Who wrote the lyrics. Lyrics as a kind of literature: lyrical genres

One of the founders of Russian literary criticism was V. G. Belinsky. And although serious steps were taken in antiquity in the development of the concept of literary gender (Aristotle), it is Belinsky who owns the scientifically based theory of three literary genera, which you can get acquainted with in detail by reading Belinsky's article "Division of poetry into genera and types."

There are three kinds fiction: epic(from the Greek. Epos, narration), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by which verses were chanted) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).

Presenting a particular subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:

First approach: can be detailed tell about the subject, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this subject, etc.; at the same time, the position of the author will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be precisely the story, narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be exactly the narrative; this kind of literature is called epic;

The second approach: you can tell not so much about events, but about impression, which they produced on the author, about those feelings that they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will refer to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly experience becomes the main event of the lyrics;

Third approach: you can portray subject in action, show him on stage; present to the reader and the viewer surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; in the drama itself, the voice of the author will be the least likely to sound - in remarks, that is, the author's explanations for the action and replicas of the characters.

Consider the following table and try to memorize its contents:

Genres of fiction

Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

GENRE is a historically formed group of works united common features content and form. These groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary criticism, the concept of a literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than a genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres - various varieties novel, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Examples of genus-species relations in the literature:

• Genus: dramatic; type: comedy; Genre: sitcom.
• Genus: epic; type: story; genre: fantasy story, etc.

Genres, being historical categories, appear, develop and eventually "leave" from the "active reserve" of artists, depending on the historical era: ancient lyrics did not know the sonnet; in our time, an ode born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries has become an archaic genre; nineteenth-century romanticism gave rise to detective literature, and so on.

Consider the following table, which lists the types and genres related to the different kinds of word art:

Genera, types and genres of fiction

Modern literary criticism also highlights fourth, an adjacent genre of literature, combining the features of the epic and lyrical genera: lyrical-epic to which it refers poem. Indeed, by telling the reader a story, the poem manifests itself as an epic; revealing to the reader the depth of feelings, inner world the person who tells this story, the poem manifests itself as a lyric.

LYRICAL called a kind of literature in which the author's attention is paid to the image of the inner world, feelings, experiences. The event in the lyrics is important only insofar as it evokes an emotional response in the soul of the artist. It is the experience that becomes the main event in the lyrics. Lyrics as a kind of literature arose in ancient times. The word "lyric" is of Greek origin, but does not have a direct translation. AT Ancient Greece poetic works depicting the inner world of feelings and experiences were performed to the accompaniment of a lyre, and this is how the word "lyric" appeared.

The most important character in the lyrics is lyrical hero: it is his inner world that is shown in the lyrical work, on his behalf the lyric artist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in the context of the impressions that he makes on the lyrical hero. Note! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced in great detail the inner world of Eugene Onegin, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin only once becomes a lyrical hero in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.

By creating the image of a lyrical hero, the poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be "hiding" behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; so, for example, A. Blok makes Ophelia a lyrical heroine (2 poems called "The Song of Ophelia") or a street actor Harlequin ("I was all in colorful rags ..."), M. Tsvetaeva - Hamlet ("At the bottom she, where the silt ... "), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother went to the bathing suit through the forest ..."). So it’s more literate, when discussing a lyrical work, to talk about the expression in it of the feelings of not the author, but the lyrical hero.

Like other types of literature, poetry includes a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.

Read about some LYRICAL GENRES:
Oh yeah(Greek "Song") - a monumental solemn poem glorifying a great event or a great person; distinguish between spiritual odes (arrangements of psalms), moralizing, philosophical, satirical, ode-messages, etc. The ode is three-part: it must have a theme stated at the beginning of the work; development of the theme and arguments, as a rule, allegorical (second part); final, didactic (instructive) part. Samples of ancient ancient odes are associated with the names of Horace and Pindar; the ode came to Russia in the 18th century, the odes of M. Lomonosov became classic ("On the day of the ascension to Russian throne Empress Elisaveta Petrovna"), V. Trediakovsky, A. Sumarokov, G. Derzhavin ("Felitsa", "God"), A. Radishchev ("Liberty"). Paid tribute to the ode A. Pushkin ("Liberty"). Towards the middle XIX century, the ode lost its relevance and gradually passed into the category of archaic genres.

Hymn- a poem of laudatory content; also came from ancient poetry, but if in ancient times hymns were composed in honor of gods and heroes, then at a later time hymns were written in honor of solemn events, festivities, often not only of a state, but also of a personal nature (A. Pushkin. "Feasting students" ).

Elegy(Phrygian "reed flute") - a genre of lyrics dedicated to meditation. Originated in ancient poetry; originally it was called crying over the dead. The elegy was based on the life ideal of the ancient Greeks, which was based on the harmony of the world, the proportionality and balance of being, incomplete without sadness and contemplation, these categories have passed into the modern elegy. An elegy can embody both life-affirming ideas and disappointment. The poetry of the 19th century still continued to develop the elegy in its "pure" form; in the lyric poetry of the 20th century, elegy is found rather as a genre tradition, as a special mood. In modern poetry, an elegy is a demon plot poem contemplative, philosophical and landscape character.
A. Pushkin. "To sea"
N. Nekrasov. "Elegy"
A. Akhmatova. "March Elegy"

Read A. Blok's poem "From the Autumn Elegy":

Epigram(Greek "inscription") - a small poem of satirical content. Initially, in ancient times, inscriptions on household items, tombstones and statues were called epigrams. Subsequently, the content of the epigrams changed.
Examples of epigrams:

Yuri Olesha:

Epistle, or message - a poem, the content of which can be defined as "letter in verse." The genre also came from ancient lyrics.
A. Pushkin. Pushchin ("My first friend, my priceless friend...")
V.Mayakovsky. "Sergey Yesenin"; "Lilichka! (Instead of a Letter)"
S. Yesenin. "Mother's Letter"
M. Tsvetaeva. Poems to Blok

Sonnet- This is a poetic genre of the so-called rigid form: a poem consisting of 14 lines, organized in a special way into stanzas, with strict principles of rhyme and stylistic laws. There are several types of sonnet in form:

• Italian: consists of two quatrains (quatrains), in which the lines rhyme according to the ABAB or ABBA scheme, and two three-verses (tercetes) with the rhyming CDС DСD or CDE CDE;
• English: consists of three quatrains and one couplet; general scheme rhymes - ABAB CDCD EFEF GG;
• sometimes French is singled out: the stanza is similar to Italian, but in tercetes there is a different rhyming scheme: CCD EED or CCD EDE; he had a significant influence on the development of the next type of sonnet -
• Russian: created by Anton Delvig: the stanza is also similar to Italian, but the rhyming scheme in tercetes is CDD CCD.

This lyrical genre was born in Italy in the 13th century. Its creator was the lawyer Jacopo da Lentini; a hundred years later Petrarch's sonnet masterpieces appeared. The sonnet came to Russia in the 18th century; a little later, he received a serious development in the work of Anton Delvig, Ivan Kozlov, Alexander Pushkin. The poets of the "Silver Age" showed particular interest in the sonnet: K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, I. Annensky, V. Ivanov, I. Bunin, N. Gumilyov, A. Blok, O. Mandelstam ...
In the art of versification, the sonnet is considered one of the most difficult genres.
In the last 2 centuries, poets rarely adhered to any strict rhyme, often offering a mixture of various schemes.

This content dictates features of the sonnet language:
• vocabulary and intonation should be sublime;
• rhymes - accurate and, if possible, unusual, rare;
• significant words should not be repeated in the same meaning, etc.

A special difficulty - and therefore the pinnacle of poetic technique - is wreath of sonnets: a cycle of 15 poems, the initial line of each being the last line of the previous one, and the last line of the 14th poem being the first line of the first. The fifteenth sonnet consists of the first lines of all 14 sonnets in the cycle. In Russian lyrics, the wreaths of sonnets by V. Ivanov, M. Voloshin, K. Balmont became the most famous.

Read "Sonnet" by A. Pushkin and see how the sonnet form is parsed:

In school literary criticism, such a genre of lyrics is called lyric poem. There is no such genre in classical literary criticism. AT school curriculum it was introduced to somewhat simplify the complex system of lyrical genres: if the bright genre features of a work cannot be distinguished and the poem is not in the strict sense either an ode, or a hymn, or an elegy, or a sonnet, etc., it will be defined as a lyric poem. In this case, one should pay attention to the individual features of the poem: the specifics of the form, theme, image of the lyrical hero, mood, etc. Thus, poems by Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Blok, and others should be referred to as lyric poems (in the school sense). Almost all the lyrics of the twentieth century fall under this definition, unless the authors specifically specified the genre of the works.

Satire(lat. "mixture, all sorts of things") - as a poetic genre: a work, the content of which is the denunciation - of social phenomena, human vices or individuals - by ridicule. Satire in antiquity in Roman literature (satires of Juvenal, Martial, etc.). The genre received new development in the literature of classicism. The content of satire is characterized by ironic intonation, allegoricalness, Aesopian language, and the technique of "speaking names" is often used. In Russian literature, A. Kantemir, K. Batyushkov (XVIII-XIX centuries) worked in the satire genre, in the 20th century Sasha Cherny and others became famous as the author of satires. Many poems from V. Mayakovsky's "Poems about America" ​​can also be called satires ( "Six nuns", "Black and white", "Skyscraper in section", etc.).

Ballad- lyric-epic plot poem of fantastic, satirical, historical, fabulous, legendary, humorous, etc. character. The ballad arose in antiquity (presumably in the early Middle Ages) as a folklore ritual dance and song genre, and this determines its genre features: strict rhythm, plot (in ancient ballads, heroes and gods were told), the presence of repetitions (whole lines or individual words were repeated as an independent stanza), called refrain. In the 18th century, the ballad became one of the most beloved poetic genres of Romantic literature. Ballads were created by F. Schiller ("Cup", "Glove"), I. Goethe ("Forest King"), V. Zhukovsky ("Lyudmila", "Svetlana"), A. Pushkin ("Anchar", "Groom") , M. Lermontov ("Borodino", "Three Palms"); at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the ballad was revived again and became very popular, especially in the revolutionary era, during the period of revolutionary romance. Among the poets of the twentieth century, ballads were written by A. Blok ("Love" ("The Queen lived on a high mountain ..."), N. Gumilyov ("Captains", "Barbarians"), A. Akhmatova ("The Gray-eyed King"), M. Svetlov ("Grenada"), etc.

Note! The work can combine the features of some genres: a message with elements of an elegy (A. Pushkin, "K *** ("I remember wonderful moment..."), a lyrical poem of elegiac content (A. Blok. "Motherland"), an epigram-message, etc.

1. The creator of Macbeth is William Shakespeare (the tragedy "Macbeth").
2. Portuguese poet Luis de Camões (1524-1580).
3. Wordsworth - English Romantic poet William Wordsworth (1770-1850).
4. Lithuanian singer - Polish romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855).
5. See topic #12.

• V.A. Zhukovsky. Poems: "Svetlana"; "Sea"; "Evening"; "Unspeakable"
• A.S. Pushkin. Poems: "Village", "Demons", "Winter Evening", "Pushchin" ("My first friend, my priceless friend ...", " Winter road"," To Chaadaev", "In the depths of Siberian ores ...", "Anchar", "The flying ridge of clouds is thinning ...", "Prisoner", "A conversation between a bookseller and a poet", "Poet and the crowd", "Autumn", "... Again I visited ... "," Do I wander along the noisy streets ... "," A gift in vain, a random gift ... "," October 19 "(1825)," On the hills of Georgia "," I loved you ... "," To ***" ("I remember a wonderful moment ..."), "Madonna", "Echo", "Prophet", "To the Poet", "To the Sea", "From Pindemonti" ("I do not cheaply appreciate high-profile rights ..."), "I erected a monument to myself..."
• M.Yu.Lermontov. Poems: "Death of a Poet", "Poet", "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...", "Duma", "Both boring and sad...", "Prayer" ("I, mother of God, now with a prayer...") , "We parted, but your portrait ...", "I will not humble myself before you ...", "Motherland", "Farewell, unwashed Russia ...", "When the yellowing field is worried ...", "No, I'm not Byron, I'm different ...", "Leaf", "Three palm trees", "From under the mysterious, cold half-mask ...", "The Captive Knight", "Neighbor", "Testament", "Clouds", "Cliff", "Borodino", "Clouds heavenly, eternal pages…”, “Prisoner”, “Prophet”, “I go out alone on the road…”
• N.A. Nekrasov. Poems: "I do not like your irony ...", "Knight for an hour", "I will die soon ...", "Prophet", "Poet and citizen", "Troika", "Elegy", "Zina" ("You are still on you have a right to life…”); other verses of your choice
• F.I. Tyutchev. Poems: "Autumn evening", "Silentium", "Not what you think, nature ...", "The earth still looks sad ...", "How good you are, O night sea ...", "I met you ...", " Whatever life teaches us…”, “Fountain”, “These poor villages…”, “Tears of people, oh human tears…”, “You can’t understand Russia with your mind…”, “I remember the golden time…”, “What are you talking about howling, night wind?", "The gray-gray shadows have shifted…", "How sweetly the dark green garden slumbers…"; other verses of your choice
• A.A. Fet. Poems: "I came to you with greetings ...", "Still May night ...", "Whisper, timid breathing ...", "This morning, this joy ...", "Sevastopol rural cemetery"," A wavy cloud ...", "Learn from them - from an oak, from a birch ...", "To poets", "Autumn", "What a night, how clean the air ...", "Village", "Swallows", "On the iron road", "Fantasy", "The night shone. The garden was full of moon…"; other verses of your choice
• I.A. Bunin. Poems: "The Last Bumblebee", "Evening", "Childhood", "It's Still Cold and Cheese...", "And Flowers, and Bumblebees, and Grass...", "The Word", "The Knight at the Crossroads", "The Bird Has a Nest …", "Twilight"
• A.A. Blok. Poems: "I enter dark temples…”, “Stranger”, “Solveig”, “You are like an echo of a forgotten anthem…”, “Earthly heart freezes again…”, “Oh, spring without end and without edge…”, “About valor, about deeds, about glory …”, “On the Railway”, the cycles “On the Kulikovo Field” and “Carmen”, “Rus”, “Motherland”, “Russia”, “Morning in the Kremlin”, “Oh, I want to live crazy ...”; other poems of your choice
• A.A. Akhmatova. Poems: "Song of the last meeting", "You know, I'm languishing in captivity...", "There are such days before spring...", "Tearful autumn, like a widow...", "I learned to live simply, wisely...", "Native land "; “I don’t need odic ratis…”, “I’m not with those who left the earth…”, “Courage”; other verses of your choice
• S.A. Yesenin. Poems: "Goy you, my dear Russia ...", "Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes ...", "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry ...", "We are now leaving little by little ...", "Mother's letter", " The golden grove dissuaded ... "," I left native home…”, “Kachalov’s Dog”, “Soviet Russia”, “Hewn drogs sang…”, “Uncomfortable liquid moonlight…”, “Feeding is sleeping. Dear plain…”, “Goodbye, my friend, goodbye…”; other verses of your choice
• V.V.Mayakovsky. Poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Nate!”, “To you!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Gift sale”, “Good attitude towards horses "," Left March "," About rubbish "," Sergei Yesenin "," Anniversary "," Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva "; other verses of your choice
• 10-15 poems each (of your choice): M. Tsvetaeva, B. Pasternak, N. Gumilyov.
• A. Tvardovsky. Poems: "I was killed near Rzhev ...", "I know, no fault of mine ...", "The whole point is in one single testament ...", "In memory of the mother", "To bitter insults of my own person ..."; other verses of your choice
• I. Brodsky. Poems: "I entered instead of a wild beast...", "Letters to a Roman friend", "To Urania", "Stans", "You will ride in the darkness...", "On the death of Zhukov", "From nowhere with love...", "Notes of a fern "

Try to read all the literary works that are named in the work in a book, and not in electronic form!
When completing tasks for work 7, pay attention Special attention on theoretical materials, since performing the tasks of this work by intuition means dooming yourself to a mistake.
Do not forget to draw up a metric scheme for each analyzed poetic passage, checking it many times.
The key to success in doing this hard work- Attention and accuracy.

• Kvyatkovsky I.A. Poetic dictionary. - M., 1966.
• Literary encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1987.
• Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
• Lotman Yu.M. Analysis of the poetic text. - L .: Education, 1972.
• Gasparov M. Modern Russian verse. Metrics and rhythm. - M.: Nauka, 1974.
• Zhirmunsky V.M. The theory of verse. - L .: Nauka, 1975.
• Poetic structure of Russian lyrics. Sat. - L .: Nauka, 1973.
• Skripov G.S. About Russian versification. Student aid. - M.: Enlightenment, 1979.
• Dictionary literary terms. - M., 1974.
• Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Literary Critic. - M., 1987.

LYRICS is a kind of literature that creates in the reader (listener) an artistic illusion of experiencing events and states from the inside. In terms of content, lyrics gravitate towards direct, less often indirect reproduction of not being, but consciousness, in form - not so much to the image, but to the expression of what is said in the work (see: Artistic Image). This is the most subjective and at the same time the most generalized kind. As a rule, there are very few specific details, portrait features in it, there are almost no names, geographical and chronological clarifications, etc., lyrical experience (including the sphere of thought) tends to become accessible to almost any person and captivate him, everyone who perceives lyrical the poem takes on the point of view of the one who wrote it, but at the same time does not “merge” with the author-creator. The phrase “The poet's feelings become at the same time our feelings” cannot be taken literally. These are not just feelings, these are aesthetic feelings, an image of feelings. After reading “K ***” (“I remember a wonderful moment ...”), we should not fall in love with Anna Petrovna Kern at all, and Pushkin imprisoned in Mikhailovsky, who rejoiced in almost any company, loved her more poetically than really. A.A. Akhmatova, whose artistic consciousness in the XX century. most closely to Pushkin's, she spoke about the difference between a lyric poet and a prose narrator, whose personality is reflected in everything that he writes: “But not in lyrics. Lyric poetry is the best armor, the best cover. You won't give yourself away there." Of course, certain poets are inclined to "self-expose" to varying degrees. Ho pure self-expression, according to V.F. Khodasevich (article “Dawns”, 1937), is a “human document”, and not a genuine work of art, which does not mean that the poet is simply secretive and, moreover, tells a lie. He transforms his private life truth into artistic, aesthetic, universal truth.

Lyrics, with rather rare exceptions, are created in verse as an intense expressive form, but there are so-called poems in prose (the name is oxymoronic, meaning lyrical miniatures in prose), mostly lyrical stories such as “Antonov apples” or “First love” by Bunin, lyrical digressions in epic works, for example in “ Dead souls". In “Requiem” by Akhmatova, in general, the prose scene “Instead of a Preface” plays a lyrical role, in the story by V.P. Astafiev "Shepherds shepherdess" - framing the plot (analogous to the prologue and epilogue).

Lyrical works are very small compared to epic and dramatic ones. True, the odes of the XVIII century. obviously tightened for the sake of greater solemnity, but in fact this is their disadvantage, not dignity. There are also super-short miniatures. Tyutchev “for the first time in Russian literature, single-line poems appear, which are not an epigram or an inscription, but an independent lyrical work.” There are even monostiches - poems in one line (from the sentimentalist N.M. Karamzin, the symbolists V.Ya. Bryusov and K.D. Balmont, the ego-futurist Vasilisk Gnedov and others, quite a few at the end of the 20th - early XXI in.). But in a romantic lyrical-epic poem, for example, by Lermontov (“Mtsyri”), the narrative part could take up less text than the lyrical one. In the second half of the XIX century. at N.A. Nekrasov, the first purely lyrical poems also appeared (“Silence”, 1857, “Knight for an Hour”, 1862). In the first third of the XX century. classics of the lyric poem - V.V. Mayakovsky (for example, “I love”) and M.I. Tsvetaeva.

The ode was the main lyrical genre of classicism. For the young Pushkin, his “Liberty” (1817) is a continuation 18th tradition century, namely Radishchevskaya, although the ode of the same name by A.N. Radishcheva, written in 1783-1790, was politically much more radical; the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ...” (1836) goes back to a tradition much more ancient, antique (this is a free variation on the theme of Horace’s ode “To Melpomene”), when the ode was practically synonymous with lyrics in general. In Pushkin's time, odes, as well as elegies characteristic of romanticism, were opposed to "small poems." The elegies were written by the founder of Russian romanticism Zhukovsky (“Evening”, 1806, “The Sea”, 1822). Pushkin paid them a generous tribute during the period of southern exile, starting with the poem “The daylight...” (1820). In ancient literature, it was a genre of predominantly love themes, in new European poetry it was predominantly philosophical, expressing serious, often sad thoughts and feelings. The mature Pushkin was skeptical about the sad love elegy, he parodied it in “Eugene Onegin” (poems by Lensky), but highly appreciated the elegiac gift of E.A. Baratynsky and continued to write works corresponding to this genre in more broad sense(“Elegy”, 1830). Nekrasov's "Elegy" of 1874 ("Let him tell us changeable fashion...”) is consciously archaic in genre and style: in contrast, it is emphasized that “the theme is old - the suffering of the people”, - unfortunately, does not grow old.

Romanticism also gave rise to a peculiar genre of “excerpt” (“Unspeakable”, 1819, Zhukovsky), which imitates the incompleteness of a poetic text or hints at the inexhaustibility of the topic under discussion. Mature Pushkin called a passage a large poem "Autumn" (1833), ending with the words "Where are we going to sail? .." and lines of dots. In fact, “... Again I visited ...” (1835) is also an excerpt: a significant part of what was written was indeed not included in the final text, which is so lengthy for such a laconic poet. The message (poetic writing) was a genre of classicism and, accordingly, appeared in Antiquity, which classicism imitated. Romantics transformed it, gave it the form of a casual conversation with friends (a friendly message), the heavy couplets of iambic 6-foot - Alexandrian verse - were replaced by free or 4-foot with free rhyming, but with high themes, the style became more sublime (“To Chaadaev” , “In the depths of the Siberian ores ...” Pushkin.Putting the theme of friendship especially high since 1825, the poet wrote five poems in iambic 4- and 5-foot, including in the title the date of the opening of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum - “October 19”, - and six poems called "To Friends", the first of which was created back in 1816). By the middle of the XIX century. the genre of the traditional message is dying out.

The poem was originally called the poetic form itself and the writing of poetry in general (V. K. Trediakovsky's treatise “On the ancient, middle and new Russian poem”, 1755), then any poetic work: the third part (volume) of “Poems of Alexander Pushkin” (1832) included among the lyrical and small lyrical-epic imaginations a small tragedy "Mozart and Salieri", "The Tale of Tsar Saltan ...", and the fourth part (1835) - three more tales; the book "Poems of M. Lermontov" (1840) among 26 poems - the poems "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ..." (in the first place in the collection) and "Mtsyri" (in one of the last places). However, Lermontov actually blurs all genre boundaries in the lyrics. The word “poetry” is gradually becoming a universal designation for mainly lyrical works, although such a work as sutubo epic in theme and spirit as “Borodino” is defined by the same word.

“On the ruins of the old genre system, Nekrasov created new genre formations: an elegy on social topics, a parodic romance, a parodic ode; resurrected satire and message... In many cases, features of several traditional genres are combined in a new way. So, in the “Railway” there is something from an elegy, and from a ballad, and from a satire, “Blessed gentle poet...” - partly a satire, partly an elegy, partly an ode in some of its details.” But precisely because of this confusion of genre features, Nekrasov's poems and even his lyrical poems are usually called simply poems. In the future, genre certainty becomes something deliberately emphasized, for example, Mayakovsky's "Ode to the Revolution". At the end of the XIX and especially in the XX century. cyclization of poems is widespread. So, although each poem by Blok can be perceived separately from the others, it loses something for the reader outside the context of the entire “trilogy of incarnation”, volume, section and cycle. Distributed by the new kind cyclization - a book of poems entitled: "Evening", "Rosary" by Akhmatova, etc.

Lyrics can be both plot and descriptive (primarily landscape). So, we see a minimal plot in Lermontov's "Cliff". Ho, in fact, this is an allegory, and not an element of the epic, not a narrative as such. And the landscape in the lyrics is not a pure description, but usually a psychological landscape.

• Lyrics, lyrical poetry (from the Greek λυρικός - “performed to the sounds of a lyre, sensitive, lyre”) is a kind of literature that reproduces the subjective personal feeling (attitude towards something) or the mood of the author (ESBE). According to Ozhegov's dictionary, lyricism means sensitivity in feelings, in moods, softness and subtlety of the emotional beginning; Efremova's dictionary notes the emotionality, poetic excitement, sincerity that characterize him. According to the dictionary of L.P. Krysin, lyric poetry- this is poetry expressing the feelings and experiences of the poet.

  "Lyrical manner of narration" implies a type of construction of an artistic image, which is based on emotional experience. If in epic and drama the image is based on a multifaceted image of a person in his activity, in complex relationships with people in the life process, the lyrical image is an image-experience. But the experience is socially significant, in which the individual spiritual world the poet, without losing his autobiographical nature, receives a generalized expression, thereby going beyond his personality. The lyrical image is an aesthetically significant experience, the autobiographical beginning is present in it, as it were, in a filmed form, and it is important for us that the poet experienced this experience and that it could have been experienced at all in the given circumstances. If we know that a lyrical experience is not autobiographical, it still retains its artistic value insofar as it could be experienced. There is a tradition to consider the lyrics as the focus of the poet on his individual inner life. Thus, the lyrics are interpreted as "confessional creativity", as "self-expression" and "self-disclosure".

  Unlike epic and drama, lyricism is not associated with plot as a constructive feature, although it does not exclude the simplest plot organization. As A. Potebnya noted, unlike the epic, where the past tense dominates, the lyrical work is written in the present tense. If with regard to epic and dramatic works we have the right to ask “how did it end” or briefly state its event basis, then in relation to lyrical works this question is meaningless.

  A lyrical poem in its most concentrated form is a moment of inner human life. We find ourselves, as it were, in the epicenter of the experience that the poet is engulfed in and which is holistic. Unlike epic and drama, lyrics do not have the ability to broadly describe the phenomena of reality; the main means in a lyrical work is the word, which in its organization corresponds to the experience that finds its expression in it. In a lyrical work, the word is distinguished by its compactness, the significance of each sound, intonation, rhythmic element, the shade of stress, pause. Every element of speech, every nuance and shade is noticeable.

  The lyrics include a poem, a romance, a message, an elegy.

  The origins of lyrics lie in the ability of a singer (reader) to convey mood, emotion through vocals, intonation, word and rhyme.

  The oldest works of artificial lyrics that have come down to us are the Psalms of King David and the Song of Songs. The Psalms subsequently formed the basis of religious Christian lyrics and were translated into all European languages. The Song of Songs, attributed to King Solomon, can be called a lyrical-dramatic poem; its content has given rise to many different interpretations.

lyrics it a literary genre that expresses the thoughts, feelings and experiences of the subject, provoking the reader (listener) the illusion of empathy and gravitating towards the verse form. According to the theory of A.N. Veselovsky, lyrics originate from the ritual choir, like other types of literature. This explanation is now considered insufficient: there were both labor and everyday songs. Plato, in the 3rd book of the dialogue "The State", through the mouth of Socrates, called the lyrics a simple narrative, as opposed to imitation, which is carried out in the drama, while the epic mixes both. Aristotle considered all poetry to be imitation, but he defined one of the three ways of imitation in a Platonic way: this is a way when the author remains “himself and does not change” (Poetics). Lyrics in antiquity was understood exclusively as chanting: hymns, dithyrambs, odes. The rest of the poetry, in which the author remains "himself", was called differently, according to genres. There was a supra-genre term "melika" (Greek melos - song). Melic poetry was solo (Sappho, Anacreon) and choral, dedicated to public events and festivities (Pindar). From the lyrics, she clearly did not delimit. Subsequent theory relied mainly on the poetics of Aristotle. Yu.Ts.Scaliger in the 7th book of "Poetics" (edition 1561) attributed the lyrics to the epic, which was perceived as the highest kind of poetry; in the 18th century, the German propagandist of ancient synthetic poetry, J. Eshenburg, also included all lyrical genres in the epic.

Lyrics and emotions

The significance of emotions for lyrical statements was singled out by P. Ronsard and F. Sidney. In 1747, Abbe Ch. Batteux emphasized that lyricism is primarily the art of expressing one's feelings. In his opinion, poetry imitates nature, and feelings enter nature as a necessary part of it. In 1770, I. G. Herder recognized lyricism as the prototype of poetic creativity in general. From his point of view, feelings are not just the subject of lyrics: it does not talk about feelings, but stems from them. Jean-Paul in 1804 found it necessary to transfer the descriptive poem from the lyric to the epic, and the didactic poem and fable to the subjective lyric. F.V.I. Schelling connected the specifics of the lyrics not with the ways of imitation, as ancient philosophers did, but with the content - with the idea of ​​infinity and the spirit of freedom. GWF Hegel divided three literary genres according to the role of the object and subject in them, and the lyrics were defined as a subjective gender. In this, Jean-Paul and Hegel were followed by V. G. Belinsky in the article “The division of poetry into genera and types” (1841).

What is lyric? In literature, this is a separate direction, main feature which is the reproduction of emotions and feelings. This is a special kind of creating artistic images, popular at all times.

What is poetry in literature? This term is understood as a category of works in which the subjective feelings of the hero are in the foreground.

Differences from other areas

In order to understand what lyricism is in literature, one should compare it with drama or epic. In the works of these directions there is a plot. It is not in the lyrics. The author tells about his feelings, while using mainly the present tense. The content of a lyrical work is very difficult to express. It conveys a moment of the author's inner life.

Antiquity

So what is a lyric? A literary term, which in Greek means "to the sound of a flute." In ancient times, lyric works differed significantly from those created in recent centuries. These were compositions that were played to the accompaniment of a flute. In those days, music and literature were almost inseparable. Lyric themes may vary. Such works are devoted not only to love. In antiquity, songs sung to the sound of a flute often praised the gods. Many of them, of course, were devoted to love.

Middle Ages

In the tenth century, hymns and sequences gained wide popularity. When it comes to medieval lyrics, the works of troubadours come to mind first of all. These poets especially masterfully sang platonic love, and more often love for a woman who stands on a high social level. There are also moral instructions in the poetry of the troubadours. But they are also intertwined with love motives.

The homeland of troubadours is France. Later, their poetry penetrated into Germany. At the same time, it supplanted the German folk lyrics so much that not a trace was left of it.

Renaissance

During this period, the lyrics received a special development in Italy. In the 13th century, troubadours appeared here, among whom there were many court poets. Forms such as the canzone and the sonnet emerged. The latter is known today primarily thanks to the great Shakespeare, who created many refined lyrical works. In the 14th century, ballads came into fashion in France. They soon became as common as the Italian sonnets.

Lyrics of romantic poets

A huge number of outstanding works were created in the XIX century. This is the era of romantics who believed in a pipe dream. These poets were not satisfied with reality, and they created their own fantasy world. Romanticism originated in Germany. Then it spread throughout Europe. Representatives of Russian romanticism: Zhukovsky, Ryleev, Batyushkov, Lermontov, Baratynsky, Odoevsky and, of course, Pushkin. Lyricism in the 19th century penetrated all kinds of poetry. His character traits are present in Pushkin's poem "Prisoner of the Caucasus".

What are the genres of poetry in literature? Message, romance, elegy, epigrams, ode, idyll. It is worth talking about the most popular genres of lyrics.

Romance

Since the eighteenth century, this has been the name given to a poetic or musical work of a lyrical nature. Big influence German poets Goethe and Heine contributed to the development of the genre. In the 19th century, schools of romance were formed: German, French, Russian.

A romance is a short piece of poetry that tells about events that excite feelings and imagination. This genre originated primarily in the southern countries. Namely, in Spain. The compositions created by the authors of this country resemble epic folk songs with a national coloring. The works were distinguished by their simplicity of presentation.

Oh yeah

Translated from ancient Greek, this literary term means "song". Ode is a solemn song that is dedicated to some hero or event. It originated in ancient Greece. Initially, this word was understood as a poetic work, which should be read under musical accompaniment. However, like any other lyrical composition.

The ode was popular both in the Middle Ages and in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the 18th century in Russia, outstanding writers created several works in this genre. The authors of the famous odes are Lomonosov, Derzhavin.

Lyrics of the Silver Age

The beginning of the 20th century in Russia was marked by the appearance of a whole galaxy of talented poets. Lyrics Silver Age incredibly musical, diverse. At the beginning of the century, there were several literary movements. This is futurism, and symbolism, and egofuturism, of which Igor Severyanin is a representative. Poetry played an important role in public life. The authors read their works at literary evenings, in those years they became as famous and loved by the public as today's media personalities.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that the term "lyric" in literature has a rather broad meaning. Yesenin - the great Russian poet - created works that have nothing to do with the songs of the French troubadours. A native of the Ryazan province in his early poems sang of his native landscapes, in a “Letter to a Woman” he expressed his despair about the years he had lived, in “The Black Man” he told about his fears. The only thing that unites all lyrical works is the subjectivity of feelings. The author talks about what he is experiencing at a certain moment.