubernatorial elections a measure conducive to the strengthening of Russian statehood and the development of Russia as a strong, independent power.
On September 28, the Parliament of the KBR, on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, a large Moscow businessman, Doctor of Economics Arsen Kanokov, who heads the Sindika holding, was approved to empower the president of the KBR.
On October 13, 2005, at 9 o'clock in the morning, several groups of militants totaling about 150 people carried out an armed attack on eight (according to other sources - on 11) objects belonging to the law enforcement agencies of the republic, and the airport. Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the FSB, servicemen of the units located in the city - more than two thousand people in total - gave the bandits a worthy rebuff and completely defeated them within a day and a half, destroying 92 militants, detaining more than 40. During the special operation, 35 employees of law enforcement agencies were killed, 85 were injured. The victims of the terrorists were 12 (according to other sources - 9) civilians, 20 were injured and injured.
The reasons for the events in Nalchik on October 13 "must be sought in the economic sphere," Arsen Kanokov, President of Kabardino-Balkaria, believes. He announced this, emphasizing that "this is a great tragedy." According to Kanokov, "Unemployment, lack of money, the inability to open one's own business without connections in power structures led to the fact that the ideology of Wahhabism received a response among some young people." "All the republic's problems are that its current elite is completely detached from the people, was engaged only in personal enrichment and forgot about the people's problems," the head of the KBR said. He noted that the republic is "catastrophically short" of funds coming from the federal center. "On the minimum requirements the republic needs at least 11 billion rubles, and the state transfers only 4 billion," Kanokov specified. He called the "policy of prohibitions" previously pursued in the KBR against young followers of Islam wrong. "The leadership of the Spiritual Board of Muslims of the KBR did not enjoy authority among the youth . The split of the Muslim ummah could have been prevented by nominating leaders respected by both sides. Then the believers would not follow the Wahhabis," Kanokov said. The President of the KBR declared October 15 a day of mourning for the dead.
On October 29, in Moscow, at the Central Clinical Hospital, at the age of 65, after a serious illness, the former president of the KBR, Valery Kokov, died. The body of the former president was delivered on October 29 from Moscow to Nalchik by a special flight. Valery Kokov will be buried on October 30 at the family cemetery in the village of Dugulugbey. It was originally planned to bury him at the government cemetery in Nalchik, however, at the insistence of the family, the funeral will take place in Dugulugbey. According to American media, in Moscow Kokov was considered a guarantor of stability in one of the poorest Russian regions, and his resignation caused serious concern in the Kremlin. In the elections, it was Kokov who provided 90% voter support for pro-Kremlin parties and candidates. Once Kokov received President Putin in the village where he was born and even introduced the head of state to his mother. Shortly before Kokov's death, Vladimir Putin awarded him the highest state award - the Order of Merit for the Fatherland. None of the other leaders of the North Caucasian republics received such an honor. Funeral events were held in the columned hall of the KBR Government House. Russian President Vladimir Putin, his plenipotentiary representative in the Southern Federal District Dmitry Kozak, as well as the heads of all regions of the North Caucasus came to say goodbye to Kokov. The funeral meeting, held in Nalchik in front of the entrance to the Government House, was opened by the current president of the KBR, Arsen Kanokov. He noted that Valery Kokov lived a short but bright life, which can serve as an example. "The best tribute to the memory of Valery Kokov will be the continuation of his work," the head of the KBR emphasized. "And I assure you that we will not deviate from his course - always help strengthen the unity and power of Russia." Speaking at the rally, Dmitry Kozak stressed that Kokov's contribution to ensuring the sovereignty and integrity of the country can hardly be overestimated. "Today, all of Russia has suffered a heavy irreparable loss," the plenipotentiary noted. "In the name of the memory of this man, we must do everything to make his plans, hopes and aspirations come true, so that the republic is peaceful and prosperous."

Administrative - territorial structure

Area - 12.5 thousand square meters. km. The resident population as of January 1, 2005 is 896.9 thousand people.
In 1557 Kabarda became part of Russia, and in 1827 Balkaria became part of Russia. In 1920, Kabarda and Balkaria became part of the Mountain Autonomous Republic as administrative districts. On September 1, 1921, the Kabardian Autonomous Region was formed as part of the RSFSR. In 1922, a single Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region was created, which in 1936 was transformed into the KBASSR. In 1991, the Declaration of Sovereignty was adopted: the former autonomy became a republic within Russia. Administrative division: 10 administrative districts, 8 cities, including 3 - republican subordination, 4 urban-type settlements, 136 municipalities.
The Constitution of the Republic was adopted on September 1, 1997 by the Parliament. Presidential Republic. The President is the head of state and executive power, the highest official of Kabardino-Balkaria.
Parliament is the representative and legislative body state power republics. It consists of two chambers: the Council of the Republic and the Council of Representatives.
The composition of the Council of the Republic - 36 deputies, elected in single-mandate constituencies. The Council of Representatives - 36 deputies representing the administrative-territorial units of the republic, elected in three-seat electoral districts. Parliament is elected for five years. A citizen of Kabardino-Balkaria who has reached the age of 21 can be a member of parliament. The Government (Cabinet of Ministers) is the executive body of state power, accountable to the President of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The Chairman of the Government is appointed by the President of the KBR with the consent of the Parliament of the Republic.
Kabardino-Balkaria borders in the north on the Stavropol Territory, in the east and southeast - on the Republic North Ossetia Alania and Ingushetia. The southern border of the republic is the border with Georgia, which is also the State border of Russia with Georgia with a length of 130.7 km. In the west, Kabardino-Balkaria borders on Karachay-Cherkessia. The total length of the borders of the republic is 696 km. The border line is curvy. Her most of passes through the low foothills and plains, and the smaller one - through the mountains. In the south and southeastern part, it runs along the ridge of the Main Caucasian ridge. In the south-west, the border crosses the Elbrus massif, in the west - the leveled surface of the Bechasyn plateau, runs along the Kabarda Range, the valley of the Kichmalka River, crosses the Dzhinalsky Range. Then it goes along the Psynshoko River to the Tambukan Lake, turns southeast to the Malka River, which becomes the border river to the Malka-Kura Canal. Then, to the very northeast, the border runs along the flat steppes.
The eastern border is watery in a small area - along the Terek, then it crosses the Terek and Kabardian ridges from north to south, turns southwest to the Lesistoy ridge, crosses the Rocky ridge along the Argudan and Khaznidon river valleys and goes to the Lateral and Main Caucasian ridges.
The capital is Nalchik, founded in 1818 as a Russian military fortress. As of January 1, 2004, the population was 274 thousand people. Other cities: Prokhladny (62 thousand), Baksan (35 thousand), Nartkala (34 thousand), Maisky (27 thousand).
Population density as of January 1, 2004 - 71.9 people. per 1 km2.
Kabardino-Balkaria is a multinational republic, but the main part is made up of Kabardians - 55.3%, Balkars 11.6%, Russians - 25.1%, Ossetians - 1.1%, Turks - 1.0%, other nationalities - 5, 9 %.
Based on materials: Ignatov V.G., Butov V.I. "Southern Russia and its regions" - M.: ICC "MarT"; Rostov n / a: Publishing Center "Mart", 2006.

Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria in ancient times

The territory of Kabardino-Balkaria has been inhabited since ancient times. The Stone Age, the era of copper-bronze, early iron and the Middle Ages left their traces on the land of our region. Along with the local peoples, Sarmatians, Scythians, Bulgarians, Alans, Polovtsy, and others lived here. Kabardians and Balkars are its indigenous inhabitants. About a thousand years ago, in the XII-XIII centuries, Kabardians settled here - farmers and cattle breeders who came from the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and the Kuban region in search of pastures and fertile lands. Since then, the flat part of the current Kabardino-Balkaria has become known as Kabarda. Folk legends associate this name with the name of Prince Kabard Tambiev. It was at that time that numerous burial mounds of the “Kabardian type” appeared here. And today they are found at Aushiger, Shalushka, Kyzburun II and III, Zayukovo, Kamennomostsky, Nizhny Cherek.
Kabardians have long been weak as skilled horse breeders and riders. In the Caucasus and in Russia, the breed of thoroughbred Kabardian horses was widely known. Famous Kabardian gunsmiths were also famous for making shells and helmets, sabers and daggers. And Kabardian women have long gained fame for their art of gold and silver embroidery. The traditional clothing of the Circassians - the Circassian, elegant and light, became a men's dress for all the peoples of the Caucasus, and later for their neighbors - the Kuban and Terek Cossacks.
Since time immemorial, Balkars have been living in the mountain gorges - Cherek, Khulam, Bezengi, Chegem and Baksan, engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture. In the gorges and valleys of Balkaria, terraces are still visible on the mountain slopes. Once, five hundred or seven hundred years ago, these small, cultivated and well-groomed plots of land, reclaimed from the mountains with such difficulty, gave the Balkars wheat, oats, barley. Along with agriculture and cattle breeding, they were engaged in wool processing and the manufacture of felt carpets-kiiz, leather dressing and weaving, blacksmithing.
The two neighboring peoples - the Kabardians and the Balkars - constantly maintained close friendly ties, carried on a lively trade and exchange between themselves and their Caucasian and Russian neighbors, and fought together against common enemies.
The establishment of feudal relations in Kabarda and Balkaria and the prevailing property inequality sharply divided society into two classes: the feudal lords (princes and nobles) and the peasantry dependent on them. In the XIII-XIV centuries, the peoples of the North Caucasus fought against the Tatar-Mongol conquerors, and in the 90s of the fourteenth century they had to experience the devastating invasion of the Central Asian Emir Timur.

Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria in the XVI-XIX centuries.

Soon a new, formidable and merciless enemy - the Turks and Crimean Tatars - will trample the lands of the Kabardians, Circassians and Balkars. Fragmented into a number of principalities, weakened in a long struggle with enemies, Kabarda hardly defended itself from the invaders. And then, in order to save his homeland from the Turkish-Crimean enslavement, Prince Temryuk Idarov sent ambassadors to Moscow with a request to accept the Kabardians as subjects of Russia and protect them from external danger. So in 1557 Kabarda was voluntarily annexed to Russia. Somewhat later, the Balkars also became part of the Russian state. Since that time, friendly ties between the Russian and Kabardian peoples have been expanding, their economic, political and cultural rapprochement begins. In an effort to strengthen these ties, Ivan the Terrible in 1561 married Temryuk's daughter, Kuchenya, who was named Maria after baptism.
During the 16th-18th centuries, the Kabardians, Balkars and other peoples of the North Caucasus, together with the Russians, took part in the struggle against common enemies - Turkey and the Crimea, and in the north - against the Livonian Order, Poland and Sweden.
AT mid-eighteenth century, an intensified advance of tsarism to the Caucasus begins. The colonial policy of autocracy was supported by local feudal lords. The peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria fall under the double yoke of princes and tsarist officials. Increasingly, uprisings against the oppressors break out simultaneously with anti-serfdom uprisings in Russia.
The first Russian settlers in the North Caucasus were peasants who fled here from their landlords and founded here in the 16th century the Terek Cossack freemen. In the second half of the 18th-first half of the 19th centuries, royal fortresses and fortifications were built in Kabarda - Ekaterinogradskaya, Prokhladnaya, Kamennomostskaya, Nalchikskaya, Baksanskaya and others. In addition to the military garrisons, ordinary workers lived in them - immigrants from Russia, who were driven to the distant Caucasus by hunger and need. It was they who entered into friendly communication with the Kabardians and Balkars, representing a different, real Russia - a country of peaceful and friendly people who found a common language with their Caucasian brothers. Local serfs, who fled from the Kabardian princes and the Balkar Taubi, found shelter and protection in Russian settlements.
In 1867 in Kabarda and Balkaria it was abolished serfdom. As in Russia, the people were completely robbed and fell into a new dependence on their former owners. All attempts to fight for their rights were brutally suppressed.

The Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria in the first half of the 20th century.

The years 1905-1907 shook Russia to its foundations. A wave of revolutionary movement passed through Kabardino-Balkaria as well. And no punitive expeditions of the tsarist troops and local princes could extinguish the sparks of popular anger. In 1913, the Zol uprising of the Kabardian peasants broke out, and then the Balkars opposed the exploiters in the Cherek Gorge. The uprisings were put down by force of arms.
On November 7, 1917, the Great October Socialist Revolution took place in Russia. On March 4, 1918, at the II Congress of the Peoples of the Terek, held in the city of Pyatigorsk under the leadership of S. M. Kirov, Soviet power was proclaimed and the Terek Soviet Republic was created, which included Kabarda and Balkaria, which at that time were called the Nalchik District. On March 18, the First Congress of Soviets in Nalchik proclaimed Soviet power on the territory of Kabarda and Balkaria.
In the summer of 1918, a civil war was already raging in the North Caucasus, as in Russia. The mountain Red Guard detachments courageously fought against the white bandits. At the beginning of 1919, Denikin's men succeeded in capturing the North Caucasus for a while. But in the spring of 1920 he was released. On March 24, Soviet power was finally restored in Nalchik, and on March 30, a district sharp was formed, headed by the well-known leader of the masses, an ally of S. M. Kirov and G. K. Ordzhonikidze - B. E. Kalmykov. In November 1920, Kabarda and Balkaria became part of the Mountain SSR.
On September 1, 1921, by decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, Kabarda was separated from the Gorskaya Soviet Socialist Republic and transformed into the Kabardian Autonomous Region, and on January 16 of the following year, the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region was formed. B. E. Kalmykov became the chairman of the first regional executive committee, and M. A. Eneev became his deputy.
The Soviet government and the Communist Party opened the way for the workers of Kabardino-Balkaria to a new life, which they began to build in a single fraternal family of free Soviet peoples. The 20-30s were marked by the rapid growth of agriculture and industry of the region.
In 1924, the Kabardians and Balkars received their own written language. In a short time, the socialist culture of these once backward nations flourished. Dozens of schools and libraries were put into operation in the region, the Leninsky educational campus, a research institute, a national book publishing house, the Kabardino-Balkarian Teachers' Institute, and a drama theater were opened in Nalchik. The founder of Soviet Kabardian literature Ali Shogentsukov, folk poets Bekmurza Pachev and Kazim Mechiev are becoming widely known not only in their homeland, but throughout the country.
On January 3, 1934, for the great successes achieved in the development of agriculture, KBAO was one of the first in the Soviet Union to be awarded the Order of Lenin.
In December 1936, the Extraordinary VIII All-Union Congress of Soviets adopted a new Constitution of the USSR - the Constitution of the country of victorious socialism, according to which the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region was transformed into the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

The Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria during the Great Patriotic War

Peaceful labor Soviet people was violated by the treacherous attack of Nazi Germany. Tens of thousands of sons and daughters of our republic fought in the ranks Soviet army on all fronts of the Great Patriotic War. In August 1942, the war also entered the land of Kabardino-Balkaria. Fierce battles took place throughout its territory - in cities and villages, on the banks of the Terek, Baksan-on and Malka, in mountain gorges, on the passes and slopes of the highest mountain of the Caucasus - Elbrus. The partisans of the Kabardino-Balkarian detachment fought shoulder to shoulder with the soldiers of the Soviet Army.
On January 11, 1943, the Design Bureau of the ASSR was liberated from the fascist occupation. The working people of the republic contributed to the defeat of fascism. They fought not only in many units of the Active Army, but also formed their 115th Kabardino-Balkarian Cavalry Division. Thousands of tons of food, warm clothes, equipment and ammunition were sent to the front from the KBASSR. Tank columns and squadrons of aircraft were built on the personal savings of the inhabitants of the republic.
20 of our countrymen were awarded the high title of Heroes of the Soviet Union, and 5 became full holders of the Order of Glory.
After the enemy invasion, the cities and villages of Kabardino-Balkaria lay in ruins, all industrial enterprises were destroyed, collective farms and state farms were plundered. With the help of the fraternal peoples of the Soviet Union, the national economy of the KBASSR had been largely restored by 1950 and was on the path of further growth.

The Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria in the post-war years

In 1944, the autonomy of the Balkars was liquidated, the population was forcibly evicted. The Stalinist leadership indiscriminately enrolled all the Balkars as traitor peoples. Thousands of people died during the years of exile. In 1957 the Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR was restored.
In July 1957, the republic solemnly celebrated the 400th anniversary of the voluntary annexation of Kabarda to Russia. This event has become a true holiday, a demonstration of the friendship of the peoples of our multinational region. To commemorate this event, for merits in the development of the national economy and culture, the KBASSR is awarded the second Order of Lenin. In those days, by decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and the KBASSR, a monument to V.I. Lenin and a monument in memory of the 400th anniversary of the voluntary annexation of Kabarda to Russia were opened in Nalchik.
In September 1971, in connection with the 50th anniversary of the autonomy of Kabardino-Balkaria, the republic was awarded the Order of the October Revolution for success in communist construction.

NTZ unique identifier:ID = 358904007

Name of NTZ:History of the peoples of the KBR

NTZ location:C:\Users\Aslan\Desktop\history of the peoples cbr.ast

Date of creation of NTZ:25.12.2007

NTZ conversion date:02.10.2008

Thematic structure

History of Kabarda and Balkaria from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. Primitive communal system in the North Caucasus and Kabardino-Balkaria Chapter	Subsection	Topic
History of Kabarda and Balkaria from ancient times to the end of the 18th century.	Primitive communal system in the North Caucasus and Kabardino-Balkaria
	Balkaria from ancient times to the XIV century
	North Caucasus during the Mongol-Tatar invasion
	Kabarda and Balkaria in the XIV - XVIII centuries.
	Socio-economic development of Kabarda and Balkaria at the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries. and the colonial policy of the Russian Empire in the North Caucasus
	Kabarda and Balkaria in the post-reform period: agrarian and administrative-judicial reforms
	The revolutionary movement in Kabarda and Balkaria at the beginning of the 20th century.
	Kabarda and Balkaria in the period. World War I
	Socio-political and educational thought of Kabarda and Balkaria in the 18th - early 20th centuries.
	The Cossack and Russian population of Kabarda in the XVI-beginning. 20th century
Kabardino-Balkaria during the years of Soviet power	Kabarda and Balkaria during the Revolution and the Civil War
	Socio-economic and political transformations in Kabardino-Balkaria in the 20-30s. XX century
	Kabardino - Balkaria during the Great Patriotic War (1941 - 1945)
	Kabardino - Balkaria in 1945 - 1985
Kabardino-Balkaria in the post-Soviet period	Socio-economic and political transformations in 1985 - 1995
	CBD at the present stage

1. Task (( 1 )) TOR 1 Topic 1-1-0

Ancient man appeared on the territory of the North Caucasus and Kabardino-Balkaria

 1.5 million years ago

 1 million years ago

 500 - 200 thousand years ago

 700 - 600 thousand years ago

2. Task (( 2 )) TOR 2 Topic 1-1-0

The most ancient sites of primitive man in Kabardino-Balkaria belong to the period

 Early Paleolithic

 Middle Paleolithic

 Late Paleolithic

 Mesolithic

3. Task (( 3 )) TOR 3 Topic 1-1-0

The term "autochthonous" means

 self-name of the people

 its local origin

 people formation process

 title of Bosporus kings

4. Task (( 4 )) TOR 4 Topic 1-1-0

The settlement of the territory of the North Caucasus took place from

 northwest

 east

 northeast

5. Task (( 5 )) TOR 5 Topic 1-1-0

The Old Stone Age began:

 2.5 - 3 million years ago

 1.5 - 2 million years ago

 0.5 - 1 million years ago

 500 - 700 thousand years ago

6. Task (( 6 )) TOR 6 Topic 1-1-0

The bow and arrow were invented by man during the period:

 Paleolithic

 Mesolithic

 Neolithic

 Chalcolithic

7. Task (( 7 )) TK 7 Topic 1-1-0

The Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) is dated

 2.5 million years ago

 IV - III millennium BC e.

 X - VI millennium BC e.

 II millennium BC

8. Task (( 8 )) TK 8 Topic 1-1-0

The Middle Paleolithic era is reflected in

 Ilskaya site

 Grote Sosruko

 Grote Cala Tubyu

 Agubekovsky settlement

9. Task (( 9 )) TK 9 Topic 1-1-0

The main feature of the Late (Upper) Paleolithic era is

 completion of the process of becoming a modern type of person

 the emergence of a tribal system

 Invention of ceramics

 formation of agricultural and cattle breeding economy

10. Task (( 10 )) TK 10 Topic 1-1-0

The transition from gathering and hunting to farming and cattle breeding corresponds to the period

 Paleolithic

 Mesolithic

 Neolithic

11. Task (( 11 )) TK 11 Topic 1-1-0

The Neolithic Revolution is

change from matriarchy to patriarchy

 transition from the appropriating economy to the producing one

 Invention of ceramics

 the transition from the primitive human herd to the community

12. Task (( 12 )) TK 12 Topic 1-1-0

The Neolithic (New Stone Age) is dated:

 3 - 2.5 million years ago - 12 - 10 thousand years BC

 V - I floor. IV millennium BC

 II half. IV millennium BC - the beginning of the III millennium BC

 X - VI millennium BC

13. Task (( 13 )) TK 13 Topic 1-1-0

The appearance of grinding, polishing, sawing, drilling tools, modeling and firing of pottery refers to the period:

 Upper Paleolithic

 Lower Paleolithic

 Neolithic

 Mesolithic

14. Task (( 14 )) TK 14 Topic 1-1-0

The primitive tribal community arises in the era

 Early Paleolithic

 Middle Paleolithic

 Late Paleolithic

 Mesolithic

15. Task (( 15 )) TK 15 Topic 1-1-0

A monument of material culture - Agubekov settlement belongs to the era

 Mesolithic

 Paleolithic

 Chalcolithic

 Bronze Age

16. Task (( 16 )) TK 16 Topic 1-1-0

Monument of material culture - Grotto Sosruko refers to:

 Guba culture

 Ilskoy parking

 Maikop culture

 Koban culture

17. Task (( 17 )) TK 17 Topic 1-1-0

The Nalchik and Dolinsk settlements of antiquity belong to

 Maikop culture

 Koban culture

 Guba culture

 Kuban culture

18. Task (( 18 )) TK 18 Topic 1-1-0

Archaeological culture underlying the formation of the ancient Adyghe ethnos

 Maikop culture

 Trypillia culture

 Kuro-Arak culture

 pit culture

19. Task (( 19 )) TK 19 Topic 1-1-0

The Koban archaeological culture belongs to the period

 Early Bronze Age

 Late Bronze Age

 early iron

 Neolithic

20. Task (( 20 )) TK 20 Topic 1-1-0

The leading role in the economy of the tribes of the Koban culture was played by

 gathering

 cattle breeding

 agriculture

21. Task (( 21 )) TK 21 Topic 1-1-0

The village, from which the Koban culture was named, is located on the current territory

 Kabardino-Balkaria

 Karachay-Cherkessia

 North Ossetia

 Stavropol Territory

22. Task (( 22 )) TK 22 Topic 1-1-0

The excavations of the Maykop burial mound were led by

 prof. Veselovsky

 Count Uvarov

 Academician Rybakov

 archaeologist A.A. Jessen

23. Task (( 23 )) TK 23 Topic 1-1-0

Maikop culture developed in

 IV millennium BC

 III millennium BC

 V millennium BC

 I millennium BC

24. Task (( 24 )) TK 24 Topic 1-1-0

The Middle Asian civilizations of antiquity had the greatest influence on the development

 Koban culture

 Maikop culture

 dolmen culture

 North Caucasian culture

25. Task (( 25 )) TK 25 Topic 1-1-0

The fading of ties with the Western Asian civilizations and the strengthening of ties with the steppes of Eastern Europe manifested itself in the development

 Maikop culture

 Koban culture

 Kuban culture

 North Caucasian culture

26. Task (( 26 )) TK 26 Topic 1-1-0

Dolmen is

 elevated burial structure in the form of stone houses with a flat or gable roof

 underground burial structure in the form of stone boxes

 elevated burial structure in the form of a wooden pyramid

 site of ancient man

27. Task (( 27 )) TK 27 Topic 1-1-0

The main occupation of the tribes of dolmen culture

 cattle breeding

 iron metallurgy

 agriculture

 bronze metallurgy

28. Task (( 28 )) TK 28 Topic 1-1-0

Dolmen culture was located on the territory

 from the Taman Peninsula to Chechnya

 from the Taman Peninsula to Abkhazia

 from Chechnya to the upper reaches of the river. Kuban

 from the Taman Peninsula to Dagestan

29. Task (( 29 )) TK 29 Topic 1-1-0

An elevated burial structure in the form of stone houses with a flat or gable roof is called ....

Correct answer options: dolmen;

30. Task (( 30 )) TK 30 Topic 1-1-0

The tribes were most strongly influenced by the Scythians

 Maikop culture

 Koban culture

 dolmen culture

 Guba culture

31. Task (( 31 )) TK 31 Topic 1-1-0

The main material for the manufacture of tools and weapons during the VII - IV centuries. BC. becomes... .

Correct answer options: iron;

32. Task (( 32 )) TK 32 Topic 1-1-0

The tribes that occupied a dominant position in the Ciscaucasian steppes at the end of the 8th - beginning of the 7th centuries. BC. ... .

Correct answer options: Scythians;

33. Task (( 33 )) TK 33 Topic 1-1-0

Semibratne settlement - a monument of the era

 Maikop culture

 Neolithic era

 Sindh State

 Sarmatian origin

34. Task (( 34 )) TK 34 Topic 1-1-0

Greek colonization of the Northern Black Sea region began

 at the end of the 7th - beginning of the 6th century. BC.

 in the IV century. BC.

 at the turn of the 5th - 4th centuries. BC.

 VIII c. BC.

35. Task (( 35 )) TK 35 Topic 1-1-0

 Cimmerians

36. Task (( 36 )) TK 36 Topic 1-1-0

The Bosporus kingdom was headed by rulers: ... .

Correct answer options: archons;

37. Task (( 37 )) TK 37 Topic 1-1-0

The state, formed in 480 BC. as a result of the unification of Greek cities ....

Correct answer options: Bosporus;

38. Task (( 38 )) TK 38 Topic 1-1-0

The collapse of the Meotian tribal association is associated with

 the formation of the Bosporus kingdom

 the onslaught of the Sarmatians on the North-Western Caucasus

 the invasion of the Huns and the Goths

 the formation of the Sindh slave state

39. Task (( 39 )) TK 39 Topic 1-1-0

King of Sind, who ruled at the end of the 5th - beginning of the 4th century. BC. bore the name:

 Hecataeus

 Tirgatao

40. Task (( 40 )) TK 40 Topic 1-1-0

Sindh city

 Gorgippia

 Panticapaeum

 Taman

 Phanagoria

41. Task (( 41 )) TK 41 Topic 1-1-0

The oldest state on the territory of the Russian Federation is ....

Correct answer options: Sindica;

42. Task (( 42 )) TK 42 Topic 1-1-0

Sinds, Achaeans, Kerkets - all these tribes were known to the ancient Greeks under the common name:

 Kasogi

 Sarmatians

43. Task (( 43 )) TK 43 Topic 1-1-0

The time when Sindica entered the Bosporan Kingdom refers to:

 the first quarter of the 4th c. BC.

 second quarter of the 4th c. BC.

 end of the 4th c. BC.

 beginning of the 5th c. BC.

44. Task (( 44 )) TK 44 Topic 1-1-0

The Bosporus kingdom was defeated in:

45. Task (( 45 )) TK 45 Topic 1-1-0

1: formation of the Bosporus kingdom

2: onslaught of the Sarmatians

3: the entry of Sindica into the Bosporan kingdom

4: acceptance of Roman citizenship by the Zikh leader Stahemfak

46. ​​Task (( 46 )) TK 46 Topic 1-1-0

Facts proving the formal nature of the accession of the Meots to the Bosporan kingdom:

 inconstant titles of the Bosporan archons (rulers)

 submission of the Meots to their own leaders

 Meots preserve their customs and way of life

 all of the above

47. Task (( 47 )) TK 47 Topic 1-1-0

The main commodity exported by the Bosporans to Greece

 dried fish

48. Task (( 48 )) TK 48 Topic 1-1-0

The first information about the Zikhs, as a large Adyghe tribe, refers to

 I c. BC.

 I c. AD

 I c. AD

 III c. AD

49. Task (( 49 )) TK 49 Topic 1-1-0

The name of the leader of the Zikhs, who established contact with the Romans and recognized himself as a subject of the Roman emperor - ... .

Correct answer options: Stachemfak;

50. Task (( 50 )) TK 50 Topic 1-1-0

Formation of the Zikh Tribal Union

 associated with the unification of related tribes around the Zikhs

 was necessary to repulse the conquerors

 was the result of brisk trade with the countries of the ancient world

 refers to the time of the adoption of Islam by the zihs

 refers to the time of the Hun invasion

51. Task (( 51 )) TK 51 Topic 1-1-0

Christianity began to penetrate to the Adygs in

52. Task (( 52 )) TK 52 Topic 1-1-0

The first written mention of kasogs refers to

 VIII - early IX centuries.

 X - the beginning of the XI centuries.

53. Task (( 53 )) TK 53 Topic 1-1-0

The name of the Russian prince, with whom the leader of Kassog Rededya entered into single combat, is ... .

Correct answer options: Mstislav;

54. Task (( 54 )) TK 54 Topic 1-1-0

The Kasozh prince of the 11th century, whose name is mentioned in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign" - ... .

Correct answer options: Rededya;

55. Task (( 55 )) TK 55 Topic 1-1-0

Genoese colonies in the North Caucasus existed

 in the XIII - XV centuries.

 in the XIV - XVI centuries.

 in the XII - XIII centuries.

 in the XV - XVI centuries.

Balkaria from ancient times to the XIV century

56. Task (( 56 )) TK 56 Topic 1-2-0

Medieval document proving the connection of the Polovtsians and Kipchaks with modern Balkars

 "Armenian geography"

 "Kartlis Tskhovreba"

 "Codex Cumanicus"

 "Altai tobchi"

57. Task (( 57 )) TK 57 Topic 1-2-0

The settlement of the mountainous regions of modern Balkaria occurred in

 I millennium BC

 II millennium BC

 I c. AD

 II c. AD

58. Task (( 58 )) TK 58 Topic 1-2-0

In the formation of the Balkar people took part

 Cimmerians

 Bulgarians

 Cumans (Kipchaks)

North Caucasus during the Mongol-Tatar invasion

59. Task (( 59 )) TK 59 Topic 1-3-0

the first campaign of the Mongol-Tatars to the North Caucasus and Russia took place in:

60. Task (( 60 )) TK 60 Topic 1-3-0

The first major battle of the Mongols-Tatars in the North Caucasus took place with

 Circassians

 Lezgins

 Alans and Cumans

 Vainakhs

61. Task (( 61 )) TK 61 Topic 1-3-0

The beginning of the systematic conquest of the North Caucasus by the Mongol-Tatars begins:

62. Task (( 62 )) TK 62 Topic 1-3-0

Golden Horde cities in the North Caucasus

 Lower Julat

 Madjars

 Panticapaeum

63. Task (( 63 )) TK 63 Topic 1-3-0

The battle between Timur and Tokhtamysh took place in

Kabarda and Balkaria in the XIV - XVIII centuries.

64. Task (( 64 )) TK 64 Topic 1-4-0

The separation of Kabardians from the general Adyghe massif occurred

 late IX - early X centuries.

 late XI - early XII centuries

 late XII - early XIII centuries

 late XIV - early XV centuries.

65. Task (( 65 )) TK 65 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the legendary ancestor of the Kabardian princes ... .

Correct answer options: Inal;

66. Task (( 66 )) TK 66 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the legendary ancestor of the Balkar feudal lords... .

Correct answer options: Basiyat;

67. Task (( 67 )) TK 67 Topic 1-4-0

The appearance of the ethnonym "Circassian" refers to

68. Task (( 68 )) TK 68 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the supreme prince of Kabarda in the 50-60s. 16th century was... .

Correct answer options: Temryuk;

69. Task (( 69 )) TK 69 Topic 1-4-0

Arguments in favor of defining the act of 1557 as a military-political union of Kabarda and Russia

 maintaining the independence of the judiciary in Kabarda

 Occupation of Kabarda by Russian troops

 construction of military fortifications with Russian garrisons within the Kabardian territory

 construction of a Russian military fortress not far from the borders of Kabarda

 preservation of local governments

70. Task (( 70 )) TK 70 Topic 1-4-0

The first Adyghe embassy arrived in Moscow

71. Task (( 71 )) TK 71 Topic 1-4-0

The military-political union of Kabarda with the Russian state was concluded in

72. Task (( 72 )) TK 72 Topic 1-4-0

The construction of the first Russian fortress on the Terek refers to

73. Task (( 73 )) TK 73 Topic 1-4-0

The surname of a historical figure who headed the Kabardian embassy to Moscow in 1557 ....

Correct answer options: Kanukov;

74. Task (( 74 )) TK 74 Topic 1-4-0

The marriage of Ivan IV the Terrible and Maria Temryukovna was concluded in

75. Task (( 75 )) TK 75 Topic 1-4-0

Sequence of historical events

1: arrival of Andrey Schepotiev to the Circassians

2: marriage of Ivan the Terrible and Maria Temryukovna

3: Departure to Moscow of the sons of Temryuk Idarov Mamtryuk and Saltanuk

4: construction of the first Russian fortress on the Terek

5: death of the senior prince of Kabarda Temryuk Idarov

76. Task (( 76 )) TK 76 Topic 1-4-0

An outstanding Russian commander during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich

 Dmitry Mamstrukovich Cherkassky

 Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky

 Yakov Kudenetovich Cherkassky

77. Task (( 77 )) TK 77 Topic 1-4-0

Sequence of historical events

1: The first Circassian embassy to Moscow

2: Construction of the first Russian fortress on the Terek

3: Obtaining by Sunchaley Kanklychevich the title of prince over the non-Russian population of the Terek town

4: The first acquaintance of Russians with the Balkars

5: The first Russian embassy through Balkaria to Georgia

78. Task (( 78 )) TK 78 Topic 1-4-0

A prominent figure in the zemstvo movement in Russia, a candidate for the royal throne in 1613.

 Boris Kambulatovich Cherkassky

 Yakov Kudenetovich Cherkassky

 Dmitry Mamstrukovich Cherkassky

 Mikhail Alegukovich Cherkassky

79. Task (( 79 )) TK 79 Topic 1-4-0

The city of Terek was founded in Kabarda with the aim

 capture of Transcaucasia

 capture of Dagestan

 strengthening the ties of the Russian state with the peoples of the North Caucasus

 strengthening ties with the Ottoman Empire

80. Task (( 80 )) TK 80 Topic 1-4-0

Russian governors in the Terek city in the 17th century supported

 Crimean khans

 Nogai khans

 Kabardian princes Idarovs

 Iranian shahs

81. Task (( 81 )) TK 81 Topic 1-4-0

For the first time in Russian documents, the Balkar Gorge is mentioned in

82. Task (( 82 )) TK 82 Topic 1-4-0

Privileged estates of Kabarda

 tlhukotly

 smoldering

 Taubia

 degenugo

83. Task (( 83 )) TK 83 Topic 1-4-0

Privileged estates of Balkaria

 taubia

 bridle

 Karakishi

 Karavashi

 chagars

84. Task (( 84 )) TK 84 Topic 1-4-0

Former free peasants, "attached" to the court of a prince or nobleman, were called

 unouts

 lagoons

85. Task (( 85 )) TK 85 Topic 1-4-0

 Beslan Works

 smoldering

 degenugo

 workki-shoutlugus

86. Task (( 86 )) TK 86 Topic 1-4-0

 Cossacks

 Karavashi

 yasakchi

 karakishi

87. Task (( 87 )) TK 87 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the upper class of Balkaria ... .

Correct answer options: taubium;

88. Task (( 88 )) TK 88 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the highest legislative body of medieval Kabarda... .

Correct answer options: Hasa;

89. Task (( 89 )) TK 89 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the supreme governing body of medieval Balkaria... .

Correct answer options: Ter;

90. Task (( 90 )) TK 90 Topic 1-4-0

The main occupations of the Kabardians in the XIII - XV centuries. were

 agriculture

 cattle breeding

 fishing

 horse breeding

91. Task (( 91 )) TK 91 Topic 1-4-0

The main occupation of the Balkars in the XIII - XV centuries.

 beekeeping

 transhumance

 agriculture

 fishing

92. Task (( 92 )) TK 92 Topic 1-4-0

Cattle breeding was the basis of the economy of the Kabardians because

 There were no favorable climatic conditions for agriculture

 livestock products were in high demand in the foreign market

 the geographical landscape contributed to the development of pastoralism

 the development of agriculture was not favored by the political situation inside and outside Kabarda

 Kabardians led a nomadic lifestyle

93. Task (( 93 )) TK 93 Topic 1-4-0

The beginning of the penetration of Islam into the territory of present-day Kabardino-Balkaria refers to:

94. Task (( 94 )) TK 94 Topic 1-4-0

The Kabardian princes Idarov pursued a policy aimed at

 Union with the Crimean Khanate

 Union with Safavid Iran

 union with the Russian state

 union with the Ottoman state

95. Task (( 95 )) TK 95 Topic 1-4-0

The division of Kabarda into Big and Small happened

 late 16th century

 early 17th century

 second half of the 17th century

 early 18th century

96. Task (( 96 )) TK 96 Topic 1-4-0

1: battle on the river Malka

2: construction of the Kizlyar fortress

3: conclusion of the Belgrade peace treaty

4: construction of the Mozdok fortress

5: conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace treaty

97. Task (( 97 )) TK 97 Topic 1-4-0

According to the Belgrade Peace Treaty, Kabarda

 was part of Russia

 was part of Ottoman Empire

 proclaimed independent

 was part of Iran

98. Task (( 98 )) TK 98 Topic 1-4-0

According to the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace treaty, Kabarda

 Recognized as possession of Iran

 was recognized as a possession of Russia

 Recognized as possession of the Ottoman Empire

 was recognized as a possession of Great Britain

99. Task (( 99 )) TK 99 Topic 1-4-0

The army of the Crimean Khan Kaplan Giray was defeated in Kabarda

100. Task (( 100 )) TK 100 Topic 1-4-0

The invasion of the troops of the Crimean Khan Saadat Giray on Kabarda was

101. Task (( 101 )) TK 101 Topic 1-4-0

The diplomatic mission of A.P. Volynsky to Kabarda took place

 - in 1701

102. Task (( 102 )) TK 102 Topic 1-4-0

The Caspian campaign of Peter I took place

103. Task (( 103 )) TK 103 Topic 1-4-0

The Belgrade Peace Treaty was concluded

104. Task (( 104 )) TK 104 Topic 1-4-0

The Kabardian delegation was received by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna

105. Task (( 105 )) TK 105 Topic 1-4-0

Mozdok fortress was built

106. Task (( 106 )) TK 106 Topic 1-4-0

Surname of a historical figure who led the Kabardian delegation to St. Petersburg in 1742 ... .

Correct answer options: Sidakov;

107. Task (( 107 )) TK 107 Topic 1-4-0

The purpose of the mission of the Astrakhan governor A.P. Volynsky to Kabarda was

 Capture of Kabarda

 rallying supporters of Russia

 search for ways in Transcaucasia

 Mapping the North Caucasus

Socio-economic development of Kabarda and Balkaria at the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries. and the colonial policy of the Russian Empire in the North Caucasus

108. Task (( 108 )) TK 108 Topic 1-5-0

Chronological sequence of events

1: Kabardian Embassy in St. Petersburg

2: drawing up the first map of the Caspian Sea by A. Bekovich-Cherkassky

3: the defeat of Khan Kaplan Giray in Kabarda

4: Caspian campaign of Peter I

5: uprising of Kabardian peasants led by Damalei

109. Task (( 109 )) TK 109 Topic 1-5-0

Chronological sequence of events

1: Invasion of the Crimean Khan Saadat Giray on Kabarda

2: conclusion of the Iasi peace treaty

3: The battle of the troops of General Medem with a group of Kabardian feudal lords

4: start of construction of the Azov-Mozdok military line

5: establishment of the Caucasian governorship

110. Task (( 110 )) TK 110 Topic 1-5-0

Chronological sequence of events

1: compilation of a map of Kabarda by S. Chichagov.

2: a major uprising of peasants in Kabarda

3: punitive expedition of General Jacobi to Kabarda

4: establishment of tribal courts and reprisals

5: establishment of the spiritual court "mehkeme" in Kabarda

111. Task (( 111 )) TK 111 Topic 1-5-0

Chronological sequence of events:

1: punitive expedition of General Glazenap to Kabarda

2: punitive expedition of General Bulgakov to Kabarda

3: establishment of the Provisional Kabardian Court

4: Imam Shamil's campaign in Kabarda

History reference

On the territory of the North Caucasus in general, and on the territory of the KBR in particular, human activity has been traced since ancient times. In the Baksan Gorge, sites of primitive people of the Late Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) and Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) were found. In the North-Western Caucasus, where the ancestors of the Kabardians lived, tools of the end of the early Paleolithic were discovered.

Finds of flint and obsidan tools near Nalchik, on the Kenzhe River, in 1924 with clear traces of human processing, as well as in the Kala-Tubyu grotto, near the village of Verkhniy Chegem, prove that primitive communities continued to live on the territory of present-day Kabardino-Balkaria in the era Early Neolithic (New Stone Age). Later Neolithic sites have been well studied: Agubekovskoye and Dolinskoye settlements near Nalchik. They testify to the fact that life here continued uninterrupted in subsequent periods - in the era of the late Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages.

It has been established that the distant ancestors of the Circassians (Kabardians also belong to the Circassians) were the Khats and Hittites, who created a strong empire in the 3rd millennium that competed with Egypt and Babylon, the territory of which extended to the entire Anatolian Peninsula, included part of present-day Iraq and the Caucasus. After the collapse of the empire, the Adyghe tribes concentrated in the North-Western Caucasus. At different times, they included Meots, Sinds, Kerkets, and later Zikhs and Kasogs. They absorbed in themselves in the VIII-I centuries. BC e. and later Cimmerian, Scythian, Greek, Sarmatian-Alanian and other ethnic elements penetrating to them. However, they preserved the ancient Caucasian national language, belonging to the Indo-European group of languages, with traces of linguistic influences from different peoples.

The basis of the economy of these tribes was cattle breeding and quite developed, for that time, agriculture, and along the coast of the seas (the Black and Azov, which the ancients called the "Meotian Lake") - trade and fishing. Metallurgy and pottery production were at a high level of development. In the V-IV century. BC. trade with the Greek colonies of the Black Sea coast was widely developed. The main export item is grain.

Already in the 5th century BC. under the influence of the Greek colonies, the ancestors of the Circassians - the Sinds, were in the process of forming a state. During this period, the early slave-owning state of Sindika was formed - the oldest and first state formation on the territory of Russia. Sinds lived in the lower reaches of the Kuban, on the Taman Peninsula and in the adjacent territories of the Black Sea coast. In the 2nd half of the 5th c. BC. in Sindik, their own metal money was minted, and their own script was created on the basis of the Greek alphabet. This is proved by the inscriptions on the gold and silver coins of the Sindika state of that time.

But this small state lasted only about 100 years. Having reached its peak, it, being surrounded by stronger and, probably, aggressive neighbors, could not maintain its independence and was included (1st half of the 4th century BC) into the Hellenic Bosporan kingdom.

The religious beliefs of the Meotian-Sindo-Kerket tribes are characterized by the presence of elements of primitive religion (animism, totemism, magic, etc.). The agricultural cult of fertility received the greatest development. The heavenly bodies were revered, as well as other cults: hunting, crafts, and the hearth. Under the influence of the Greeks, a mixture of local and Greek cults occurs. Perhaps the Greeks borrowed the image of Prometheus from these tribes from the epic “Narts” that already existed at that time, where there are heroes who brought fire to people, and chained to the slopes of Elbrus, with which the eagle pecks out the liver (Sosruko, Nasranzhach).

In the 1st century AD from the Meotian tribes, the Zikh tribe stands out, occupying the territory between the present cities of Tuapse and Gagra. In the II century. the leader of the Zikhs - Stahemfak - declares himself a subject of the Roman emperor, which increases the influence of the Zikhs on neighboring tribes, and their territory expands significantly. Despite the invasion of the Huns in 375 and the invasion of the Avars in the VI century, who pushed back the Meotian tribes, incl. and Zikhs, in the gorges of the left bank of the Kuban, Zikhs become in the VI-X centuries. the core of the newly formed Adyghe tribe. The Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus wrote at this time that the territory of Zikhia extended for 300 miles.

Appeared in the North Caucasus in the 1st century. AD, the Iranian-speaking Alans lived here for more than 1000 years and left behind numerous monuments. Judging by them, the current territories of Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia served as the center of Alania. At the beginning, they were, like the Zikhs, part of the Khazar Khaganate, and after its collapse (the defeat of Khazaria by the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich in 965), a state association- Alania, considered in the X-XIII centuries. quite a strong state. It is interesting to note that modern Ossetians and Balkarians consider the Alans (in Russian sources Yasy, Asy) their ancestors (Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Balkar public organization "Alan").

In the same period, after the collapse in the 7th century. into three parts of the Turkic-speaking Great Bulgaria, which occupied the territory of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, part of the tribes goes beyond the Danube (present-day Bulgaria), part to the upper reaches of the Volga (Black Bulgaria), and part, led by Basiyat, settled in the foothills of the Central Caucasus, and, perhaps, it was they who gave the name one of the indigenous peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria - the Balkars. In any case, all the Taubii (mountain princes of the Balkars) considered Basiyat their ancestor, and some Georgians (Rachintsy, Svans, Mingrelians) still call the Balkars Basiyans.

From the 6th century Christianity begins to penetrate the North Caucasus from Byzantium. At first it was Orthodox. Both the Alans (until 1366) and the Zikhs (until 1398) had their own dioceses headed by bishops.

Perhaps by this time (4th-6th centuries) the connections of the Zikhs with the Eastern Slavs - Ants. By the X-XI centuries. these links have expanded as on the Taman Peninsula is formed Russian principality with the center in Tmutarakan. In 1022, Mstislav Udaloy (the youngest son of the Kyiv prince Vladimir - the Red Sun), who received this principality as an inheritance, attacks the Kasogs (one of the Zikh tribes) and, as a result of single combat with the Kasog prince Rededey, defeats him (sources say that insidiously, pulling out because of the top of the knife) and subjugates the kasogs of Tmutarakan. Kasozh regiments, together with Mstislav, participate in his wars against his brother Yaroslav the Wise for the throne of Kyiv. (Chernigov throne, the second most important in the hierarchy of Russian principalities, Mstislav still achieved).

Then the Kasogs ravaged Tmutarakan, and it, like a principality, from the 11th century. does not exist. (An interesting detail is that the famous Russian Admiral Ushakov deduces his ancestry from Rededi. The two young sons of Rededi taken prisoner by Mstislav were raised at the princely court and, having given offspring, formed many Russian surnames, including the Ushakovs.) Be that as it may, to the X century. from the Zikhs and Kasogs a new union of tribes is formed, the members of which call themselves "Adyge" (Adyge), and other peoples, these tribes from the XIII century. called Circassians.

In the 1st quarter of the XIII century. began a devastating invasion of the North Caucasus by the Mongols-Tatars, with whom the locals stubbornly fought. The spearhead of Mongols aggression in the central part of Ciscaucasia was directed against the Alans, who were defeated and by the XIV century. ceased to exist. Their remnants took refuge in the mountains, mixed with local tribes and formed the Ossetian people (Ossetians, like the Alans, are Iranian-speaking).

As nomadic tribes, the Mongols-Tatars did not remain long in the North Caucasus, and starting from the 13th century. Circassians from the Kuban region migrate in small parties to the Central Ciscaucasia. Some, perhaps even earlier, since there is a monument near the village of Etoko near Pyatigorsk - a statue of Duka-Bek, dated 1130 (some scholars dispute this date and say that the monument dates back to the 5th century), on which there is an inscription written Greek letters in the Adyghe language. The mass resettlement of the Circassians to the east takes place in the XIV century. (this is the official version adopted today, discussions continue), and since that time the eastern branch of the Circassians in the sources begins to be called Kabarda. The Kabardians have a legend that explains this name: the leader of the Adyghe settlers was Kabarda Tambiev, and since the new lands became his possession, the whole territory began to be called Kabarda (there are other legends about this). The center of Kabarda was the area of ​​present-day Pyatigorye, and in Russian written sources of the 16th century. Kabardians are called "Pyatigorsk Cherkasy". Geographically, the possessions of Kabarda extended to the Sunzha River, up to its confluence with the Terek (the territory of the present Chechen Republic).

This period (XV century) is also interesting because the founder of the Kabardian princes - Inal (the Kabardians did not have princes before him) makes the first attempt to unite the people, with a clearly structured hierarchical system, strengthening the central power of the prince, eliminating internecine strife. But after his death, there were no such smart, energetic and resolute followers of his ideas, and Kabarda again plunged into a maelstrom of internecine strife.

In 1395, a new, cruel, now Uzbek, conqueror Tamerlane (Timur the Khromoy) invades the territory of the North Caucasus, who almost completely (in addition to the Battle of Kulikovo) breaks up the Golden Horde, and new feudal state formations appear on its remnants: the Nogai Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean and other khanates. With the collapse of the Golden Horde and the departure of part of the steppe Kipchaks (Polovtsy) to the gorges of the Central Caucasus as a result of the invasion of Timur, the autonomous development of the Karachay-Balkarian language begins. That is, “the Cumans were the final link in the formation of the Turkic-speaking core during the formation of the Balkar-Karachay people” (Bekaldiev M.D. History of Kabardino-Balkaria).

As a result of the migration processes that took place in the Caucasus, Circassia, as well as Abkhazia and Georgia, for a number of reasons, is turning into a region for the supply of slaves in different countries world, and especially to the Arab East, because Arabs needed warriors. This process gives rise to the institution of warrior slaves called "Mamluks". The Mamluks gradually become so powerful that in 1250 they overthrew the dynasty of the Ayyubid sultans and founded the dynasty of Mamluk sultans who ruled Egypt and its subordinate countries (Syria, Mesopotamia, Libya, Yemen, etc.) until 1517, when the sultan of the strengthening Ottoman Empire - Selim defeated the Mamluks and captured Egypt. In 1711, the Mamluk emirs of Circassian origin regain power and are at the head of Egypt until 1811.

It was during the reign of the Circassian sultans that the troops of the crusaders were finally expelled from the territory of the Middle East. Mongo-lo-Tatars, despite repeated attempts to conquer Egypt, due to the resistance of the Mamluks, could not do this. Interestingly, in the absolutist monarchy of this period there was no dynastic inheritance of the throne from father to son, and all sultans were elected by the supreme council of the Mamluk emirs, depending on the military merits of the emirs.

By the 16th century Kabarda dominates the plains of the Central Caucasus, controlling the North Caucasian trade routes. The Kabardians finally formed feudal relations. The struggle for trade routes is the cause of both internal strife and endless aggression against Kabarda by rival neighbors. She is waging a stubborn struggle with the Crimean Khanate, the Kalmyks who came here at that time from the Volga, the Kumyk and Tarkov shamkhals (Dagestan). Under these conditions, some Kabardian princes seek an alliance with the Muscovite tsars. The expanding Russian state (1552 - the conquest of the Kazan, and then in 1556 the Astrakhan khanates), looking for an outlet to the rich eastern and southern markets, is happy to move closer, and in 1557 signs a military-political alliance with Kabarda. This union is strengthened by the marriage of Ivan the Terrible to the Kabardian princess Goshanya (in baptism Maria) - the daughter of the supreme prince (valia) of Kabarda Temryuk Idarov. Thus, Temryuk Idarov, the great-great-grandson of Inal, makes another attempt to unite Kabarda under a single authority, which, unfortunately, he fails, and Kabarda falls into vassal dependence on Russia.

After the death of Temryuk in 1571, due to the struggle between the princely families for the post of wali (supreme prince), Kabarda split into Greater and Lesser. Big Kabarda, which occupied the left bank of the Terek, was ruled by four princely families, and in Little Kabarda, which had gone to the right bank of the Terek, two princely families ruled. That is, in Kabarda, civil strife is growing more and more.

In the XVI century. the first Russian settlers appear in the Caucasus. These were Cossacks who settled in free territories along the Terek River. Since the Cossacks founded their villages on the hills (ridges) along the Terek, in addition to the name “Terek”, they also call themselves “Grebensky Cossacks” to distinguish themselves from the “lower Cossacks” who settled at the mouth of the Terek.

By the way, the origin of the Cossacks, as a special layer of the Russian army, is interesting. S. M. Bronevsky, the official historiographer of tsarism at the beginning of the 19th century, in his book “The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus” (M., 1823) writes: “In 1282, the Tatar Baskak (viceroy of the Khan) of the Kursk principality called the Circassians from Beshtau (Pyatigorye), populated the settlement with them under the name of the Cossacks (most likely to protect the borders from raids or as police units. - A. A.). The robberies and robberies caused by them (probably they did not pay money, since the robberies began. -A.A.), subsequently many complaints were made against them ... Prince Kursk, by permission of the Khan, ruined their homes, beat many of them, and others fled ... Their crowded gang, not finding security there, went to Kanev (near Kyiv) to the Baskak, who assigned them a place to stay, down the Dnieper. Here they built a town for themselves and called it Cherkassk, for the reason that most of them were a breed of Circassians, who later overslept under the name of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. Fugitive Kipchaks, Russians and other people who cannot stand the authorities later join these settlers. The Slavic and Christian component prevails, therefore the language is Russian, and the religion is Orthodoxy. "Republic" is growing and settling in new places: Don, Volga, Yaik (Urals). Following their example, Cossack freemen are created in other places. But the foundation of the Cossacks was laid by the Circassians. Proof of:

1. In Ukraine - the city of Cherkasy, on the Don - Novocherkassk. Why would they appear there if the Circassians live elsewhere?

2. The Russians called Circassians (singular number - “Circassian”) people from Ukraine: “... the name Cherkasy, originally referring to the newcomer population of Ukraine in the 16th and 17th centuries, gradually became a synonym for Little Russian” (J. N. Kokov ).

3. The Cossacks, as once, the Circassians, left a forelock in the middle of the crown, called the "settler". By the way, according to this Cossack forelock, all Ukrainians began to be called the insulting nickname for them “Khokhol”.

4. Many Cossack and Ukrainian surnames end in "ko" (Boyko, Shevchenko, etc.), which is the result of the influence of the Adyghe (Circassian) language, because “kue” (in Russian transcription - “ko”) among the Adygs means son, as among the Turkic peoples “ogly”, among the Arabs “ibn”. The Circassians also have many surnames ending in "kue" - Kazenokue (Kazanoko - Kazanokov), Sekhurokue (Sohroko - Sokhrokov), etc.

5. Rejection of any power over oneself, which was famous for both the Circassians and the Cossacks, which, in fact, killed both of them.

6. The same tactics of raids and warfare among both the Circassians and the Cossacks.

7. Back in the 19th century, and this is confirmed by sources, the Don Cossacks claimed that they were descended from the Circassians.

8. The Cossack title "esaul" comes from the Adyghe words "esau lIy" - a learned (trained, experienced) man (warrior).

9. The Kipchak (Turkic) component can be traced in the word "ataman", which means "father I" (atamen), i.e. "I am your father, leader, chief."

You can find many more arguments in defense of this version, but this is the business of historians, philologists, ethnographers and other scientists.

In connection with internal troubles in Russia (Time of Troubles; the formation and strengthening of the new royal dynasty of the Romanovs), she was at the end of the 16th - in the 17th centuries. not to Kabarda, although the Kabardian princes go to Moscow and serve Russia: one of the three contenders for the Russian throne in 1613 is a descendant of the Kabardian princes; the first generalissimo of Russia was the Kabardian prince Mikhail Alegukovich Cherkassky, the tutor of the tsar, who was promoted to this rank in 1696 by Peter I.

With the strengthening of the Russian state, interest in the Caucasus again intensifies (the Azov and Caspian campaigns of Peter I), but the active colonization of the Caucasus begins in the 2nd half of the 18th century. The first stage is the conquest of Kabarda, as the most influential in the Caucasus public education, - began with the construction of the Mozdok (Deaf Forest) fortress on the Kabardian land, which is currently a city and is located on the territory of North Ossetia. The construction of the fortress severely restricts the freedom of movement of the Kabardians: they cannot graze cattle on their original pastures and travel freely to the Astrakhan steppes for salt. Kabardian peasants flee from their princes under the fortress of Mozdok, accept Christianity and receive allotments of land from the Russian authorities. The descendants of these Christian Kabardians (about 10 thousand people) now live in North Ossetia and the Stavropol Territory and are called Mozdok Kabardians.

Further more - the Kizlyar-Mozdokskaya, and then the Azov-Mozdokskaya lines of military fortifications, later called the Caucasian military line, are being built; based Cossack villages, wedges dividing the mountain peoples, incl. and a single Adyghe people (Prokhladnaya - 1765, Ekaterinograd - 1777, Constantinograd (present-day Pyatigorsk) - 1778, Vladikavkaz - 1784, etc.); Ossetians and Ingush, who took Russian citizenship and always suffered from landlessness, being in vassal dependence on the Kabardian princes, move to the Kabardian lands from the mountain gorges; was established in 1785. The Caucasian vicegerency headed by P. S. Potemkin, the nephew of the famous favorite of Catherine the Second, G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky, with the capital in Ekaterinogradskaya (the triumphal arch in the village stands to this day. This is a triumph - to build a fortress on conquered Kabardian lands).

Here are the paradoxes of history: the Cossacks, whose foundation was laid by the Adygs, now, having submitted to the Russian government, are fighting against the Adygs, becoming their enslavers.

The Kabardian princes, not putting up with this situation, organize raids on fortresses, send deputies to St. Petersburg. But all in vain - the Russian authorities do not make concessions, they send punitive expeditions to Kabarda, which impose unbearable indemnities on the Kabardians, steal cattle and burn their villages. These expeditions were especially devastating in 1779 under the command of General Jacobi and Lieutenant Colonel Savelyev, in 1804 - General Glazenap, in 1810 - General Bulgakov, in 1822 - General Yermolov.

Despite the fact that the Belgrade Treaty in 1739 (after another war between the Russian and Ottoman empires) recognized Kabarda as “free”, Russia in 1769 appointed a bailiff to Kabarda, and in 1793 instead of traditional courts, “tribal courts” were introduced in Kabarda. courts and reprisals”, subordinate to the Mozdok commandant and already applying Russian laws instead of the traditional Adyghe khabze (Adyghe customs) - the norms of behavior for Kabardians.

By 1825, Kabarda had ceased both resistance and its existence as a free territorial-state entity. Of the 350,000 Kabardian people, 35,000 remain alive - 10%. The rest died in the national liberation war.

After the conquest of Kabarda, Russia focuses on the conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan (the 2nd stage of the colonization of the Caucasus), and after capturing Shamil in 1859, with all the might of a 200,000-strong army, it falls on the Adygs of the Western Caucasus. On May 21, 1864, in the Kuebyde glade (a strong, inaccessible gorge), on the land of one of the Adyghe tribes - the Ubykhs (now Krasnaya Polyana near Sochi, where V. V. Putin likes to ski), tsarist generals led by the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich celebrates the final victory and distributes medals "For the Conquest of the Western Caucasus", and the Circassians are expelled to Turkey.

The result of the war: hundreds of thousands of Russian soldiers and officers killed (according to Chernyshevsky's calculations, at least 25 thousand Russian soldiers perished in the Caucasus every year); the undermined financial system of Russia (1/6 of the budget annually went to the Russian-Caucasian war); Russia's defeat in the Crimean War; at least two million dead Caucasians; deportation of more than one million Adyghes to Turkey, now scattered in 40 countries of the world. Of the 1.5 million Adyghes in their native land in 1865, approximately 35 thousand Kabardians remained and the same number of people from other Adyghe peoples, i.e. no more than 5% of all Circassians. The rest either died or were deported from their historical homeland. It was the genocide of the Adyghe people. Never and nowhere has a nation been exterminated so massively.

Progressive people throughout Europe, incl. and Russia, condemned tsarism for its cruelty in the Caucasus. The intelligentsia of Russia was not heard by the authorities, but their works were left for posterity. Russian culture came to Kabarda and Balkaria through the Russian intelligentsia, incl. through the Decembrists, who were demoted and exiled to the army in the Caucasus - "to warm Siberia."

Balkaria voluntarily became part of Russia in 1827. The Balkars, who arose as a single ethnic group at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries, were called “mountain Tatars” in Russian written sources (they call themselves “taulu” - mountain people) and lived in communities in gorges . There were five such societies: Balkar, Bezengievsky, Khulamsky, Chegemsky and Urusbievsky (Baksansky). With the entry into Russia, the Balkars, with the permission of the Russian authorities, began to settle in the foothills, on the lands of the Kabardian princes and nobles, opponents of Russia, who died in the national liberation struggle or fled beyond the Kuban to continue the struggle. After the revolution of 1917, the population of all mountain communities was united under a common name - "Balkarians", according to the most numerous of the societies.

After the conquest of Kabarda and the voluntary entry of Balkaria, Russia gradually introduces its own administration and its own rules in the territories of the newly annexed lands. In the 2nd half of the XIX century. Kabarda and Balkaria are losing the remnants of their ancient patriarchal isolation, being drawn into the all-Russian market. This changes the structure of agricultural production (there is no industry): wheat and corn are sown instead of traditional millet, more attention is paid to growing the famous “Kabardian horse” supplied to the Russian cavalry, and so on. Kabardian and Balkar volunteers, and not only from the privileged classes, participate in the wars waged by Russia: the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905, the First World War.

Another paradox of history: the Circassians, who defended their lands so selflessly that even Karl Marx wrote: “... peoples, learn from the Circassians how to defend their homeland”, after being exiled to Turkey, they themselves became stranglers of freedom in the colonial possessions of the Ottoman Empire . Many Circassians were resettled in these possessions (the Balkans, Bulgaria, Palestine) precisely in order to suppress national liberation actions and repel the aggression of neighboring tribes (Berbers) on the borders of the empire. The same Circassian deportees, who were called Mukhazhirs, fought against their brothers - Circassian volunteers of the Russian army during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. and in World War I. There are many paradoxes in history.

The revolution brought to the Kabardians and Balkars, as well as to many peoples on the outskirts of the Russian Empire: a written language, which they did not have before 1920; general education; truncated statehood; almost complete oblivion of their traditions based on the Adyghe Khabze and Tau Adet; bureaucracy and many other positive and negative aspects of the life of the Soviet (Russian) system.

After the end of the Civil War in 1920, on the territory of the Eastern Caucasus, the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed, which included separate administrative units of the Kabardian and Balkarian districts. But due to the lack of land of the Ingush, Ossetians, Balkars, more and more lands are torn off the territory of the Kabardian district and transferred to these peoples. The Kabardians are raising the question of secession from the Mountain Republic and are trying to achieve this. On September 1, 1921, the Kabardian Autonomous Region, subordinate only to Moscow, was formed. On January 16, 1922, the Balkar District seceded from the Mountain Republic. It merges with Kabarda and a new administrative unit is created - the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region. On September 1, Kabardino-Balkaria annually celebrates Statehood Day. In 1934, the region was awarded the Order of Lenin for achievements in agriculture. In 1936, the status of the region was raised, and since that time it has been called the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

In 1941, the sons and daughters of Kabardino-Balkaria, like representatives of other peoples, stand up for the defense of the USSR and 26 people are awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and four become holders of orders of Glory of all degrees. From August 1942 to January 1943, the republic was occupied by enemy troops (mainly Romanian units), devastated and destroyed, like all occupied territories.

On March 8, 1944, more than a year after the liberation from the occupation, at a time when every fourth Balkar was fighting at the front, the NKVD troops surrounded the Balkar villages, took out the elderly, women and children without a livelihood to the Nalchik railway station, loaded at 17 trains intended for the transport of livestock, and sent to the barren deserts of Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan) and Kazakhstan. In total, almost 38 thousand people were evicted. At the same time, part of the Balkar lands, including the Elbrus region, was annexed to the Georgian SSR, and part of the Kabardian lands became part of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (the current Kurp region of North Ossetia-Alania).

For 13 long years, the Balkar people had to survive far from their homeland, but they did not lose heart, survived and returned to their lands in times of Khrushchev thaw more united. On March 28, 1957, the Supreme Council of the Kabardian ASSR adopts a resolution on the restoration of the statehood of the Balkar people, and the republic is again called the Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR. Kaisyn Kuliyev will later say so penetratingly about these years:

I fell on my knees before the stones
And I weep bitterly for the recent evil.
No, do not be cruelty to us!
No, she will not have a home on earth!

The Balkar lands are returned to the Design Bureau of the ASSR, but the Kabardian lands, unfortunately, still remain part of North Ossetia to this day. Since 1994, March 28 has been celebrated in our republic as the Day of Revival of the Balkar people.

In the same year, 1957, the republic was awarded the second Order of Lenin. The emphasis in the national economy is on the development of industry, and the republic is gradually becoming agrarian-industrial from an agrarian one, and by the mid-80s. XX century - industrial and agricultural.

During this period, the tourism and resort industries of the republic are rapidly developing. Tourist bases, sanatoriums, rest houses and other recreational facilities are being actively built throughout the republic, and especially intensively in Nalchik and the Elbrus region. These areas are getting bigger recreational areas not only nationwide, but nationwide.

In 1964, Nalchik was given the status of "Resort of All-Union Importance", and more than 100 thousand people rest here annually. In the Elbrus region, cable cars are being built to the slopes of the Cheget and Elbrus mountains, and it is turning into a ski center of the country, where not only all-Union, but also major international competitions in slalom and downhill skiing are held.

In the 60-70s. In the 20th century, a very strong team of climbers was organized in the republic, headed by Kh. Ch. Zalikhanov and Sh. S. Teneshev, who repeatedly won the USSR championships in the class of technical and rock ascents.

New trends of the late 80's - early 90's. affected the republic both economically and politically. The production of all goods is reduced, enterprises are closed, unemployment appears, increasing over the years, the level of well-being of the population is falling. In 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic removed the status of autonomy and the Design Bureau of the ASSR turned into the KBSSR, and in 1992, due to the collapse of the USSR, the “Soviet Socialist” was also removed from the name, and the republic has since been called the KBR. The Constitution, coat of arms, flag and anthem of the republic are adopted, the Parliament and the President of the republic are elected on a democratic basis. Despite the fact that the term “sovereign state” appears in the Constitution, this does not become a reason for confrontation with the federal center, as happened in neighboring Chechnya. There is peace and tranquility in the republic, it is gradually getting on its feet, and its prospects, especially in the field of tourism and resorts, seem bright.