The poem "Elegy" ("Let the changeable fashion tell us ...") N. Nekrasova

Elegy (1874)

N. A. Nekrasov dedicated the poem to his friend A. N. Erakov. The poet sent him an “Elegy” on his name day, along with a letter: “I am sending you poems. Since these are the most sincere and beloved ones I have written lately, I dedicate them to you, my dearest friend.

The reason for writing this work was the speech of the literary historian O. F. Miller, in which he claimed that the poet began to repeat himself and that “the direct description of the suffering of the people by Nekrasov has been exhausted.”

The genre of the work is indicated in its title - elegy. Translated from the ancient Greek language, elegy is a complaint; she conveys sad experiences, usually love ones. Many romantic poets turned to this genre: Baratynsky, Zhukovsky, Batyushkov. Nekrasov changed the tradition - he wrote sad reflections on the fate of the Russian people after the reform of 1861, which abolished serfdom. Compositionally, the poem is divided into three parts. The first part is the beginning, in which the poet addresses the youth and defines the theme of his work. The second part is the development of the theme; the author formulates his idea of ​​the purpose of the poet. The third part is the ending; the poet reflects on the fate of the Russian people. The poem begins and ends with the same motive - the author speaks of people's suffering, which means that the composition of the poem can be called a ring.

The lyrical hero of the poem believes that for the poet there is no subject more worthy and significant than "To remind the crowd that the people are in poverty / While it rejoices and sings, / To arouse the attention of the powerful of the world to the people ...". These lines sound excited and even solemn.

The poet defines the theme of his work in general and this work in particular - "the suffering of the people." There are lines in the "Elegy" that clearly echo Pushkin's poem "The Village".

Nekrasov:

…Alas! while people drag in poverty, submitting to scourges,

Like lean herds on mowed meadows, Muse will mourn their fate, serve them,

And in the world there is no stronger, more beautiful union! ..

Leaning on an alien plow, submitting to scourges, Here lean slavery drags along the reins ...

With this reminiscence, Nekrasov wants to draw the reader's attention to the fact that nothing has changed in the life of the people since the time of Pushkin, although 13 years have passed since the abolition of serfdom.

As it should be in an elegy, Nekrasov's "Elegy" also has a descriptive part. The poet paints a picture of the life of the post-reform Russian village. He admires both nature and the labor of the peasants. But the stanza ends with rhetorical questions:

Have you become more tolerable, peasant suffering?

And the long slavery that came to replace Freedom, finally, has it made a change In the people's destinies? into the tunes of rural maidens?

Or just as sad is their discordant melody ...

But these reflections are heard only by the surrounding landscape: “And my song is loud! .. / It is echoed by valleys, fields, / And the echo of distant mountains sends its responses to it, / And the forest responded ... Nature listens to me ... ". But what about the people, about whose fate the poet is so worried? "Alas! he does not heed - and does not give an answer ... ".

The author uses silence not only after rhetorical questions and exclamations, but also at the end of the poem. The people do not hear his questions. The poet is struck by the patience of the peasants. They are so accustomed to being dependent that they continue, out of habit, to carry out labor service. The liberation from serfdom did not bring the expected changes in the fate of the Russian people. This is the idea behind Nekrasov's Elegy.

looking over your life path, the lyrical hero exclaims: “I dedicated the lyre to my people ...” - this line became the leitmotif, motto, the essence of all Nekrasov's work.

The poet uses a variety of means of artistic expression. There are many vivid epithets in the poem (sweet tears; red day; golden harvest; contented child, secret questions), personification is used (and the forest responded), metaphor (the Muse will serve them), comparison (like lean herds on mowed meadows), anaphora ( And the echo of distant mountains... And the forest responded).

True nationality does not consist in the description of a sundress, but in the very spirit of the people.
V.G. Belinsky
ON THE. Nekrasov famous Russian 19th poet century, editor of the journals Sovremennik and Domestic Notes. Despite the fact that the poet grew up in a wealthy family, he was worried about the fate of the common people. The heroes of his poems and poems are simple peasants, townspeople, the poor, the destitute. This was the innovation of Nekrasov as a poet. After all, neither in Pushkin, nor in Lermontov, nor in Gogol, we will see ordinary people the main characters of the works. Nikolai Alekseevich not only created in his poems vivid images peasants, townspeople, but also worried about the fate of the poorest sections of society. The poet speaks about this in the poem "Elegy", written in 1874, 13 years after the abolition of serfdom.
Elegy is a special genre that many romantic poets turned to: Zhukovsky, Baratynsky, Batyushkov. The elegy, translated from the ancient Greek “complaint”, conveyed sad experiences, mainly about unhappy love. Nekrasov changed the genre, giving his elegy a social connotation. This is a sad poem-meditation about the fate of the people after the reform of 1861 and the establishment of high ideals of life. The elegy is written in iambic six-foot with missing accents (a traditional line for elegies).
The first part begins by addressing the younger generation of readers:
Let him tell us changeable fashion,
That the theme is old - "the suffering of the people",
And that poetry should forget it, -
Don't believe me guys! She doesn't age.
The poet is trying to start a conversation by defining the theme of his work in general and this work in particular - "the suffering of the people." This is what interests him the most. He seeks to convince the reader that he is right, using vivid comparisons and epithets:
"Alas! While the nations
Dragging in poverty, obeying the gods,
Like lean herds across mowed meadows.
The antithesis heightens the urgency of the question:
To remind the crowd that the people are in poverty,
While she rejoices and sings...
The poet uses exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions, omissions in the elegy, which brings the style closer to journalistic. Exclamation:
Mourn their fate, the muse will serve them,
And in the world there is no stronger, more beautiful union!
echoes the rhetorical question asked at the end:
To excite the attention of the mighty of the world to the people -
What better service could the lyre serve? …
For Nekrasov, the muse, creativity are obliged to serve the people, a real poet, a citizen, cannot but worry about his fate:
I dedicated the lyre to my people...
This line is the leitmotif of all Nekrasov's work.
In the second part, which begins with these words, the poet reflects on the reform of 1861. For him, this decree is a great joy. But in these lines, the author's irony is also felt:
I saw a red day: There is no slave in Russia!
And I shed sweet tears in tenderness ...
But then the antithesis sounds again:
Enough to rejoice in naive passion, -
Muse whispered to me ...
And again, the poet-publicist asks a question related to the theme of the poem: The people are freed, but are the people happy? We will find the answer to it later.
The elegy traditionally has a descriptive part. In the third and fourth parts, Nekrasov draws a picture of life after the reformed village with the help of vivid epithets and metaphors, he watches the peasants, admires their work:
Do I listen to the songs of the reapers over the harvest of gold;
Does the old man slowly walk behind the plow,
Does it run through the meadow, playing and whistling,
Do the sickles sparkle, do the scythes ring together ...
And again at the end of the stanza, like a shot - rhetorical questions:
Have you become more tolerable, peasant suffering?
And the long slavery that came to replace
Freedom finally made a difference
In people's destinies? into the tunes of rural maidens?
Or is their discordant melody also woeful?
And now the author is already alone with nature, he reflects, admiring the magnificent beauty after a working peasant day:
Evening is coming. Driven by dreams
Through the fields, through the meadows lined with haystacks,
Thoughtfully wandering in the cool twilight ...
The author's reflections hear the landscape surrounding him, Nekrasov uses the method of impersonation):
... She is echoed by valleys, fields,
And the echo of distant mountains sends her feedback
And the forest responded...
But what about the people? The one about whose fate the poet is so worried? We find the answer to this question at the end of the poem:
Alas! he does not heed - and does not give an answer ...
It is no coincidence that the author uses silence not only after rhetorical questions and exclamations, but also at the end of the poem: The people do not hear the poet's questions, they do not want a better life for themselves. Nekrasov is indignant at the patience of the peasantry. People are so accustomed to being dependent on the landlords that they continue to carry out labor service out of habit, they see no other fate for themselves. The liberation from serfdom did not bring the expected changes in peasant life. This is the idea of ​​Nekrasov's "Elegy". And the answers to the questions posed should be given by the readers, the younger generation to whom the poet addresses.

Let the changing fashion tell us
That the theme is the old "suffering of the people"
And that poetry must forget it.
Don't believe me guys! she doesn't age.
Oh, if years could age her!
would flourish God's world!… Alas! while the nations
Dragging in poverty, submitting to scourges,
Like lean herds across mowed meadows,
Mourn their fate, the muse will serve them,
And in the world there is no stronger, more beautiful union! ...
To remind the crowd that the people are in poverty,
While she rejoices and sings,
To excite the attention of the mighty of the world to the people -
What better service could the lyre serve?...

I dedicated the lyre to my people.
Perhaps I will die unknown to him,
But I served him - and my heart is calm ...
Let not every warrior harm the enemy,
But everyone go to battle! And fate will decide the battle ...
I saw a red day: there is no slave in Russia!
And I shed sweet tears in tenderness ...
“Enough to rejoice in a naive passion, -
Muse whispered to me. - It's time to go forward:
The people are liberated, but are the people happy?

Do I listen to the songs of the reapers over the golden harvest,
Is the old man walking slowly behind the plow,
Does it run through the meadow, playing and whistling,
Happy child with father's breakfast,
Do the sickles sparkle, do the scythes ring together -
I'm looking for answers to my secret questions
Boiling in the mind: "In recent years
Have you become more tolerable, peasant suffering?
And the long slavery that came to replace
Has freedom finally made a difference
In people's destinies? into the tunes of rural maidens?
Or is their discordant melody just as sorrowful? .. "

Evening is coming. Driven by dreams
Through the fields, through the meadows lined with haystacks,
Thoughtfully wandering in the cool semi-darkness,
And the song itself is composed in the mind,
Recent, secret thoughts, a living embodiment:
I call blessings on rural labors,
I promise curses to the people's enemy,
And I pray to a friend in heaven of power,
And my song is loud!.. It is echoed by valleys, fields,
And the echo of distant mountains sends her feedback,
And the forest responded ... Nature listens to me,
But the one about whom I sing in the evening silence
To whom are the dreams of the poet dedicated,
Alas! he does not heed - and does not give an answer ...
___________________
date of writing: August 15-17, 1874

Analysis of the poem "Elegy" by Nekrasov

The poem "Elegy" is Nekrasov's ironic response to the constant attacks of reactionary figures. He was constantly accused of humiliating the proud title of a poet with his poems, describing the life of a dark and eternally drunken peasantry. The attacks intensified after the abolition of serfdom. The “most merciful grant” of freedom to those who do not deserve it provoked protests from inveterate feudal lords. They were outraged that even after such an unheard-of act, there are people who continue to speak about the plight of the peasants. Without departing from civil lyrics, Nekrasov in 1874 wrote a poem in the genre of elegy. In it, he described his reflections on the Manifesto of 1861 and clearly expressed his views on the true vocation of the poet.

According to Nekrasov, the duty of any citizen, and even more so of a poet, is to strive to make his country happier and more prosperous. The situation in which "peoples are dragging themselves in poverty" should not leave anyone indifferent. “The suffering of the people” is the most relevant topic for creativity. You can not close your eyes to her and describe the brilliance and senseless burning of life by high society. Nekrasov was absolutely unacceptable concept of "pure" art. He was a realist and proceeded from the practical benefits of his works.

Nekrasov proudly declares: "I dedicated the lyre to my people." He is entitled to such a statement. The poet's poems caused a wide public outcry and generally contributed to a change in attitude towards the common people. Nekrasov does not expect recognition for his services, he is glad that he made at least some contribution to improving the situation of the peasants.

The poet proceeds to analyze the consequences of the abolition of serfdom. He solemnly calls the adoption of the decree "a red day." But years have passed. Has it changed to better life peasant? Nekrasov offers to honestly answer this question to the reader himself. In fact, the position of the common people remained virtually unchanged. The abolition of personal dependence was replaced by financial dependence (redemption payments).

The description of an imaginary idyll in the genre of elegy (“songs of reapers”, “a contented child”) is Nekrasov’s irony about his hopes for the abolition of slavery. He never makes an author's assessment of the event of 1861, ending the verse with a sad remark that the people "do not heed ... and do not give an answer."

Objectives: to continue acquaintance with the theme of the lyrics of N.A. Nekrasov; show the meaning of elegy in the work of the poet; improve the skills of analyzing a poetic text. vocabulary work: elegy, synecdoche, pause, emotional tone, epithet, synonyms, antonyms, comparisons. Methodical techniques: group work, students' messages, expressive reading.

Nekrasov is a whole poetic state, living according to its own laws ... R. Gamzatov Plan: 1. Originality of N.A. Nekrasov. 2. "The most sincere and beloved poems" 3. The composition of the poem: a) the emotional tone of the first part; b) the second part of the elegy; development of the theme of the poet and poetry; c) the third part; reflections on people's lives; d) the fourth part; the call of the poet. 4. Elegy is a living genre.

ON THE. Nekrasov is one of the giants of the Russian 19th poetry century. Continuing the traditions of his great predecessors - A.S. Pushkin and M.Yu. Lermontov, Nekrasov at the same time opened a new page in the history of our poetry. He paved his way in literature as an innovative poet. His poetic works caused heated debate: his poems were called close to prose, dissertations on given topics, but, nevertheless, Nekrasov immediately found his reader.

"Elegy" (1874) Let the fickle fashion tell us, That the theme is old - "the suffering of the people" And that poetry should forget it, - Do not believe it, young men! she doesn't age. Oh, if years could make her old! God's world would flourish!.. Alas! while the peoples Dragging in poverty, submitting to scourges, Like lean herds through mowed meadows, Mourning their fate, their muse will serve them, And there is no stronger, more beautiful union in the world! sings To excite the attention of the mighty of the world to the people - What could the lyre serve more worthily? ..

Message from a student Alexander Nikolaevich Erakov (1817 - 1886) - engineer, friend of Nekrasov, husband of his sister. He was a railway engineer, a sympathetic and kind person, with great artistic taste. After the death of his first wife, Nekrasov's sister, Anna Alekseevna, raised Yerakov's children, and later married him. On August 29, 1874, Nekrasov wrote: “I am sending you poems. Since these are my most sincere and beloved of the ones I have written lately, I dedicate them to you, my dearest friend.

"Dictionary - reference book linguistic terms» Synecdoche (Greek synekdoche - connotation) - the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another; the use of the name of the whole instead of the name of the part, the general instead of the particular and vice versa, the singular instead of plural. Young men are the younger generation as a whole. Youth is the future of the country.

"Elegy" - a controversy with those who believed that "the theme is old - the suffering of the people." Did the poet accidentally use quotation marks? "Do not believe, young men! she does not age.” Why is there a pause here? "Dictionary - a reference book of linguistic terms" Pause (Latin pausa from Greek pausis - termination). Temporary stop of sound, breaking the flow of speech. A pause is a break in sound that serves as a word divide.

II. Reflections on the life of people, on the life of entire nations. ... peoples Dragging in poverty, submitting to scourges, Like lean herds through mowed meadows. 1) "Drag" - what is the meaning of the verb? – I group. 2) Choose a synonym for the epithet SKINNY - II group. "Dictionary of synonyms" SKINNY - skinny, thin, thin, relics, only bones, you can count the ribs, thin as a sliver. CONCLUSION: accuracy, capacity, unexpectedness of the epithet is one of the indicators of the artist's skill.

Conclusion: The crowd is really a cluster of people, but living exclusively in petty concerns, indifferent to everything, this does not affect their personal well-being. "The crowd rejoices and sings", not paying attention to the suffering of others. “I understand the people as a great personality, animated by a single idea,” wrote M.P. Mussorgsky Then: people crowd antonyms

Part II of the elegy I dedicated the lyre to my people. Perhaps I will die unknown to him, But I served him - and my heart is calm ... Let not every warrior harm the enemy, But everyone go into battle! And fate will decide the battle ... I saw a red day: there is no slave in Russia! And I shed sweet tears in tenderness ... “Enough to rejoice in naive enthusiasm, - The muse whispered to me. “It’s time to move forward: The people are liberated, but are the people happy?...”

How does the theme of the poet and poetry develop here? Warrior enemy poetry for Nekrasov - a formidable weapon harm battle What does it mean to serve the people from the point of view of the lyrical hero of the "Elegy"? Let not every warrior harm the enemy, But everyone go into battle! And fate will decide the battle ... Conclusion: "Elegy" is an appeal addressed to young people to fight for the true happiness of the people.

How did the lyrical hero perceive the reform? rejoices like the crowd I saw a red day: there is no slave in Russia! And I shed sweet tears in tenderness .. When did the lyrical hero cease to be a man of the crowd? The people are liberated, but are the people happy? - interrogative sentence at the end of the second part.

III part of the elegy Reflection on the life of people. Has freedom finally brought about a change in people's destinies? The lyrical hero must see everything: the life of a peasant from infancy to old age, female share, the fate of men Is there an answer to the question posed in the poem in the "Elegy"?

Do I listen to the songs of the reapers over the harvest of gold, Does the old man walk slowly over the plow, Does he run through the meadow, playing and whistling, With his father's breakfast, a contented child, Do the sickles sparkle, do the scythes ring in unison - I seek answers to secret questions Boiling in my mind: “In recent years, have you become more bearable, peasant suffering? And the long slavery that came to replace Freedom, finally, has it made a change In the people's destinies? into the tunes of rural maidens? Or is their discordant melody just as woeful?...”

The paradox of the "Elegy" The answer is contained at the very beginning of the poem: Let the changeable fashion tell us, That the theme is old - "the suffering of the people" And that poetry should forget it, - Do not believe it, young men! she doesn't age. Oh, if years could make her old! The lyrical hero is sure that the theme of "the suffering of the people" is not outdated; the poem is addressed to young people. It was important for N.A. Nekrasov to show how he came to the conclusion that it was necessary to continue the struggle for people's happiness, it was important that he be believed!

Evening is coming. Excited by dreams, Across the fields, across meadows lined with haystacks, I wander thoughtfully in the cool twilight, And the song itself is composed in my mind, Recent, secret thoughts are a living embodiment: I call blessings on rural labors, I promise curses to the people's enemy, And I pray to a friend in heaven of power And my song is loud!.. Dales, fields echo it, And the echo of distant mountains sends its responses to it, And the forest responded... Nature listens to me, But the one about whom I sing in the evening silence, To whom the poet's dreams are dedicated - Alas! he does not heed - and does not give an answer ...

Part IV The poet's call was not heard. The search for answers to "secret questions" results in a loud, wide song: ... And the song itself is composed in the mind ... And my song is loud!. Was the call of the poet heard in the last movement? But! The one about whom I sing in the evening silence To whom the dreams of the poet are dedicated - Alas! He does not heed - and does not give an answer.

When it ceases to be silent, "to submit to the scourges", to drag itself in poverty as an obedient herd That is, it will cease to be a crowd! What sign is at the end of the poem? Each part of the "Elegy" ends with this sign, reminiscent of a passage, indicating that everything can still change. What is he himself, the poet N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "Elegy"? What can be said about the poet after reading the "Elegy"?

Theses of the answer Give evidence: N.A. Nekrasov - He is a man who knows how not to flatter himself, look and think. - A poet who creates works not for the sake of fame, but for the sake of his conscience. - In the main, he, a man and a poet, is sure: you can live only in the service of the people - not to yourself. You can't be happy while "the people are in trouble" - He was never indifferent to the fate of young people, their path in life. Remember the signs inherent in the elegy, the features of the genre that allowed the author to best convey his "most sincere thoughts"

Literature Russian literature of the 19th century. Grade 10. Textbook for OU in 2 hours, part 2. (V.I. Korovin, N.L. Vershinina and others), 2006 "Enlightenment" Russian literature of the 19th century. Grade 10 Practicum. Tutorial for students of OU. (G.I. Belenky, E.A. Krasnovsky), "Enlightenment" Literature. Grade 10. Study guide for OU. At 2 o'clock (V.G. Marantsman, M.A. Mirzoyan), "Enlightenment" Russian literature of the 19th century. 10 cells Textbook for OU. At 2 o'clock (Yu.V. Lebedev), "Enlightenment" Skatov N.N. “I dedicated the lyre to my people”: About the work of N.A. Nekrasov Dictionary - a reference book of linguistic terms. A guide for teachers. M., "Enlightenment" Literature at school. 1, 2001 V.A.Morar – N.A.Nekrasov’s poem “Elegy” Lesson developments in literature of the 19th century. : Grade 10 - M .: VAKO, 2007

"Elegy" Nikolai Nekrasov

Let the changing fashion tell us
That the theme is the old "suffering of the people"
And that poetry must forget it.
Don't believe me guys! she doesn't age.
Oh, if years could age her!
God's world would flourish! ... Alas! while the nations
Dragging in poverty, submitting to scourges,
Like lean herds across mowed meadows,
Mourn their fate, the muse will serve them,
And in the world there is no stronger, more beautiful union! ...
To remind the crowd that the people are in poverty,
While she rejoices and sings,
To excite the attention of the mighty of the world to the people -
What better service could the lyre serve?...

I dedicated the lyre to my people.
Perhaps I will die unknown to him,
But I served him - and my heart is calm ...
Let not every warrior harm the enemy,
But everyone go to battle! And fate will decide the battle ...
I saw a red day: there is no slave in Russia!
And I shed sweet tears in tenderness ...
“Enough to rejoice in a naive passion, -
Muse whispered to me. - It's time to go forward:
The people are liberated, but are the people happy?

Do I listen to the songs of the reapers over the golden harvest,
Is the old man walking slowly behind the plow,
Does it run through the meadow, playing and whistling,
Happy child with father's breakfast,
Do the sickles sparkle, do the scythes ring together -
I'm looking for answers to my secret questions
Boiling in the mind: "In recent years
Have you become more tolerable, peasant suffering?
And the long slavery that came to replace
Has freedom finally made a difference
In people's destinies? into the tunes of rural maidens?
Or is their discordant melody just as sorrowful? .. "

Evening is coming. Driven by dreams
Through the fields, through the meadows lined with haystacks,
Thoughtfully wandering in the cool semi-darkness,
And the song itself is composed in the mind,
Recent, secret thoughts, a living embodiment:
I call blessings on rural labors,
I promise curses to the people's enemy,
And I pray to a friend in heaven of power,
And my song is loud!.. It is echoed by valleys, fields,
And the echo of distant mountains sends her feedback,
And the forest responded ... Nature listens to me,
But the one about whom I sing in the evening silence
To whom are the dreams of the poet dedicated,
Alas! he does not heed - and does not give an answer ...

Analysis of Nekrasov's poem "Elegy"

Nikolai Nekrasov, who devoted most of his works to the people, describing their hard lot, was often called a "peasant poet" and criticized for paying too much attention to the life and life of the peasants. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the attacks on the poet by literary critics and officials intensified, as he still continued to address his works to the lower strata of society, believing that their lives had not improved at all.

Finally, in 1874, wanting to respond to his opponents for undeserved reproaches and insults, Nikolai Nekrasov wrote the poem "Elegy", from the title of which we can conclude that this time we will talk about something noble and graceful. This was the irony of the poet, who once again devoted poetry to the plight of his people and tried to find an answer to the question, did the peasants really begin to live better after the abolition of serfdom?

The poem begins with an appeal to the poet's unknown opponents, whom he convinces that "the old theme of" the suffering of the people "" is still relevant, if only because the peasants, having received freedom, are still in poverty. And the poet considers it his duty to draw the attention of the “powerful world” to the problems of ordinary people, believing that this is his mission. “I dedicated the lyre to my people,” Nekrasov notes, and there is not an ounce of pathos in these words. After all, the poet own experience I learned what it is like to live in poverty and sometimes not even have a roof over your head. Therefore, Nekrasov notes that he is “calm in his heart” and does not at all regret that the heroes of his works are not eccentric secular girls, officials and aristocrats, but peasants.

Nekrasov notes that he was lucky to see a “red day” when serfdom was abolished, which caused the poet to “sweet tears”. However, his joy was short-lived, because, according to the author, the inspiring muse ordered him to go forward. “The people are liberated, but are the people happy?” the poet asks.

He tries to find the answer to this question in Everyday life peasants who are still forced to bend their backs in the field in order to feed themselves and their families. Observing how quickly work is in full swing during the harvest, how women sing harmoniously and harmoniously, wielding a sickle, and happy children run into the field to give breakfast to their father, Nekrasov notes that such a picture evokes peace and tranquility. However, the poet understands that problems are still hidden behind the seeming external well-being., after all, only a few of these rural workers can count on a better share, education and the opportunity to learn that you can live in a completely different way, earning not hard physical labor but by intellect.

That's why, completing his "Elegy", the author notes that he does not know the answer to the question of whether the peasants now live better. And even the heroes of his numerous works are not able to objectively say whether they really became happy. On one side of the scales - freedom, on the other - hunger and poverty, because now they themselves are responsible for own life and very often do not even know how to dispose of it. At the same time, Nekrasov is well aware that the natural process of migration of yesterday's serfs has already begun, and their yesterday's owners take advantage of this, who buy gratis for a penny labor force who does not know how to defend their rights due to illiteracy and admiration for the masters absorbed with mother's milk. As a result, thousands of yesterday's peasants doom themselves and their families to starvation, not even suspecting that those who managed to profit from the abolition of serfdom are still profiting from their work.