Let's see how the word is formed airplane. He flies himself. There are two roots in the word sam-, let-. Words that have two roots are called compound words..

What do these compound words: plane, samovar, scooter, homemade, self-love?

The samovar cooks itself, the second root is var-.

The scooter itself rolls, rolls, the second root is kat-.

Homemade - he does it himself, business, the second root of affairs.

Self-esteem - self-esteem - oneself, loves, the root of love.

Sam is the first part of compound words.

Let's observe which vowel letters connect two roots in compound words.

navigator (goes to the sea, roots of sea-, walk-),

steam about move (walks on a couple, roots of couples-, move-)

stone e pad (stones fall, roots of stone-, pad-),

stars about pad (stars fall, roots of stars-, pad-)

In words sailor and rockfall the first root ends in a soft consonant sound p "and n", the roots are connected by the letter E.

In words steamboat and starfall the first root ends in a solid consonant r and d, the roots are connected by the letter O.

Most often, the roots in compound words connect the vowel letters o or e. These letters are called connecting vowel letters.

How to proceed in order to correctly write the letter of the connecting vowel indifficult words?

1. Make sure that the word is complex: find the roots and verbally pick up words with the same root for each.

2. If the word is complex, listen to what consonant the first root ends with. If on a hard one - you need to write O, if on a soft one - E.

The letter E comes after unpaired hard ones: w, w, c.

Decide what letter to write in the place of the gap.

Perennial- many years, roots many-, years-, the letter of the connecting vowel O,

guide- way, lead, roots put-, water-, the letter of the connecting vowel E,

Old Russian-drevny, Russia, roots of ancient-, rus-, the letter of the connecting vowel E,

waterfowl- water, swim, roots water-, floating-, the letter of the connecting vowel O.

Forming compound words

What compound words can replace these sentences?

1) A stream of water that falls from a great height.

2) A person who plows the land.

3) Animals that look like mice that dig the ground.

4) A beetle that eats bark.

5) A person walking.

Check yourself: waterfall (roots of water-, pad-), plowman (roots of earth-, plow-), shrew (roots of earth-, swarm-), bark beetle (roots of cor-, ed-), pedestrian (roots of foot-, walk-).

What are these magical items called?

Boots- self-propelled, tablecloth - self-assembly, gusli - samogudy.

What is the common root in these words? Root self-.

Why are fairy-tale magic items called that? Boots walk by themselves. The tablecloth itself collects food (to take in the meaning of getting food). Gusli themselves play, buzz.

We find difficult words in poetic lines:

Early bird jumping

On the snow-covered branches -

yellow-breasted tits

They came to visit us.

(Yu. Sinitsyn)

Spring came! Spring is red

With green grass by the window.

hung up earrings

White birch.

(E. Trutneva)

Along the ravines, along the cliffs,

Through the fingers of the willow

It pours quietly and fearfully

Yellow river.

School house one-story

Smiling at the window.

The rook roams the fields importantly,

Like a rural agronomist.

(M. Isakovsky)

Falling leaves! Falling leaves!

Forest autumn caulking.

Cannabis flew,

Became red edges.

(N. Egorov)

Difficult words:

yellow-breasted- with yellow breasts, roots yellow-, breast-;

white-legged- with a white leg, leg, roots white-, knife-;

leaf fall- leaves fall, roots leaf-, pad-;

yellow-leaved- with yellow leaves, roots yellow-, leaf-;

one-story- with one floor, roots one-, floor-.

What kind of person can you say that about?

Sluggard- likes to lie on its side, the roots lie-, side-, the first root ends in w, we write the letter e;

sweet tooth- loves sweets as food, sweet roots, hedgehogs;

idle talk- says empty words, the roots are empty-, words-.

These words are called character traits of a person. Let's explain the meaning of the words.

Hardworking- loves work, roots work-, love-;

weak-willed- weak will, roots weak-, vol-;

merciful- sweet heart, roots mil-, heart-;

good-natured- kind soul, good roots, soul;

noble- the good of the family, the roots of good, kind-.

What do you call a person who has a great soul, sharp mind, clear eyes, dark hair?

great soul - generous(the roots are great-, shower-),

sharp mind - witty(roots sharp-, mind-),

clear eyes - clear-eyed(roots clear-, eye-),

dark hair - dark-haired(dark roots, hair-).

Let's read the names, think about whether these words are difficult.

Dobrolyubov- to love goodness, the roots of kindness, love. Nikolai Dobrolyubov is a Russian writer.

Dobronravov- good disposition, roots dobr-, disposition-. Nikolai Dobronravov is a songwriter.

Bogolyubov- loving god, roots god-, love-.

Krasnoshchekova- red cheeks, red roots, cheeks.

Compound words call people by profession.

commander- leads the regiments, the roots of the regiment-, water-,

fabulist- writes fables, roots of fables, piss,

beekeeper- breeds bees, bee roots -, water -,

plumber- conducts water, roots of water-, water-, prefix pro-,

steelmaker- cooks steel, roots steel-, var-,

birder- catches birds, bird roots-, catch-, the first root ends in c, we write e.

Listen to the text, determine how many difficult words met.

Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Moscow was originally a wooden fortress, fenced with a palisade of logs. The oak walls of the Kremlin were replaced by white stone ones. It was then that Moscow received a name for all time - white stone. And also golden-domed, with golden heads, domes of temples. Chistoprudny Boulevard is one of the old streets in the center of Moscow.

Dolgoruky- long arms, roots long-, arms-,

stockade- a fence of closely driven stakes, the roots are part-, count-,

white stone- built of white stone, the roots are white, stone,

golden-domed- with golden heads, roots of gold-, heads-,

Chistoprudny- clean ponds, clean roots, pond-.

Redfin fish is very beautiful. Her back is green, on the sides are golden scales with a brown border on the sides. Orange eyes, yellow lips. The fish got its nickname for the color of the fins. (According to N. Osipov)

A blade of grass grows, straight, strong, and at the end of its green brush sticks up. This is what a foxtail looks like. Of course, such a tail is too small even for a fox, but it still looks like a tail.

water strider- this is the name of an insect that quickly runs through the water, as if it wants to measure the distance.

Redstart- a compound word consisting of two roots mountains- and a tail-. Root words: burn, ponytail.

rudd- a compound word, consists of two roots: red- and per-. Root words: red, feathers.

Foxtail- roots fox-, tail-. related words: fox, ponytail.

water strider- roots of water-, measure-. Water, measure.

In compound words, letters are used as connecting vowels. about and e . Compound words formed with connecting vowels about and e or the first part of which is a numeral, are written together, for example: oil and gas production, fiftieth anniversary, 2mm.

Connecting vowel O

After stems into a hard consonant (except well , w and c ) a letter is written about , For example: world about outlook, wave about loving.

In a few compound words, the consonant of the first stem hardens, so the connecting vowel is written about , For example: fable about scribe, blood about appeal.

Connecting vowel E

After the stems on a soft consonant, on th , to a hissing sound and c a connecting vowel is written e , For example: pestilence e swimmer, kra e leading, walking e move, birds e leadership, blue e eyed, big e winged.

In some cases, the ending of the nominative case is preserved in the first word of a compound noun, for example: pastime, pastime, time reckoning.

Note

Words on -ification (electrification, gasification, classification etc.) are not complex. They are formed with the suffix -ification , so they are written with a letter and .

Compound words with numbers

Cardinal numbers in the formation of compound words are used in the form of the genitive case, for example: heels and notch(five years) eleven and meter(eleven meters) fourty a minute(forty minutes).

Numerals hundred and ninety, being part of a compound word, do not change their form, for example: century, ninetieth birthday.

with a letter about the word is written fourty about leg.

numeral one thousand, being part of a compound word, has a connecting vowel e , For example: thousand e anniversary.

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At the beginning foreign words if pronounced yo , is written yo , For example: yoga, iodine, yogurt, yeoman, yorkshire, not one iota(but: ion, Jordanian- with separate pronunciation of initial vowels).

IX. Spelling compound words

§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e

In compound words, a connecting vowel is written after the stem to a solid consonant. about , after the stem into a soft consonant, into a hissing and c - connecting vowel e . For example: homebody, kozheed, bird-catcher, False Dmitry I.

In some cases, the final soft consonant in, n, r, t the first stem is pronounced firmly and after it a connecting vowel is written about (in parallel with these words, those are also used in which, according to the rule, it is written e ). For example: long-range - long-range, quarry - stone crusher, horse thief - horse breeder, bone carver - bone crusher, bloodthirsty - bloody, chanting - songwriting. Wed different educations after foundation on c : trapezium - trapezoid - trapezoid - trapezohedron(not all of these formations have two stems in Russian).

§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel

It is necessary to distinguish between compound words with connecting vowels and compound words without a connecting vowel. Wed: psychotherapy(psycho + therapy) – psychasthenia(psycho + asthenia).

In some compound words, the first part is the word in its initial form, for example: reckoning, pastime; cotyledon, seed stalk, ovule(cf.: seed farming, seed storage- with a connecting vowel).

Without a connecting vowel, terms like nitrogen-fixing, forward looking, oxygenated etc.

The letter is saved a at the end of the element air (short for aviation), which forms the first part of compound words like airbase, airborne, airmail, air unit etc.

With a case ending in the first part, words arising from phrases are formed crazy, insane etc.

In the form of the genitive case without a connecting vowel, numerals are part of compound words, for example: three-meter, five-time, seven-year. Exceptions are numerals one, ninety, one hundred and one thousand, For example: one-year-old, ninety-year-old, hundred-fold, thousand-ton. numeral fourty in compound words it is used in two forms: without a connecting vowel ( forty days) and with a connecting vowel ( magpie, centipede- not in the direct meaning of the account).

It is necessary to distinguish between compound words and words in which two stems are not distinguished in Russian. Wed: gas pipeline - gasification, electrician - electrification.

Note 1. On a common basis, foreign prefixes are written together anti-, archi-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra- and others, for example: anti-people(but: Anti-dühring- in function own name), archiplut, hypersound, international, infrared, counterproposal(but: rear admiral, where the first part has a different meaning), post-impressionism(preserving the initial root and ), post-romanticism(cf. the continuous spelling of the same prefix in words of foreign origin that are indivisible into morphemes: postscript, post factum etc.), dust jacket, subtropics, trans-siberian, ultrasound, trendy, extraordinary(but: extra mail, extra class before the noun).

Note 2. The initial components are written together quasi-, pseudo-, pan- , For example: quasi-scientific, pseudo-classical, pan-German(but: quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe etc. - before proper names

Russian language lesson in 6th grade.

Teacher: Egorova

Albina Vsevolodovna,

Teacher of Russian language

And literature MBOU

"Secondary School No. 24", Cheboksary

Topic: “Connecting vowels O-E in compound words»

Target:

1. repeat the basic ways of forming words;
2. introduce the method of forming words from the bases of the original words with the help of connecting vowels;
3. learn to choose connectors vowels o-e in compound words
4. to raise interest in the word, to show the pictorial possibilities of word formation.

During the classes

1. Repetition of methods of word formation already known to students

Give a coherent answer to the question: “What are the main ways of forming words in Russian do you know? Illustrate your answer with examples.

Guys, I want to give you a statement by the famous children's writer K.I. Chukovsky:

“Prefixes give Russian speech so many rich shades. The wonderful expressiveness of speech depends to a large extent on them. In the variety of prefixes, there is a variety of meanings. Do you agree with him? Try to prove Chukovsky's point of view with examples.

Indeed, the prefix can unrecognizably change the meaning of even obviously cognate words. For example: contribution, tray, transfer, denunciation, wear, removal, etc.

Form a new word from these words using the given prefixes and suffixes. Write down the words and sort them into composition:

2. Setting the goal of the lesson:

Working with a table:

Look carefully at the table. What do you think the lesson will be about today? How would you formulate the problem we will be working on today? Determine the purpose of today's lesson.

(The teacher summarizes the children's answers)

3. Explanation of the new topic

What is the peculiarity of the words included in the table? (They all have 2 roots)

What vowels are used to connect them? What do you think determines the choice of the vowel -o and -e?

What can you say about the words presented in the third column? Why are they separate?

What would you write on the first line of the table?

Complete the table with your own examples.

Conclusion : The connecting vowel -O is written after hard consonants. Consonants do not follow the rule-w, - w, -c followed by a connecting vowel–e.

After the stem into a soft consonant, after the hissing and–ts the connecting vowel is written e.

4. Training exercises

Creative dictation

Replace phrases with one compound word, underline the consonant, on which the choice of the connecting vowel depends.

Help mutually (mutual assistance)

love work (hard work)

People with the same surname (namesake)

One who walks (pedestrian)

The one who cooks steel (steelmaker)

Logging (logging)

Device for catching mice (mousetrap)

Mud treatment (mud therapy)

Beetle that eats bark (bark beetle)

The one that swims in the sea (navigator)

5. "Guess the riddle"

Guys, we will continue vocabulary dictation, only the words you have to write down yourself. Write down the word that is the answer to the riddle.

1. I will rumble, I will scream, I will fly away under the sky (helicopter, plane).

2. He drinks with his tail, and gives with his beak (water supply).

3. He has a rubber trunk, a canvas stomach, and his motor hums - he swallows both dust and rubbish (vacuum cleaner).

4. I have a hedgehog in my room for a year.

If the floor is smeared with wax, he will rub it to a gloss (electric floor polisher).

5. There is a hole at the top, a hole at the bottom, and in the middle there is a fire and a hole (samovar).

6. A miracle janitor in front of us, with raking hands in one minute, raked up a huge snowdrift (snowplow).

7. A fabled bird flies, and inside the people sit, talking to each other (airplane).

8. Whatever this eye looks at, it will convey everything in the picture (camera).

"Find yourself a mate"

- Guys, now let's play with you. Each of you will receive a piece of paper on which this or that word is written. Your task is to find a match for yourself and create a compound word using a connecting vowel.

(The table shows an approximate group of words that are distributed to children)

5. Visual possibilities of word formation

Writers often use well-known word-building methods to create their own, they are called author's words. For example, famous writer Saltykov-Shchedrin, whom you know from his fairy tales, creates the diatribes necessary to satirical image contemporary society: nonsense brethren, black-armed meaning, foam skimmers, etc.

Modern writers actively use the possibilities of word formation. Let's read Matusovsky's poem, in which the poet forms new words according to the type of the word forbs (blooming meadows).

Who else could compete

With this forest greenery?

Summer all your riches

Scatters in front of me.

To be worthy of note

We haven't been able to

Diversity, colorfulness,

Diversity of the whole Earth.

We will never get bored

Never get bored

Diversity, diversity,

diversity of these places.

Young birches neighborhood,

lonely elm sadness

I take it straight to my heart

I'm afraid to drop something.

Mint, porridge, lungwort

Here they huddle in the meadow.

Now it's time for us to part

Yes, I can't.

Becoming older than I am,

I feel stronger

Diversity, diversity,

Variety of summer days.

Write out difficult words from the text, distributing them into two columns. What groups will you divide them into?

What figurative and expressive means does the poet use to create the image of a summer day.

6. Reflection

What new way of forming words have we met today?

What determines the choice of the connecting vowel?

7. Explanation of homework

I suggest you take up vocabulary. Come up with your own compound words on the topic "Winter".

Russian language
6th grade

33. Connecting about and e in compound words

Compound words are words that consist of two (rarely three) roots.. Compound words are formed from the bases of the original words (steam, carry → locomotive), from whole words (sofa, bed → sofa bed).

When forming complex words, connecting vowels are most often used. about and e.

Sometimes compound words are formed without connecting vowels: plastic.

Consider compound words. Which connecting vowel is used after hard consonants, and which is used after soft consonants, hissing and c!

167 . Write down compound words that would have the same roots as in these words. Indicate the conditions for choosing the studied spellings. Which of these compound words appeared later than the others? Make complex sentences with any two written words.

Water, fall. Forest, cut. Porridge, cook. Gas, conduct. Ice, prick. General, live. Atom, walk. Storm, break. Bird, catch. Moon, walk. Way, walk.

168 . Write out compound words indicating the conditions for choosing connecting owe. Then write down the remaining words, denoting suffixes in them.

I..investigator, rain..measures, close..feeder, switch, observer..meter, bee..water, account..tchik, steam..move, language..ved, eye..measures, counter.. tchik, test pilot.

169 . The roots given in the box are most often found in the second part of compound nouns. Pick up and write down 2-3 words with each of them. With two compound nouns, make up sentences that would help you understand the meaning of these nouns.